CAO Lab

JSS MAHAVIDYAPEETHA
COMPUTER ARCHEITECTURE AND ORGANIZATIONAL LAB

MANUAL [EC-403(P)]
JSS ACADEMY OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION, NOIDA

Instrumentation and Control Engineering Department
COMPUTER ARCHEITECTURE AND

ORGANIZATIONAL LAB MANUAL
[EC-403(P)]

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MANUAL [EC-403(P)]
SENSOR AND INSTRUMENTATION LAB (EE-305P)
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
1. TTL transfer characteristics and TTL IC gates.

2. CMOS Gate Transfer Characteristics.
3. Implementation of a 3 bit SIPO and SISO shift
registersusing flip-flops.
4. Implementation of a 3 bit PIPO and PISO shift
registersusing flip-flops.
5. Design of seven segment display driver for BCD codes.
6. BCD Adders and Subtractors.
7. ALU

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INDEX
S. No. Title Page No.

1 Study of the pressure transducer a strain guage and
measurement of unknown weight.
2 Characteristics of RTD.
3 Study of transducer J- Type & K- type and temperature
measurement by thermocouple.
4 Study of Digital Storage Oscillioscope and
Measurement of phase difference of two signals using
lissajous figure.
5 Characteristics of diaphragm type pressure transducer.
6 Characteristics of LVDT.
7 Characteristics of capacitance transducer:
(i) Variable area
(ii) Variable distance.
8 Characteristics of one Solid State sensor/ Fiber optic
sensor,
9 Measurement of Capacitance by Schering Bridge.
10 Characteristics of resistance transducer like
Potentiometer as a Transducer.
11 Study of LabVIEW and simulate a virtual
instrumentation to convert temperature C to F.
12 To simulate a virtual instrumentation to convert Binary
to Decimal conversion (4-Bit)
13 To simulate a virtual instrumentation to create a
function generator using LabVIEW.
14 Study of DAQ (Data Acquisition) and Measurement of
Amplitude, Frequency and Time Period of different
signal using LabVIEW through DAQ.
JSS ACADEMY OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION - NOIDA

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MANUAL [EC-403(P)]
EXPERIMENT -01
1. AIM: Study of the pressure transducer a strain guage and measurement of

unknown weight.
2. APPARATUS REQUIRED: Strain Gauge Trainer Kit, Patch Cords and

Different Weights.
3. THEORY: A strain guage is a conducting wire whose resistance changes by a

small point when it is lengthened or shortened. The change in length is small, a
few millionths of an inch. The strain guage is bonded to a structure so that the
percent change in length of the strain guage and structure are identical.
A foil-type guage is shown in (a). The active length of the guage lies
along the transverse axis. The strain guage must be mounted so that its
transverse axis lies in the samedirection as the structure motion that is to be
measured figure (b) . Lengthening the bar by tension lengthens the strain guage
conductor and increases its resistance. Compression reduces the gauges
resistance because the moral length of the strain guage is reduced.
4. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
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MANUAL [EC-403(P)]
5. PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the trainer kit to the mains supply to the input socket of the kit.
2. Connect the strain gauge transducer to the input socket of the kit.
3. Connect the output of the instrumentation amplifier to the digital indicator.
4. Now adjust the zero adjust potentiometer to get zero reading on the indicator.
5. Now place the weight of 100gm at the center or near the border of pan fitted on
the strain gauge cantiliver arrangement.
6. Observe and note down the reading.
7. Place the weight from 100gm to 700gm to apply maximum stress.
8. Place the unknown weight and measure the output.

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MANUAL [EC-403(P)]
9. Plotting the graph of weights vs output in mV find the unknown weight
6. OBSERVATION
S.No. Weight(gm) Output Voltage(mV)
7. RESULT:

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MANUAL [EC-403(P)]
EXPERIMENT NO. 02
1. AIM : Characteristics of RTD.
2. APPARATUS REQUIRED: Temperature Transducer Trainer, Patch cords,

Multimeter.
3. THEORY:
Theory of Platinum RTD
The variation in resistance of a metal with variation in temperature is the basis
of temperature measurement in a platinum RTD .The metal generally used is
platinum or tungsten. Platinum is especially suited for this purpose, as it can shows
limited susceptibility to contamination. All metals produce a positive change in
resistance with temperature. This of course is the main function of an RTD. This
implies a metal with high value of resistance should be used for RTDs .
The requirements of a conductor material to be used in RTDs are:
1. The change in resistance of material per unit change in temperature should be
as large as possible.
2. The material should have high value of resistance so that minimum volume of
material is used for the construction of RTD.
3. The resistance of material should have continuous and stable relationship with
temperature.
Platinum or tungsten wire is wound on a former to give a resistance in the range of
10K ohms depending on application. Tungsten is reserved for high temperature
application, as it is brittle and extremely difficult to work.
The construction of a platinum RTD is as under:
To the first approximation, resistance variation with temperature is linear
although more complex equations are used for greater accuracies. In fact standard
calibration charts are available for different materials. The RTD used in ST2302 is
of 100 at 0C (Temperature coefficient = 0.385 /C)
In the practical exercise you will connect the platinum RTD in series with a
high resistance to a D.C. supply and measure the voltage drop across it. Due to the
small variation of resistance, the current drop across transducer will be directly
proportional to its resistance.
The RTD consists of a thin film of platinum deposited on a ceramic substrate
with gold contact plates on each end.
The platinum resistance temperature detector is a highly stable and accurate sensor.
The resistance increases linearly at 0.385 /C). To develop a voltage a suitable
resistance should be connected between output and +5V and the wire wound
potentiometer is recommended. The RTD is located in the transparent plastic
heating compartment. Characteristics:
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MANUAL [EC-403(P)]
PARAMETER MIN TYP MAX

Resistance 99.9 100 100.1
Temperature coefficient +0.385/C
4. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

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5. PROCEDURE
1. Connect the circuit as shown in Dia 2.

a. The Socket C of Slide Potentiometer to +5V.
b. The Socket B of Slide Potentiometer to output of Platinum RTD.
c. Connect digital multimeter as voltmeter on 200 mV or 2V DC range
in between output of Platinum RTD & ground.
2. Set the 10K slider resistance midway.
3. Switch on the instrument, check the output of IC temperature sensor for ambient
temperature by temporarily connecting DMM on 20V DC range and find out the
resistance in ohms for its particular temperature say for example ambient is 25C
then platinum RTD reading as per chart is 109.73.
4. Switch ON power supply adjust the slider control of the 10K resistance to the
voltage drop across the platinum RTD is 109mV (0.109V) as indicated by digital
multimeter.
This calibrates the platinum RTD for an ambient temperature of 25C
since the resistance at 25C will be 109 Ohms. Note that the voltage reading across
the RTD in mV is the same as the RTD resistance in ohms, since current flowing
must be 0.109/109 = 1mA.
Connect the +12V supply to Heater Element input and note the values of
the voltage across the RTD with the voltmeter to its 200mV or 2V range, (this
representing the RTD resistance) and the output voltage from the IC temperature
sensor with the voltmeter set to its 20V range (this representing the temperature of
the RTD) after each minute given in the table 2.
5. Switch OFF the power supply and disconnect Heater element supply (+12)
6. Convert RTD temperature into C and add in table 2.
7. Plot the graph of RTD resistance in ohms against temperature in C. It should
resemble the one given below.

