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    Electromagnetic Testing Method Questions & Answers Book Second Edition Supplement to Recommended Practice No. SNT-TC-1A Book E Levels |, II and Ill Review Questions * Alternating Current Field Measurement * Eddy Current e Flux Leakage * Remote Field The American Sooiety for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. Published by The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. 4711 Amingate Lane PO Box 28518 Columbus, OH 432280518 [No pert of this Book may be reproduced or transmitted In any form, by means electronic or mechanical Including photocopying, recording. or otherwise, without the expressed prior written permission of the publisher Comyright © 2009 by The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. ASNT Is not responsible for the authentic or accuracy af information herein. Products or services that are advertised oF ‘mentioned do nat carty the endorsement or recormendetion of ASNT. IRRSP, NDT Handbook, The NDT Technician and wivu.asntorg are trademarks of The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. ACCP, ASNT, Level I! Study Guide, Materfals Evaluation, Nondestructive Testing Handbook, Research in Nondestructive Evaluation and RNDE and are registered trademarks of The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Ino ASNT Mission Statement: ASNT exists to create a Safer world by promoting the profession and technologies of nondestructive testing (SBN19: 978-4.67107-175.7 Printed in the United States of America Second Ecition . (07/09 first printing Contents Acknowledgments Explanation of Cross References Alternating Current Field Measurement Testing References Reference Usage Level | Questions Level tI Questions Level III Questions Eddy Current Testing References Reference Usage Level ! Questions Level Ii Questions Level Ill Questions Flux Leakage Testing References Reference Usage Level | Questions Level Il Questions Level tl Questions Remote Field Testing References Reference Usage Level | Questions Level II Questions Level Iil Questions ©ConrR 13 15 16 a7 29 44 49 50 St 87 61 65 66 oT 71 75 iv Acknowledgments A special thank you to Jim Cox of JECNDT, LLC, who coordinated this edition of the ‘Supplement to Recommended Practice SNT-TC-LA (Q&A Book): Electromagnetic Testing Method. Thank you also goes to the following contributors and reviewers who assisted with this book: Hussein M. Sadek, Chair of Electromagnetics Committge ~ Technologies Consulting International, ine. Rajesh Bose ~ BP America Rick Cahill - GE Sensing & Insgection Technologies Darrell W. Harris - Anchorage, AK ES. Hoyt ~ BP America Mark Johnson ~ URS Washington Division, EPD Dr. Martin Luge - TSC Inspection Systems Joseph L. Mackin - TEAM industrial Services Inc. Michaet Ruddy ~ NOV Tuboscope Dave Russell ~ Russell NDE Systems Ine. Dr. Michael C. Smith ~ H Scan International Inc. William J. Wiltsey - TEAM Industrial Services inc. Gynthia M. Leeman Educational Materials Supervisor Bob Conklin Educational Materials Editor Explanation of Cross References Each question found in this book is followed by an alphanumeric string which can be used to cross reference the question content. In the example below, the letter “H” refers to the text shown on the reference list provided for the Eddy Current Testing technique on p. 15. The “40” indicates the chapter number and the *S" is the specific page where the answer to the question can be found, (In this instanee, since each chapter of the reference begins anew with its own page number 1, there is the necessity to include the chapter number, as well. Otherwise, only the page number is provided.) 4. Atest specimen used as a basis for calibrating test equipment or as a comparison when evaluating test results is referred to as a: 2. nulkbalancer b. phase shifter reference standard d. high pass titer Haos Page ranges are indicated by hyphens (e¢., A.89). Nonsequential page references are. separated by commas (c.g, 4.248, 385). Multiple references are separated by slash marks (eg, B.2.2/D.319}, Please note that other reference documents may also be found that will correlate with any given question, References Alternating Current Field Measurement Testing The following are the primary documents that were used to validate the questions and answers found in this unit. Each question specifies the source document and shows the ‘chapter (if necessary for completeness) and/or page. A* Udpa, S.S., tech. ed, and P.O. Moore, ed. Nondestructive Testing Handbook, third edition: Vol, 5, Electromagnetic Testing. Columbus, OH: The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, inc. (2004). B.* Cox, J. Eddy Current Testing Classroom Training Handbook, revised edition (ET-CTS), Harrisburg, NC: PH Diversified (1997). G+ ASNT Level li Study Guide: Electromagnetic Testing, second edition. Columbus, OH: The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. (2007). D. Rudin, J.R. “A Beginner's Guide to Eddy Current Testing,” British Journal of NOT. Vol. 31, No. 6 (1989): pp. 314-320. E* Sadek, H. Electromagnetic Testing Classroom Training Book. Columbus, OH: The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, inc. (2006). F. ASTM E 2261-03, Standard Practice for Examination of Welds Using the Alternating ) Current Field Measurement Technique. