Environmental issues in port

development and port operation

Tiedo Vellinga September 2017

Professor Ports and Waterways
Port of Rotterdam Authority

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Contents of the Course

Introduction
Environmental issues for ports
The Environmental Impact Assessment
Stakeholdermanagement
Conclusions

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Examples of environmental
interventions by the Raad van State

Sea quay Dordrecht

Widening A4 connection Rdam Adam
Deepening Western Scheldt
Powerplant Eemshaven
Maasvlakte 2

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Purpose of the course

Awareness
Basic drivers
Environmental issues
Legal obligations
Institutional aspects
Management tools

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Basic drivers
Human health and safety
Nature and natural resources
Quality of life

Public access to information

Participation in decision making
Polluter pays principle

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Basic issues

Conservation, protection and restoration of

natural values
Mitigation and compensation of
environmental effects
Sustainable development
Balanced approach with environmental,
social and cost-benefit evaluations

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Legal obligations

Local regulations
Dutch regulations
EU regulations
International regulations

Policies / Conventions / Law

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ESPO European Sea Ports Organisation

Most significant EU legislation that influences the

environmental management of port areas

Annex to the new ESPO Green Guide

October 2012

www.espo.be

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Environmental topics in ports

Port development, land- and water-use planning

Handling and transport of dangerous goods
Dredging and dredged material management
Prevention of nuisance (dust, noise etc.)
Waste management
Water and soil quality management
Habitat management,
Climate change (CO2 and adaptation)
Landscape and visual amenity

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Port development land- and water use planning

Harbourbasins and fairways

Port and industrial areas
Transportation network
Residential areas
Recreational areas
Habitat and Green areas
Agricultural areas
Fishery areas

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Port and regional land and water uses

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Port development within regional
development

Make an inventory of the total area

Find possibilities to cluster activities
Create safety distances and buffer zones
Create aesthetic views

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Handling and transport of dangerous
goods
Risk (external safety contours)
Conventions and standards for
hazardous cargo (SOLAS/IMDG-code)
Recommendations reducing risk
design measures
operational measures
contingency planning

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Stowage and Segregation guide IMDG code

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Operational measures and contingency planning

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Operational measures and contingency planning

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Dredging and dredged material
management

Capital dredging
Maintenance dredging
Ecological dredging

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Environmental aspects of dredging
Management of dredged material
relocation
controlled disposal
treatment
beneficial use
Morphological and hydraulic changes
Suspended sediments

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Assessment of contaminated sediment
Method: chemical analysis (bio)assays field inventory

Detects: contaminants a.o. toxic effects ecosystem impacts

Assesses: hazard risk impact

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 Sediment in the port of Rotterdam

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Sustainable relocation of sediment

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Slufter disposal site port of Rotterdam

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Slufter

- 260 hectares, of which 200 hectares water

- Surface diameter 1.5 km

- Dyke walls 24 m high, depth 28 m below NAP

- Capacity 150 million m3 (100 large football stadiums)

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Treatment of dredged material

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Beneficial use of sand and clay

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Prevention of nuisance

Dust
Noise
Vibration
Light
Bad odors

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 Dutch legislation on airquality

No extra addition if standards are exeeded

Standards are exeeded many places for PM10
and NOx
New projects need to be compensated in the
same region
Based on EU regulation standards are becoming
increasingly strict
In the Netherlands the airquality check is
incorporated in the procedures for spatial
planning

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Dust handling bulk cargo

Spraying Windbreakers
Covered conveyors

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Fine dust from traffic
Measures to reduce air pollution
Clean engines & clean fuels
Speed limits
Traffic regulation / rerouting
Road pricing
Tunneling
Modal shift
Environmental zoning
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Noise from transport and industry

Standards
50 dB (A) for the day
45 dB (A) for the evening
40 dB (A) for the night

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Noise management

Noise budgets
Zoning
Noise barriers
Noise damping and reduction measures
Silent asphalt and speed limits
Working hours

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Port waste management

Ships (ship related and cargo related)

Industries
Others

Prevention and recycling

Collection and reception
Treatment and disposal

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Ship waste

IMO MARPOL Convention guidelines

(annex I VI)
EU directive on port reception facilities
Collection and reception facilities are
mandatory for ports
30-100 % indirect financing on conditions for
ship related waste
Notification and communication

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Water and soil quality management
A major issue for ports and industrial areas

Know the sources

Prevention measures
Standards (target/reference/intervention)
Management of historic contamination
Risk management

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Habitat management a threat and a challenge