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6. OBSERVATION TABLE:
Time (minutes) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
RTD K
Temperature C
RTD Resistance
7. RESULT:
Temperature Vs Resistance Table
Temp. Resistance Temp. Resistance Temp. Resistance

(C) () (C) () (C) ()
0 100.00 20 107.79 40 115.54
1 100.39 21 108.18 41 115.93
2 100.78 22 108.57 42 116.31
3 101.17 23 108.95 43 116.70
4 101.56 24 109.34 44 117.08
5 101.95 25 109.73 45 117.47
6 102.34 26 110.12 46 117.86
7 102.73 27 110.51 47 118.24
8 103.12 28 110.89 48 118.63
9 103.51 29 111.28 49 119.01
10 103.90 30 111.67 50 119.40
11 104.29 31 112.06 51 119.78
12 104.68 32 112.44 52 120.17
13 105.07 33 112.83 53 120.55
14 105.46 34 113.22 54 120.94
15 105.85 35 113.61 55 121.32
16 106.23 36 114.09 56 121.70
17 106.62 37 114.38 57 122.99
18 107.01 38 114.77 58 122.47
19 107.40 39 115.15 59 122.86
60 123.24

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Experiment No.03
1. AIM: Study of transducer J- Type & K- type and temperature measurement by

thermocouple.
2. APPARATUS REQUIRED: Transducer trainer kit , patch cords, Beaker,

Thermometer, Heating Rod, J and K-Type Thermocouple.
3. THEORY: A thermocouple is a temperature-measuring device consisting of two

dissimilar conductors that contact each other at one or more spots. It produces a
voltage when the temperature of one of the spots differs from the reference
temperature at other parts of the circuit. Thermocouples are a widely used type of
temperature sensor for measurement and control,and can also convert a
temperature gradient into electricity. Commercial thermocouples are inexpensive,
interchangeable, are supplied with standard connectors, and can measure a wide
range of temperatures. In contrast to most other methods of temperature
measurement, thermocouples are self powered and require no external form of
excitation. The main limitation with thermocouples is accuracy; system errors of
less than one degree Celsius (C) can be difficult to achieve.
Seebeck effect
Upon heating, the Seebeck effect will initially drive a current. However, provided
the junctions all reach a uniform internal temperature, and provided an ideal
voltmeter is used, then the thermocouple will soon reach an equilibrium where no
current will flow anywhere ( ). As a result, the voltage gradient at any point
in the circuit will be given simply by , where is the
Seebeck coefficient at that point, and is the temperature gradient at that point.
The total measured end-to-end voltage can be found by adding up the voltage
contributions all along the wires. This leads to a measured voltage difference
independent of many details (e.g. neither the size nor the length of the conductors
matter):
where and are the Seebeck coefficients of materials A and B as a function of

temperature, and and are the temperatures of the two junctions. The voltages
Vb and Vc are measured at the cold ends of materials A and B, respectively (see
figure). The emf is not generated at the junctions, but rather in the wires leading

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MANUAL [EC-403(P)]
between the hot and cold junctions (where ). Because the two wires give
different voltages leading up to the junction, the resulting measured overall voltage
is nonzero.
Comparison of thermocouple types:
Characteristics of different thermocouples

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4. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
5. PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the trainer kit to the mains power supply.

2. Connect the J-type thermocouple to the input of the trainer kit.
3. Connect the output of the circuit to voltmeter in the range of 200mV.
4. Fill the beaker with water and dip the J- type thermocouple into the water.
5. Now on the main switch.
6. Note down the temperature of the water using thermometer and take the reading of
voltmeter.
7. Now heat the water in 10C temperature steps and takes the voltmeter reading
simultaneously.
8. Repeat the procedure for K-type thermocouple also.
9. Now plot the characteristics of both on the graph.
S. No. Temperature(C) Voltage(mV)

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7. RESULT:
JSS ACADEMY OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION NOIDA
Experiment No. 04
1. AIM: Study of Digital Storage Oscillioscope and Measurement of phase difference

of two signals using lissajous figure.
2. APPARATUS REQUIRED: Digital Storage Oscilloscope, Function Generator,

CRO Probes.
3. THEORY:

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MANUAL [EC-403(P)]
Example 1: Measurement of Simple Signals

Observe an unknown signal in the circuit, and display and measure rapidly the
frequency and peak-to-peak
value of the signal.
1. Carry out the following operation steps for the rapid display of this signal:
1. Set the probe menu attenuation coefficient as 10X and that of the switch in the
probe switch as 10X.
2. Connect the probe of Channel 1 to the measured point of the circuit.
3. Push down the AUTOSET button.
The oscilloscope will implement the AUTPSET to make the wave form optimized,
based on which, you can
further regulate the vertical and horizontal divisions till the waveform meets your
requirement.
2. Perform Automatic Measurement
The oscilloscope can measure most displayed signals automatically. Complete the
following operations for
the measurement of frequency, cycle, mean and peak-to-peak value:
1. Press the MEASURE button to show the automatic measurement function
menu.
2. Press the F1 menu selection button and choose Source, with the Source menu
displayed.
3. Press the F2, F3, F4 and F5 menu selection buttons and choose CH1.
4. Press the F1 menu selection button again and choose Type, with the Type menu
displayed.
5. Press the F2 menu selection button and choose Freq.
6. Press the F3 menu selection button and choose Period.
7. Press the F4 menu selection button and choose Mean.
8. Press the F5 menu selection button and choose Pk-Pk.
Then, the frequency, cycle, mean and peak-to-peak value will present in the menu
and change Periodically.
Example 2: Gain of the Amplifier in the Metering Circuit

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MANUAL [EC-403(P)]
Set the probe menu attenuation coefficient as 10X and that of the switch in the
probe as 10X.
Connect the oscilloscope CH1 channel with the circuit signal input end and the
CH2 channel to the output end.
Operation Steps
1. Push down the AUTOSET button and the oscilloscope will automatically adjust
the waveforms of the two channels into the proper display state.
2. Push down the MEASURE button to show the MEASURE menu.
3. Press the F1 menu selection button and choose Source.
4. Press the F2 menu selection button and choose CH1.
5. Press the F3 menu selection button and choose CH2.
6. Press the F1 menu selection button again and choose Type.
9. Read the peak-to-peak values of Channel 1 and Channel 2 from the displayed
menu (see Fig. 54).
10. Calculate the amplifier gain with the following formulas.
Gain = Output Signal / Input signal
Gain (db) = 20log (gain) Wave Form of Gain Measurement
Example 3: Capture the Single Signal

The digital storage oscilloscope takes the lead in providing the convenience
capturing of such non-periodic signals as pulse and burr, etc.. If you intent to
capture a single signal, you can not set the trigger level and the trigger edge unless
you have a particular priori knowledge of this signal. For example, if the pulse is
the logic signal of a TTL level, the trigger level should be set to 2 volts and the
trigger edge be set as the rising edge trigger. If it is uncertain as to the signal, you

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can make an observation of it in advance under the automatic or ordinary mode to

determine the trigger level and the trigger edge.
SM6025 39
The operation steps are as follows:
1. Set the probe menu attenuation coefficient to 10X and that of the switch in the
probe to 10X.
2. Adjust the VOLTS/DIV and SEC/DIV knobs to set up a proper vertical and
horizontal ranges for the signal
to be observed.
3. Press the button ACQUIRE to display the ACQUIRE Mode menu.
4. Press the F2 menu selection button and choose Peak Detect.
5. Press the TRIG MENU button to display the Trigger Mode menu.
6. Press the F1 menu selection button and choose Edge as the trigger type.
7. Press the F4 menu selection button and choose Single as the trigger mode.
8. Press the F2 menu selection button and choose Rising as the slope.
9. Rotate the LEVEL knob and adjust the trigger level to the mid-value of the
signal to be measured.
10. If the Trigger State Indicator at the top of the screen does not indicate Ready,
push down the RUN/STOP button and start Acquire, waiting the emergence of the
signal in conformity with the trigger conditions. If a signal reaches to the set
trigger level, one sampling will be made and then displayed in the screen. With this
function, any random occurrence can be captured easily. Taking the burst burr of
larger amplitude for example, set the trigger level to the value just greater than the
normal signal level, and then push down the RUN/STOP button and wait. When
there is a burr occurring, the instrument will trigger automatically and record the
wave form generated during the period around the trigger time. With the
HORIZONTAL POSITION knob in the horizontal control area in the panel
rotated, you can change the horizontal position of the trigger position to obtain the
negative delay, making an easy observation of the waveform before the burr occurs
(see Fig. 55).