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International (2003). G. Luge, M.C. “The Use of the ACFM Technique for Detection of Environmental Cracking.” NDT Methods for Monitoring Degradation, Proceedings of the Joint ECIAEA Specialists Meeting. Von Estortt, U,, LM. Davies and P. Trampus (eds). Amsterdam, Netherlands: JRC Potton, European Commission (10-12 March 1999): pp. 206-214. H.* Libby, H.L. Introduction to Electromagnetic Nondestructive Test Methods. Malabar, FL: Robert E, Krieger Publishing Company, inc. (1985), The following references may aiso be useful for Alternating Current Field Measurement Testing qualification preparation and course study. ‘AA. Lugg, M.C. “Recent Advances in ACFM Array Systems.” Electromagnetic Nondestructive Evaluation, Studies in Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics: Vol, 12. Takagi, T.,1.R. Bowler and ¥. Yoshida (eds.), Amsterciam, Netherlands: 10S Press (1997): pp. 165-170. BB. Lug, M.C. “The ACFM Technique and Its Applications.” Proceedings of Meeting of JSNDI. Tokyo, Japan (26-27 May 1998): pp, 209-212, CC. Zhou, J., MC. Lugg and R. Collins. “A Non-uniform Mode! for Alternating Current Field ‘Measurement of Fatigue Cracks in Metals.” International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics. Vol. 10, No. 3 (1999): pp. 221-295. DD. Lugg, M.C. “The Practical Application of ACFM Modelling,” Nondestructive Testing of Materials, Studies in Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics: Vol. 8. Collins, R. WEE. Dover, J.R. Bowier and K. Miya (ods.). Amsterdam, Netherlands: 10S Press (1996). EE. Lewis, A.M,, D.H. Michael, M.C. Lugg and R, Collins, “Thin Skin Elestromagnetic Fields Around Surface-Breaking Cracks in Metals.” Review of Progress in Quantitative NDE. Vol. 8A. New York: Plenum Pub, Corp, (1989): pp. 237-244, 2 Alternating Current Field Measurement Testing FF. Lugg, M.C., "ACFM-A New NDT Technique.” Metals and Materials. Vol. 6, No. 3 (1990): © pp. 142-144. GG. Raine, A. and M. Smith. "The Use of Altemating Current Field Measurement (ACFM) Array Technology in the Power Generation Industry.” ASNT Spring Conference and Lith Annual Research Sympostum ~ 2002 Abstracts Book. Columbus, OH: The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc, (2002). HH, Raine, G.A. “The Application of the ACFM Technique for the Inspection of Welds.’ Proceedings of the Nondestructive Testing of Welds Conference, Houston, TX: ‘American Welding Society (22-23 May 2002). U. Raine, G.A. and GC, Monahan. ‘Alternating Current Field Measurement (ACFM): A New Technique for the NDT of Process Plant and Piping Components.” Proceedings of the ASME 1996 PVP Conference. Montreal, Canada (July 1996). J. Dover, W.D. and €.C. Monahan. “The Measurement of Surface Breaking Cracks by the Electrical Systems ACPD/ACFM.” Fatigue & Fracture of Engineering Materials and Structures. Vol. 17, No, 12 (1994: pp. 1485-1492. KK. Raine, A. “Alternating Current Field Measurement: Getting New Technologies Accepted by Old industries.” Materials Evaluation. Vol. 60, No. 3 (2002): pp. 389-395, LL. Raine, A. “A Review of the Development of the Alternating Current Field Measurement Technique for Subsea inspection.” INSIGHT. Vol. 44, No. 12 (2002): pp. 748-752. MM, Raine, A, “The Role of NOT in the UK Oil Industry." Materials Evaluation. Vol. 59, No. 11 (2001): pp. 1299-1305, NNN. Raine, A. and C. Laenen, “Additional Applications with the Alternating Current Field Measurement (ACFM) Technique.” CSNDT Journal. Vol. 19, No. 4 (1998). 00. Raine, A, “The Application of the Alternating Current Field Measurement (ACFM) Inspection Technique in Both Upstream and Downstream Petrochemical Applications. a > Available from The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. Reference Usage Reference A: Reference D: Reference F: Reference H 44 a7 Total = 15 2 18. B Level! 6 4 14 9 Level it 8 1 Level il 12 Levelllt 0 Level 4 Level i 0 Reference B: Reference E: Reference G References AA - 00: Total 40 Total = 18 1 0 Level ! 9 Lovell a7 4 0 Lovel It 1 Levelt 1 ° ° Level Il 0 Levelt ° ° 0 Reference C: Total = 1 Level | 0 Level I 0 Level ill 1 Level | Questions Alternating Current Field Measurement Testing 1. Which of the following frequencies has the least depth of penetration? 5 kez 50 kHz 5He 5MH2 8.2.23/0.318 2. Which of the following wires will have the greatest resistance? a. 0.158 em (0.062 in.) diameter b. 0.318 em (0.125 in.) diz (0.635 cm (0.250 in.) diameter . 1.27 em (0.500 in.) diameter £15 3. Which of the following cable lengths will hhave the greatest resistance? a. 152m (6in.) D. 45.7 em (18 in.) ©. 61.0.cm (24 in.) 4. 