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481 - ĐHTN.Giáo Trình Môn Học Xử Lý Ảnh - Ts. Đỗ Năng Toàn & Ts. Phạm Việt Bình, 76 Trang PDF
481 - ĐHTN.Giáo Trình Môn Học Xử Lý Ảnh - Ts. Đỗ Năng Toàn & Ts. Phạm Việt Bình, 76 Trang PDF
GIO TRNH MN HC
X L NH
1
LI NI U
2
Cc tc gi by t lng bit n chn thnh ti cc bn ng nghip
trong Phng Nhn dng v cng ngh tri thc, Vin Cng ngh thng tin,
B mn H thng thng tin, Khoa Cng ngh thng tin, H Thi Nguyn,
Khoa Cng ngh thng tin, H Cng ngh, HQG H Ni, Khoa Ton
C Tin, H Khoa hc t nhin, HQG H Ni ng vin, gp v
gip hon chnh ni dung cun sch ny. Xin cm n Lnh o Khoa
Cng ngh thng tin, H Thi Nguyn, Ban Gim c H Thi Nguyn
h tr v to iu kin cho ra i gio trnh ny.
Mc d rt c gng nhng ti liu ny chc chn khng trnh khi
nhng sai st. Chng ti xin trn trng tip thu tt c nhng kin ng
gp ca bn c cng nh cc bn ng nghip c chnh l kp thi.
Th gp xin gi v: Phm Vit Bnh,
Khoa Cng ngh thng tin H Thi nguyn.
X Quyt Thng, Tp. Thi Nguyn
in thoi: 0280.846506 Email: pvbinh@ictu.edu.vn
3
MC LC
LI NI U ....................................................................................................................................................................... 2
MC LC .................................................................................................................................................................................. 4
Chng 1: TNG QUAN V X L NH ..................................................................................... 7
1.1. X L NH, CC VN C BN TRONG X L NH .................. 7
1.1.1. X l nh l g? ............................................................................................................................................ 7
1.1.2. Cc vn c bn trong x l nh ........................................................................................ 7
1.1.2.1 Mt s khi nim c bn ........................................................................................................ 7
1.1.2.2 Nn chnh bin dng .................................................................................................................... 8
1.1.2.3 Kh nhiu ................................................................................................................................................. 9
1.1.2.4 Chnh mc xm: ............................................................................................................................... 9
1.1.2.5 Trch chn c im .................................................................................................................... 9
1.1.2.6 Nhn dng ............................................................................................................................................ 10
1.1.2.7 Nn nh ................................................................................................................................................... 11
1.2. THU NHN V BIU DIN NH ........................................................................................... 11
1.2.1. Thu nhn, cc thit b thu nhn nh.................................................................................. 11
1.2.2. Biu din nh .............................................................................................................................................. 12
1.2.2.1. M hnh Raster ............................................................................................................................. 12
1.2.2.2. M hnh Vector ............................................................................................................................ 13
Chng 2: CC K THUT NNG CAO CHT LNG NH ................... 14
2.1. CC K THUT KHNG PH THUC KHNG GIAN .......................... 14
2.1.1. Gii thiu......................................................................................................................................................... 14
2.1.2. Tng gim sng ............................................................................................................................... 14
2.1.3. Tch ngng ................................................................................................................................................ 15
2.1.4. B cm ............................................................................................................................................................... 15
2.1.5. Cn bng histogram ............................................................................................................................ 16
2.1.6. K thut tch ngng t ng ................................................................................................ 17
2.1.7. Bin i cp xm tng th ........................................................................................................... 18
2.2. CC K THUT PH THUC KHNG GIAN ..................................................... 20
2.2.1. Php cun v mu ................................................................................................................................. 20
4
2.2.2. Mt s mu thng dng .................................................................................................................. 21
2.2.3. Lc trung v .................................................................................................................................................. 22
2.2.4. Lc trung bnh ........................................................................................................................................... 24
2.2.5. Lc trung bnh theo k gi tr gn nht ............................................................................ 25
2.3. CC PHP TON HNH THI HC .................................................................................... 26
2.3.1. Cc php ton hnh thi c bn.............................................................................................. 26
2.3.2. Mt s tnh cht ca php ton hnh thi.................................................................... 27
Chng 3: BIN V CC PHNG PHP PHT HIN BIN ..................... 32
3.1. GII THIU ............................................................................................................................................................ 32
3.2. CC PHNG PHP PHT HIN BIN TRC TIP ................................. 32
3.2.1. K thut pht hin bin Gradient......................................................................................... 32
3.2.1.1. K thut Prewitt .......................................................................................................................... 34
3.2.1.2. K thut Sobel............................................................................................................................... 35
3.2.1.3. K thut la bn.............................................................................................................................. 35
3.2.2. K thut pht hin bin Laplace ........................................................................................... 36
3.3. PHT HIN BIN GIN TIP....................................................................................................... 37
3.3.1 Mt s khi nim c bn ................................................................................................................. 37
3.3.2. Chu tuyn ca mt i tng nh....................................................................................... 38
3.3.3. Thut ton d bin tng qut .................................................................................................... 40
Chng 4: XNG V CC K THUT TM XNG ........................................ 44
4.1. GII THIU ............................................................................................................................................................ 44
4.2. TM XNG DA TRN LM MNH ........................................................................... 44
4.2.1. S lc v thut ton lm mnh ........................................................................................... 44
4.2.2. Mt s thut ton lm mnh ...................................................................................................... 46
4.3. TM XNG KHNG DA TRN LM MNH ................................................ 46
4.3.1. Khi qut v lc Voronoi................................................................................................. 47
4.3.2. Trc trung v Voronoi ri rc................................................................................................... 47
4.3.3. Xng Voronoi ri rc .................................................................................................................... 48
4.3.4. Thut ton tm xng ........................................................................................................................ 49
Chng 5: CC K THUT HU X L .................................................................................. 52
5.1. RT GN S LNG IM BIU DIN..................................................................... 52
5.1.1. Gii thiu......................................................................................................................................................... 52
5
5.1.2. Thut ton Douglas Peucker ..................................................................................................... 52
5.1.2.1. tng ................................................................................................................................................. 52
5.1.2.2. Chng trnh ................................................................................................................................... 53
5.1.3. Thut ton Band width .................................................................................................................... 54
5.1.3.1. tng ................................................................................................................................................. 54
5.1.3.2. Chng trnh ................................................................................................................................... 56
5.1.4. Thut ton Angles ................................................................................................................................. 57
5.1.4.1. tng ................................................................................................................................................. 57
5.1.4.2. Chng trnh ................................................................................................................................... 57
5.2. XP X A GIC BI CC HNH C S.................................................................... 58
5.2.1 Xp x a gic theo bt bin ng dng ........................................................................ 59
5.2.2 Xp x a gic theo bt bin aphin ...................................................................................... 62
5.3. BIN I HOUGH ........................................................................................................................................ 63
5.3.1. Bin i Hongh cho ng thng ....................................................................................... 63
5.3.2. Bin i Hough cho ng thng trong ta cc ....................................... 64
5.3.2.1. ng thng Hough trong ta cc ............................................................... 64
5.3.2.2. p dng bin i Hough trong pht hin gc nghing vn bn
..................................................................................................................... 65
PH LC ................................................................................................................................................................................ 68
TI LIU THAM KHO .................................................................................................................................... 76
6
Chng 1:
TNG QUAN V X L NH
nh
Tt hn
nh X L NH
Kt lun
nh c th xem l tp hp cc im nh v mi im nh c xem
nh l c trng cng sng hay mt du hiu no ti mt v tr no
ca i tng trong khng gian v n c th xem nh mt hm n bin
P(c1, c2,..., cn). Do , nh trong x l nh c th xem nh nh n chiu.
S tng qut ca mt h thng x l nh:
H quyt nh
Thu nhn nh Trch chn
Tin x l Hu i snh rt
(Scanner,
c im x l ra kt lun
Camera,Sensor)
Lu tr
1.1.2. Cc vn c bn trong x l nh
1.1.2.1 Mt s khi nim c bn
* nh v im nh:
7
im nh c xem nh l du hiu hay cng sng ti 1 to
trong khng gian ca i tng v nh c xem nh l 1 tp hp cc
im nh.
* Mc xm, mu
L s cc gi tr c th c ca cc im nh ca nh
1.1.2.2 Nn chnh bin dng
nh thu nhn thng b bin dng do cc thit b quang hc v in
t.