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Example 5: Application of X-Y Function

Examine the Phase Difference between Signals of two Channels
Example: Test the phase change of the signal after it passes through a circuit
network.
Connect the oscilloscope with the circuit and monitor the input and output signals
of the circuit.
For the examination of the input and output of the circuit in the form of X-Y
coordinate graph, please operate according to the following steps:
1. Set the probe menu attenuation coefficient for 10X and that of the switch in the
probe for 10X.
2. Connect the probe of channel 1 to the input of the network and that of Channel 2
to the output of the network.
3. Push down the AUTOSET button, with the oscilloscope turning on the signals
of the two channels and displaying them in the screen.
5. Adjust the VOLTS/DIV knob, making the amplitudes of two signals equal in
the rough..
6. Push down the DISPLAY button and recall the DISP SET menu.
7. Press the F3 menu selection button and choose XY for Format. The oscilloscope
will display the input and terminal characteristics of the network in the Lissajous
graph form.
8. Adjust the VOLTS/DIV and VERTICAL POSITION knobs, optimizing the
wave form.
9. With the elliptical oscillogram method adopted, observe and calculate the phase
difference (see Fig. 58).
Based on the expression sin =A/B or C/D, where, q is the phase difference angle,
and the definitions of A,
B, C, and D are shown as the graph above. As a result, the phase difference angle
can be obtained,
namely, = arcsin (A/B ) or arcsin (C/D). If the principal axis of the ellipse is
in the I and III quadrants,
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the determined phase difference angel should be in the I and IV quadrants, that is,
in the range of (0- /2)
or (3 / 2- 2). If the principal axis of the ellipse is in the II and IV quadrants, the
determined phase
difference angle is in the II and III quadrants, that is, within the range of ( / 2 - )
or (- 3 /2).
4. CIRCIT DIAGRAM:
5. OBSERVATION :
A B =Sin-1(A/B)
6. RESULT:

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Experiment No. 05
1. AIM: Characteristics of diaphragm type pressure transducer
2. APPARATUS REQUIRED : Pressure Trainer, Pressure Pump.
3. THEORY:
Pressure is the force exerted by a medium, usually a fluid, on a unit area. It

differs from normal stress only in the mode of application. In Engineering, it is
most commonly expressed in terms of pounds per square inch (psi). Measuring
devices usually register as a differential pressure, i.e., the difference between two
pressures, with atmospheric pressure as the common reference. This is termed gage
pressure, psig.
Pressure is often equated to the unit of force exerted by a column of fluid, such as
mercury or water. For example, the atmospheric standard pressure is specified as
14.696 psi. This is identical to the unit force that a column of mercury 760 mm in
height exerts at its base. There for, it is common to refer to standard atmospheric
pressure as 760 mm Hg. It is obvious that fundamentally the unit of pressure is
neither millimeters nor inches and that these units have meaning only when
employed in the proper context.
PRESSURE MEASURING TRANSDUCERS:

Often pressure is measured by transducing its effect to a deflection through use as
a pressurized area and either a gravitational or elastic restraining element. A
comprehensive classification of basic pressure measuring methods is difficult to
make. However, the following should suffice for our purposes.
Gravitational Types
Liquid Columns
Pistons or loose diaphragms, and weights
Direct acting Elastic Types

Unsymmetrically loaded tubes
Symmetrically loaded tubes
Elastic diaphragms
Bellows
Bulk compression

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Indirect acting elastic type:
Piston with elastic restraining member.
Gravitational Transducers:
The simple well type manometer is one of the most elementary forms of pressure
measuring devices. In these types it is seen that because the fluid density is
involved accurate work will require consideration of temperature variation, the
manometer will posses a certain amount of temperature sensitivity.
Elastic Transducers:
Elastic elements operate on the principle that the deflection or deformation
accompanying a balance of pressure and elastic forces may be used as a measure of
pressure. A familiar example is the ordinary bourbon tube. A tube normally of oval
section, is initially coiled into circular arc of radius R. The included angle of the
arc is usually less than 360 degrees; however in some cases, when increased
sensitivity is desired, the tube may be formed into a helix of several terms.
As a pressure is applied to the tube, the oval section tends to round out, becoming
more circular in section. The inner and outer arc length will remain approximately
equal to their original lengths, and hence the only recourse for the tube is uncoil. In
the simple pressure gage, the movement of the end of the tube is communicated
through linkage and gearing to a pointer whose movement over a scale becomes a
measure of pressure.
Elastic Diaphragms:
Many dynamic pressure measuring apparatus employ an elastic diaphragm as the
primary pressure transducer. Such diaphragms may be either flat or corrugated.
The flat type is often used in conjunction with electrical secondary transducers
whose sensitivity permits quite small diaphragm deflections, while the corrugated
type is particularly useful when large deflections are required.
Diaphragm displacement may be transmitted by mechanical means to some form
of indicator, perhaps a pointer and scale as is used in the familiar aneroid
barometer.
Secondary Transducers used with diaphragms:

Most electromechanical transducers principles have been applied to the diaphragm
pressure pickups. The following examples are only representatives of many
possible variations.
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a) Use of resistance strain gauges with flat diaphragms