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Habitat management

Wetlands (SPA's) and protected

species
Natura 2000 European network
EU Habitats and Birds Directives
Dutch Nature Protection Law

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EU Habitats Directive

Designation of Natura 2000 sites

Special areas of conservation
Appropriate assessments
No significant effects on the integrity
Overriding social and economical interest
Mitigation
Compensation: like for like

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Maasvlakte 2 effects on protected nature

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Nature conservation and development

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Landscape and visual amenity

Landscaping and vegetation

Building standards
Good housekeeping and maintenance procedures
Control and procedures for renovation
Clean-up procedures and teams
Furnitured lookout places and fishing spots

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 CO2 Reduction Policies

Rotterdam Climate Initiative

-/- 50% GHG in 2025 (vs 1990) and Climate Proof in 2025
World Ports Climate Initiative
Measures focus on: port design / port operation / port
industry / deep sea shipping / hinterland transport
IMO/EU support and regulation needed
Essential for the short term CO2 capture and storage

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 Climate Change Adaption

Safety of infrastructure against more severe

and intense storms, waves and flooding
Anticipation on changing circumstances for
inland navigation
New challenges for arctic navigation

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Environmental Impact Assessment

Mandatory requirement for large projects

Impacts, alternatives and mitigation measures
Plan level or project level
EU Strategic Environmental Assessment
Three parties: developer, competent authorities
and external stakeholders

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Contents EI Statement

Problem definition, objective and decision-making

Proposed activity and alternatives (incl. MEA)
Current state and autonomous development
Environmental impacts
Comparison of alternatives
Gaps in knowledge
Project summary

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Procedure EI Assessment
Identification (starting notes)
EIA Commission of independent experts
Public review starting notes
Terms of Reference for the EIS
EIS by developer
Public review EIS
Final advice EIA Commission
Approval competent authority
Permitting stage, including public hearings
Permits with monitoring and evaluation requirements

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Issues IEA
Health and safety
Environmental effects
water, soil, sediment, air
Ecology and natural habitats
Use of resources
land, energy,raw materials
Archeological values
Landscape
Other values and uses
Social aspects and quality of life
Appropriate law, conventions and policies

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Sustainable use
Productivity/ha
Combined infrastructure
Modal shift
Clustering / co-siting

Botlek-site

steam

wate
steam steam

r
electr electr

steam
water water

wate
r
CO

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 Barge / Train / Truck / Short sea

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Stakeholders: Everybody who is affected by or has
an effect on Port development and port operation

Port authorities
Industries and trade
Port services
Local and national governments
Nature conservation organisations
River-/ watermanagers
Engineering and construction companies
Civilians / civil organisations

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Why involve stakeholders?

Mixing views can lead to innovative

solutions and a new common language
To generate robust solutions that fit in
different cultural views
To use the knowledge of the stakeholders
To raise awareness on the problem
To counteract obstructive power

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How to involve stakeholders?
Five levels:
Information
Consultation
Advising
Co producing
Co deciding

Independent process manager

Different tools: consensus conference, workshops, etc.

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 Stakeholdermanagement Maasvlakte 2

Innovative approach based on a combination of pro-active

issue-management & stakeholder management
Agreement Vision and Dare ( 2000): strategic co-decision
Mutual gains approach:
Genuine interest + Transparency + Reliability =
Confidence
New voluntary agreement Vision and Trust (2008) to anchor
confidence for the future

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 Mutual gains principles
Know the interest and point of view of other parties
Issue mapping to identify the key stakeholders
Joint fact finding
Mitigate and compensate
Take responsibility, admit mistakes and join power
Always remain reliable
Distinguish between constructive negotiation and conflict
resolution
Opt for package deals
Focus on creating long term relationships
Nobodies fool (have trust but use common sense)

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Reflections on Stakeholdermanagement

More complex upfront, but easier going later

Investment in the future
Together strong against the die-hart opponents
Sound environment for development
Good base for client investment
Needs recognition, structure and consistency
Does not replace compliance with law and legal
accuracy

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Port activities in a sustainable urban
environment

Identify the stakeholders interest

Pro-actively cope with the legal obligations
Find solutions for health and safety issues and
prevention of nuisance
Make the most of potencies for recreation and
education
Incorporate ecology and natural habitats
Create open landscape with controlled access and
functional secondary uses

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Lecture notes:
Environmental issues in port development and port operation
CT 4330

Tiedo Vellinga
Professor Ports and Waterways
Port of Rotterdam Authority

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Section
Vermelding
of Hydraulic
onderdeelEngineering
organisatie