'Mc-Xob Kwkvim-C-Øns Asn-Sbm-Gp-°P-Iƒ: SN - Apl - ZV

`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c-ns
ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
Sn.apl-Zv
Ckvem-anIv ]n-jnwKv lukv

tImgn-tmSv, Xncp-h\-
- ]- p-cw, Fd-Wm-Ipfw, Xriq, Iq
4 `mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
Sn. apl-Zv
P\\w : ae-pdw Pn-bnse sImSn-n, 1917-.
]nXmhv : X-cm-n AlvaZv Ipn
amXmhv : Imcm-S ]mp
Bdp hb-p--tm ]nXmhv ac-W-s-p. AtXmsS kvIq
hnZym- ` ymkw cmw- X - c - n shv Ah- k m- \ n- n- t - n- h - p.
]noSv hnZym-`ymkw ]n-Zkp-I-fn-tev amdn. ^tdm-nse duZ-
p Deqw Ad-_nIv tImtf-Pn\nv Ad_nC-kvem-anI ]T\w
]qn-bm-n. ]noSv Imk-tms Benbm Ad-_nIv tImtf-Pp-
ambn _-s-p. AhnsS A[ym-]-I-\m-bn.
CS-m-ev apkvenw eoKp-ambn _-s-n-cp-p-sh-nepw hn`-
P-\m-\-cw Pam-As Ckvem-an-bn BIr-jvS-\m-bn. AXn
AwKXzw t\Sn. 1950- sImn-bn Pam-Av {]h-I-\mbn
\ntbm-Kn--s-p. XpSv Pam-As Ckveman tIcf imJ-bpsS
Jnw (sk-{I--dn), BIvSnwKv Aao, IqSn-bm-tem-N-\m-k-an-Xn-bw-Kw,
tI{ {]Xn-\n[n k`mwKw Fo m\- hln-p. 1959 apX
1970 hsc Pam-As Ckvem-an-bpsS apJ-]-{X-amb {]t_m-[-\-
ns apJy ]{Xm-[n-]-cm-bn-cp-p.
Ckvem-anIv ]n-jnwKv lukns A[y--\mbpw tkh-\-a-\p-
jvTn-n-p-v. sF.-]n.-F-ns hf-bn At-l-ns ]v hfsc
hep-Xm-Wv. 1988 Pqsse 10-\v \ncym-X-\m-bn.
IrXn- I :
`mc- X ob kwkv I m- c - ns ASn- s bm- g p- p- I
Hcp PmXn Hcp ssZhw
Ckv e m- a nse \thm- m\ {]m- \ -
A_p AAv e m
bphm- bpK- i n]n- I
Ckv e m- a nse C_m- Z v
B[p\nI Nn- I
X_n-bv : Fv, Fn-\v, Fs\?
kv{Xo Ckvem-anepw CXc kwkvIm-c--fnepw
[a- k - a cw
knlv
cq]hpw bmYmYyhpw (hn- h - \ w)
\nam- W hpw kwlm- c hpw (hn- h - \ w)
JXv a p- p- _ p- v (hn- h - \ w)
ssZh- k - ]w Ime- L - - - f n- e qsS (hn- h - \ w)
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I 5
D-Sw
BapJw
`mKw 1
1. [a-kw-m-]-I
Irjv W s IY
Ipcp- t - { X- b pw
{]hm- N - I - X zhpw Ah- X m- c hpw
Ah- X m- c -
`mc- X ob {]hm- N - I cpw apkv e nw- I fpw
2. am\-ZWvUw
AZr- i y- b m- Y mYy- - f n- e p hnizmkw
GI- s sZ- h Xz hn`m- h \w
]c- t emI hnizmkw
]mc- e u- I nI [manI hoWw
aX- m- ] - I s hnizm- k yX
{]hm- N - I s\ AwKo- I - c n-
3. a\p-tjym-n-bpsS IY
Umhn- \ nkw
\c- h w- i - N - c n{Xw
\nbm- Xm a\p- j y
{]mIrX aX- t _m[w
a\p- j y- N - c n- { Xhpw `mc- X hpw
4. ]pcm-hkvXp Kth-jWw
]pcm- X - X z- \ n- c o- - W - ns {]m[m\yw
DXv J - \ - \ hpw Kth- j - W hpw
Ime- \ nWbw
AWp- i m- k v { X- ns klmbw
kXym- t \z- j W hnIm- c - ns A\n- h m- c yX
5. `mc-X--ga
a\p- j y- N - c n- { X- ns Bcw`w `mc- X - ntem?