An obvious approach is to simplify apply strain gauges directly to a diaphragm
surface and calibrate the measured strain in terms of pressure. On drawback of this
method that is often encountered is the small physical area available for mounting
the gauges, for this reason, gauges with short lengths must be employed.
b) Inductive types:
Variable inductance has been successfully employed as a form of secondary
transducer used with a diaphragm. Flexing of the diaphragm due to applied
pressure causes it to move toward one pole piece and away from the other, thereby
altering the relative inductances. An inductive bridge circuit may be employed.
Standard laboratory equipment such as an oscilloscope, VTVM as well as
recorders may be used to display the gauge output
.
c) Other type of secondary transducers:
Flexing diaphragms have also been used to alter capacitance as a means of
producing an electrical output. This method is not so common as those previously
discussed, primarily because of low sensitivity and the problems accompanying the
requirement for relatively high carrier frequencies.
Another method employs the electro kinetic potential developed by a fluid flowing
through a porous disk as a measure of pressure.
4. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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MANUAL [EC-403(P)]
Pressure Sensor
5. PROCEDURE:
1) Connect the four wires coming out of transducers to the trainer kit as per the colors
of the wires written on the Board.
2) Switch on the Board Supply.
3) Open the air release valve completely.
4) Set the initial value of the display to zero (nearest zero value) by the potentiometer
provided.
5) Close the air release valve.
6) Start pumping the air in the Tank using the foot pump. Stop pumping when the
pressure value reaches to about 2 Kg/cm2 pressure.
7) Note the Digital value on the meter. Note that this value will be almost the same as
that shown by the dial gauge.
8) Now slowly release the air by opening the valve slowly in the steps of 0.2Kg/cm2
pressure. Again note the reading.
9) Plot the characteristic of pressure transducer on the graph.
Sr. No. Pressure (Kg/cm2 ) Voltage (mV)
7. RESULT:
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MANUAL [EC-403(P)]
EXPERIMENT NO. 06
1. AIM : Characteristics of LVDT
2. APPARATUS REQUIRED: LVDT trainer kit, patch cords, CRO
3. THEORY:
LVDT i.e Linear Variable Differential Transducer as the name suggests is a type of
transducer which uses the difference of the output of two windings as a resultant
output to indicate the unit of parameter to be measured. A typical LVDT is shown
below for your reference.
A soft iron core provides the magnetic coupling between a primary coil and two
secondary coils, connected in series opposition. When the core is central and both
secondaries are identical, the voltage across them is equal in magnitude. However,
the output is zero as both the secondaries are in series opposition. As the core
moves up or down, the induced voltage of one secondary coil increases while that
of the other decreases. The output voltage, which is modulated, is the difference of
the two, since secondaries are in opposition. The output is proportional to the
displacement of the iron core. The device is very sensitive and is linear over a wide
range of motion.
The input voltage applied to LVDT is limited by the current carrying ability of the
primary coil. In most applications, LVDT sensitivities are great enough to that very
conservative ratings can be applied. Many commonly used transformers are made
to operate of 2 KHz frequency at 5V peak to peak.
Higher frequencies provide increased sensitivity. However in order to maintain
linearity, design differences, primary core length may be required for different
frequencies; and in general, a given LVDT is designed for a specific input
frequency.
Exciting frequency sometime referred as carrier frequency limits the dynamic
response of a transformer.
Transformer sensitivity is usually stated in terms of milli volts output per volt input
per 0.001 inch core displacement. It is directly proportional to exciting voltage and
output also increases with frequency. Of course the output also depends on LVDT
design, and in general, the sensitivity will increase with increased number of turns
on the coils. There is a limit, however, determined by the solenoid effect on the
core. In many applications this effect must be minimized; hence design of the
general purpose LVDT is the result of compromise.
Solenoid or axial force exerted by the core is zero when the core is centered and
increases linearity with displacement.
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MANUAL [EC-403(P)]
4. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
5. PROCEDURE:
1. Connect a Digital Voltmeter to the output of the Trainer jumper wires.

2. Rotate the micrometer or clockwise and set the reading at 10mm.
3. Note the meter reading on the Digital voltmeter.
4. Rotate the micrometer clockwise by about 1 mm, and again note the reading of
the Digital voltmeter. (Two rotation of the micrometer gives a linear movement
of 1mm)
5. Rotate micrometer further by another 1 mm and again note the reading.
6. Keep repeating this till you reach a minimum value of the reading. This reading
will be approx. zero when the micrometer is at 5mm.
7. After this reading the digital output will start increasing. You will see that the
change in the displacement of the core through micrometer is producing a
proportional change in the meter reading.
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8. However the reading is first decreasing and then increasing. The voltage is
actually going ve but this ve sign is ignored while displaying the meter
output. But this verified the actual theory of the LVDT as explained in the
beginning.
9. An oscilloscope can be used to observe the waveform of the sine wave provided
to the LVDT.
10.Plot the graph between displacement and the digital readout.
6. OBSERVATION:
S.NO. DISPLACEMENT OBSERVED OUTPUT
7. RESULT:

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MANUAL [EC-403(P)]
EXPERIMENT NO. 07
1. AIM : Characteristics of capacitance transducer:

(i) Variable area
(ii) Variable distance.
2. APPARATUS REQUIRED: Capacitance Transducer Trainer,Patch Cord
3. THEORY:
Capacitance Transducer
The transducer The measurement of displacement is an important subject in
process industry such as angular location / orientation of an object in job machine.
There are three basic transducers are used in industries the capacitive transducer is
one of them. A capacitor is formed by two parallel lates which has a uniform
distance between them is used in angular displacement measurement. The capacity
between the plates depends upon the plates covered common area A See fig.1.
The basic of a capacitive transducer is represented by familiar relation as
C = K0 A/D
Where K is the dielectric constant (= 1 for air), 0 is the permittivity (8.85Pf/ m), a
is the plates common area and d is the separation between plates. If such number of
plates is used to increase capacity then a number n-1, is used for multiplication. In
presenr set up such parallel plates capacitor is used.
Where K is the dielectric constant (=1 for air), 0 is the permittivity (8.85 Pf/m), A
is the plates common area and d is the separation between plates. If such number of
plates is used to increase capacity then a number n-1, is used for multiplication. In
present set up such parallel plates capacitor is used.

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MANUAL [EC-403(P)]
CIRCUIT EXPLANATION:
In present set up correction with pulse shaper is showing in fig.
The signal form excitation source is fed via non-inverting op-amp with a gain of
the output to op-amp exists virtual earth thus in view of it roter plates of transude
is at vitual earth. It is important to avoid disturbance generated by stray electric
field. The amplitude of signal obtained at the node a depends upon the capacitance
of transducer C, since c1 and c2 are constant. The signal obtained at node a is
further differentiated by pulse shaper. The differentiation is accompolished with c3
and R. Amplifier A prevent it from circuit loading.
4. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
5. PROCEDURE
1. Switch on the power

2. Connect patch lead between excitation source (Square Wave generator)
3. Connect the output of the Trainer to the DVM input.
4. Rotate transducer dial position at minimum displacement i.e. 0. Note the
reading of the DVM.
5. Now rotate the knob by 10 degrees and again note the reading of DVM.
6. Keep rotating the knob by 10 degrees each time and keep noting the meter.
7. Plot graph between Degree of rotation and the meter reading.
8. Observe that almost a linear relation is obtained with the variation of the
capacitance.

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MANUAL [EC-403(P)]
S. No. Angular Displacement (Degree) Voltage(mV)
7. RESULT:

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MANUAL [EC-403(P)]
Experiment No. 08
1. AIM : Characteristics of one Solid State sensor/ Fiber optic sensor,
2. APPARATUS REQUIRED: Fiber optic trainer kit, LUX meter, patch cords,
Multimeter.
3. THEORY:
Fiber optics: There has been a great advancement in the technology of fiber optics
sensors during the past few years. Instruments using optical fiber for measurement
of various physical parameters are already available in the market and considerable
research is being done related to applications of fiber optic sensor.
The fiber optic sensors provide high accuracy and sensitivity and a board dynamic
range by simple altering the characteristics of light in response to various stimuli.
In addition to accuracy, Precision, sensitivity and a board dynamic range, optical
fiber sensors are being used in hostile environments to reduce the hazards of shock
in sensing applications and to reduce the costs of remote sensing.
Fiber optic Sensor: - There are two basic types of fiber optic sensors and these
are: -
1. Pure fiber sensors. These sensors for their response depend upon on
environmentally induced changes in light as it travels through the fiber.
2. Remote optic fiber optic sensor: - The use optical fibers to carry light to a separate
device that responds to light stimuli. In most pure optic sensors, one of the two
effects happens to the light in response to some external effect. These are: -
i. The light can leak from the core into the cladding where it is eventually
absorbed.
ii. The light can be forced to travel a different distance than light travelling and
alternate optical path. This causes a phase difference to exist between two light
waves. This difference can be detected by combining the two light waves by
superposition and observing the resulting light can dark pattern.
Optical sensors use a single mode fiber, which is a low fiber with a very small core
and consequently a very small angle of acceptance of light. A basic scheme used
for measurements involving optical fiber sensors is shown in fig 19.49. The
sensing mechanism illustrated in the diagram causes a change is some
characteristic of the optical signal received at the detector. The some mechanism
may, in fact, be a characteristics or the fiber itself, or it may be a device external to
the fiber. In case the light signal received by the detector changes as a result of

