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Ballast Tank Breathing Example
Ballast Tank Breathing Example
2014
Sample Printout
Table of contents
Layout
Global conditions
Product temperature tP 50 C
Inside pressure pi 1 bar
Air temperature tL -20 C
Wind speed Wv 10 m/s
Ground temperature tB -20 C
Tank height HT 15 m
Filling level HF 14 m
Properties:
Storage medium HFO 180
Density 897.9 kg/m
Specific heat capacity cp 1930 J/(kgK)
Thermal conductivity 0.124 W/(mK)
Dynamic viscosity 171 mPas
Kinematic viscosity 0.000190 m/s
Coefficient of thermal expansion 0.000707 1/K
Wall thickness and thermal conductivity of the tank and the insulation
Bottom Shell Roof
Tank wall thickness 8 mm 8 mm 8 mm
Thermal conductivity 52 W/(mK) 52 W/(mK) 52 W/(mK)
Heat losses
Bottom Shell wet part Shell dry part Roof
23.63 kW 14.32 kW 0.9186 kW 2.881 kW
Bottom
Thickness of the wall siB 8 mm
Thermal conductivity of the wall iB 52 W/(mK)
Thermal resistance of the wall iB 0.000154 mK/W
Thickness of the insulation saB 250 mm
Thermal conductivity of the insulation aB 2.5 W/(mK)
Thermal resistance of the insulation aB 0.1 mK/W
Heat transfer coefficient outside aB 5 W/(mK)
Heat transfer coefficient inside iB 28.67 W/(mK)
Shell
Thickness of the wall siM 8 mm
Thermal conductivity of the wall iM 52 W/(mK)
Thermal resistance of the wall iM 0.000154 mK/W
Thickness of the insulation saM 100 mm
Thermal conductivity of the insulation aM 0.04 W/(mK)
Thermal resistance of the insulation aM 2.5 mK/W
Heat transfer coefficient outside aM 41.67 W/(mK)
Wet part
Heat transfer coefficient inside iMb 17.68 W/(mK)
Dry part
Heat transfer coefficient inside iMt 2.868 W/(mK)
Roof
Thickness of the wall siD 8 mm
Thermal conductivity of the wall iD 52 W/(mK)
Thermal resistance of the wall iD 0.000154 mK/W
Thickness of the insulation saD 100 mm
Thermal conductivity of the insulation aD 0.04 W/(mK)
Thermal resistance of the insulation aD 2.5 mK/W
Emissivity of the roof D 0.8 -
Emissivity of the product P 0.9 -
Heat transfer coefficient outside aD 19.77 W/(mK)
Heat transfer coefficient inside (total) iD 5.067 W/(mK)
Balance
Heating performance Qh_ges = 0 kW
Heat flow from inside Qi_ges = 41.75 kW
Heat flow to outside Qa_ges = 41.75 kW
Result
Tube-side velocity u 1.191 m/s
Heat transfer coefficient inside i 1076 W/(mK)
Heat transfer coefficient outside a 124.9 W/(mK)
Overall heat transfer coefficient k 110 W/(mK)
Pressure drop (straight tube without bends) P 5736 Pa
Tube length L 23.33 m
Area A 4.419 m
Oil selection: 7
State 1: State 2:
Temperature 50 C 87.86 C
Pr = /a = cp/
a = /( cp)
*
Properties of heavy fuel oils
Gas properties*
Properties of air
State 1 State 2
Temperature 1 50 C 2 C
Pressure p1 1 bar p2 Pa
Critical data
Critical temperature Tc -140.6 C