142.2 cm (56 in.) E15 4, Which of the following materials has the greatest depth of penetration? aluminum, copper stainless steel steel 8.2.24/0.318 When the permeability of a material is increased, the depth of penetration does which of the following? a. increases bb, decreases remains constant di. increases the conductivity p19 co Pe What is required in one circuit to change the current in an adjacent circuit? a. a continuous current must flow b. the resistance in both circuits must . there must be a change in the current in the original circuit 44. the magnetic field remains constant B.24/D.315 ‘What isthe effect of increasing the number of turns of wire in a coil? a. the magnetic field produced will increase b. the magnetic field produced will decrease the magnetic field will remain constant there will be a change in the electric current E.14/H.331.332 ‘What isthe symbol for conductivity? ES7 What isthe symbol for permeability? H B fi a7 Pee 4 Level! Questions - Alternating Current Field Measurement Testing 10, Which of the materials having the 15, When a primary col is brought close to @ following relative permeability values wil conductive material, what is the effect on bbe the most easily magnetized? the secondary magnetic field? a 60 a. itwill be opposite to the primary b. 240 ‘magnetic field ©. 800 . itwill be opposite to the primary 1000 electric field £4762 6. itwill be smaller but in the same direction 11, When an electric current flows through a 4. itwill be larger but inthe same conductor, in which direction is the direction magnetic field set up? 8.2.2/D.319 a. parallel to the conductor 16, What isthe coupling medium between an b. at 90 degrees to the current flow alternating current field measurement €. in the opposite direction to the current probe and a metal surface when operating flow inait? in the same direction as the current flow a. an electric current E43 b. magnetic field ©. none 12, Ifthe current passing through a fixed 4. ir amber of turns is inereased, what will be A280Fig, 1) the effect on the magnetic field? 17, What generates a magnetic field in the B, a. the magnetic field will increase direction? b. the magnetic feld will decrease «. the magnetic field will remain constant a. uniform surface currents the magnetic field will change b. increasing surface currents direction 6. curvature in the Xand ¥ surface 31s currents decreasing surface currents 13, Which of the following has no effect on FA the inductance of a coil? 18. What isthe predominant electromagnetic, ‘4 increasing the number of turns property of ferromagnetic material? 'b increasing the coil diameter increasing the current a. resistance 4. decreasing the number of turns b. conductance E43 . high permeability 4 ahigh frequency constant 14. ‘The depth of penetration in a material will B44 be reduced by’ a, increasing the permeability b. increasing the conductivity . increasing the frequency of the test a. all of the above B.2.22-23/6.84 ver OF AGT ST OPRECETCeTSTT (OF Level | Questions ~ Alternating Current Field Measurement Testing 20, 21 22, 28, 2. Ifa current is lowing in a surface, then the magnetic flux density in the X direction is proportional to: a. the currentin the X direction b. the current in the ¥ direction ¢. the curvature of the current in the XY plane 4. the magnetic fhux direction inthe 2 direction A254 In what way does the magnetic feld used for magnetic particle inspection differ from the one produced during alternating ccurrent field measurement inspection? a itis equal and opposite b. itis in the same direction . it is at 90 degrees to the alternating current field measurement magnetic field 4. itisat 90 degrees to the surface ofthe material A280,281 ‘What is the symbol for resistance? E45 Which ofthe following materials has the smallest depth of penetration for an applied AC magnetic field? mild steel stainless steel aluminum copper anger B.2.22.24/D.318 Which of the following best describes stainless steel? high permeability — low conductivity low conductivity — low permeability high conductivity — low permeability high permeability — high conductivity 8.2:19,24 24, 25. 26. 27, ‘Which of the following staternents is correct? a. the conductivity of a metal is proportional to the applied magnetic field . the resistance in a circuit does not, affect the current through the circuit ¢. avarying electric current cannot produce a current in an adjacent circuit di the magnetic field produced by a current is proportional to the magnitude of the current £13 [fits required to generate a uniform electric field parallel tothe veld, what direction will the magnetic field have to be to generate this electric field? a. at 90 degrees to the weld and parallel to the surface b. parallel to the surface and parallel to the weld ©. a circular coil above the surface parallel to the weld 4, acircular coil above the surface ‘perpendicular to the weld A251 I current is lowing in a surface and the ‘magnetic flux density isin tie ¥ direction, ‘what change would produce 'an effect? the a, a change in the current X direction bb. acchange in the magnetic flux density in the X direction . anonmetallic coating dd. acchange in the current in the Z direction A284 Which of the following NDT methods or techniques can be used to estimate crack depth? a. MPI b. AC field measurement . dye penetrant inspection 4. ultrasonic creep wave inspection A253 uz coz PHECEZCSCC pre 00g aGr 6 Level | Questions ~ Alternating Current Field Measurement Testing 28, During an alternating current field 32, Por accurate depth sizing, why must the ‘measurement weld inspection, the Tength of a crack always be greater than ‘measurement of crack depth requires the twice the depth during alternating cur following information: field measurement inspection? a. the frequency of the inspection a. to give sfficient current flow under b. the length ofthe crack the crack center the depth of penetration of the AC b. the depth of the crack depends on the field Tength 4. all of the above & no current will fow ifthe crack is too FS short 4, to give sufficient current flow around 129. What is the indication produced in the the crack ends ‘magnetic field component representing A258 crack depth that shows that a crack is present? 