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MANUAL [EC-403(P)]
some change in the fiber, then the sensor is called an intensity or intrinsic sensor.
On the other hand, if the light signal at the detector changes as a result of some
transducer type of device, then the sensor is called an interferometer or extrinsic
sensor.
DESCRIPTION OF THE TRAINER

The Fiber optics sensor trainer provides an onboard variable DC Source for
providing input to the Fiber optics sensor. At the output side a provision has been
kept to insert the Lux meter in a way that the interference of the outside light is
minimum. The sensor provides light in proportion to the DC Voltage applied at the
input of the sensor. The diagram of the Trainer is also given here.
4. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Variable DC Fiber Optic LUX

Source Sensor Meter
Block Diagram

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MANUAL [EC-403(P)]
Intensity in
lumens
DC Voltage
5. PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the Trainer Kit to the Mains supply (220V AC) and switch on the Power.
2. Place the Lux meter at the output of the Optical sensor shown in the diagram.
3. Switch on the Lux meter.
4. Keep the potentiometer knob to the minimum position.
5. Connect a voltmeter to the input side as shown in the diagram.
6. Set the voltage by the potentiometer to say 0.5V and measure the reading on the
Lux meter.
7. Increase the DC voltage in steps of 0.5V and take another set of reading.
8. Keep incrementing the DC Voltage in steps of 0.5V and keep taking the output
reading.
9. Draw a graph between the DC Voltage and the lux meter reading which denotes
the intensity of light.
10.Verify that there is a linear relation between the Voltage applied and the light
intensity.
6. OBSERVATION:
Sl.No DC Voltage (Volt) Intensity of Light in Lumens

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MANUAL [EC-403(P)]
7. RESULT:

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MANUAL [EC-403(P)]
EXPERIMENT 09
1. AIM: Measurement of Capacitance by Schering Bridge.
2. APPARATUS REQUIRED: Schering Bridge Trainer, Cathode Ray Oscilloscope

, Set of patching wires, Unknown capacitors Multimeter.
3. THEORY:
The balance conditions require that the sum of the phase angles of arms 1 and 4
equal the sum of the phase angles 2 and 3. Since the standard capacitor is in arm, 3,
the sum of the phase angles of arm 2 and 3 will be 0+90=90. In order to obtain the
90 phase angle neede for balance, the sum of angles of arm 1 and 4 must equal 90.
So, it is necessary to give arm 1 a small capacitive angle by connecting capacitor
CQ in parallel with resistor RQ. Small capacitive angle is very easy to obtain,
requiring a small capacitor across resistor R1.
Let Cx = Capacitor whose capacitance is to be measured.
Cq = A standard capacitor.
Cp = A standard capacitor for loss angle.
Rx = A resistance represents the loss in capacitor Cx.
Rq = A resistance represents the loss in capacitor Cq.
Rr = A non- inductive resistance .
Substituting these impedance in the general equation for a bridge, that is
Z1 Z3 = Z2 Z4
j j
RP RR = RQ / RX
CP CX
j RQ j
RP1R3R
= RXRQ
CP
CX
Equating the real and imaginary parts, we finally get,
RP R X
Rx =
RQ

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MANUAL [EC-403(P)]
Or
RQ CP
Cx =
RR
4. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
CP
RX
RP
CX
R
R
R
Q
CRO
A
R R
Cunkno
C P S
P
wn
1 C
P
OS C
2
C1 P
3 RR
B
1
R
D
R2
Os R
c2 R3
R R
R4
Q R
R5
C
Wiring diagram for Schering Bridge

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MANUAL [EC-403(P)]
5. PROCEDURE:
1. Take the trainer for Desautys Bridge and patch the circuit as shown in the wiring
diagram.
2. Keep the knob of variable resistor to its minimum position.
3. Connect the unknown capacitance in the arm marked CUNKNOWN.
4. Connect the trainer to 220V AC mains power supply and switch ON it.
5. Connect the CRO between the points OSC1 and OSC2, a sine wave of about 1KHz
will be observed.
6. Then connect the CRO at the points provided for it as shown in the wiring
diagram.
7. Select some value of R2. (Let it be RR1 = 100 CP (let CP1= 0.01)
8. Vary RQ in clockwise direction. The amplitude of sine wave will change.
9. If the selection of RR is correct, the amplitude will decrease to a minimum position
and after that, it will again start to increase. In other words, balance point NULL
POSITION (DC Line) can be observed on the oscilloscope. I.e., at balance, the
output waveform comes to a minimum voltage for a particular value of R Q and
then increases by varying RQ in any direction. If that does happen, select another
value of RR and also another CQ if needed.
10.When the balance condition will be achieved, power OFF the trainer, disconnect
the circuit and measure the value of RQ.
11.Then calculate the capacitance of the unknown capacitor using the relation
RQC
Cx =
P
RR
12.Repeat the steps 7 to 11 a number of times and note it in a tabular form.

The theoretical values of components used in the trainer is as follows,
RQ = Measured value at balance.

RR1 = 100 RR2 = 300
RR3 = 1K RR4 = 3.3K
RR5 = 10K CP1 = 0.01F
CP2 = 0.02F CP3 = 0.1F
The actual values of the components measured after soldering are given below
and therefore these should be taken for calculation
RR1 = RR2 =
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MANUAL [EC-403(P)]
RR3 = RR4 =
RR5 = CP1 =
CP2 = CP3 =
6. OBSERVATION:
Sl CP RQ RR Cx Mean Cx
No In F In In In F In F
7. RESULT:

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MANUAL [EC-403(P)]
EXPERIMENT NO. 10
1. AIM. Characteristics of resistance transducer like Potentiometer as a Transducer.
2. APPARATUS REQUIRED: Potentiometer Kit, Three 4mm patch cords for

interconnections.
3. THEORY: Precision potentiometers are simple rotary devices for obtaining shaft
position information. The most straight forward applications is the conversion of
mechanical position to a voltage. Basically a precision potentiometer consists of a
resistive element with a movable arm or slider in contact with the element. As the
arm (Slider) rotates, indicating shaft position. The resistive element can be made of
wire, conductive film or cermet element.
Potentiometers used for servo mechanism are generally above 7/8 to 3 1/2
inches in diameter. The early models were mostly of wire wound type. Current
technology provides other choices such as stability, longer life and lower
sensitivity to environment. Potentiometers can be excited with alternating and
direct current. Single turn potentiometers have a rotation i.e. usually limited to 360
degrees.
Potentiometers Characteristics: A linear potentiometer produces a resistance

change i.e. linearly related to the shaft position. A position of rotation will
produce 50% of maximum resistance and a position of rotation will produce
75% of maximum resistance. Linearity is specified as the deviation ( in percentage
of total resistance of the actual resistance. This is called normal or independent
linearity.