Critical pressure pc 3786000 Pa
Critical density c 342.6 kg/m
Validity range:
-150 C 1000 C
1 bar p 1000 bar
*
Properties of air
Geometry:
Properties:
Heat transfer:
*
Heat transfer in single-phase flow
Equations:
l 19.77 12
Nu = 8449 =
0.02808
w l 10 12
Re = 6587625 =
0.000018
2 2
Nul,0 = Nulam + Nuturb (5)
2 2
8449 = 1517 + 8312
3
Nulam = 0.664 Re Pr (1)
3
1517 = 0.664 6587625 0.7046
0.037 Re0.8 Pr
Nuturb = (2)
1 + 2.443 Re-0.1 (Pr2/3 - 1)
0.8
0.037 6587625 0.7046
8312 =
-0.1 2/3
1 + 2.443 6587625 ( 0.7046 - 1 )
Liquids:
nF 0.25
KF = (Pr / PrW ) 1 = ( 0.7046 / 0.7046 )
Gases:
nG 0
KG = (T / TW ) 1 = ( 253.2 / 318.1 )
Boundary conditions:
Properties:
Chararcteristic values:
Heat transfer:
*
Heat transfer by natural convection around immersed bodies
Equations:
a = Nu / l (2)
1/5
Nul = 0.766 Ra f2 (Pr) (18)
1/5
= 0.766 1.00E+11 0.9874 = 121.1 -
1/3
Nut = 0.15 Ra f2 (Pr) (19)
1/3
= 0.15 1.00E+11 0.9874 = 693.7 -
11/20 -20/11
f2 (Pr) = 1 + 0.322 / Pr (20)
11/20 -20/11
= 1 + 0.322 / 2661 = 0.9874 -
Parameters:
Heat transfer:
Tube s0 8 mm 0 52 W/(mK)
Insulation 1 s1 100 mm 1 0.04 W/(mK)
Insulation 2 s2 0 mm 2 1 W/(mK)
Calculation:
Temperatures:
Temperature medium inside i 50 C
Wall temperature inside Wi 48.45 C
Wall temperature outside Wa 48.45 C
Insulation Iso -19.35 C
Surface temperature O -19.35 C
Air temperature a -20 C
*
Heat loss of walls and pipeworks
Equations:
1 1 d2 1 d3 1 d4
D = d4 + ln + ln + ln
i d1 2 1 d1 2 2 d2 2 3 d3
1 1 12.02
= 12.22 + ln +
17.68 12 2 52 12
1 12.22 1 12.22
+ ln + ln = 2.578 mK/W
2 0.04 12.02 2 1 12.22
a = 8 + 0.04 O - a
d4 ( i - a )
Q/l =
D + 1 / a
12.22 ( 50 - -20 )
= = -1032 W/m
2.578 + 1 / 41.67
Boundary conditions:
Properties:
Characteristic values:
Heat transfer:
*
Heat transfer by natural convection around immersed bodies
Equations:
= Nu / l (2)
1/6 2
Nu_P = 0.825 + 0.387 Ra f1 (Pr) (12)
1/6 2
= 0.825 + 0.387 2.14E+12 0.986 = 1995 -
9/16 -16/9
f1 (Pr) = 1 + 0.492 / Pr (13)
9/16 -16/9
= 1 + 0.492 / 2661 = 0.986 -
Boundary conditions:
Properties:
Characteristic values:
Heat transfer:
*
Heat transfer by natural convection around immersed bodies
Equations:
= Nu / l (2)
1/6 2
Nu_P = 0.825 + 0.387 Ra f1 (Pr) (12)
1/6 2
= 0.825 + 0.387 5.488E+8 0.3459 = 102.1 -
9/16 -16/9
f1 (Pr) = 1 + 0.492 / Pr (13)
9/16 -16/9
= 1 + 0.492 / 0.7046 = 0.3459 -
Boundary conditions:
Properties:
Characteristic values:
Heat transfer:
*
Heat transfer by natural convection around immersed bodies
Equations:
a = Nu / l (2)
9/16 -16/9
f1 (Pr) = 1 + 0.492 / Pr (13)
9/16 -16/9
= 1 + 0.492 / 0.7046 = 0.3459 -
1/5
Nu = 0.6 Ra f1 (Pr) (21)
1/5
= 0.6 8.768E+9 0.3459 = 47.26 -
View factors:
12 0.8466
21 0.8466 21 = A1 /A2 12
. 1 2 A1 12 4 4
Q12 = (T1 - T2 )
1 - (1 - 1 )(1 - 2 ) 12 21
.
