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Wireless Networking:
Principles and Practice Cellular operational frequencies in India
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Lecture 02
02 Aug 2005, Tuesday Terms: spectrum, bandwidth

Bhaskaran Raman
Department of CSE
Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur

http://www.cse.iitk.ac.in/users/braman/courses/wless-fall2005/

Bhaskaran Raman, Department of CSE, IIT Kanpur Wireless Networks: Principles and Practice, Fall 2005 Bhaskaran Raman, Department of CSE, IIT Kanpur Wireless Networks: Principles and Practice, Fall 2005

Three Basic Propagation

Phenomena

Reflection Diffraction Scattering







Bhaskaran Raman, Department of CSE, IIT Kanpur Wireless Networks: Principles and Practice, Fall 2005
 Electro-Magnetic Spectrum dB: Relative Measure
ISM band: 902-928MHz, 2400-2483.5MHz, 5725-5850MHz (to measure propagtion)
Wavelength (m) 103 102 101 100 10-1 10-2 10-3 10-4 10-5 10-6 10-7 10-8 10-9 10-10 10-11 10-12
Gravitational Gravitational Gravitational
Common
LF MF HF VHF UHF SHF EHF IR UV X-Rays
name force on a mass force on a mass force on a mass
m at distance d/2 m at distance d m at distance 10d
4 timer more 100 times less
Radio Cellular Propagation depends on:
TV
Distance, environment, frequency





 




6dB more 20dB less
Frequency (Hz) 106 107 108 109 1010 1011 1012 1013 1014 1015 1016 1017 1018 1019 1020

Bhaskaran Raman, Department of CSE, IIT Kanpur Wireless Networks: Principles and Practice, Fall 2005 Bhaskaran Raman, Department of CSE, IIT Kanpur Wireless Networks: Principles and Practice, Fall 2005

Measuring Path Loss in dB Measuring Absolute Power in

dBm
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Bhaskaran Raman, Department of CSE, IIT Kanpur Wireless Networks: Principles and Practice, Fall 2005 Bhaskaran Raman, Department of CSE, IIT Kanpur Wireless Networks: Principles and Practice, Fall 2005
Putting Together dB and dBm

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Bhaskaran Raman, Department of CSE, IIT Kanpur Wireless Networks: Principles and Practice, Fall 2005

Antenna Gain Antenna Radiation Pattern

Antenna Gain G: ratio of transmit/receive power in a 0dB
particular direction, to that of an isotropic antenna 90
o -3dB Side-lobe
-10dB rejection Parabolic Grid
-20dB levels Antenna
  
 
 



-30dB

 
 
 

o
o
180 0
Transmit gain == Receive gain
Main direction
Typically, gain is expressed in dBi Side-lobes
o
270
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Other antennas/patterns: http://www.hyperlinktech.com/

Bhaskaran Raman, Department of CSE, IIT Kanpur Wireless Networks: Principles and Practice, Fall 2005 Bhaskaran Raman, Department of CSE, IIT Kanpur Wireless Networks: Principles and Practice, Fall 2005