Pi Pi
f(Pi)
2
f ( Pi ) Pi ' min
i =1
Ta c:
i =1
n
i =1
[
= ( f ( Pi ) Pi ' ) 2 = (a1 xi + b1 yi + c1 xi' ) + (a 2 xi + b2 yi + c2 yi' )
n
2 2
]
cho min
8
n n n n
=0 1 i 1 i i 1 i x i x i
+ + =
2 '
a x b x y c x
a 1 i =1 i =1 i =1 i =1
n n n n
=0 1 i i 1 i 1 i y i x i
+ + =
2 '
a x y b y c y
1 b i =1 i =1 i =1 i =1
n n n
=0 a1 x i + b1 y i + nc1 = x i
'
c1 i =1 i =1 i =1
9
im (feature mask) thng l cc khe hp vi hnh dng khc nhau (ch
nht, tam gic, cung trn v.v..)
c im bin v ng bin: c trng cho ng bin ca i
tng v do vy rt hu ch trong vic trch trn cc thuc tnh bt bin
c dng khi nhn dng i tng. Cc c im ny c th c trch
chn nh ton t gradient, ton t la bn, ton t Laplace, ton t cho
khng (zero crossing) v.v..
Vic trch chn hiu qu cc c im gip cho vic nhn dng cc
i tng nh chnh xc, vi tc tnh ton cao v dung lng nh lu
tr gim xung.
1.1.2.6 Nhn dng
Nhn dng t ng (automatic recognition), m t i tng, phn
loi v phn nhm cc mu l nhng vn quan trng trong th gic my,
c ng dng trong nhiu ngnh khoa hc khc nhau. Tuy nhin, mt cu
hi t ra l: mu (pattern) l g? Watanabe, mt trong nhng ngi i u
trong lnh vc ny nh ngha: Ngc li vi hn lon (chaos), mu l
mt thc th (entity), c xc nh mt cch ang ng (vaguely defined) v
c th gn cho n mt tn gi no . V d mu c th l nh ca vn tay,
nh ca mt vt no c chp, mt ch vit, khun mt ngi hoc
mt k tn hiu ting ni. Khi bit mt mu no , nhn dng hoc
phn loi mu c th:
Hoc phn loi c mu (supervised classification), chng hn phn
tch phn bit (discriminant analyis), trong mu u vo c nh danh
nh mt thnh phn ca mt lp xc nh.
Hoc phn loi khng c mu (unsupervised classification hay
clustering) trong cc mu c gn vo cc lp khc nhau da trn mt
tiu chun ng dng no . Cc lp ny cho n thi im phn loi vn
cha bit hay cha c nh danh.
H thng nhn dng t ng bao gm ba khu tng ng vi ba giai
on ch yu sau y:
1o. Thu nhn d liu v tin x l.
2o. Biu din d liu.
3o. Nhn dng, ra quyt nh.
Bn cch tip cn khc nhau trong l thuyt nhn dng l:
1o. i snh mu da trn cc c trng c trch chn.
2o. Phn loi thng k.
3o. i snh cu trc.
10
4o. Phn loi da trn mng n-ron nhn to.
Trong cc ng dng r rng l khng th ch dng c mt cch tip
cn n l phn loi ti u do vy cn s dng cng mt lc nhiu
phng php v cch tip cn khc nhau. Do vy, cc phng thc phn
loi t hp hay c s dng khi nhn dng v nay c nhng kt qu c
trin vng da trn thit k cc h thng lai (hybrid system) bao gm nhiu
m hnh
kt hp.
Vic gii quyt bi ton nhn dng trong nhng ng dng mi, ny
sinh trong cuc sng khng ch to ra nhng thch thc v thut gii, m
cn t ra nhng yu cu v tc tnh ton. c im chung ca tt c
nhng ng dng l nhng c im c trng cn thit thng l nhiu,
khng th do chuyn gia xut, m phi c trch chn da trn cc th
tc phn tch d liu.
1.1.2.7 Nn nh
Nhm gim thiu khng gian lu tr. Thng c tin hnh theo c
hai cch khuynh hng l nn c bo ton v khng bo ton thng tin.
Nn khng bo ton th thng c kh nng nn cao hn nhng kh nng
phc hi th km hn. Trn c s hai khuynh hng, c 4 cch tip cn c
bn trong nn nh:
Nn nh thng k: K thut nn ny da vo vic thng k tn xut
xut hin ca gi tr cc im nh, trn c s m c chin lc
m ha thch hp. Mt v d in hnh cho k thut m ha ny
l *.TIF
Nn nh khng gian: K thut ny da vo v tr khng gian ca
cc im nh tin hnh m ha. K thut li dng s ging nhau
ca cc im nh trong cc vng gn nhau. V d cho k thut ny
l m nn *.PCX
Nn nh s dng php bin i: y l k thut tip cn theo
hng nn khng bo ton v do vy, k thut thng nn hiu qu
hn. *.JPG chnh l tip cn theo k thut nn ny.
Nn nh Fractal: S dng tnh cht Fractal ca cc i tng nh,
th hin s lp li ca cc chi tit. K thut nn s tnh ton ch
cn lu tr phn gc nh v quy lut sinh ra nh theo nguyn l
Fractal
11
Cc thit b thu nhn nh bao gm camera, scanner cc thit b thu
nhn ny c th cho nh en trng
Cc thit b thu nhn nh c 2 loi chnh ng vi 2 loi nh thng
dng Raster, Vector.
Cc thit b thu nhn nh thng thng Raster l camera cc thit b
thu nhn nh thng thng Vector l sensor hoc bn s ho Digitalizer
hoc c chuyn i t nh Raster.
Nhn chung cc h thng thu nhn nh thc hin 1 qu trnh
Cm bin: bin i nng lng quang hc thnh nng lng in
Tng hp nng lng in thnh nh
12
Mt trong nhng hng nghin cu c bn trn m hnh biu din ny
l k thut nn nh cc k thut nn nh li chia ra theo 2 khuynh hng l
nn bo ton v khng bo ton thng tin nn bo ton c kh nng phc
hi hon ton d liu ban u cn nu khng bo ton ch c kh nng
phc hi sai s cho php no . Theo cch tip cn ny ngi ta
ra nhiu quy cch khc nhau nh BMP, TIF, GIF, PCX
Hin nay trn th gii c trn 50 khun dng nh thng dng bao gm
c trong cc k thut nn c kh nng phc hi d liu 100% v nn c
kh nng phc hi vi sai s nhn c.
BMP Paint
PCC
.. DIB Ca s
.
Thay i
Hnh 1.4. Qu trnh hin th v chnh sa, lu tr nh thng qua DIB
13
Chng 2:
CC K THUT NNG CAO CHT LNG NH
g 0 1 2 4 7
h(g) 5 7 5 2 1
14
2.1.3. Tch ngng
Gi s ta c nh I ~ kch thc m n, hai s Min, Max v ngng
khi : K thut tch ngng c th hin
for (i = 0; i < m; i + +)
for (j = 0; j < n; j + +)
I [i, j] = I [i, j] > = ? Max : Min;
* ng dng:
Nu Min = 0, Max = 1 k thut chuyn nh thnh nh en trng c
ng dng khi qut v nhn dng vn bn c th xy ra sai st nn thnh nh
hoc nh thnh nn dn n nh b t nt hoc dnh.
2.1.4. B cm
K thut nhm gim bt s mc xm ca nh bng cch nhm li s
mc xm gn nhau thnh 1 nhm
Nu ch c 2 nhm th chnh l k thut tch ngng. Thng thng
c nhiu nhm vi kch thc khc nhau.
tng qut khi bin i ngi ta s ly cng 1 kch thc
bunch_size
h(g)
g
0
15
0 0 3 6 6
0 0 3 3 3
Ikq = 6 0 6 9 0
3 0 0 0 0
16
0 1 2 2 3
1 0 1 2 2
Ikq = 3 1 2 3 0
2 0 1 0 1
Ch : nh sau khi thc hin cn bng cha chc l cn bng "l tng
"
V d: Tm ngng t ng ca nh sau
0 1 2 3 4 5
0 0 1 2 3 4
I= 0 0 0 1 2 3
0 0 0 0 1 2
0 0 0 0 0 1
Lp bng
g
g h(g) t(g) g.h(g) ih(i)
i =0
m(g) f(g)
0 15 15 0 0 0 1.35
1 5 20 5 5 0,25 1.66
17
2 4 24 8 13 0,54 1.54
3 3 27 9 22 0,81 1.10
4 2 29 8 30 1,03 0.49
5 1 30 5 35 1,16
Ngng cn tch = 1 ng vi f()= 1.66
f(g)
g
0
18
Bc 2: V th hm f(g)
h(g)
0 g
Bc 3: V Histogram ca nh mi
t q = f(g)
h(q) = card ({P| I(P) = q})
= card ({P| I(P) = f(g)})
= card ({P| g = f-1 (I(P))})
= h(i) h(g) f(g)
i f 1 ( q )
g
0
Histogram ca nh mi thua c bng cch chng hnh v tnh gi tr
theo cc q (= f(g)) theo cng thc tnh trn. Kt qu cui thu c sau php
quay gc 90 thun chiu kim ng h.