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MANUAL [EC-403(P)]
Resolution in a potentiometer is minimum change of resistance output

expressed as percentage of its total resistance. It is dependent on the number of
turns of the wire per inch on the winding and the arch diameter of the slider. Noise
in the potentiometer appears as spurious unwanted voltage. For wire wound
potentiometer will cause a ripple voltage to appear at the slider as the shaft is
rotated.
4. Circuit Diagram:
P1 P2
1 2 3 1 2 3
1- I/P
2-O/P
3- GND
P1&P2- 10
TURN POT

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MANUAL [EC-403(P)]
5. PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the main cord to the supply line.
2. You can study the potentiometer as transducer by measuring voltage across
the output points of the potentiometer and enter the readings in the
observation table.
3. Plot the graph for the above.
4. Now you can study the system as null detector by keeping left hand
potentiometer at zero degrees and treating it as reference, rotate the right
hand potentiometer to read the error directly on the DPM. Note that these are
ten turn potentiometers.
5. You may also plot input position versus output position when meter is
indicating null.
6. OBSERVATION:
S. No. Angular Displacement(degree) Voltage(mV)
7. RESULT:

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MANUAL [EC-403(P)]
EXPERIMENT NO. 11
1. AIM. Study of LabVIEW and simulate a virtual instrumentation to convert

temperature C to F.
2. APPARATUS REQUIRED: Personal Computer, LabVIEW 2010 software.
3. THEORY:
LabView is a graphical programming language developed by National Instruments

sometime in the mid to late 80s by Jeff Kodosky. A program in LabView is called
a VI, which stands for Virtural Instrument. To create a VI, the programmer uses
the LabView programming environment to make the user interface by dragging
and dropping objects, and arranging them as desired. To add functionality to the
interface, the diagram, which resembles a flow chart is wired with the various
structures and functions. So, in most LabView programs, no lines of code are
written, the functionality of the program is provided by the diagram. For this
reason LabView is called a graphical programming language.
Another nicety of LabView is that it closely supports a multitude of processing

cards available from National Instruments. Other vendors also build cards that are
LabView compatible. The cards are so tightly coupled to the LabView system that
it is not uncommon to be collecting data within a few hours of receiving the data
collection cards in the mail.
For these reasons, LabView has become one of the most popular data collection
systems in recent years. Within the framework of Labview, user interfaces can be
created, data can be collected, signals can be generated and transmitted from
LabView cards, data can be analyzed and stored, etc. etc. If LabView does not
provide what is needed, C code or MatLab programs can be tied to it to provide the
required functionality.
In summary, LabView is a powerful graphical programming system that is

compatible with a multitude of data collection cards and equipment. People use it
because it is convenient and no knowledge of conventional programming
languages is required.

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MANUAL [EC-403(P)]
To learn how to build virtual instrument panels in Labview 2010
Build a VI to simulate a temperature conversion C to F.
1. Launch the LabVIEW and create a blank VI.
1. To show the front panel window and block diagram window together go to menu
bar WINDOW>TILE Left and Right or CNTRL+T.

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MANUAL [EC-403(P)]
2. Now we place the controls and indicator on the front panel window.
Numeric Control-1
Numeric Indicator-1
Numeric Control: FP>Right Click>Express>Numeric Controls> Numeric Control
Numeric indicator: FP>Right Click>Express>Numeric Indicators> Numeric
Indicator
3. In the block diagram window the corresponding block of controls and indicator are
automatically created.
4. Now we place the logic function on the block diagram window.
Formula of temperature conversion:
F=(9/5)*C+32
Multiplier: BD>Right Click>Programming>Numeric>Multiplier

Constant: BD>Right Click on multiplier I/P>Create>Numeric>Constant
Adder: BD>Right Click>Programming>Numeric>Adder

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MANUAL [EC-403(P)]
5. Now run the program and verify the output.
4. RESULT:

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MANUAL [EC-403(P)]
EXPERIMENT NO. 12
1. AIM. To simulate a virtual instrumentation to convert Binary to Decimal

conversion (4-Bit)
2. APPARATUS REQUIRED: Personal Computer, LabVIEW 2010 software.
3. THEORY:
Binary to Decimal Conversion:
The binary number system is also a positional notation numbering system, but in
this case, the base is not ten, but is instead two. Each digit position in a binary
number represents a power of two. So, when we write a binary number, each
binary digit is multiplied by an appropriate power of 2 based on the position in the
number:
For example:
101101 = 1 x 25 + 0 x 24 + 1 x 23 + 1 x 22 + 0 x 21 + 1 x 20
= 1 x 32 + 0 x 16 + 1 x 8 + 1 x 4 + 0 x 2 + 1 x 1
= 32 + 8 + 4 + 1=45
Truth Table
A B C D Decimal A B C D Decimal
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 8
0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 9
0 0 1 0 2 1 0 1 0 10
0 0 1 1 3 1 0 1 1 11
0 1 0 0 4 1 1 0 0 12
0 1 0 1 5 1 1 0 1 13
0 1 1 0 6 1 1 1 0 14
0 1 1 1 7 1 1 1 1 15
4. PROCEDURE:

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MANUAL [EC-403(P)]
2. To show the front panel window and block diagram window together go to
menu bar WINDOW>TILE Left and Right or CNTRL+T.
3. Now we place the controls and indicator on the front panel window.
Toggle Switch-4
Numeric Indicator-1

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MANUAL [EC-403(P)]
Toggle Switch: FP>Right Click>Express>Buttons & switches>Toggle

Switch.
Numeric indicator: FP>Right Click>Express>Numeric Indicators>
Numeric Indicator
4. In the block diagram window the corresponding block of controls and

indicator are automatically created.
5. Now we place the logic function on the block diagram window.
Multiplier: BD>Right Click>Programming>Numeric>Multiplier
Constant: BD>Right Click on multiplier I/P>Create>Numeric>Constant
Compound: BD>Right Click>Programming>Numeric>Compound
Bool to 0?1: BD>Right Click>Programming>Boolean>Bool to 0?1

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MANUAL [EC-403(P)]
6. Now run the program and verify the truth table.
5. RESULT:

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MANUAL [EC-403(P)]
EXPERIMENT NO. 13
1. AIM. To simulate a virtual instrumentation to create a function generator using

LabVIEW.
2. APPARATUS REQUIRED: Personal Computer, LabVIEW -10 software.
3. THEORY:
Function Generator:
A function generator is usually a piece of electronic test

equipment or software used to generate different types of
electrical waveforms over a wide range of frequencies. Some of the most
common waveforms produced by the function generator are the sine, square,
triangular and sawtooth shapes. These waveforms can be either repetitive or
single-shot (which requires an internal or external trigger source).[1] Integrated
circuits used to generate waveforms may also be described as function
generator ICs.
Although function generators cover both audio and RF frequencies, they are
usually not suitable for applications that need low distortion or stable frequency
signals. When those traits are required, other signal generators would be more
appropriate.
Some function generators can be phase-locked to an external signal source
(which may be a frequency reference) or another function generator.
Function generators are used in the development, test and repair of electronic
equipment. For example, they may be used as a signal source to test amplifiers
or to introduce an error signal into a control loop.

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MANUAL [EC-403(P)]
4. PROCEDURE:
The first portion of our show will be to build a function generator from the step-
by-step instructions that follow. At the end, youll demonstrate to your
instructor that the simulator works, and answer a few questions about its
operation on your data sheet.
1. Open LabVIEW which can be found in the Start Menu as National Instruments
LabVIEW or something closely related. Once that is open choose, Blank VI
from the window. This will open at least one new window. If there are two
windows it is alright, we will need them both.
2. Put down a digital control from the controls palette. This can be done by
View, Controls Palette,Express,Num Ctrls,Num Ctrl and
dragging and dropping the control on Front Panel Window. Now type
Function Number before doing anything else. This will save us some work in
the future. Once this is done you should have a window like that of Figure 2.
Figure 2: Front Panel After Step 2
3 Right click on the new control that you just placed and select Format &
Precision from the menu. This will give a new window titled Format &
Precision like that of Figure 3. Change the dropdown selection from
Significant Digits to Digits of Precision and enter 0 (zero) in the corresponding
field. Click OK. This could also be accomplished by right clicking on Function
number and clicking properties.