33, What effect would you expect ifthe coils in an AC feld measurement probe were the magnetic field is uniform. smaller and closer together? b. the magnetic field is zero €. the magnetic field value is greater than a. no effect the background field value 'b. improved detection of smaller the magnetic field value is lower than discontinuities the background value improved sizing on larger F6 discontinuities smaller Bx signals 30, Foraccurate depth sizing when using A255 electrical or lectromagnetic inspection methods, what mast the relationship 34, When using the alternating current field between the crack length and cepth be? ‘measurement inspection technique, what is the most important vatne that is a. they must be equal measured? b. the length must be equal to or greater than twice the depth of the crack a. phase angle & the crack depth must be more than b. amplitude of the Bx magnetic field 1.3m (05 in.) . amplitude of the Bz magnetic field d. the crack length must be less than d. depth of the crack 5.1m (2.0 in.) A251 A258 35, Ifa hysteresis loop were produced for a 31. When a erack is detected in a conductive material and the loop was ferromagnetic material in an applied ‘wide, it could be said that the material has ‘uniform magnetic field parallel to the weld and the crack is inclined to the toe of the 1. love permeability and would be weld, a magnetic field perpendicular to the difficult to magnetize surface is produced at the erack ends. b. high permeability and would be easy ‘What form does the field take? to magnetize high permeability and would be a. a-ve peak at both ends difficult to magnetize b. a tye peak at both ends none of the above c. alange 4ve peak atone end and a small E47 ve peak atthe other end 4. large +ve peaks at each end and a —ve peak in the center F3 ese ave E:SOCE:*OCE:SC«COE:SC*C«iGCSC*« SE Level | Questions - Alternating Current Field Measurement Testing 7 36. 37. 38. 39, ‘The AC field measurement technique differs ftom other crack detection technologies in that it measures: 4. the through thickness dimension ». the length only of @erack . the length of the crack beneath the surface 4. detection only A253 Blectromagnetic test methods can be used for which of the following applications? cracks in nonmagnetic materials cracks in magnetic materials cracks in coated materials all of the above A13,424/0.314 In which of the following environments ‘can AC field measurement inspections be performed? a. water baie c. elevated temperatures , all ofthe above A.248,385/6.214 Ifa transverse discontinuity is detected in a longitudinal weld, the B, indication: ‘4. produces an increase in the magnetic field produces reduction in the magnetic field hasno effect on the magnetic field 4. redluces the magnetic field to zero Fa. ‘When an electric current flows down @ ‘wire, what is associated with it? an electric current flowing in the opposite direction b. acooling effect © amagnetic field at right angles to the current dd. a magnetic field parallel to the electric current B22 AL ry 2, 4 45, Which ofthe following definitions most closely defines Ohmis law? a. the potential differences in a ircuit=1 b. the current in a circuit is proportional to the potential difference across it «. the magnetic field produced by a ‘current is proportional to the magnitude of the current d. the frequency of an AC system is determined by its inductance E45 ‘What is the symbol for electric current? pose meon E14 The resistance of a direct current circuit is equivalent to which quantity in an alternating current circuit? inductive reactance impedance reluctance conductivity ada 15.18 Which NDT method below cannot be used to estimate crack depth? 4. alternating current potential drop (acPD) . time-of-flight ultrasonics alternating current field measurement Variat n scanning spect 4. could influence the detection of small discontinuities b, will change the amplitude of smell discontinsities will have no direct effect on results 4. bothaandb Pap ory aay ee eee CEOCOLESC(ODE, 8 Level | Questions ~ Alternating Current Field Measurement Testing 46, 47. For which ofthe following inspection requirements could you not normally use alternating current field measurement for ciscontinuity detection? 