Identification of Line Reactance in the Realization of Adaptive Slip Stabilization @ BROWN BOVERI Publication No. CHIE 203 060 EIdentification of Line Reactance in the Realization of Adaptive Slip Stabilization A Roth, Baden The line reactance has a considerable influence on the static and dynamic stabilty of the generator. The article Gescrives the way i which the BBC 'X,-identiication Unit operates. n particular how it determines the external reactance from the given measuranas and adapts the in fence of the slip stabilization equipment according to the actual operating point. Because of the increased unit ratings of power plants land the resulting higher line reactances, great impor- tance is being attached today to stable transmission of ‘generator power. Introduction ‘The object of adaptive sip stabilization equipment is to raise the generator exciter’s contribution to improved stability to the highest possible operating range of the generator. It has been shown in various treatments (1, 2] that the stability of synchronous generators can be sub- stantially improved by influencing the excitation via stabilization equipment. The operating points of the ac- tive power P, reactive power Q and the line reactance have a strong influence on the damping of electro-me= chanical oscillations of a generator. The proven slip stabilization unit from BBC derives ad- tional signals trom the active power, frequency or speed, which considerably improve the stability of the Power transmission. K and Kz are the amplification tac- tors of these two variables. Non-adaptive slip stabilization in which ; and Xz are fixed, represent a certain compro- mise when power system conditions are eritical, although this also permits the static stability limit to be substantially improved Adaptive slip stabilization, however, ensures high sta bility during both static and transient operation of the generator by optimizing the weighting of the stabilizing signals at each operating point ‘The advantages this offers are as follows: ~ Secure energy transport, even with @ high line reac- tance, — Improves utilization of the generator at certain operat- ing points, e.g. when the generators are underexcites. ~ Greater security during transient generator operation 28 @ result of load-flow changes due to, for example, load shedding or short circuits in the network. The variables upon which the adaptation ofthe stabilz. ing signals is based are the instantaneous active power P, Fig. 1 — Digplacement of he optimum setting values K, Ky as a funetion of, 2 = 09 03 ba = 08 ‘Ke = Amoliticaton factors ofthe sip stabilization Curves of onetant camping Curved: damping = 0 unstable) Gurve 2 damping = ~0-157 Curve 3: damping = ~0-47 A & optimum sating for Pt: optimum setting for the reactive power Qand the external reactance X,. The active and reactive pawers are given, while the external reactance X, has to be determined by the ‘X,identiti- cation’ unit from the signals obtained at the measuring point Figure 1 shows the decisive effect which the external reactance has on the generator stability. The curves dem- onstrate the constant damping of the rotor oscillations as 8 function of the amplification factors Ky and Ke ofthe slip stabilization system. Point A shows that for X= 03 pu {damping is good, whereas for X, = 0:8 p.u. the generator would be absolutely unstable. In this case point 8 wouldX,-Identification ‘The value of the extemal reactance referred 10 a ‘measuring point can be determined fundamentally trom the overall network configuration, under consideration of the given load conditions. In practice, however, due to the complexity of the network configuration, which also ‘changes continually, this is not realistic, not least be- ‘cause it would necessitate an extremely complex data ‘communications network. The task of the Xridentification unit is theretore to de- termine the external reactance %, using only the meas- turands present atthe measuring point. ‘Determination of the external reactance is based upon the mode! “power plant—iine—load centre’, ie, one or more generators operate over a reactance on an infinite bus. For the purpose of the model, the load-centre volt- ‘age Uy. which is assumed to be amplitude and phase- locked, s designated the infinite bus. “The power conditions along aline such as that in Fig. 2 are given by the following expressions: sin o gt cos @ From (1) and (2) we obtain Pp 5 = arctg —>— ® ug 4 a ‘Since the voltage Us is assumed, by definition, to have ‘a locked phase and amplitude, the variation of the phase “angie 0, with respect to time corresponds to the variation Of the phase position for the voltage across the generator terminals with respect to time. “The method used to determine X, involves calculating the phase angles &, 4, fy... 4h for n (the number to De expected in practice) given values of X, under the con ditions present at the measuring point (active power P, Teactive power Q and generator voltage Us) and com- paring their variation with time with the phase-angle Variation jen measured, The closest agreement between the phase-angle variation calculated with an assumed Xe- value and the measured phase-angle variation therefore etermines the X-value for the generator. Operating Mode of the BBC Unit (Fig. 3) By definition, the section of the network under con- sideration is represented by the generator with the volt= ‘age Us, the line reactance X, and the infinite bus with the ‘source voltage Uy. At test point M, the active power P, re- 4 Fig 2 — Equivalent oiagram forthe ine reactance Gonorator Up = Generator votage Xe = Line reactance Phase angie between Us and Uy OG, = intinite bus vottage B= Active power flow MZ Measuring point active power Q and the actual generator voltage Us are measured. “The time characteristics of the corresponding phase angle 8-8 are then calculated from P, Qand Us? accord- ‘ng to equation (2), The calculation takes place in several functional generators (Ggy-Ges), each with a given value for Xe (Xe—%as) in the phase-angle measuring unit PM, the generator voltage phase angle is formed from the generator voltage Us and a voltage from an internal oscillator whose phase land angle are practically locked, In Figure 3 this Is rep- resented by a phase locked loop (PLL) with PM, Fs and a veo. Special filters F\-F, eliminate the dc. voltage com. ponents and the ramp components of the ealoulated and measured phase angles, so that only the calculated phase-angle variations 4d}, Ad), dé, appear at the output Of the fiters