"Cy' F \ma- t [bw
CymNcn- { X- nse hnhn[ L-
6. `mc-Xob aX-km-ln-Xy-
thZ- k w- l n- X - I
{_m- W -
Bc- W y- I - AYhm h\y- I r- X n- I
D]- \ n- j - p- I
sshZnI kmlnXyw Fm
{][m\ D]- \ n- j - p- I
sshZnI kmlnXy ]nI
kv a rXn- I
CXn- l m- k -
]pcm- W -
thZmw- K -
jUv Z i- \ -
7. hK hn`-P\w
hK- k n- mw
hW- t a- [ m- h nXzw Cy- b n
hK-ta-[m-hnXzw Ckvem-anI ZrjvSym
hwi- ] m- c - cyw
Pe- { ]- f - b - I Y
Ncn- { X- ] - c X
Xmh- g n- I
bms^- ns hwi- ] - c - c
lmans hwi- ] - c - c
tians hwi- ] - c - c
\ncq- ] Ww
`mjm- h K-
ico- c m- I rXn
aX- h K-
8. knp-XS kwkvImcw
tamlP- Z m- t dmbpw lc- bpw
\K- c - k w- h n- [ m\w
Ir{Xn- a - I p- f hpw Ipfn- a p- d n- I fpw
hoSp-I 95
tZl- { ]- I r- X nbpw thj- ` q- j m- Z n- I fpw
Ifn- t m- p- I
t{Xhpw tZhm- e - b hpw
ap{Z- I
Krtlm- ] - I - c - W -
hntZ- i - _ w
iv a im- \ -
Ime- \ nWbw
9. Bcy-Z-kyp-{]iv\w
kwLj- ns cqX
Akpc t\Xm- am- c psS hn\miw
kwLj ImcWw
imco- c nI eWw
]Wv U n- X am- c psS A`n- { ]mbw
Zkyp- {Zmhn-U-cm-bn-cpp
Xncp-bm-^nYpw {ZmhnUpw
10. knp-X-Shpw saskm-sm-t-an-bbpw
saskm- s m- t - a nb
kpta- c n- b kwkv I mcw
saskm- s m- t - a n- b Ncn- { X- n- m- [ mcw
aX- h n- i zmkw
aXhpw kmaq- l nI \oXnbpw
lp- d m- _ nbpw A{am- s êpw
11. aX-]-c-amb ASpw
sskh kwkv I m- c - nse aXw
tZh- ] qP
12. kmwkvIm-cn--ssIIyw
ih- k w- k v I mc{Iaw
B`- c W \namW coXn
hkv { Xm- e - mc coXn
{]fb IY-bpsS hym]vXn
Nn{X- ns adp- h iw
t\ml {]Ya ZqX
GIXz Zi\w
t\ml- b psS A\p- b m- b n- I
km_n aX- ns ]ucm- W n- I X
13. Zkyp Zi\w
thZw Fm
thZ-nse apJy {]Xn-]mZyw
EtKzZw \Ip kqN-\-I
Zmi- c m- - b pw
`n-hn-cp--amb cv Nnm amK-
Kth- j - I am- c psS \nK- a - \ -
D]- \ n- j - p- I - f nse Zi\w
cp- X cw hnZym- i m- e - I
]p\Pa- h mZw
D]- \ n- j - p- I sshZnI aXs hnain- pp
{_m- W am- c psS Kpcp- am A{_m- - W
Zkyp- Z i- \ - n\n- p- b nsm aX-
`mKw 2
14. Bcyam
aqe IpSpw_w
"{]Xv \ Hmkv '
"\c- k nwlw'
"t_mLm- k v t Imbv ' tZh- m
anm\n hKw
lnssp hwiw
Acmapw Bcy\pw
Acmapw Jp- B \pw
C{ sImp- h "bZp- '
8 `mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
`mjm sshPmXyw
Ncn- { X- ] - c X
15. skan-nIv hKw
tiay-hK-m-cpsS BZy Xd-hmSv