1 fatigue cracks in welded joints of high strength steel b. subsurface cracks in welded joints of mild steel inspection for cracks in @ weld of high strength steel under an epoxy paint coating 4. surface fatigue cracks in mild steel welds 248,252.58 LACS isthe recognized abbreviation for: 1. International Annealed Copper Standard ». Induced Alternating Current System €. Inductively Activated Comparison ‘System 4. Internal Applied Current System B.2.15/E.57 ‘When alternating current fcld measurement test cals are wound to form sunall diameter coils, what world they normally be used to detect? a gradual changes in crack length Db. gradual changes in crack depth ‘¢. small surface discontinuities changes in permeability A255 9. ‘What term is used to describe the variation in the B, display as the distance from the surface being tested to the coil phase change fill factor edge effect littoff A252 Alternating current field measurement ‘cannot be used to inspect: a. steel D. aluminum & wood . copper 248-249 208 PGy ORY OP Level Il Questions Alternating Current Field Measurement Testing ‘The B, magnetic field can best be described as a, magnetism perpendicular to the plate surface perpendicular tothe current flow produced by curvature of the current d. allof the above A281 ‘The B, magnetic field is best described as magnetism parallel to the plate surface 90° to the longitudinal weld parallel to the electrical current 2er0 A251 If the B, chart recorder trace is low on the graph’ 2. theres a high current density b. there isa low carrent density € the electric curcent is high 4. the B, ux density is high A251, Ifa current is owing in a surface (called the x-y plane), then: a. the magnetic flux density in the x direction is proportional to the current in the y ditection b. the magnetic flux density in the y ‘When measuring the length of a erack with alternating current field ‘measurement, why can you not use the length between the B, positive and the B, negative positions? a. this is not the true length of the crack ’. the B, locations are produced by circular current flow and will produce 2B, locations just inside the length of the crack this size will be smaller than that given by the AC field measurement program 4. allof the above FB ng, why must the length- to-depth ratio of a crack being measured be at least 2:1? a. below this ratio more current would flow ta the bottom of the crack than around the ends b. below this ratio more current would flow around the ends of the crack than tothe bottom . electricity will follow the path of greatest resistance 4. nocurtent will flow 257-258 ‘What electrical property has the grestest effect on the depth of penetration? direction is proportional tothe current a. permeability in the x direction b. resistance c. the magnetic fax density in the 2 «. voltage direction (out ofthe xy plane) is 4. conductivity proportional to the curvature of the ps19 current in the x plane 4. allof the above A254 a PS PP a OT 10 Level Ii Questions - Alternating Current Field Measurement Testing 8. Whatare the disadvantages when using «12, What is the effect of lift-off on a ACPD? differential probe? a. itcannot be used on paint a. one coil is affected and the other is not b. itrequires a very clean surface for the b. none of the coilsis affected injection prods to make contact one coil changes positive and the other . it requires a very clean surface for the ‘changes negative, thus cancelling each potential difference prods to make other contact 4, alarge signal is produced 4. allof the above 0.316 A248 13, What will happen ifan absolute coil is 9. ‘The axes ofthe coils used to measure the Drought close to the edge ofa plate? magnetic fields at the surface ofa plate are mounted: 4. there will be a significant effect on the display a. perpendicular to the B, and B, fields b. there will be no effect bi. parallel to the B, and B, fields . the current will change direction & inthe same direction the magnetic field will change dd. transverse to the direction of the crack direction A254 319 10, Ifelternating current field messurementis 14, What effect will produce a reduced tobe used to inspect through a apparent crack depth when using nonconductive coating, what isthe alternating current field measurement? recommended maximum thickness of the ‘coating to still ensure detection of a2 mm a paint coating (0:08 in.) deep discontinuity? b. a corroded surface ©. a crack, which has line contacts across a. 0.1mm (0.004 in) it b. 1mm (0.04 in.) 4. a material of varying thickness © 5mm (0.196 in.) 265-266 4. 25mm (038 in.) A.254 15. Ifan indication has been produced by excessive grinding, how can itbe 11. If corrosion is present on the surface to be differentiated from a crack? inspected, producing heavy piting, what . integration standard is called: . mullor balance 4. differentiation a. an absolute coil arrangement 8.6.19/K.203 b. a selécomparison differential coil arrangement 55. A term used to describe holes, grooves, c. an external reference differential coil notches, tc» that are introduced into a arrangement reference standard to provide accurately 4. none of the above reproducible quality levels is Bs a.” a natural discontinuity 59, Which ofthe following are common . an artificial discontinuity applications for eddy current testing? ¢. ancllipse none of the above 1, measurement of conductivity ora Reo combination of conductivity and permeability 56. A term used to define one or more turns b, measurement ofthe thickness of thin for loops of a conductor wound in such a metal sections, cladding or coating ‘manner as to produce an axial magnetic c. detection of surface and subsurface field when current