F;-Fs and the measured change in phase angle Sdjay at the output of F,. These eliminations are es Sential to prevent the subsequent similariy tests from be- ing unnecessarily complicated. Suitable correlation cir- cuits Gy-Gia now subject the calculated characteristics of the phase-angle variations Ad, Ad, Ad and the ‘characteristic of the measured phase variation Aja 10 & similarity test. X, is determined by the calculated curve Characteristic which agrees best with the measured characteristic. After a plausibility test, only that output of the largest-value selector GA is activated which corre sponds to the highest correlative (Koy~Kos) jas.Fig, 3 — Basie aagram of the X identi Cation system = Generator voltage = Retval value of gnerator voltage , et power it Eirdy = Coaoncecuts mt enter wo lage consoled : ~ iru mera Boer iva Opuatn station as ee Teck = ontance values Guw ete, bs Meese, = Calculated phase-angie —< differences — * Mion = Measured phase-angle - ‘serene = seit et ty em | | operat. Tab TA Shit” F~}spe ate MPO Xo Ka ~ T 1 sh The correlation takes place over the period T with an exactly defines number of measuring cycles. A new set of data is stored in the memory each time a cycie is complet 4. For this purpose a so-called ‘rotating’ memory is used \which updates its contents every cycle and in which the data containing the calculated and measured values over the period Tare stored. Updating involves overwriting the oldest data set with the most recently recorded data. The data stored in the memory is therefore always up to date. Figure 4 shows a time characteristic of the calculated phase angle and the measured phase angle. At time & the external reactance of 0.4 p.u. increases to 08 pu and at time f decreases again to 0:4 p.u. tis evident that from f; 10 f the measured phase angle dq, corresponds to the calculated phase angle 6; for X, = 0-8 and from to & 10 the calculated phase angle & for % = 0-4. The phase angles are recorded before subtraction of the dic ‘and ramp components. The Xcidentification unit detects the following operat ing states = Steady-state operation of the generator = Transient state = Switching operations, short circuits and end of short circuits‘Steady-state operation In this mode, the generator is capable of handling the ‘given situation without stability problems arising anc with ‘nly minor weighting of the stabilizing signals. In steady State operation, the amplitication value of the stabilizing Signal is minimized. The identification is suppressed since the changes in the measured values are too small 10 provide useful results. Transient operation The identification algorithm starts during the transient state (variation of the duty point). Each new identification 's followed by optimum adaptation of the amplification factors with the aim of returning to the steady state Identification continues until the algorithm determines that the oscillations are to small to provide reasonable re- sults, Prevention of identilication errors ‘Switching operations, short circuits and the end of short circuits are detected in order to exclude for a cer- tain length of time consideration of values occurring dur- ing such events. and thereby prevent identification errors. Short circuits and the end of short circuits are detected by monitoring the generator voltage and active power over @ defined period. It the increase or decrease in these values exceeds a certain rate of change, either a short Fig. 5 ~ Structure ofthe adaptive sip stabilization system = Reactive power = Generator vattage y= Setting values = Time constants = stabilizing signal Fow= Compouing reisors ip Mamnphers ROAR EOY Fig. 4 = Comparison of measured phase angle free calculated phase angles tance from 04-0.8-04 X= Identities line reactance on with the tora change in Heine reac eid voltage fat =Reterence valve Ye = Voltage regulator CC _SGate control unt Sp = Aeveleration signal SPS Frequency signa! dab deeloraton signa Sf T Asse fequeney Sonat ‘Sip stabazton | Xe \aenticavonicin anki ibs tm pit circuit or end of short circuit will be determined. in the ‘same way a circult-breaker opening or closing a line can be detected by monitoring the active power and measur- e ed phase angie. Seittest The Xridentiication function includes various. sel tests, An internal fault causes the unit to switch off automatically, and this tact to be signalled. The ampli cation factors of the slip stabilization are switched to values which ensure secure, although not optimized operation. With the slip stabilization unit alone it is pos- sible to select an amplification pair in relation to a certain duty point (1, 2} The X,-identification enables the stabilz- ing signals to be weighted on the basis of two Fivalues, three Qvalues and three X-values per channel, ie. 18 Values of the Ap channel and 18 values of the / channel —a total of 36 possible settings. itis these which make it possible to optimize the weighting of the stabilizing sig- hals for each duty point of the generator. The weightings ‘py and Ay, are stored in the Table TA. Xe Identiication in multi-machine systems ‘The identification method chosen by BBC also ensures, ‘correct identification for each generator in multimmachine installations, respective of how many generators are in @ operation. Further signals providing information on the Status ofthe overall instalation are not necessary. Figure 5 shows the basic diagram of an adaptive slip stabilization system. Conclusions The purpose of X-identification is to ensure high sta- bility during steady-state and transient operation of the ‘generator by adapting the slip stabilization. This is Achieved by optimum weighting of the stabilizing signal at each generator duty point. The result is improved uti zation and greater operating security of the generator. [1] F:Poneder. A. Bertschi: Sip stabizaion. Brown Boveri Rev 61 1974 (10) Aaetod [2] F Peneder, A Bertsch: Optimizing the setting ot sip stabii- ation equipment by sigial computers and special computing procestres: Brown Bove ev. 69 1976 (8) 580-587, [8] P.Bonanomi, G.Guth, F Blaser, Glavtsch: Concept of practical acaptve regulator Yor exctation control. IEEE paper Ro. A 704888 [4] P.Bonanomy, R.Bertsch: Ontine identtication of an equie Valent reactance for stabilly applications. IEEE PES Summor Meeting, Vancouver, Canada, July 15-20, 1979, SM 502-5, e BibliographyBBC BROWN BOVERI BBC Brown, Boveri & Company, Lid (CH-6401 Baden/ Switzerland Division for industrial Plants, Electric Drives and Power Electronics