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Decomp Cordis (Fais & Dalilah)
Decomp Cordis (Fais & Dalilah)
Decomp Cordis (Fais & Dalilah)
Cardiac failure is a clinical syndrome where the heart is unable to provide the output
required to meet the metabolic demands of the body; however, the causes and
mechanisms of cardiac failure are significantly different between adults and children (1).
In adults, cardiac failure usually involves failure of the left ventricle, with the most
common causes in developed nations being coronary artery disease; hypertensioninduced
cardiac stress, arrhythmias and valvular disease. In developing nations, it has been
reported that other causes are frequently implicated, including rheumatic heart disease
(20.1%) and cardiomyopathy (16.8%) (2).
In children, the causes of cardiac failure are significantly different and many cases are
due to congenital malformations, such as lefttoright shunts. In these patients the
function of both the right and the left ventricles will be affected and these children suffer
from highoutput cardiac failure. Other significant causes of heart failure in children are
cardiomyopathy (3) and anthracycline toxicity, which lead to low _output cardiac failure.
In developing nations, many cases are caused or exacerbated by anaemia, often secondary
to malaria and malnutrition (4). It has also recently been identified that infants in ethnic
minority groups in developed countries may be at risk of heart failure linked with
hypocalcaemia and vitamin D deficiency (5).
There is also a much higher proportion of children with heart failure who have undergone
cardiac procedures (61.4%) compared to adults with heart failure (0.28%); this reflects
the incidence of congenital defects, frequent surgical intervention to correct this, and the
subsequent and eventual deterioration in cardiac function that is seen in many of these
children.
Accurately estimating the incidence of cardiac failure in children is problematic.
Congenital heart disease occurs in around 8 per 1000 live births; however, many of these
children receive early surgical intervention and it has been estimated that the yearly
incidence of heart failure as a result of congenital defects is between 1 and 2 per 1000 live
births (6). As a result, cardiomyopathy contributes significantly to the number of
paediatric patients who present with the symptoms of cardiac failure. Data from the
United States (7) and Australia (8) suggests the incidence of cardiomyopathy to be 1.13
per 100,000 and 1.24 per 100,000, respectively. Nonetheless, it should be recognised that
not all patients with cardiomyopathy have heart failure, which is supported by data from
the UK (9), which reports the incidence of heart failure assessed at first presentation to
hospital to be around 0.87 per 100,000. Data from Nigeria suggests that 7.02% of
emergency paediatric admissions to a tertiary centre hospital are for cardiac failure, with
over 90% of cases being from lower socioeconomic groups (4). In general the prognosis
for children with cardiomyopathy is poor, with 5year mortality reported at around 80%
(10) and many cases progress to requiring heart transplantation when drug therapy proves
insufficient.
17th Expert Committee on the Selection and Use of Essential Medicines : Cardiac
Failure in Children
Geneva, March 2009
Peningkatan temperatur, seperti yang terjadi saat seorang menderita demam, akan
sangat meningkatkan frekuensi denyut jantung, kadang-kadang dua kali dari frekuensi
denyut normal. Penyebab pengaruh ini kemungkinan karena panas meningkatkan
permeabilitas membran otot ion yang menghasilkan peningkatan perangsangan sendiri.
Anemia dapat memperburuk gagal jantung, jika Hb < 7 gr % berikan transfusi PRC.
Antibiotika sering diberikan sebagai upaya pencegahan terhadap miokarditis/ endokarditis,
mengingat tingginya frekuensi ISPA (Bronkopneumoni) akibat udem paru pada bayi/ anak
yg mengalami gagal jantung kiri. Pemberian antibiotika tersebut boleh dihentikan jika
udem paru sudah teratasi. Selain itu, antibiotika profilaksis tersebut juga diberikan jika
akan dilakukan tindakan-tindakan khusus misalnya mencabut gigi dan operasi. Jika
seorang anak dengan gagal jantung atau kelainan jantung akan dilakukan operasi, maka
tiga hari sebelumnya diberikan antibiotika profilaksis dan
boleh dihentikan tiga hari setelah operasi.
8. Penatalaksanaan diit pada penderita yang disertai malnutrisi, memberikan gambaran
perbaikan pertumbuhan tanpa memperburuk gagal jantung bila diberikan makanan pipa
yang terus-menerus. Karena penyebab gagal jantung begitu bervariasi pada anak, maka
sukar untuk membuat generalisasi mengenai penatalaksanaan medikamentosa.
Epidemiology :
In the absence of a national database for pediatric heart disease, there are no
comprehensive data on the incidence of the pediatric heart failure syndrome in the
United States. However, several European and 2 US studies provide some general
information. The largest study, using 2 large databases encompassing 50% of US
pediatric (age <19 years) hospital discharges, identified 5610 children in a single year,
using a comprehensive set of ICD-9 heart failure codes. Congenital heart disease or
cardiac surgery accounted for 61% of cases, and for 82% of cases of heart failure in
infants. In contrast, in adults, fewer than 1% of heart failure discharges were due to
congenital heart disease.
Two studies of heart failure in children, each covering 10 years, have been reported
recently from European tertiary care facilities. Children with heart failure represented
10% to 33% of all cardiac admissions. Slightly more than half of the pediatric heart
failure cases reported in both studies were due to congenital heart disease, although the
incidence of heart failure in children with congenital heart disease was only 6% to 24%.
This reflects the fact that congenital heart disease is considerably more common than
other causes of heart failure. In contrast, 65% to 80% of children with cardiomyopathies
had heart failure, but this represents only 5% to 19% of total pediatric heart failure cases.
The majority of heart failure cases (58% to 70%) occurred in the first year of life, with
congenital heart disease disproportionately represented compared to older ages.
Primary cardiomyopathies are the principal cause of heart failure signs and symptoms
in children with a structurally normal heart. Three studies provide population-based data
on heart failure in children with primary myopathies. The most recent one collected data
from all pediatric cardiac centers in the United Kingdom and Ireland during 2003 on
children less than 16 years old. The incidence of new onset heart failure was 0.87 per
100,000 population less than 16 years of age, with the highest incidence occurring in the
first year of life. More than half of the cases were due to dilated cardiomyopathy. The
NHLBI-funded Pediatric Cardiomyopathy Registry, in a prospective, population-based
data set from 1996 to 1999 in 2 geographic regions of the United States, reported that
58% of all children with cardiomyopathy were given therapy for heart failure, with 83%
of those with dilated cardiomyopathy receiving such therapy. A population-based
Australian study published simultaneously found a similarly high incidence of heart
failure in children with dilated cardiomyopathy, reporting heart failure as the presenting
symptom in 90%.The incidence of heart failure differs dramatically among the
morphological types of cardiomyopathy, with data from the Pediatric Cardiomyopathy
Registry and the Australian cohort demonstrating a much lower incidence of heart failure
in children with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (7.5% to 20%).
Extrapolating from these studies, with full recognition of their limitations for this
purpose, we estimate that heart failure caused by congenital heart disease and
cardiomyopathy affects 12 000 to 35 000 children below age 19 in the United States
each year.
Risk Factors
(Heart Failure in Children Part I: History, Etiology, and Pathophysiology
Daphne T. Hsu, MD; Gail D. Pearson, MD, ScD)