19
2.2. CC K THUT PH THUC KHNG GIAN
2.2.1. Php cun v mu
Gi s ta c nh I kch thc M N, mu T c kch thc m n khi
, nh I cun theo mu T c xc nh bi cng thc.
m 1 n 1
I T ( x, y ) =
i =0
I (x + i, y + j ) * T (i, j )
j =0
(2.1)
m 1 n 1
Hoc I T ( x, y ) =
i =0
I (x i, y j )* T (i, j )
j =0
(2.2)
VD:
1 2 4 5 8 7
2 1 1 4 2 2
I= 4 5 5 8 8 2
1 2 1 1 4 4
7 2 2 1 5 2
T= 1 0
0 1
1 1
I T ( x, y ) =
i =0
I (x + i, y + j )*T (i, j ) = I (x, y )*T (0,0) + I (x + 1, y + 1)*T (1,1)
j =0
= I ( x, y ) + I ( x + 1, y + 1)
2 3 8 7 10 *
7 6 9 12 4 * Tnh theo (2.1)
IT= 6 6 6 12 12 *
3 4 2 6 6 *
* * * * * *
Tnh theo cng thc 2.2
* * * * * *
* 2 3 8 7 10
IT= * 7 6 9 12 4
* 6 6 6 12 12
* 3 4 2 6 6
20
* Nhn xt:
- Trong qu trnh thc hin php cun c mt s thao tc ra ngoi nh,
nh khng c xc nh ti nhng v tr dn n nh thu c c kch
thc nh hn.
- nh thc hin theo cng thc 2.1 v 2.2 ch sai khc nhau 1 php
dch chuyn n gin ta s hiu php cun l theo cng thc 2.1
21
~ Dng pht hin cc im c tn s cao
VD2:
114 -40 0 -14 * *
-22 5 14 16 * *
I T2 =-1 -6 -10 -2 * *
* * * * * *
* * * * * *
2.2.3. Lc trung v
* nh ngha 2.1 (Trung v)
Cho dy x1; x2...; xn n iu tng (gim). Khi trung v ca dy k
hiu l Med({xn}), c nh ngha:
n
+ Nu n l x + 1
2
n n
+ Nu n chn: x hoc x + 1
2 2
* Mnh 2.1
n
Chng minh
+ Xt trng hp n chn
n
t M =
2
Ta c:
n M M
i =1
x xi = x xi + x x M +i
i =1 i =1
M M
= ( x xi + x M + i x ) x M + i xi
i =1 i =1
M
= [(x M +1 x M ) + ( x M xi )]
i =1
M M
= x M + i Med ({xi }) + xi Med ({xi })
i =1 i =1
22
n
= xi Med ({xi })
i =1
+ Nu n l:
B sung thm phn t Med ({xi }) vo dy. Theo trng hp n chn
ta c:
n
xx
i =1
i min ti Med({xn})
* K thut lc trung v
Gi s ta c nh I ngng ca s W(P) v im nh P
Khi k thut lc trung v ph thuc khng gian bao gm cc bc
c bn sau:
+ Bc 1: Tm trung v
{I(q)| q W(P)} Med (P)
+ Bc 2: Gn gi tr
I ( P) I ( P) Med ( P )
I ( P) =
Med ( P ) Nguoclai
V d:
1 2 3 2
4 16 2 1
I= 4 2 1 1
2 1 2 1
W(3 3); = 2
1 2 3 2
4 2 2 1
Ikq = 4 2 1 1
2 1 2 1
Gi tr 16, sau php lc c gi tr 2, cc gi tr cn li khng thay i
gi tr.
23
2.2.4. Lc trung bnh
* nh ngha 2.2 (Trung bnh)
Cho dy x1, x2, xn khi trung bnh ca dy k hiu AV({xn})
ddc nh ngha:
1 n
AV ({xn }) = round xi
n i =1
* Mnh 2.2
n 2
( x xi )
i =1
min ti AV ({xn })
Chng minh:
n
t: ( x) = (x x )
2
i
i =1
Ta c:
n
( x ) = 2 ( x x i )
i =1
' ( x) = 0
n
( x xi ) = 0
i =1
1 n
x= xi = AV ({xi })
n i =1
Mt khc, ( x) = 2n > 0
''
min ti x = AV ({xi })
K thut lc trung bnh
Gi s ta c nh I, im nh P, ca s W(P) v ngng . Khi k
thut lc trung bnh ph thuc khng gian bao gm cc bc c bn sau:
+ Bc 1: Tm trung bnh
{I(q)| q W(P)} AV(P)
24
+ Bc 2: Gn gi tr
I ( P) I ( P) AV ( P)
I ( P) =
AV ( P) Nguoclai
V d:
1 2 3 2
4 16 2 1
I= 4 2 1 1
2 1 2 1
W(3 3); = 2
1 2 3 2
4 3 2 1
Ikq = 4 2 1 1
2 1 2 1
Gi tr 16 sau php lc trung bnh c gi tr 3, cc gi tr cn li gi
nguyn sau php lc.
V d:
1 2 3 2
4 16 2 1
I= 4 2 1 1
2 1 2 1
W(3 3); = 2; k = 3
25
1 2 3 2
4 8 2 1
Ikq = 4 2 1 1
2 1 2 1
* Nhn xt:
- Nu k ln hn kch thc ca s th k thut chnh l k thut lc
trung bnh
- Nu k= 1 th nh kt qu khng thay i
Cht lng ca k thut ph thuc vo s phn t la chn k.
0 x 0 x 0
0 x x x 0
26
0 x x x x 0 0 0 x 0
x x x x x 0 0 x 0 0
0 0 0
XB=
x x x
v X\B = x 0 0 0
0 x x x x 0 0 0 0 0
0 x 0
x x x x x 0 0
nh ngha 2.5 (OPEN)
Php ton m (OPEN) ca X theo cu trc B l tp hp cc im ca
nh X sau khi co v gin n lin lip theo B. Ta c:
OPEN(X,B) = (X \ B) B
V d: Vi tp X v B trong v d trn ta c
0 0 0 x x
0 0 x x 0
OPEN(X,B) = (X\B) B = 0 x x 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 x x x 0
nh ngha 2.6 (CLOSE)
Php ton ng (CLOSE) ca X theo cu trc B l tp hp cc im
ca nh X sau khi gin n v co lin tip theo B. Ta c:
CLOSE(X,B) = (X B) \ B
Theo v d trn ta c:
0 x x x x
x x x x x
CLOSE(X,B) = (X B) \ B = 0 x x 0 0
0 x x x 0
0 x x x 0
27
Chng minh:
(i) X B = UB x UB x = X ' B
xX xX '
X \ B = {x / Bx X } {x / Bx X '} = X \ B
Theo nh ngha:
X \ B = {x / B' x X } {x / Bx X } = X \ B .
*Mnh 2.4 [Tnh phn phi vi php ]:
(i) X (B B') = (X B) (X B')
(ii) X\ (B B') = (X \ B) (X \B')
Chng minh:
(i) X (B B) = ( X B) (X B)
Ta c: B B B
X (B B) X B (tnh gia tng)
Tng t:
X ( B B) X B
X (B B) (X B) (X B) (2.3)
Mt khc,
y X (B B) x X sao cho y (B B)x
y Bx yXB
y Bx y X B
y (X B) (X B)
X (B B) (X B ) (X B) (2.4)
T (2.3) v (2.4) ta c: X (B B) = (X B) (X B)
(ii) X \ (B B) = (X \ B) (X \ B)
Ta c: B B B
X \ (B B) X \ B (tnh gia tng)
Tng t : X \ (B B) X \ B
X \ (B B) (X \ B) ( X \ B) (2.5)
28
Mt khc,
x (X \ B) (X \ B)
Suy ra, x X \ B Bx X
x X \ B Bx X
( B B)x X
x X \ (B B)
X \ (B B) (X \ B) (X \ B) (2.6)
T (2.5) v (2.6) ta c: X \ (B B) = (X \ B) (X \ B).
* ngha:
Ta c th phn tch cc mu phc tp tr thnh cc mu n gin
thun tin cho vic ci t.
* Mnh 2.5 [Tnh phn phi vi php ]:
(X Y) \ B = (X \ B) (Y \ B)
Chng minh:
Ta c, X YX
(X Y) \ B X \ B
Tng t: (X Y) \ B Y \ B
(X Y) \ B (X \ B) (Y \ B) (2.7)
Mt khc,
x (X \ B) (Y \ B)
Suy ra x X \ B Bx X
xY\B Bx Y
Bx X Y
x ( X Y) \ B
(X Y) \ B (X \ B) (Y \ B) (2.8)
T (2.7) v (2.8) ta c: (X Y) \ B = (X \ B) (Y \ B).