B[p-\nI ]n-X-m-cpsS \nK-a-\-
skan- n- p- I m- c psS ]em- b \w
Ad- _ n- I saskm- s ]m- t - a n- b - b n
B[p- \ nI Kth- j Ww
Ftdv km{amPyw
AmUv km{amPyw
laq- d m_n
CS- b Xzw skan- n- p- I m- c psS Ipe- s m- g n
16. skann-p-Im CuPn-]vXn
am\o- t ms kmyw
ss__n- f ns {]kv X m- h \
tbmtk- ^ ns Ncn{Xw
tbmtk- ^ ns X{w
tZiob hntcm[w
slIv t kmkv `c- W - ns t\-
CS- b - c m- P m- - m- c psS tZio- b X
aqkm- \ - _ n- b psS Imes ^n- H u
`c- W - nse Nne hK-
17. skan-nIv {]hm-l-ns hym]vXn
^n\ojy
ImtPv
^n\o- j ycpw ]Wn- I fpw
{Iov
ssat\mkpw "abo'Imcpw
Cdm
sskdkv AYhm tImciv
ZpJss\
bmPq- P v - - a m- P qPv
ZpJss\ F kwv \nZm\w
sskd- k ns hwiw
18. BZphwihpw Bcy-hKhpw
Jp- B \pw Ncn- { Xhpw
BZp- h w- i - ns Bhm- k - t I{w
`c- W - h Kw
Cy- b n
inbpw {]`m- h hpw
Al-m-chpw Zpc-`n-am-\hpw
AXn- { I- a hpw {Iqc- X bpw
hmkv X p- h nZy
[\- i - nbpw P\- i - nbpw
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
_lp- s sZ- h - h mZw

Cdapw Bcy\pw
BZns hn\miw
19. lqZns kap-Zmbw
Hcp {]mNo\ tcJ-bpsS IY
ba-\nse {]mNo\ cmjv{S-
an\m- b n- b kns Imew
an\m- b n- b cmjv { S- ns tI{w
epJv a m
epJv a ms kZp- ] - t Ziw
t{ImUo- I rX XXz- m\w
20. kaqZv hwihpw Bcyamcpw
kaq- Z ns Bhm- k - t I{w
kaqZv hwi- ns khn- t i- j - X - I
Ime- L w
inev ] - I em sshZKv [ yw
ImjnI P\X
_lp- s sZ- h Xzw
t_mLm- k v t Imbv J\\w
lnssv k pw ss__nfpw
sshZnI tZh-m
anm- \ n- I
kaqZpw an- nbpw
ckm-h-l-amb Hcp Iv
21. cXv\-p-cpw
Bcy- h w- i - ns aqe- X - d - h mSv
skan-n-p-Im-cpsS hym]vXn
skan-n-p-Im-cpsS BZn tI{w
cm- a s BZv
kaqZp hwiw
22. Bcy kwkvImcw
EtKzZ kwlnX
EtKzZ Imew
tZh- X - I
Bcy- k - a p- Z m- b - ns Ncn{Xw
IpSpw- _ - P o- h nXw
EtKz- Z - nse kmlnXyw
Jp- B - t \mSp kmZriyw
23. `mc-Xob XXz-Nn
XXz- N n- - I am- c psS {]]hymJym\w
aX--fpsS DZv`-hhpw hnIm-khpw
thZ- nse ssZh- k - ev ] w
krjv S n kev ] w
krjv S n- { Iaw
10 `mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
24. aXhpw bpn Nnbpw
a\x-imkv{X hnZ-Kv[am-cpsS \nK-a\w
imkv { X- ns ]cn- a nXn
d {]`p- h ns Cuiz- c
Jp- B s hoWw
ssZhn- I - \ n- b - a - h y- h - nXn cp- h n[w
"AlJv '
thZ- nse "EXw'
GI- X zhpw \m\m- X zhpw