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MANUAL [EC-403(P)]
Figure 3. Format and Precision Dialog Window
4. At this point it is time to put down some more controls. Find the Dial under
the controls palette, or using Controls Palette Express Num Ctrls Di
al. Place thison the Front Panel Window and type Amplitude. This will be
the amplitude of the waveforms.
5. Place another dial in the same manner and type Frequency. This will be the
frequency of the waveforms.
6. Now, under the Graph part, place a Waveform Graph. This can be found
under Controls Palette Express Graph Indicators Graph and type
in Waveform Output before doing anything further. Right click on the
Waveform Chart and select Visible Items Plot Legend from the menu.
This will remove the Plot Legend from the chart. After this the Front Panel
should look like that of Figure 4.
Figure 4: Completed Front Panel after adding the Waveform Graph

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MANUAL [EC-403(P)]
6. This will take care of the Front Panel for now. Now switch to the block diagram
window by choosing Window Show Bl ock Di agram from the menu on the
top of the screen. This will open a window like that of Figure 5. If the window
doesnt look exactly like that of Figure 5, dont worry, it is about to be changed
anyway. This is where the coding for LabVIEW takes place. Like SPICE,
LabVIEW has its own work environment.
Figure 5: LabVIEW 7 Block Diagram Window
8. The mouse arrow is context sensitive. It changes as it scrolls over different parts
of the window. It looks like an arrow when it thinks theres something to
choose, or grab and drag.
9. Click on the orange box below the labels to move components around. Drag the
components labeled Amplitude, Frequency, and Function Number to the left
side of the window so that theyre arranged in a column.
10. Right click on the orange box for the Function Number and choose
Representation I 8from the pop up menu. This will change the indicator
from a double precision variable to an integer value.
11. The next step will be to draw a case selection box. This can be done by
choosing View, Functions Palette, Express, Exec Control, CaseStructure.
Now click and drag from somewhere near the amplitude box to somewhere
down towards the right of the screen. You should get something that looks like
Figure 6 below. (Later in the lab, you will be asked to explain what the case
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MANUAL [EC-403(P)]
statement does. For now, the case selection box can be thought of as a graphical
representation of a case statement in a programming language.)
Figure 6: Diagram window before adding the waveforms
12. The tricky part begins. Right click on where the case box says True and
select Add Case After. Enter 1 from the key board. Repeat this 2 more times
entering 2 and 3 from the keyboard. Now, click on the selector label between
the two arrows and go back to one of the two cases (True or False). Then
right click again and select Delete This Case from the menu. Repeat this for the
False (or True) case also.
13. Then to make the case selection work as designed, we need to give it some
value that it can select from. Again, the mouse is context sensitive and changes
to suit what it thinks you want to do. When its on a connector, like one of the
little triangle connectors, it will change to something that looks like a little
spool of wire. This could also be found by View, Tools. If you left click on the
mouse when it is on top of one of the connectors, the connector will be
highlighted. Hold the button down and drag the wire to the other connector.
Click on the blue box below Function Number and drag to the little question
mark on the side of the Case Selection Box.
14. Before continuing, make sure that case 1 is in the little box at the top of the
Case Selection Box. Now right click between the arrows and choose Make this
the Default Case from the menu. This sets case 1 as the default if no case is
selected. When done you should have something that looks like Figure 7.

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MANUAL [EC-403(P)]
Figure 7: Diagram window after case additions and wire
15. From here we have to add the specific waveforms. Under case 1, we are going
to put a sine wave. This can be found under
Functions>Palette>Express>Signal Analysis>Simulate Signal. Place this in
the middle of the case selection box. You can double click on this component at
any time to configure its properties but as soon as you drop the icon inside the
case statement the Configure Simulate Signal Window will pop up whether you
want it to or not. In the Configure Simulate Signal Window:
Under Timing, set Samples/second (Hz) to 1000
b. Next to Number of Samples, uncheck the Automatic checkbox.
c. Set Number of Samples to 1000.
These settings will set the x-axis to 1 second.
16.The Configure Simulate Signal window should look similar to Figure 8. Click
OK

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MANUAL [EC-403(P)]
Figure 8: Configuring a sine wave for case 1
17. Case 2 will be a square wave. Switch to case 2 by clicking on the arrow on the
right on top of the case selection box. Inside of case 2, place another Simulate
Sig component in the middle of the case selection box. In the Configure
Simulate Signal window, change the wave type to Square. Make the same
changes as described in 15a-c.
18. Case 3 will be a triangle wave. Switch to case 3. By now you should be able to
figure out how to add the triangle wave simulator. (Its just like the last two
steps!) You should end up with a block diagram window that looks like Figure
9.

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MANUAL [EC-403(P)]
Figure 9: Diagram window after adding the waveforms to the Case Selection Box
19. Wire the output of the Frequency function to the Frequency input connector of
the sine wave. Then wire the amplitude box to the amplitude of the sine wave.
Then wire the sine wave output to the Waveform Output box. Check this against
Figure 10 to verify that it is correct.
Figure 10: Completed Diagram Window after wiring the Sine Wave Function

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MANUAL [EC-403(P)]
20. Repeat this same process for the other two cases also. This exact wiring scheme
works for all three functions.
21. Return to the Front Panel Window and click the Run Continuously button. This
button looks like two arrows chasing each other. Now you can change the values of
Amplitude, Frequency, and Function Number. Notice that if Function Number is
less than 1 or greater than 3 the waveform defaults back to the sine wave. The
simulation is complete.
Figure 10: Completed Front Panel Window continuously executing the Triangle
Function
5. RESULT:

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MANUAL [EC-403(P)]
EXPERIMENT NO. 14
1. AIM. Study of DAQ (Data Acquisition) and Measurement of Amplitude,

Frequency and Time Period of different signal using LabVIEW through
DAQ.
2. APPARATUS REQUIRED: Personal Computer, LabVIEW -10 software,

Function Generator, CRO Probes, DAQ-USB-6009, Wires
3. THEORY:
The purpose of data acquisition is to measure an electrical or physical
phenomenon such as voltage, current, temperature, pressure, or sound. PC-
based data acquisition uses a combination of modular hardware, application
software, and a computer to take measurements. While each data acquisition
system is defined by its application requirements, every system shares a
common goal of acquiring, analyzing, and presenting information. Data
acquisition systems incorporate signals, sensors, actuators, signal
conditioning, data acquisition devices, and application software.
So summing up, Data Acquisition is the process of:
Acquiring signals from real-world phenomena
Digitizing the signals
Analyzing, presenting and saving the data
The DAQ system has the following parts involved, see Figure:
The parts are:

Physical input/output signals
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MANUAL [EC-403(P)]
DAQ device/hardware
Driver software
Your software application (Application software)
Physical input/output signals

A physical input/output signal is typically a voltage or current
signal.
A voltage signal can typically be a 0-5V signal, while a current
signal can typically be a 4-20mA signal.