* Mnh 2.6 [Tnh kt hp]
(i) (X B) B' = X (B B')
(ii) (X \ B) \ B' = X \ (B B')
29
Chng minh:
(i) (X B) B' = X (B' B)
Ta c, (X B) B' = ( U B x ) B'
xX
= U (B x B' ) = U (B B )
'
x
x X x X
= X (B' B)
(i) (X \ B) \ B' = X \ (B B')
Trc ht ta i chng minh: B x' X \ B ( B ' B) x X
Tht vy, do B x' X \ B nn y B x' yX \ B
By X
UB y X
yBx'
( B ' B) x X
Mt khc, ( B ' B) x X ( B x' B) X
UB y X
yBx'
y B x' ta c By X
hay y B x' ta c y X \ B
Do , B x' X \ B
Ta c, (X \ B) \ B' = {x / B x X } \ B'
= {x/ B x' X \ B}
= {x/ ( B ' B) x X} (do chng minh trn)
= X \ (B B') .
* nh l 2.1 [X b chn bi cc cn OPEN v CLOSE]
Gi s, X l mt i tng nh, B l mu, khi , X s b chn trn
bi tp CLOSE ca X theo B v b chn di bi tp OPEN ca X theo B.
Tc l:
(X B) \ B X (X \ B) B
30
Chng minh:
Ta c: x X Bx X B (V X B = UB x )
x X
Bx X y X
Suy ra: X (X \ B) B (2.10)
T (2.9) v (2.10) Ta c: (X B) \ B X (X \ B) B .
*H qu 2.1 [Tnh bt bin] :
(i) ((X B) \B) B = X B
(ii) ((X \ B) B) \ B = X\B
Chng minh:
(i) Tht vy, t nh l 2.1 ta c X (X B) B
X B ((X B) \B) B (do tnh cht gia tng) (2.11)
Mt khc, cng t nh l 2.1 ta c (X \ B) B X X
Do , thay X bi X B ta c, ((X B) \B) B X B (2.12)
T (2.11) v (2.12) Ta c: ((X B) \B) B = X B
(ii) Tht vy, t nh l 2.1 ta c (X \ B) B X
((X \ B) B) \ B X\B (do tnh cht gia tng) (2.13)
Mt khc, cng t nh l 2.1 ta c X (X B) B X
Do , thay X bi X \ B ta c, X\B ((X \ B) B) \ B (2.14)
T (2.13) v (2.14) Ta c: ((X \ B) B) \ B = X\B (pcm).
31
Chng 3:
BIN V CC PHNG PHP PHT HIN BIN
32
Theo nh ngha, gradient l mt vct c cc thnh phn biu th tc
thay i gi tr ca im nh, ta c:
f ( x, y ) f ( x + dx, y ) f ( x, y )
= fx
x dx
f ( x, y ) f ( x, y + dy ) f ( x, y )
= fy
y dy
33
3.2.1.1. K thut Prewitt
K thut s dng 2 mt n nhp chp xp x o hm theo 2 hng x
v y l:
-1 0 1
Hx = -1 0 1
-1 0 1
-1 -1 -1
Hy = 0 0 0
1 1 1
Cc bc tnh ton ca k thut Prewitt
+ Bc 1: Tnh I Hx v I Hy
+ Bc 2: Tnh I Hx + I Hy
V d:
0 0 0 0 0 0
5 5 5 5 0 0
5 5 5 5 0 0
I= 5 5 5 5 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 -10 -10 * *
0 0 -15 -15 * *
I Hx = 0 0 -10 -10 * *
0 0 -5 -5 * *
* * * * * *
* * * * * *
15 15 10 5 * *
0 0 0 0 * *
-15 -15 -10 -5 * *
I Hy = -15 -15 -10 -5 * *
* * * * * *
* * * * * *
34
15 15 0 -5 * *
0 0 -15 -15 * *
I Hx + I Hy = -15 -15 -20 -15 * *
-15 -15 -15 -10 * *
* * * * * *
* * * * * *
3.2.1.2. K thut Sobel
Tng t nh k thut Prewitt k thut Sobel s dng 2 mt n nhn
chp theo 2 hng x, y l:
-1 0 1
Hx = -2 0 2
-1 0 1
-1 -2 -1
Hy = 0 0 0
1 2 1
Cc bc tnh ton tng t Prewitt
+ Bc 1: Tnh I Hx v I Hy
+ Bc 2: Tnh I Hx + I Hy
3.2.1.3. K thut la bn
K thut s dng 8 mt n nhn chp theo 8 hng 00, 450, 900, 1350,
180 , 2250, 2700, 3150
0
5 5 -3 5 5 5
H1 = 5 0 -3 H2 = -3 0 -3
-3 -3 -3 -3 -3 -3
-3 5 5 -3 -3 5
H3 = -3 0 5 H4 = -3 0 5
-3 -3 -3 -3 -3 5
-3 -3 -3 -3 -3 -3
H5 = -3 0 5 H6 = -3 0 -3
-3 5 5 5 5 5
-3 -3 -3 5 -3 -3
H7 = 5 0 -3 H8 = 5 0 -3
5 5 -3 5 -3 -3
35
Cc bc tnh ton thut ton La bn
+ Bc 1: Tnh I Hi ; i = 1,8
8
+ Bc 2: I H
i =1
i
x y
2 f f
= ( f ( x + 1, y ) f ( x, y ) )
x 2
x x x
[ f ( x + 1, y ) f ( x, y )] [ f ( x, y ) f ( x 1, y )]
f ( x + 1, y ) 2 f ( x, y ) + f ( x 1, y )
Tng t,
2 f f
= ( f ( x, y + 1) f ( x, y ) )
y 2 y y y
[ f ( x, y + 1) f ( x, y )] [ f ( x, y ) f ( x, y 1)]
f ( x, y + 1) 2 f ( x, y ) + f ( x, y 1)
2
Vy: f= f(x+1,y) + f(x,y+1) - 4f(x,y) + f(x-1,y) + f(x,y-1)
Dn ti:
0 1 0
H = 1 4 1
0 1 0
Trong thc t, ngi ta thng dng nhiu kiu mt n khc nhau
xp x ri rc o hm bc hai Laplace. Di y l ba kiu mt n
thng dng:
36
0 1 0 1 1 1 1 2 1
H1 = 1 4 1 H 2 = 1 8 1 H 3 = 2 4 2
0 1 0 1 1 1 1 2 1
VD: 0 0 0 0 0 0
5 5 5 5 0 0
I= 5 5 5 5 0 0
5 5 5 5 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
37
P3 P2 P1
P4 P P0
P5 P6 P7
Hnh 1.3. Ma trn 8-lng ging k nhau
*i tng nh
Hai im Ps, Pe E, E hoc c gi l 8-lin thng (hoc 4-
lin thng) trong E nu tn ti tp cc im c gi l ng i
(io,jo)...(in,jn) sao cho (io,jo)= Ps, (in,jn)= Pe, (ir,jr) E v (ir,jr) l 8-lng ging
(hoc 4-lng ging tng ng) ca (ir-1,jr-1) vi r = 1,2,...,n
Nhn xt: Quan h k-lin thng trong E (k=4,8) l mt quan h phn x,
i xng v bc cu. Bi vy l mt quan h tng ng. Mi lp
tng ng c gi l mt thnh phn k-lin thng ca nh. V sau ta s
gi mi thnh phn k-lin thng ca nh l mt i tng nh.
38
nh ngha 3.2 [Chu tuyn i ngu]
Hai chu tuyn C= <P1P2..Pn> v C= <Q1Q2..Qm> c gi l i ngu
ca nhau nu v ch nu i j sao cho:
(i) Pi v Qj l 4-lng ging ca nhau.
(ii) Cc im Pi l vng th Qj l nn v ngc li.
nh ngha 3.3 [Chu tuyn ngoi]
Chu tuyn C c gi l chu tuyn ngoi (Hnh 3.2a) nu v ch nu
(i) Chu tuyn i ngu C l chu tuyn ca cc im nn
(ii) di ca C nh hn di C
nh ngha 3.4 [Chu tuyn trong]
Chu tuyn C c gi l chu tuyn trong (Hnh 3.2b) nu v ch nu:
(i) Chu tuyn i ngu C l chu tuyn ca cc im nn
(ii) di ca C ln hn di C
Chu tuyn C
Chu tuyn C
Chu tuyn C
Chu tuyn C
39
(ii) Nu C l chu tuyn ngoi th in(Pi,C) i (i=1,...,n)
B 3.2 [Phn trong/ngoi ca chu tuyn]
Gi s E l mt i tng nh v C l chu tuyn ca E. Khi :
(i) Nu C l chu tuyn ngoi th x E sao cho xC, ta c in(x,C)
(ii) Nu C l chu tuyn trong th x E sao cho xC, ta c out(x,C)
nh l 3.1 [Tnh duy nht ca chu tuyn ngoi]
Gi s E l mt i tng nh v CE l chu tuyn ngoi ca E.
