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Distirbuted DataBase Introduction
Distirbuted DataBase Introduction
❏ Introduction
➠ What is a distributed DBMS
➠ Problems
➠ Current state-of-affairs
❏ Background
❏ Distributed DBMS Architecture
❏ Distributed Database Design
❏ Semantic Data Control
❏ Distributed Query Processing
❏ Distributed Transaction Management
❏ Parallel Database Systems
❏ Distributed Object DBMS
❏ Database Interoperability
❏ Current Issues
Distributed DBMS © 1998 M. Tamer Özsu & Patrick Valduriez Page 1.1
File Systems
program 1
File 1
data description 1
program 2
data description 2 File 2
program 3
data description 3 File 3
Distributed DBMS © 1998 M. Tamer Özsu & Patrick Valduriez Page 1.2
Database Management
Application
program 1
(with data
semantics)
DBMS
description
Application
program 2 manipulation
(with data database
semantics) control
Application
program 3
(with data
semantics)
Distributed DBMS © 1998 M. Tamer Özsu & Patrick Valduriez Page 1.3
Motivation
Database Computer
Technology Networks
integration distribution
Distributed
Database
Systems
integration
integration ≠ centralization
Distributed DBMS © 1998 M. Tamer Özsu & Patrick Valduriez Page 1.4
Distributed Computing
Distributed DBMS © 1998 M. Tamer Özsu & Patrick Valduriez Page 1.5
Distributed Computing
■ Synonymous terms
➠ distributed function
➠ distributed data processing
➠ multiprocessors/multicomputers
➠ satellite processing
➠ backend processing
➠ dedicated/special purpose computers
➠ timeshared systems
➠ functionally modular systems
Distributed DBMS © 1998 M. Tamer Özsu & Patrick Valduriez Page 1.6
What is distributed …
■ Processing logic
■ Functions
■ Data
■ Control
Distributed DBMS © 1998 M. Tamer Özsu & Patrick Valduriez Page 1.7
What is a Distributed Database
System?
A distributed database (DDB) is a collection of multiple,
logically interrelated databases distributed over a
computer network.
Distributed DBMS © 1998 M. Tamer Özsu & Patrick Valduriez Page 1.8
What is not a DDBS?
Distributed DBMS © 1998 M. Tamer Özsu & Patrick Valduriez Page 1.9
Centralized DBMS on a Network
Site 1
Site 2
Site 5
Communication
Network
Site 4 Site 3
Distributed DBMS © 1998 M. Tamer Özsu & Patrick Valduriez Page 1.10
Distributed DBMS Environment
Site 1
Site 2
Site 5
Communication
Network
Site 4 Site 3
Distributed DBMS © 1998 M. Tamer Özsu & Patrick Valduriez Page 1.11
Implicit Assumptions
■ Data stored at a number of sites each site
logically consists of a single processor.
■ Processors at different sites are interconnected
by a computer network no multiprocessors
➠ parallel database systems
■ Distributed database is a database, not a
collection of files data logically related as
exhibited in the users’ access patterns
➠ relational data model
■ D-DBMS is a full-fledged DBMS
➠ not remote file system, not a TP system
Distributed DBMS © 1998 M. Tamer Özsu & Patrick Valduriez Page 1.12
Shared-Memory Architecture
P1 Pn M
D
Distributed DBMS © 1998 M. Tamer Özsu & Patrick Valduriez Page 1.13
Shared-Disk Architecture
P1 Pn
D
M1 Mn
Distributed DBMS © 1998 M. Tamer Özsu & Patrick Valduriez Page 1.14
Shared-Nothing Architecture
P1 Pn
D1 Dn
M1 Mn
Distributed DBMS © 1998 M. Tamer Özsu & Patrick Valduriez Page 1.15
Applications
Distributed DBMS © 1998 M. Tamer Özsu & Patrick Valduriez Page 1.16
Distributed DBMS Promises
❸ Improved performance
Distributed DBMS © 1998 M. Tamer Özsu & Patrick Valduriez Page 1.17
Transparency
■ Transparency is the separation of the higher level
semantics of a system from the lower level
implementation issues.
