Bio note:

Blood stem cells- in LO!!

Blood stem cells- don't REPAIR stem cells but rather, form new blood cells that replace worn-
out/damaged cells

Based on marks! - don't overwrite

ER- cisternae (don't use lumen!); smooth vs rough (flatter)

Anaerobic respiration- both glycolysis AND fermentation!

No mitochondria, how else respiration can take place- GLYCOLYSIS alone in CYTOPLASM!!!!

Whether phosphate is from inorganic (Pi) or organic (from the substrates)

Phosphorylation cascade- ATP hydrolysed as each protein kinase phosphorylates the other

induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS)- with similar properties to pluripotent stem cells

Whether it's acetylation/methylation of DNA or histones?

Transcription factors to initiate transcription >>> activate gene for whatever property cell has

Describe role of telomerase- obviously to extend telomere length

Type of mutation that occur to result in sickle cell anaemia-

Sickle cell anaemia with restriction sites/enzymes- band patterns / length of fragment / number of
fragments (mutation- change in restriction site- shape and charge- cannot bind, cleave whatver)

Heterozygote advantage- has to be pin down a certain environment (Malaria-stricken areas) +

selective advantage of the heterozygous condition- so the recessive alleles will be maintained in the
gene pool

Gel electrophoresis- many bands after cleaving (restriction sites)- stained by Et Br, view under UV
Southern blotting- only parts complementary to DNA probe- so no smear- ease of identification

Epistasis- genotype (alleles) phenotype (what is the effect- enzyme, pigment...) - gametes??