Khi CE l duy nht.
40
Xc nh cp im nn vng tip theo.
La chn im bin
Trong bc th nht thc hin chc nng ca mt nh x trn tp
NV ln NV v bc th hai thc hin chc nng chn im bin.
Thut ton d bin tng qut
Bc 1: Xc nh cp nn-vng xut pht
Bc 2: Xc nh cp nn-vng tip theo
Bc 3: La chn im bin vng
Bc 4: Nu gp li cp xut pht th dng, nu khng quay li
bc 2.
Vic xc nh cp nn-vng xut pht c thc hin bng cch duyt
nh ln lt t trn xung di v t tri qua phi ri kim tra iu kin la
chn cp nn-vng. Do vic chn im bin ch mang tnh cht quy c, nn
ta gi nh x xc nh cp nn-vng tip theo l ton t d bin.
nh ngha 3.6 [Ton t d bin]
Gi s T l mt nh x nh sau: T: NV NV
(b,r) a (b,r)
Gi T l mt ton t d bin c s nu n tho mn iu kin: b,r l
cc 8-lng ging ca r.
Gi s (b,r) NV; gi K(b,r) l hm chn im bin. Bin ca mt
dng c th nh ngha theo mt trong ba cch:
Tp nhng im thuc c mt trn NV, tc l K(b,r)= r
Tp nhng im thuc c trn NV, tc l K(b,r)= b
Tp nhng im o nm gia cp nn-vng, tc l K(b,r) l nhng
im nm gia hai im b v r.
Cch nh ngha th ba tng ng mi cp nn-vng vi mt im
bin. Cn i vi cch nh ngha th nht v th hai mt s cp nn-
vng c th c chung mt im bin. Bi vy, qu trnh chn im bin
c thc hin nh sau:
i:= 1; (bi,ri):= (bo,ro);
While K(bi,ri)<>K(bn,rn) and i8 do
Begin (bi+1,ri+1)= T(bi,ri); i:= i+1; End;
iu kin dng
Cp nn-vng th n trng vi cp nn vng xut pht: (bn,rn)= (bo,ro)
41
* Xc nh cp nn vng xut pht
Cp nn vng xut pht c xc nh bng cch duyt nh ln lt t
trn xung di v t tri sang phi im em u tin gp c cng vi
im trng trc (theo hng 4) to nn cp nn vng xut pht.
* Xc nh cp nn vng tip theo
u vo: pt, dir
V d: (3, 2) 4
Point orient []= {(1,0);(1;-1);(0;-1);(-1;-1);(-1;0);(-1,1);(0,1);(1,1)};
//Hm tm hng c im en gn nht
BYTE GextNextDir(POINT pt, BYTE dir)
{
BYTE pdir= (dir + 7)%8;
do{
if(getpixel(pt. x+orient [pdir]. x,pt.y+orient [pdir]. y))==BLACK)
return pdir;
pdir = (pdir + 7) %8;
}while(pdir ! = dir);
return. ERR; //im c lp
}
//Gn gi tr cho bc tip theo
pdir = GetNextDir(pt, dir);
if(pdir==ERR) //Kim tra c l im c lp khng?
return. ERR; //im c lp
pt. x = pt. x + orient [pdir]. x;
pt. y = pt. y + orient [pdir]. y ;
tnh gi tr cho hng tip theo ta lp bng da trn gi tr pdir
tnh c trc theo cc kh nng c th xy ra:
42
pdir im trng trc Trng so vi en mi
0 1 2
1 2 4
2 3 4
3 4 6
4 5 6
5 6 0
6 7 0
7 0 2
Do cng thc tnh hng tip theo s l :
dir= ((pdir+3)/ 2 * 2)%8 ;
43
Chng 4:
XNG V CC K THUT TM XNG
a) nh gc b) nh xng
Hnh 4.1. V d v nh v xng
K thut tm xng lun l ch nghin cu trong x l nh
nhng nm gn y. Mc d c nhng n lc cho vic pht trin cc
thut ton tm xng, nhng cc phng php c a ra u b mt
mt thng tin. C th chia thnh hai loi thut ton tm xng c bn:
Cc thut ton tm xng da trn lm mnh
Cc thut ton tm xng khng da trn lm mnh
44
Thut ton lm mnh l qu trnh lp duyt v kim tra tt c cc im
thuc i tng. Trong mi ln lp tt c cc im ca i tng s c
kim tra: nu nh chng tho mn iu kin xo no tu thuc vo mi
thut ton th n s b xo i. Qu trnh c lp li cho n khi khng cn
im bin no c xo. i tng c bc dn lp bin cho n khi no
b thu mnh li ch cn cc im bin.
Cc thut ton lm mnh c phn loi da trn phng php x l
cc im l thut ton lm mnh song song v thut ton lm mnh tun t.
Thut ton lm mnh song song, l thut ton m trong cc im
c x l theo phng php song song, tc l c x l cng mt lc.
Gi tr ca mi im sau mt ln lp ch ph thuc vo gi tr ca cc lng
ging bn cnh (thng l 8-lng ging) m gi tr ca cc im ny
c xc nh trong ln lp trc . Trong my c nhiu b vi x l mi
vi x l s x l mt vng ca i tng, n c quyn c t cc im
vng khc nhng ch c ghi trn vng ca n x l.
Trong thut ton lm mnh tun t cc im thuc i tng s c
kim tra theo mt th t no (chng hn cc im c xt t tri qua
phi, t trn xung di). Gi tr ca im sau mi ln lp khng nhng
ph thuc vo gi tr ca cc lng ging bn cnh m cn ph thuc vo
cc im c xt trc trong chnh ln lp ang xt.
Cht lng ca thut ton lm mnh c nh gi theo cc tiu
chun c lit k di y nhng khng nht thit phi tho mn ng
thi tt c cc tiu chun.
Bo ton tnh lin thng ca i tng v phn b ca i tng
S tng hp gia xng v cu trc ca nh i tng
Bo ton cc thnh phn lin thng
Bo ton cc im ct
Xng ch gm cc im bin, cng mnh cng tt
Bn vng i vi nhiu
Xng cho php khi phc nh ban u ca i tng
Xng thu c chnh gia ng nt ca i tng c
lm mnh
Xng nhn c bt bin vi php quay.
45
4.2.2. Mt s thut ton lm mnh
Trong phn ny im qua mt s c im, u v khuyt im ca cc
thut ton c nghin cu.
1o. Thut ton lm mnh c in l thut ton song song, to ra xng
8 lin thng, tuy nhin n rt chm, gy t nt, xo hon ton
mt s cu hnh nh.
2o. Thut ton lm mnh ca Toumazet bo ton tt c cc im ct
khng gy t nt i tng. Tuy nhin, thut ton c nhc im
l rt chm, rt nhy cm vi nhiu, xng ch l 4-lin thng v
khng lm mnh c vi mt s cu hnh phc tp
3o. Thut ton lm mnh ca Y.Xia da trn ng bin ca i
tng, c th ci t theo c phng php song song v tun t.
Tc ca thut ton rt nhanh. N c nhc im l gy t nt,
xng to ra l xng gi (c dy l 2 phn t nh).
4o. Thut ton lm mnh ca N.J.Naccache v R.Shinghal. Thut ton
c u im l nhanh, xng to ra c kh nng khi phc nh ban
u ca i tng. Nhc im chnh ca thut ton l rt nhy
vi nhiu, xng nhn c phn nh cu trc ca i tng thp.
5o. Thut ton lm mnh ca H.E.Lu P.S.P Wang tng i nhanh,
gi c tnh lin thng ca nh, nhng li c nhc im l
xng to ra l xng 4-lin thng v xo mt mt s cu
hnh nh.
6o. Thut ton lm mnh ca P.S.P Wang v Y.Y.Zhang da trn
ng bin ca i tng, c th ci t theo phng php song
song hoc tun t, xng l 8-lin thng, t chu nh hng ca
nhiu. Nhc im chnh ca thut ton l tc chm.
7o. Thut ton lm mnh song song thun tu nhanh nht trong cc
thut ton trn, bo ton tnh lin thng, t chu nh hng ca
nhiu. Nhc im l xo hon ton mt s cu hnh nh, xng
to ra l xng 4-lin thng.
46
Bc th nht, tnh khong cch t mi im nh ca i tng n
im bin gn nht. Nh vy cn phi tnh ton khong cch ti tt c
cc im bin ca nh.
Bc th hai, khong cch nh c tnh ton v cc im nh c
gi tr ln nht c xem l nm trn xng ca i tng.