■ Fundamental issue is to provide
data independence
in the distributed environment
➠ Network (distribution) transparency
➠ Replication transparency
➠ Fragmentation transparency
◆ horizontal fragmentation: selection
◆ vertical fragmentation: projection
◆ hybrid
Distributed DBMS © 1998 M. Tamer Özsu & Patrick Valduriez Page 1.18
Example
EMP ASG
ENO ENAME TITLE ENO PNO RESP DUR
E1 J. Doe Elect. Eng. E1 P1 Manager 12
E2 M. Smith Syst. Anal. E2 P1 Analyst 24
E3 A. Lee Mech. Eng. E2 P2 Analyst 6
E4 J. Miller Programmer E3 P3 Consultant 10
E5 B. Casey Syst. Anal. E3 P4 Engineer 48
E6 L. Chu Elect. Eng. E4 P2 Programmer 18
E7 R. Davis Mech. Eng. E5 P2 Manager 24
E8 J. Jones Syst. Anal. E6 P4 Manager 48
E7 P3 Engineer 36
E7 P5 Engineer 23
E8 P3 Manager 40
PROJ PAY
PNO PNAME BUDGET TITLE SAL
P1 Instrumentation 150000 Elect. Eng. 40000
P2 Database Develop. 135000 Syst. Anal. 34000
P3 CAD/CAM 250000 Mech. Eng. 27000
P4 Maintenance 310000 Programmer 24000
Distributed DBMS © 1998 M. Tamer Özsu & Patrick Valduriez Page 1.19
Transparent Access
SELECT ENAME,SAL
Tokyo
FROM EMP,ASG,PAY
WHERE DUR > 12
AND EMP.ENO = ASG.ENO Boston Paris
Distributed Database
Distributed DBMS © 1998 M. Tamer Özsu & Patrick Valduriez Page 1.21
Distributed DBMS - Reality
User
Query
DBMS
Software
User
Application
DBMS
Software
DBMS Communication
Software Subsystem
User
DBMS User Application
Software Query DBMS
Software
User
Query
Distributed DBMS © 1998 M. Tamer Özsu & Patrick Valduriez Page 1.22
Potentially Improved Performance
■ Parallelism in execution
➠ Inter-query parallelism
➠ Intra-query parallelism
Distributed DBMS © 1998 M. Tamer Özsu & Patrick Valduriez Page 1.23
Parallelism Requirements
Distributed DBMS © 1998 M. Tamer Özsu & Patrick Valduriez Page 1.24
System Expansion
Distributed DBMS © 1998 M. Tamer Özsu & Patrick Valduriez Page 1.25
Distributed DBMS Issues
■ Distributed Database Design
➠ how to distribute the database
➠ replicated & non-replicated database distribution
➠ a related problem in directory management
■ ❇Query Processing
➠ convert user transactions to data manipulation
instructions
➠ optimization problem
➠ min{cost = data transmission + local processing}
➠ general formulation is NP-hard
Distributed DBMS © 1998 M. Tamer Özsu & Patrick Valduriez Page 1.26
Distributed DBMS Issues
■ ❇Concurrency Control
➠ synchronization of concurrent accesses
➠ consistency and isolation of transactions' effects
➠ deadlock management
■ Reliability
➠ how to make the system resilient to failures
➠ atomicity and durability
Distributed DBMS © 1998 M. Tamer Özsu & Patrick Valduriez Page 1.27
Relationship Between Issues
Directory
Management
Query Distribution
Reliability
Processing Design
Concurrency
Control
Deadlock
Management
Distributed DBMS © 1998 M. Tamer Özsu & Patrick Valduriez Page 1.28
Related Issues
Distributed DBMS © 1998 M. Tamer Özsu & Patrick Valduriez Page 1.29