DAQ device/hardware
DAQ hardware acts as the interface between the computer and the outside
world. It primarily functions as a device that digitizes incoming analog
signals so that the computer can interpret them
A DAQ device (Data Acquisition Hardware) usually has these functions:
Analog input
Analog output
Digital I/O
Counter/timers
We have different DAQ devices, such as:
Desktop DAQ devices where you need to plug a PCI DAQ
board into your computer. The software is running on a computer.
Portable DAQ devices for connection to the USB port, Wi-Fi
connections, etc. The software is running on a computer
Distributed DAQ devices where the software is developed on
your computer and then later downloaded to the distributed DAQ
device.
Driver software:
Driver software is the layer of software for easily communicating with the
hardware. It forms the middle layer between the application software and the
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MANUAL [EC-403(P)]
hardware. Driver software also prevents a programmer from having to do

register-level programming or complicated commands in order to access the
hardware functions.
Driver software from National Instruments:
NI-DAQmx
NI-DAQmx Base
The DAQ Assistant, included with NI-DAQmx, is a graphical, interactive
guide for configuring, testing, and acquiring measurement data. With a
single click, you can even generate code based on your configuration,
making it easier and faster to develop complex operations. Because DAQ
Assistant is completely menu-driven, you will make fewer programming
errors and drastically decrease the time from setting up your DAQ system to
taking your first measurement.
NI-DAQmx Base offers a subset of NI-DAQmx functionality on
Windows and Linux, Mac OS X, Windows Mobile and Windows
CE.
Software application
Application software adds analysis and presentation capabilities to the driver
software. Your software application normally does such tasks as:
Real-time monitoring
Data analysis
Data logging
Control algorithms
Human machine interface (HMI)
NI-DAQmx
The NI-DAQmx Driver software is the layer of software for easily
communicating with the hardware. It forms the middle layer between the
application software and the hardware. Driver software also prevents a
programmer from having to do register-level programming or complicated
commands in order to access the hardware functions.

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MANUAL [EC-403(P)]
DAQ Assistant
The DAQ Assistant, included with NI-DAQmx, is a graphical,
interactive guide for configuring, testing, and acquiring measurement data.
With a single click, you can even generate code based on your configuration,
making it easier and faster to develop complex operations. Because DAQ
Assistant is completely menu-driven, you will make fewer programming
errors and drastically decrease the time from setting up your DAQ system to
taking your first measurement.
NI USB-6009
NI USB-6009 is a simple and low-cost multifunction I/O device from
National Instruments.
The device has the following specifications:

8 analog inputs (12-bit, 10 kS/s)
2 analog outputs (12-bit, 150 S/s)
12 digital I/O

Page 62
MANUAL [EC-403(P)]
USB connection, No extra power-supply neeeded

Compatible with LabVIEW, LabWindows/CVI, and Measurement
Studio for Visual Studio .NET
NI-DAQmx driver software
4. PROCEDURE:
2. To show the front panel window and block diagram window together go to
menu bar WINDOW>TILE Left and Right or CNTRL+T.

Page 63
MANUAL [EC-403(P)]
3. Place the DAQ Assistant (BD>Right Click>Express>Input>DAQ Assistant)

then DAQ Assistant window appears.
4. In the DAQ Assistant window choose Acquire signals>Analog

Input>Voltage>OK.
5. After that place the Amplitude and level measurement (BD>Right

Click>Signal Analysis>Amplitude and Level Measurement) then respective
window appears.
6. In the respective window choose max peak, min peak and peak to peak for
amplitude measurement.

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MANUAL [EC-403(P)]
7. After that place the Timing and Transition Measurement (BD>Right

Click>Signal Analysis>Timing and Transition Measurement) then
respective window appears.
8. In the respective window choose Period, Frequency for time period and
frequency measurement of the signal
9. Now connect the circuit as per the block diagram window.

10.Create the numeric indicator at the output arrow of the amplitude and level
measurement and timing and transition measurement.
11.Now run the program and give the different input through the DAQ-
USB6009 by function generator.
12.Take the readings as per given table:

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MANUAL [EC-403(P)]
Signal Function Generator Reading LabVIEW Software Reading

Frequecy Amp.(pp) Time Frequecy Amp.(pp) Time
Period Period
Sine Wave
Triangular
Wave
Square Wave
5. RESULT:

Page 66
MANUAL [EC-403(P)]

Page 67

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JSS MAHAVIDYAPEETHA

COMPUTER ARCHEITECTURE AND ORGANIZATIONAL LAB

JSS ACADEMY OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION, NOIDA

COMPUTER ARCHEITECTURE AND

Instrumentation and Control Engineering Department

SENSOR AND INSTRUMENTATION LAB (EE-305P)

1. TTL transfer characteristics and TTL IC gates.

Instrumentation and Control Engineering Department

S. No. Title Page No.

JSS ACADEMY OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION - NOIDA

1. AIM: Study of the pressure transducer a strain guage and measurement of

2. APPARATUS REQUIRED: Strain Gauge Trainer Kit, Patch Cords and

3. THEORY: A strain guage is a conducting wire whose resistance changes by a

Instrumentation and Control Engineering Department

9. Plotting the graph of weights vs output in mV find the unknown weight

S.No. Weight(gm) Output Voltage(mV)

JSS ACADEMY OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION - NOIDA

Instrumentation and Control Engineering Department

1. AIM : Characteristics of RTD.

2. APPARATUS REQUIRED: Temperature Transducer Trainer, Patch cords,

PARAMETER MIN TYP MAX

Instrumentation and Control Engineering Department

1. Connect the circuit as shown in Dia 2.

Instrumentation and Control Engineering Department

Temp. Resistance Temp. Resistance Temp. Resistance

Instrumentation and Control Engineering Department

JSS ACADEMY OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION - NOIDA

1. AIM: Study of transducer J- Type & K- type and temperature measurement by

2. APPARATUS REQUIRED: Transducer trainer kit , patch cords, Beaker,

3. THEORY: A thermocouple is a temperature-measuring device consisting of two

where and are the Seebeck coefficients of materials A and B as a function of

Instrumentation and Control Engineering Department

Comparison of thermocouple types:

Characteristics of different thermocouples

Instrumentation and Control Engineering Department

1. Connect the trainer kit to the mains power supply.

S. No. Temperature(C) Voltage(mV)

Instrumentation and Control Engineering Department

1. AIM: Study of Digital Storage Oscillioscope and Measurement of phase difference

2. APPARATUS REQUIRED: Digital Storage Oscilloscope, Function Generator,

Instrumentation and Control Engineering Department

Example 1: Measurement of Simple Signals

Example 2: Gain of the Amplifier in the Metering Circuit

Example 3: Capture the Single Signal

Instrumentation and Control Engineering Department

can make an observation of it in advance under the automatic or ordinary mode to

Instrumentation and Control Engineering Department

Example 5: Application of X-Y Function

Instrumentation and Control Engineering Department

JSS ACADEMY OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION NOIDA

1. AIM: Characteristics of diaphragm type pressure transducer

2. APPARATUS REQUIRED : Pressure Trainer, Pressure Pump.

Pressure is the force exerted by a medium, usually a fluid, on a unit area. It

PRESSURE MEASURING TRANSDUCERS:

Direct acting Elastic Types

Instrumentation and Control Engineering Department

Indirect acting elastic type:

Piston with elastic restraining member.

Secondary Transducers used with diaphragms:

a) Use of resistance strain gauges with flat diaphragms

Instrumentation and Control Engineering Department

Sr. No. Pressure (Kg/cm2 ) Voltage (mV)