Definr RS/resolution/

Pixels - which are the smallest units of an image. Pixels are normally square and represent
a certain area on an image

Georeferencing: Georeferencing is the process of converting a image in file

coordinates or page coordinates to a file in map coordinates in a specific map project,
coordinate system, map projection and datum.

Q.2. Remote sensing image system possess four major resolution

1. Spatial Resolution

2. Spectral Resolution

3. Radiometric Resolution

4. Temporal Resolution

Spatial Resolution: This is the ability of the sensor to record distinctively clear image of

smallest object on the earths surface.

Spectral Resolution: Spectral resolution is the sensitivity of a sensor to respond to a

specific frequency range.
The frequency ranges covered often include not only visible light but also non-visible light and
electromagnetic radiation.

Radiometric Resolution:
It Refers to the ability of a sensor to detect differences in energy magnitude.
Sensors with low radiometric resolution are able to detect only relatively large differences in the
amount of energy received, sensors with high radiometric resolution are able to detect relatively small
differences in the amount of energy received.

Temporal Resolution: Temporal Resolution is the frequency at which data is captured

for a specific place on the earth. The more frequently they are captured, the better or finer is the
temporal resolution.
OR
It is the frequency of data collection. The revisit period of a satellite sensor is usually several days.
Therefore, the absolute temporal resolution of a remote sensing system to image the exact same area
at the same viewing angle a second time is equal to this period.

Q.3. GIS-DATA & Sources:

The most important and expensive component of the
Geographic Information System is Data.

GIS data is combination of graphic and tabular data. The data for GIS can be derived from various
sources. A wide variety of data sources exist for both spatial and attribute data. The most common
general sources for spatial data
are: hard copy maps;
aerial photographs;
remotely-sensed imagery;
point data, samples from surveys; and
existing digital data files.
Attribute data has an even wider variety of data sources.
They are: GIS Data from Libraries,
Data from National and International Mapping Agencies,
Elevation Data, Bathymetry Data, Georeferenced Images,
Time Series Multispectral Satellite Images,
State and national agencies and Detailed District/
Municipal Data.

Spectral Reflectance of Soil:

Some of the factors effecting soil reflectance are moisture content, soil texture (proportion of sand,
silt, and clay), surface roughness, presence of iron oxide and organic matter content. These factors
are complex, variable, and interrelated.
For example, the presence of moisture in soil decreases its reflectance. As with vegetation, this effect
is greatest in the water absorption bands at 1.4, 1.9, and 2.7 m. On the other hand, similar absorption
characteristics are displayed by the clay soils. Clay soils have hydroxyl ion absorption bands at 1.4 and
2.2 m.
Soil moisture content is strongly related to the soil texture. For example, coarse, sandy soils are usually
well drained, resulting in low moisture content and relatively high reflectance. On the other hand,
poorly drained fine textured soils generally have lower reflectance. In the absence of water, however,
the soil itself exhibits the reverse tendency i.e., coarse textured soils appear darker than fine textured
soils.
Two other factors that reduce soil reflectance are surface roughness and the content of organic
matter. Presence of iron oxide in a soil also significantly decreases reflectance, at least in the visible
region of wavelengths.

Spectral Reflectance for Water:

Water provides a semi-transparent medium for the electromagnetic radiation. Thus, the
electromagnetic radiations get reflected, transmitted or absorbed in water.
Spectral reflectance of water varies with its physical condition. In the solid phase (ice or snow) water
give good reflection at all visible wavelengths. On the other hand, reflection in the visible region is
poor in case of water in liquid stage. This difference in reflectance is due to the difference in the atomic
bond in the liquid and solid states.
Many important characteristics of water such as dissolved oxygen concentration, pH, and salt
concentration cannot be observed directly through changes in water reflectance. However, such
parameters sometimes correlate with observed reflectance.

Spectral Reflectance Curve for Vegetation:

In general, healthy vegetations are very good absorbers of electromagnetic energy in the visible
region.
If a plant is subjected to some form of stress that interrupts its normal growth and productivity, it may
decrease or cease chlorophyll production. Hence, red and blue bands also get reflected along with the
green band, giving yellow or brown colour to the stressed vegetation. Also in stressed vegetation, the
NIR bands are no longer reflected by the mesophyll cells, instead they are absorbed by the stressed
or dead cells causing dark tones in the image.
Similar to the reflection and absorption, transmittance of the electromagnetic radiation by the
vegetation also varies with wavelength. Transmittance of electromagnetic radiation is less in the
visible region and it increases in the infrared region.