47
nh ngha 4.4 [Tp cc im bin sinh]
Cho map(x, y) l khong cch ngn nht t (x, y) n bin (theo nh
ngha 4.3). Ta nh ngha: map-1(x, y) = {p| p B(S), d(p,
(x, y)):=map(x, y)}
Khi tp cc im bin sinh ^B(S) c nh ngha bi:
^B(S) = map-1(x, y), (x, y) S (4.5)
Do S c th cha cc ng bin ri nhau, nn ^B(S) bao gm nhiu
tp con, mi tp m t mt ng bin phn bit:
^B(S)={B1(S),..BN(S)} (4.6)
nh ngha 4.5 [Trc trung v Voronoi ri rc (DVMA)]
Trc trung v Voronoi ri rc c nh ngha l kt qu ca s
Voronoi bc nht ri rc ca tp cc im bin sinh giao vi hnh sinh S :
DVMA(^B(S)) = Vor(^B(S)) S (4.7)
a) b)
c) d)
48
4.3.4. Thut ton tm xng
Trong mc ny s trnh by tng c bn ca thut ton tm xng
v m t bng ngn ng ta Pascal.
Tng trng: Vic tnh ton s Voronoi c bt u t mt im
sinh trong mt phng. Sau im sinh th hai c thm vo v qu trnh
tnh ton tip tc vi a gic Voronoi tm c vi im va c thm
vo . C nh th, qu trnh tnh ton s Voronoi c thc hin cho
n khi khng cn im sinh no c thm vo. Nhc im ca chin
lc ny l mi khi mt im mi c thm vo, n c th gy ra s phn
vng ton b cc a gic Voronoi c tnh.
Chia tr: Tp cc im bin u tin c chia thnh hai tp im
c kch c bng nhau. Sau thut ton tnh ton s Voronoi cho c hai
tp con im bin . Cui cng, ngi ta thc hin vic ghp c hai s
Voronoi trn thu c kt qu mong mun. Tuy nhin, vic chia tp cc
im bin thnh hai phn khng phi c thc hin mt ln, m c lp
li nhiu ln cho n khi vic tnh ton s Voronoi tr nn n gin. V
th, vic tnh s Voronoi tr thnh vn lm th no trn hai s
Voronoi li vi nhau.
Thut ton s trnh by y l s kt hp ca hai tng trn. Tuy
nhin, n s mang nhiu dng dp ca thut ton chia tr.
Hnh 4.3 minh ho tng ca thut ton ny. Mi mt im bin
c chia thnh hai phn (bn tri: 1- 6, bn phi: 7-11) bi ng gp
khc , v hai s Voronoi tng ng Vor(SL) v Vor(SR). thu c
s Vornonoi Vor(SL SR), ta thc hin vic trn hai s trn v xc
nh li mt s a gic s b sa i do nh hng ca cc im bn cnh
thuc s kia. Mi phn t ca s l mt b phn ca ng trung trc
ni hai im m mt im thuc Vor(SL) v mt thuc Vor(SR). Trc khi
xy dng , ta tm ra phn t u v cui ca n. Nhn vo hnh trn, ta
nhn thy rng cnh 1 v 5 l cc tia. D nhn thy rng vic tm ra cc
cnh u v cui ca tr thnh vic tm cnh vo t v cnh ra t.
3 1 t 7 CH(SL)
1 11
CH(SR) 6
4 9
2 10
5 t
5 8
Hnh 4.3. Minh ho thut ton trn hai s Voronoi
49
Sau khi tm c t v t, cc im cui ca t c s dng xy
dng phn t u tin ca (1 trong hnh trn). Sau thut ton tm im
giao ca vi Vor(SL) v Vor(SR). Trong v d trn, u tin giao vi
V(3). K t y, cc im nm trn phn ko di s gn im 6 hn im
3. Do , phn t tip theo 2 ca s thuc vo ng trung trc ca im
6 v im 7. Sau im giao tip theo ca s thuc v Vor(SL); by
gi s i vo V(9) v 2 s c thay th bi 3. Qu trnh ny s kt thc
khi gp phn t cui 5.
Trn y ch l minh ho cho thut trn hai s Voronoi trong chin
lc chia tr. Tuy nhin, trong thut ton s trnh by y th s thc
hin c khc mt cht. Tp cc im nh khng phi c a vo ngay t
u m s c qut vo tng dng mt. Gi s ti bc th i, ta thu c
mt s Voronoi gm i-1 hng cc im sinh Vor(Si-1). Tip theo, ta qut
ly mt hng Li cc im nh t tp cc im bin cn li. Thc hin vic
tnh s Voronoi Vor(Li) cho hng ny, sau trn Vor(Si-1) vi Vor(Li).
Kt qu ta s c mt s mi, v li thc hin vic qut hng Li+1 cc
im sinh cn li v.v.. Qu trnh ny s kt thc khi khng cn im bin no
thm vo s Voronoi. Do Vor(Li) s c dng rng lc (nu Li c k
im th Vor(Li) s gm k-1 ng thng ng), nn vic trn Vor(Si-1) vi
Vor(Li) c phn n gin hn.
v5
p8 p9 v2 p10
t p6 v4 p7
v1
v3
t
p5
v6 p4
Cc im thuc p1 p2 p3
Si-1
Procedure VORONOI
(*Si: Tp cc im ca i dng qut u tin,
0 <= i <=iMAX,
Vor(Si) s Vorronoi ca Si *)
50
Begin
i:=0; Si:=rng;
51
Chng 5:
CC K THUT HU X L
h>
52
tng t vi hai ng cong va tm c. Trong trng hp ngc li,
kt qu ca thut ton n gin ho l hai im u mt ca ng cong.
Thut ton Douglas-Peucker:
Bc 1: Chn ngng .
Bc 2: Tm khong cch ln nht t ng cong ti on thng
ni hai u on ng cong h.
Bc 3: Nu h th dng.
Bc 4: Nu h > th gi li im t cc i ny v quay tr li
bc 1.
Nhn xt: Thut ton ny t ra thun li i vi cc ng cong thu nhn
c m gc l cc on thng, ph hp vi vic n gin ho trong qu
trnh vct cc bn v k thut, s thit k mch in v.v..
5.1.2.2. Chng trnh
//Hm tnh ng cao t dinh n on thng ni hai im dau, cuoi
float Tinhduongcao (POINT dau, POINT cuoi, POINT dinh)
{
floot h;
tnh ng cao
returm h ;
}
//Hm quy nhm nh du loi b cc im trong ng cong
void DPSimple(POINT *pLINE,int dau,int cuoi,BOOL *chiso,float )
{
int i, index = dau;
float h, hmax = 0;
for(i = dau + 1; i < cuoi; i++)
{
h= Tinhduongcao(pLINE[dau], pLINE[cuoi]; pLINE[i]);
if(h > hmax)
{
hmax = h;
index = i;
53
}
}
if(hmax )
for(i= dau + 1; i < cuoi, i++)
chiso[i] = FALSE;
else
{
DPSimple(PLINE, dau, index, chiso, );
DPSimple(PLINE, index, cuoi, chiso, ) ;
}
}
//Hm rt gn s lng im DouglasPeucker
int DouglasPeucker(POINT *pLINE, int n, float )
{
int i, j;
BOOL chiso [MAX_PT];
for(i = 0; i < m; i++) //Tt c cc im c gi li
chiso[i] = TRUE;
DPSimple(pLINE, 0, n 1, chiso, );
for(i = j = 0; i < n; i ++)
if (chiso [i] ==TRUE)
pLINE[j++] = pLINE[i];
return j;
}
54
P3
P2
di P4
dk
P1 P5
Hnh 5.2. n gin ha ng cong vi thut ton Band Width
55
5.1.3.2. Chng trnh
//Hm tnh ng cao t nh n on thng ni hai im dau, cuoi
float Tinhduongcao(POINT dau, POINT cuoi, POINT dinh)
{
floot h;
tnh ng cao
returm h ;
}
//Hm quy nhm nh du loi b cc im trong ng cong
void BWSimple(POINT *pLINE, int chot, int tg, BOOL *chiso,
float , int n)
{
if(Tinhduongcao(pLINE[chot], pLINE[tg+1], pLINE[tg]) )
chiso[tg] = 0;
else
chot = tg;
tg = tg + 1
if(tg < n - 1)
BWSimple (pLINE, chot, tg, chiso, , n) ;
}
//Hm rt gn s lng im BandWidth
int BandWidth(POINT *pLINE, int n, floot )
{
int i, j;
BOOL chiso [MAX_PT];
for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
chiso[i]= TRUE; //Tt c cc im c gi li
BWSimple(pLINE, 0, 1, chiso, , n);
for(i= j= 0; i < n; i++)
if(chiso [i]== TRUE)
56
pLINE [j ++1] = pLINE [i];
return j;
}
P5
P1
Hnh 5.3. n gin ha ng cong vi thut ton Angles
57
if(Tinhgoc(pLINE[chot], pLINE[tg], pLINE[tg+1]) > )
chiso[tg] = FALSE;
else
chot = tg;
tg = tg + 1;
if(tg < n - 1)
ALSimple(pLINE, chot, tg, chiso, , n);
}
//Hm rt gn s lng im Angles
int Angles(POINT *pLINE, int n, float )
{
int i, j, chiso [MAX];
for (i = 0; i < n; i++) //Tt c cc im c gi li
chiso[i]= TRUE;
ALSiple (PLINE, 0, 1 chiso, , n) ;
for (i = j = 0; i < n; i++)
if (chiso ==TRUE)
pLINE[j++]= pLINE [i];
return j;
}
* Ch :
Vi = 0 thut ton DouglasPeucker v BandWidth s b i cc im
gia thng hng. Thut ton Angles phi c = 180o b i cc im gia
thng hng.