Q12 = 2.629 kW Q21 = 2.629 kW
12 = 4.624 W/(mK)
*
Surface radiation
State 1 State 2
Temperature 136 C 126.3 C
*
Properties of heat transfer oils
Circular pipes
Inlet temperature e 140 C
Outlet temperature a 131.9 C
Mean temperature m 136 C
Density of the fluid 796.9 kg/m
Specific heat capacity of the fluid cp 2342 J/(kgK)
Thermal conductivity of the fluid 0.125 W/(mK)
Dynamic viscosity of the fluid 1.183 mPas
Kinematic viscosity of the fluid 0.000001 m/s
Prandtl number Pr 22.18 -
Prandtl number at wall temperature PrW 24.97 -
Balance: Q = Mg cp (a - e ) = -41.75 kW
Nu 469.5 0.125
= = = 1076 W/(mK)
dh 0.0545
Factor K:
0.11
Liquids: K = (Pr/PrW ) = 0.987
n
Gases: K = (T/TW ) = for n = 0
*
Heat transfer in pipe flow
Calculations:
HW = Re Pr dh/l = 2263
1/3
Nu_m__2 = 1.615 HW = [5]
3 3 3 1/3
Nu_m_ = 3.66 + 0.7 + Nu_m__2 - 0.7 =
[6]
3 3 3 1/3
= 3.66 + 0.7 + - 0.7 =
1/6
2
Nu_m__3 = HW =
1 + 22 Pr
1/6
2
= 2263 = [11]
1 + 22 22.18
3 3 3 3 1/3
Nu_m_ = 3.66 + 0.7 + Nu_m__2 - 0.7 + Nu_m__3 =
[12]
3 3 3 3 1/3
= 3.66 + 0.7 + - 0.7 + =
-2 -2
= [1.8 log Re - 1.5] = [ 1.8 log 43683 - 1.5 ] = 0.0213 [27]
2/3
/8 Re Pr dh
Nu_m_T = 1 + =
2/3 l
1 + 12.7 /8 (Pr -1) [26]
2/3
0.0213 /8 43683 22.18 0.0545
= 1 +
2/3 23.33
1 + 12.7 0.0213 /8 ( 22.18 -1)
Nu_m_T = 475.7
1/6
2
Nu_m__3_2300 = 2300 Pr dh/l = 4.366 [33]
1 + 22 Pr
3 3 1/3
Nu_m_L_2300 = 49.371 + Nu_m__2_2300 - 0.7 + Nu_m__3_2300
2/3
(0.0308/8) 10000 Pr dh
Nu_m_T_10000 = 1 +
2/3 l
1 + 12.7 0.0308/8 (Pr -1)
[37]
Nu_m_T_10000 = 135
Cylinder:
Outside diameter do 60.3 mm
Wall thickness s 2.9 mm
Inside diameter di 54.5 mm
Thermal conductivity 52 W/(mK)
Characteristic length l 94.72 mm
Acceleration due to gravity g 9.81 m/s
Characteristic values:
Prandtl number Pr 563.8 -
Grashof number Gr 315094 - (3)
Rayleigh number Ra 1.777E+8 - (4)
Heat transfer:
Heat transfer coefficient (free convection) o 124.9 W/(mK) (2)
Convective heat flux Q 41.75 kW
Duty QH -41.75 kW
*
Heat transfer by natural convection around immersed bodies
Equations:
a = Nu / l (2)
1/6 2
Nu = 0.752 + 0.387 Ra f3 (Pr) (22)
1/6 2
= 0.752 + 0.387 1.777E+8 0.9647 = 97.47 -
9/16 -16/9
f3 (Pr) = 1 + 0.559 / Pr (24)
9/16 -16/9
= 1 + 0.559 / 563.8 = 0.9647 -
Straight pipes
Properties:
Density 796.9 kg/m
Dynamic viscosity 1.183 mPas
Kinematic viscosity 0.000001 m/s
Result:
Flow pattern turbulent (Re > 2320)
Pressure drop p 5736 Pa
Reynolds-Number Rei 43683 -
Drag coefficient 0.02376 -
Equations:
1 2.51 K / di
= -2 lg +
Rei 3.71
2 2
l wi 23.33 796.9 1.19
p = = 0.02376
di 2 0.0545 2
p = 5736 Pa
*
Pressure drop in flow through pipes