passes through the discontinuities conductor is: a. allof the above EOL a. acoil b. aresistor © acapacitor 4, anoscillator 84.14/24 pes eas~«CSSCOSSCGSSCSSC 24 Level | Questions - Eddy Current Testing 60. Which of the following is nota primary 63. An eddy current system will measure purpose for using an eddy current ‘variations caused by differences in: standard? a. size or shape 4 to determine if the eddy current test b. grade or chemistry of the material system is capable of performing the the way in which the material has been test properly processed b. to determine ifa discontinuity is a 4. allof the above cause for rejection B48 6. to determine the instrument control settings needed to pass the highest 64, A length of tubing containing a notch of percentage of test specimens run uniform width and depth ranning from 4. to determine if the sensitivity of a test end to end, when tested with an encircling system has drifted with time self-reference differential coil system, will B64 produce: 61, Material must be reasonably centered in a erratic signals an encircling test coil of a discontinuity bb. acontinuous, sustained signal detection system because, even with an © no signal change acceptable il factor ratio: i. excessive signals 83.13 a. the coil would otherwise be out of balance 65, In encircling coil eddy current testing, b. parts of the material farthest avy optimum sensitivity toa known from the coil, radially, may receive a discontinuity placed at random on the less sensitive inspection surface of a nonferrous length of tubing is ©: the flow of eddy currents around the obtained by: product will be disturbed, resulting in improper penetration a. proper choice of frequency 4. lack of proper centering may change i. centering the tubing in the coil the phase adjustment ofthe proper adjustment of phase instrument 4, altof the above 8.3.10 D0 (62, When you determine that & discontinuity 66, ‘One principal advantage of spinning detection instrument has been set up probe eddy current testing is: incorrectly, or is defective all material: a. the ability to locate the exact position ‘a. should be retested since the time that 8 of discontinuities correct setup or proper operation was bits relative insensitivity o permeability last verified variations accepted should be retested © the variety of internal and surface €. rejected should be retested discontinuities that may be detected d. none of the above 4. allof the above cot 54 99 PSDCOYSCEOSCwGSCTSCOD Level | Questions - Eddy Current Testing 25 67. Many given instant, spinning probe 7 eddy current instrument should be inspecting: a. one complete circumference of the product 1b, anarea defined by the size of the probe coil . one longitudinal line the length of the product 4. none ofthe above 54 68, A spinning probe eddy current instrument would be most useful in: 4, measuring the hardness of ferromagnetic stecl products b. discontinuity detection in hexagonal and shaped material detecting end precisely locating surface iscontinuities 4. inspection of copper bus bars for electrical conductivity 0.54 B. 69. Ine feedthrough encircling coil eddy current system, a calibration standard may be used to: a. ensure repeatability and reliability of the setup, b. determine the circumferential extent of a discontinuity ©. reduce sensitivity to vibration 7m, measure the test frequency cet 70. What causes phase shift in an eddy current test coil? a. a change in the ratio of inductive reactance () to resistance (8) b. a change in the sensitivity setting of the instrument use of modulation analysis 4. none of the above In a feedthrough encircling coil discontinuity detection eddy current «system, what would be the purpose of running @ calibration discontinuity several times but in various positions (such as top, bottom, left and right)? a. to check the phase selectivity b. to ensure proper centering of the material in the test coil . to select the modulation analysis setting 4. to select the proper operating speed 83.10 In a feedthrough encircling coil eddy current system, DC saturation would probably be most helpful in testing: &. copper water tubing . titanium tubing ©. ferromagnetic steel tubing a. rass rivet wire 8243 In an electromagnetic test system , the test frequency is controlled by the: a. oscilloscope b. sensitivity setting © oscillator circuit 4. modulation analysis setting Aa75 Variations in the chemical cornposition of a nonferromagnetic alloy would most likely affect its & permeability ». conductivity «diameter a. frequency B78 Which ofthe following frequencies will provide the greatest eddy current penetration in aluminum? 0.32 a. kia b. loki © 3kHe 4. 