58
s, c th c nhiu cch tip cn xp x khc nhau. Cch xp x da trn cc
c trng c bn sau:
c trng ton cc: Cc m men thng k, s o hnh hc nh chu
vi, din tch, tp ti u cc hnh ch nht ph hay ni tip a gic v.v..
c trng a phng: Cc s o c trng ca ng cong nh
gc, im li, lm, un, cc tr v.v..
Bt bin Bt bin
ng dng Aphin
ng trn Ellipse
Ellipse Tam gic
Hnh ch nht T gic
59
Trong
n 1 2
area (V0 LVm1 )
d = minr
0 2 , R 2
j =0
kR U j + a V( j + d ) mod m , k=
area (U 0 LU n 1 )
, vi R l
d
Trong thc hnh tnh tch phn trn ngi ta thng s dng cng
thc Green hoc c th phn tch phn bn trong a gic thnh tng i s
ca cc tam gic c hng OUiUi+1 .
U U2
1
f ( x, y) x
Pg
p
y q dxdy =
- n 1
U0 U3
sign( x y
i =0
i i +1 xi +1 yi )
O(0,0)
- f ( x, y) x
OU iU i +1
p
y q dxdy
Un-
Hnh 5.6. Phn tch min a gic thnh tng i s cc min tam gic
60
a. Xp x a gic bng ng trn
Dng phng php bnh phng ti thiu, ta c o xp x:
1 n 2
E(Pg,Cr)= min
a ,b ,cR
n i =1
( xi + yi2 + axi + byi + c) 2
61
d. Xp x a gic bi a gic u n cnh
Gi M(x0,y0) l trng tm ca a gic, ly mt nh Q tu ca a
gic, xt a gic u n cnh Pg to bi nh Q vi tm l M.
K hiu E(Pg, Pg)= area ( Pg ) area ( Pg ' )
+ Bc 2:
Xc nh bin i aphin T chuyn a gic thnh a gic Pg dng
chun tc (tho mn tnh cht (**)).
Xp x a gic Pg vi dng chun tc c s Pg tm c bc 1 vi
o xp x E(Pg,Pg).
+ Bc 3:
Kt lun, a gic ban u xp x T-1(Pg) vi o xp x E(Pg,Pg).
62
i vi bc 1 trong [7] a ra hai v d sau:
V d 1:
Tn ti duy nht tam gic u P1P2P3 tho mn tnh cht (**) l
4
28 3
=
P1=(0,-2),P2= ( 3, ) , P3= ( 3, ) , 3 .
V d 2:
Tn ti hai hnh vung P1P2 P3 P4 tho mn tnh cht (**)
Hnh vung th nht c 4 nh tng ng l (-p,-p),(-p,p), (p,-
34
p),(p,p), vi p= 4
Hnh vung th hai c 4 nh tng ng l (-p,0),(p,0), (0,-p),(0,p),
4
vi p= 3 .
63
* Phng php:
- Xy dng mng ch s [a, b] v gn gi tr 0 ban u cho tt c cc
phn t ca mng
- Vi mi (xi; yi) v a, b l ch s ca phn t mng tho mn
b = - xia + yi tng gi tr ca phn t mng tng ng ln 1
- Tm phn t mng c gi tr ln nht nu gi tr ln nht tm c so
vi s phn t ln hn hoc bng ngng cho trc th ta c th kt lun
cc im nm trn cng 1 ng thng v ng thng c phng trnh
y = ax + b trong a, b tng ng l ch s ca phn t mng c gi tr ln
nht tm c:
V d:
Cho 5 im (0, 1); (1, 3); (2, 5); (3, 5); (4, 9) v = 80%. Hy kim
tra xem 5 im cho c nm trn cng mt ng thng hay khng? Hy
cho bit phng trnh ng thng nu c?
- Lp bng ch s [a, b] v gn gi tr 0
+ (0, 1): b = 1
+ (1, 3): b = -a + 3
+ (2, 5): b = -2a + 5
+ (3, 5): b = -3a + 5
+ (4, 9): b = -4a + 9
- Tm phn t ln nht c gi tr 4
4/5 = 80%
- Kt lun: 5 im ny nm trn cng 1 ng thng
Phng trnh: y = 2x + 1
64
0
y
r
x.cos+y.sin=r
x
Hnh 5.9. ng thng Hough trong to cc
65
cc gc lch thay i. Gc nghing vn bn tng ng vi gc c tng ga
tr mng tch lu cc i.
Theo bin i Hough, mi mt ng thng trong mt phng tng
ng c biu din bi mt cp (r,). Gi s ta c mt im nh (x,y) trong
mt phng, v qua im nh ny c v s ng thng, mi ng thng li
cho mt cp (r,) nn vi mi im nh ta s xc nh c mt s cp
(r,) tho mn phng trnh Hough.
x.cos+y.sin=r1
0
Hough[][r1]=3 y
x.cos+y.sin=r2
Hough[][r1]=4
66
+ Bc 4: Trong mng Hough[][r] tnh tng gi tr cc phn t theo
tng dng v xc nh dng c tng gi tr ln nht.
Do s phn t ca mt phn t mng Hough[0][r0] chnh l s im
nh thuc ng thng x.cos0+y.sin0= r0 v vy tng s phn t ca mt
hng chnh l tng s im nh thuc cc ng thng tng ng c
biu din bi gc ca hng . Do , gc nghing ca ton vn bn
chnh l hng c tng gi tr cc phn t mng ln nht.
67
Ph lc 1:
MT S NH DNG TRONG X L NH
1. nh dng nh IMG
nh IMG l nh en trng, phn u ca nh IMG c 16 byte
cha cc thng tin:
6 byte u: dng nh du nh dng nh. Gi tr ca 6
byte ny vit di dng Hexa: 0x0001 0x0008 0x0001
2 byte tip theo: cha di mu tin. l di ca dy
cc byte k lin nhau m dy ny s c lp li mt s ln
no . S ln lp ny s c lu trong byte m. Nhiu dy
ging nhau c lu trong mt byte.
4 byte tip: m t kch c pixel.
2 byte tip: s pixel trn mt dng nh.
2 byte cui: s dng nh trong nh.
nh IMG c nn theo tng dng, mi dng bao gm cc gi
(pack). Cc dng ging nhau cng c nn thnh mt gi. C 4 loi
gi sau:
Loi 1: Gi cc dng ging nhau.
Quy cch gi tin ny nh sau: 0x00 0x00 0xFF Count. Ba byte
u tin cho bit s cc dy ging nhau, byte cui cho bit s cc
dng ging nhau.
Loi 2: Gi cc dy ging nhau.
Quy cch gi tin ny nh sau: 0x00 Count. Byte th hai cho bit
s cc dy ging nhau c nn trong gi. di ca dy ghi
u tp.
Loi 3: Dy cc Pixel khng ging nhau, khng lp li v
khng nn c.
Quy cch gi tin ny nh sau: 0x80 Count. Byte th hai cho bit
di dy cc pixel khng ging nhau khng nn c.
68
Loi 4: Dy cc Pixel ging nhau.
Tu theo cc bt cao ca byte u tin c bt hay tt. Nu bt
cao c bt (gi tr 1) th y l gi nn cc byte ch gm bt 0, s
cc byte c nn c tnh bi 7 bt thp cn li. Nu bt cao tt
(gi tr 0) th y l gi nn cc byte gm ton bt 1. S cc byte
c nn c tnh bi 7 bt cn li.
Cc gi tin ca file IMG rt a dng do nh IMG l nh en
trng, do vy ch cn 1 bt cho 1 pixel thay v 4 hoc 8 nh ni
trn. Ton b nh ch c nhng im sng v ti tng ng vi gi
tr 1 hoc 0. T l nn ca kiu nh dng ny l kh cao.
2. nh dng nh PCX
nh dng nh PCX l mt trong nhng nh dng nh c in.
N s dng phng php m ho lot di RLE (Run Length
Encoded) nn d liu nh. Qu trnh nn v gii nn c thc
hin trn tng dng nh. Thc t, phng php gii nn PCX km
hiu qu hn so vi kiu IMG. Tp PCX gm 3 phn: u tp
(header), d liu nh (Image data) v bng mu m rng.
Header ca tp PCX c kch thc c nh gm 128 byte v
c phn b nh sau:
1 byte: ch ra kiu nh dng.Nu l PCX/PCC th n lun c
gi tr l 0Ah.
1 byte: ch ra version s dng nn nh, c th c cc gi
tr sau:
+ 0: version 2.5.
+ 2: version 2.8 vi bng mu.
+ 3: version 2.8 hay 3.0 khng c bng mu.
+ 5: version 3.0 c bng mu.
1 byte: ch ra phng php m ho. Nu l 0 th m ho theo
phng php BYTE PACKED, ngc li l phng
php RLE.
1 byte: S bt cho mt im nh plane.
1 word: to gc tri ca nh. Vi kiu PCX n c gi tr l
(0,0), cn PCC th khc (0,0).
1 word: to gc phi di.
1 word: kch thc b rng v b cao ca nh.
69
1 word: s im nh.
1 word: phn gii mn hnh.
1 word.
48 byte: chia n thnh 16 nhm, mi nhm 3 byte. Mi nhm
ny cha thng tin v mt thanh ghi mu. Nh vy ta c 16
thanh ghi mu.
1 byte: khng dng n v lun t l 0.
1 byte: s bt plane m nh s dng. Vi nh 16 mu, gi tr
ny l 4, vi nh 256 mu (1pixel/8bits) th s bt plane li
l 1.
1 byte: s bytes cho mt dng qut nh.
1 word: kiu bng mu.
58 byte: khng dng.
nh dng nh PCX thng c dng lu tr nh v thao
tc n gin, cho php nn v gii nn nhanh. Tuy nhin, v cu trc
ca n c nh, nn trong mt s trng hp lm tng kch thc lu
tr. Cng v nhc im ny m mt s ng dng s dng mt kiu
nh dng khc mm do hn: nh dng TIFF (Targed Image File
Format) s m t di y.
3. nh dng nh TIFF
Kiu nh dng TIFF c thit k lm nh bt cc vn
lin quan n vic m rng tp nh c nh. V cu trc, n cng
gm 3 phn chnh:
Phn Header(IFH): c trong tt c cc tp TIFF v gm
8 byte:
+ 1 word: ch ra kiu to tp trn my tnh PC hay my
Macintosh. Hai loi ny khc nhau rt ln th t cc
byte lu tr trong cc s di 2 hay 4 byte. Nu trng
ny c gi tr l 4D4Dh th l nh cho my Macintosh,
nu l 4949h l ca my PC.
+ 1 word: version. t ny lun c gi tr l 42. y l c
trng ca file TIFF v khng thay i.
+ 2 word: gi tr Offset theo byte tnh t u ti cu trc
IFD l cu trc th hai ca file. Th t cc byte ny ph
thuc vo du hiu trng u tin.
70
Phn th 2(IFD): Khng ngay sau cu trc IFH m v tr
c xc nh bi trng Offset trong u tp. C th c mt
hay nhiu IFD cng tn ti trong mt file.
Mt IFD bao gm:
+ 2 byte: cha cc DE ( Directory Entry).
+ 12 byte l cc DE xp lin tip, mi DE chim 12 byte.
+ 4 byte: cha Offset tr ti IFD tip theo. Nu y l IFD
cui cng th trng ny c gi tr 0.
Phn th 3: cc DE: cc DE c d di c nh gm 12 byte
v chia lm 4 phn:
+ 2 byte: ch ra du hiu m tp nh c xy dng.
+ 2 byte: kiu d liu ca tham s nh. C 5 kiu tham s
c bn:
1: BYTE (1 byte)
2: ASCII (1 byte)
3: SHORT (2 byte).
4: LONG (4 byte)
5: RATIONAL (8 byte)
+ 4 byte: trng di cha s lng ch mc ca kiu d
liu ch ra. N khng phi l tng s byte cn thit
lu tr. c s liu ny ta cn nhn s ch mc vi kiu
d liu dng.
+ 4 byte: l Offset ti im bt u d liu lin quan ti
du hiu, tc l lin quan vi DE khng phi lu tr vt
l cng vi n nm mt v tr no trong file.
D liu cha trong tp thng c t chc thnh cc nhm
dng (ct) qut ca d liu nh. Cch t chc ny lm gim b nh
cn thit cho vic c tp. Vic gii nn c thc hin theo 4 kiu
khc nhau c lu tr trong byte du hiu nn.
71
4. nh dng file nh BITMAP
Mi file BITMAP gm u file cha cc thng tin chung v file,
u thng tin cha cc thng tin v nh, mt bng mu v mt mng
d liu nh. Khun dng c cho nh sau:
BITMAPFILEHEADER bmfh;
BITMAPINFOHEADER bmih;
RGBQUAD aColors[];
BYTE aBitmapBits[];
Trong , cc cu trc c nh ngha nh sau:
typedef struct tagBITMAPFILEHEADER { /* bmfh */
UINT bfType;
DWORD bfSize;
UINT bfReserved1;
UINT bfReserved2;
DWORD bfOffBits;
} BITMAPFILEHEADER;
typedef struct tagBITMAPINFOHEADER { /* bmih */
DWORD biSize;
LONG biWidth;
LONG biHeight;
WORD biPlanes;
WORD biBitCount;
DWORD biCompression;
DWORD biSizeImage;
LONG biXPelsPerMeter;
LONG biYPelsPerMeter;
DWORD biClrUsed;
DWORD biClrImportant;
} BITMAPINFOHEADER, *LPBITMAPINFOHEADER;
vi
biSize kch thc ca BITMAPINFOHEADER
biWidth Chiu rng ca nh, tnh bng s im nh
biHeight Chiu cao ca nh, tnh bng s im nh
72
biPlanes S plane ca thit b, phi bng 1
biBitCount S bit cho mt im nh
biCompression Kiu nn
biSizeImage Kch thc ca nh tnh bng byte
phn gii ngang ca thit b, tnh bng im nh trn
biXPelsPerMeter
met
phn gii dc ca thit b, tnh bng im nh trn
biYPelsPerMeter
met
biClrUsed S lng cc mu thc s c s dng
S lng cc mu cn thit cho vic hin th, bng 0 nu
biClrImportant
tt c cc mu u cn hin th
Nu bmih.biBitCount > 8 th mng mu rgbq[] trng, ngc li th
mng mu c 2<< bmih.biBitCount phn t.
typedef struct tagRGBQUAD { /* rgbq */
BYTE rgbBlue;
BYTE rgbGreen;
BYTE rgbRed;
BYTE rgbReserved;
} RGBQUAD;
Ta cng c:
typedef struct tagBITMAPINFO {
BITMAPINFOHEADER bmiHeader;
RGBQUAD bmiColors[1];
} BITMAPINFO, *PBITMAPINFO;
73
Ph lc 2:
CC BC THAO TC VI FILE AVI
1. Bc 1: M v ng th vin
Trc mi thao tc vi file AVI, chng ta phi m th vin:
AVIFileInit( )
Hm ny khng cn tham s, c nhim v khi ng th vin
cung cp cc hm thao tc vi file AVI. ( l th vin vfw32.lib,
c khai bo trong file vfw.h).
Sau tt c cc thao tc bn phi nh ng th vin m lc
u, ch bng lnh:
AVIFileExit( )
Nu thiu bt c hm no, d l m hay ng th vin th trnh
bin dch u s thng bo li.
74
3. Bc 3:
M dng d liu hnh nh hay m thanh trong file AVI m ra
thao tc:
AVIFileGetStream(PAVIFILE pfile, PAVISTREAM * ppavi,
DWORD fccType, LONG lParam)
Trong , pfile l con tr n file m; ppavi tr n dng d
liu kt qu; fccType l loi dng d liu chn m, l
streamtypeAUDIO nu l ting v streamtypeVIDEO nu l hnh,
lParam m s loi dng c m, l 0 nu ch thao tc vi mt loi
dng d liu.
Sau cc thao tc vi dng d liu ny, bn nh phi ng n li:
AVIStreamRelease(PAVITREAM pavi).
5. Bc 5: Thao tc vi frame
Dng hm
AVIStreamGetFrame(PGETFRAME pget, LONG lpos)
Hm ny tr v con tr tr n d liu ca frame th lpos. D
liu c kiu l DIB nh khi.
Thc hin cc thao tc mong mun.
75
TI LIU THAM KHO
76