300He, cag, Pol ah. ~=«EL:SCCLSCCTLSCOSCHSCSSCLG 26 Level | Questions - Eddy Current Testing 76. A symbol commonly used to express 81. When testing tubes with an ID bobbin conductivity is probe: aw a. low voltage signals indicate bo insignificant discontinvity depths © & bb. high voltage signals are alvays from aR rejectable discontinuities cxil/E.57 . signals from support plates always hide discontinuity signals 77. A symbol commonly used to express 4. none ofthe above is true permeability is: A403 au 82. A multicoil array probe used in a surface bo scanning application: oh aR ‘4 should improve detection of localized £47 discontinuities b. can cover a large surface area in one 78. ‘The method used to generate eddy pass ‘currents in a test specimen by means of a © might increase the complesity of signal coil can most closely be compared with detection and interpretation theaction of a: a. allof the above Be.14 a. transformer . capacitor 83, Data ftom the external-refetence ©. storage battery differential channels of 1D bobbin probe generator data can be used to detect: c.36 a. long, gradually tapering discontinuities 79. When eddy current testing a nonferrous b. one-sided erosion specimen, a discontinuity will: c. temperature differences 4. all of the above a. increase the effective conductivity of baa the specimen bb. increase the effective permeability of __— 84. Self comparison differential channels, the specimen would be best for the detection of decrease the effective conductivity of the specimen a. long tapered discontinuities none of the above b. short abrupt discontin D.25 c. temperature differences ; 4. all of the above 80, In mulifrequency tubing inspection * B43 applications, signal analysis is most often performed using: 85, Which of the following affects the characteristics of the primary coil in an a. phase angle analysis only eddy current system? by. signal amplitude analysis only €. a careful correlation of both amplitude a. the presence of a crack and phase information b. the presence of an edge 4. the ellipse method © change in material properties B86 . allof the above F320 pss ape PEBSCPeBSCT«S«COORSCGLSCRLSCLSCSL « Level | Questions ~ Eddy Current Testing 27 86, Which of the following is applicable to eddy current testing? 91, a. itcan be used to provide high sensitivity to small discontinuities it can be used for high-speed testing itcan be used to measure coating thicknesses all of the above F314 87. A secondary magnetic field produced by eddy currents induced in a nonmagnetic conductor close to the inducing coils: 92, a. induces a magnetic field parallel to the surface aids the coils magnetic field ‘opposes the coil’s magnetic field . decreases the frequency of the current F319 88. A test specimen used as a basis for calibrating test equipment or as a comparison when evaluating tet results is referred to. a 93, null-balancer phase shifter reference standard high pass filter Bea/H.405 89, ‘The process of comparing the reading or output of an instrument, device or dial witha standard to determine the instrument's accuracy, capacity or graduations is referred to a8 calibration differentiation integration phase shifting G(Vol. 1.2.43 Figure 1 is an illustration of a materia’ Ferromagnetic materials that have been magnetically saturated to suppress permeability variations may retain a certain amount of the magnetization. This is called: a. coercive force . residual magnetism © hysteresis loop hysteresis loss crag Analternating current lowingin a conductor will setup: an alternating current field around the conductor a periodically changing voltage tangent to the conductor an alternating magnetic field around the conductor none of the above b « a B24 “The characteristics of the alternating magnetic field in the vicinity ofthe AC col are affected by: a. the coil parameters b, the magnitude of the applied AC the frequency of the applied AC current allof the sbave a. phase analysis loop B. sine wave . hysteresis loop . none of the above C.19/H.33.3 bes 926 «SOG: 28 Level | Questions - Eddy Current Testing 94, Theregion around a magnetthat attracts 96, The depth of penetration would other pieces of iron or steel is called _____ ifthe localized permeability of « ‘material increased &. amaxwell b. retentivity a. increase © the magnetic field . decrease 4. alternating current © remain constant a 4.30.2 increase the conductivity 8.222 95, Testing that requires that the test article be loaded and/or sectioned to verity and/or establish mechanical or physical properties is known as impedance testing phase analysis testing destructive testing nondestructive testing Had W656 OFS 29 ) Level If Questions Eddy Current Testing L.A method of minimizing the effect of indications caused by gradual dimensional changes while retaining the indications caused by discontinuities is to: a, enable a high-pass filter in the eddy current test equipment b, enable a low-pass filter in the eddy current test equipment . increase the band pass of the amplifier use the impedance method of testing 29,186 2. Which of the following methods may be used to improve the signal-to-noise ratio of an electromagnetic testing system? Eiltering of differentiation phase discrimination integration all of the above pore Aa73 3. In order to decrease the effect on conductivity readings due to variations in test part thickness: the test frequency should be increased the test frequency should be decreased the fil factor should be decreased | there is no practical method for decreasing this effect, ABA When testing by the eddy current method, discontinuities will be most easily detected ‘when the eddy currents are: 4. coplanar with the major plane of the Giscontinuity b. perpendicular to the major plane of the discontinuity parallel to the major plane ofthe discontinuity 4. 90 degrees out of phase with the ccorrent in the cail b26/e32 A term used to describe the effect observed due to a change in the lectromagnetic coupling between a test specimen and a probe coil when the distance of separation between them is varied is: a. fill factor b. edge effect c. end effect 4. liftoff 130,324 ‘A term used to define the phenomenon where, at very high frequencies, the eddy ccarrent flow is restricted to an extremely thin outer layer of the conductor is: a. skin effect bi. high-frequency filtration © low-frequency filtration 4. any one of the above A1B1/D.23/K.8 30 Level I! Questions ~ Eddy Current Testing 7. The fill factor when a 13 mm (0.5 in.) 12, A term used to define two ormore coils ‘diameter bar is inserted in a25 mm (1 in.) clectrically connected in opposition such diameter coil is that any electromagnetic condition which {s not common to both a test specimen a. 0.5 (5096) and a reference specimen will produce a b. 0.75 (75%) Signal change in the system is: © 1.0(100%) 4. 0.25 (25%) a. differential 024/689 b. absolute © laminar 8, Which ofthe following could be used to &. flying probes suppress unwanted high-frequency 482,129 harmonics? 13, Ina manufacturing environment, tubing is a. low-pass filter generally inspected using: b. oscillator phase discriminator 4. Usshaped coils high-pass filter b. gap coils A186 encircling coils 4. none of the above 9. ‘The impedance change of an eddy current 0.9/£.32 test coil due to a change in test part characteristics can be most easily analyzed 14, When performing a hardiness test on as a combined change in: stmall parts with an encieling coil atrangement, which of the following test capacitive reactance and resistance Parameters may be considered important? b, harmonic frequencies and inductive reactance a. length of the tet sample . signal amplitude and phase Db. thickness ofthe test sample 4 retentivity and harmonic frequencies cross-sectional area ofthe test sample 6.65 d. all of the above TATA 10, ‘The inductive reactance of atest coil can be calculated using the forrmula 15, Ina testcoil consisting of both « primary and secondary winding, the voltage across a the secondary isa function of b. a. test material permeability a b. test frequency E18/H.361 © geometry ofthe test object d. allofthe sbove U1, When conducting an electromagnetic test, 28 variations in the test material can be detected as variations in: 16, Eddy curtent testing relies on the principle of: a. test speed '. impedance of a pickup coil a. magnetostriction none of the above b. electromagnetic induction 4, both aandb . piezoclectric energy conversion AgLS2 4d. magnetomotive force 428,33 Ca a a a ea | d Level li Questions - Eddy Current Testing 34 17, When the H field strength around a ferromagnetic material is increased and then decreased to 2ero, the induced field B within the part does not return to zero. ‘The term to define this 8 value when HT hhas returned to zero is: coercive force residual magnetism saturation value hysteresis loss A48 18. ‘The three major specimen parameters that influence eddy current testing are: a. electrical conductivity frequency and material geometry b. density, permeability and frequency . electrical conductivity, permeability. and material geometry 4d. thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity and permeability EST 19. Doubling the number of turns on a coil wil 2, double the inductance . halve the inductance decrease the inductance by a factor of four increase the inductance by a factor of four D.18/€.43 20. The frequency ratio ff, cau be defined as 1. the arguiment of the mathematical fianction describing the clectromagnetic field within the test specimen Di. test frequency divided by limit frequency neither a norb d. both aandb 0.28/E.85 21. When testing tubing using an encircling col, what isthe phase relationship of the output signals from identical ID and OD discontinuities? the signals arein phase bs. the phase of the OD discontinuity leads the phase ofthe ID discontinuity the phase ofthe OD discontinuity lags, the phase of the ID discontinuity 4. indeterminate £86 22. A term used to define an instrumentation technique that discriminates between variables in the test part by the phase angle response differences seen on the output device is: a. phase analysis b. phase distortion phase shifting phase discrimination AAT2/E.65,142 23, Ifthe characteristic frequency (f,) of 2 material is 125 Hz, the test frequency required to give an ff, ratio of 19 would be: a. 125 He b 125Hz 125 kee, d. 125 kHe. E85 24, Ata fixed est frequency, in which of the following materials will the eddy current penetration be greatest? a. aluminum (35% IACS) Bb. brass (1596 IACS) ©. copper (95% IACS) lead (7% IACS) E84 rr a a cet ar 32 Level II Questions ~ Eddy Current Testing 25, Ifthe test frequency inereases while the field strength is held constant, the surface eddy current density: decreases remains the same | could do any of the above £8384 26, As the fill factor decreases, the impedance variation of a pickup coil produced by & siven change in conductivity will: b. remain the same c. decrease

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