bw AYhm bmKw
ssZh- a mWv Fm- n- s bpw A[n- \ m- Y
ssZhw kI- e -
25. Ia-Imw
Aiz- t a[ bmKw
Ncn- { X- ] - c X
Igp- X - b mKw
ku{Xm- a Wn bmKw
kpc- ] m\w
{_mlv a - W - H- t \m- - n
26. D]-\n-j-mi-\n-Iam
{]hm- l W ssPhen
Dm- e I BcpWn KuX- a
bm- h Iy
kXy- I ma Pm_m- e
kbp- K zm- s sc- I z
27. D]-\n-j-p-I-fnse GI-Xz-Zi\w
thZhpw D]-\n-jpw
{_lv a hpw Bmhpw
{_lv a w AZzn- X obw
{_lv a w krjv S n- I mhv
ssZzXhpw AssZz- X hpw
{_lv a - ns KpW- \ m- a -
28. BXvamhv
BXv a mhv `mc- X ob kmln- X y- - f n
p{Zm- I miw
a\v
kp]v X m- h
Bm- h ns Ah- m- - c -
Bm- h ns Ah- m- { Xbw Jp- B - \ n
Pohm-Xvamhpw ]c-am-Xvamhpw Xn-ep kam-Kaw
Ay- \ m
kq^n- I - f psS "^\m'bpw "_Jm'bpw
]Z- \ makqNn
Ah- e w- _ - I r- X n- I
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
BapJw
`mc-Xob aX-kw-kvIm-c-s-n Adn-bm-\p- B{Klw a\-n IS-
p-Iq-Sn-bnv Imew Cn-bmbn. ]t, Ign-hn-sbpw D]m-[n-I-fp-sSbpw
]cn-anXn {]kvXpX B{K-l-]qnp apn hn hne-p-X-Sn-
bmbn \np. auem\m A_pIemw Bkm-Zns "XPp-am-\p
Jp-B' hmbn--tm Pnmk Cc-np. sslh thZ--fnepw
D]-\n-j-p-I-fnepw kvYew-]n-Sn ssZh-k-]- AXn \njv]-
-ambn \ncq-]n--s-n-p-v. A]qW-Xbpw A]-cym-]vX-Xbpw Ds-
nepw {]kvXpX \ncq-]Ww Hcp Imcyw sXfn-bnp: _lp-ssZ-hXz
knmw am{X-a, GI-ssZh hnizm-khpw {]mNo-\-`m-c-Xob kmln-
Xy- {]-N-cn-n-n-cpp. As\ `mc-Xo-b-tcbpw `mc-Xo-b-kw-kv-
Im-c-tbpw ]n IqSp-X ]Tn--W-sa-p-d-p. XZzn-j-b-I-amb IrXn-
I Inm-hp-t-S-tmfw tiJ-cnp. Ah-bp-ambn \nc-cw a-Snp.
Nnc-Ime kw tlXp-hmbn ]pXnb Nne \nK-a-\- a\-n-ep-
Znp. Ah {]kn-o-I-cn-m tXmn. As\ "{]t_m-[\w' amkn-
I-bn "`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c-ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I' F ioj-
I-n Hcp teJ\ ]c-c Bcw-`np. AXp- hm-bn {]i-kvX-
cmb Nne kmln-Xy-Im-c-mcpw Ncn-{Xmt-\z-j-I-mcpw teJ-\-p
{K\v Y - c q]w \Ip- h m Bh- i y- s p. A- s \- b mWv "`mc- X ob
kwkvIm-c-ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I' Hmw `mKw ]pd-n-d-p-hm
Xocp-am-\n-Xv.
CtUmBcy-m-cpsS BK-a-\-n\p app- `mc-Xob Pohn-
X-ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I-fmWv CXn apJy-ambpw {]Xn-]m-Zn-n-p-
Xv. B hnZqc Imev km_n-a-X-n-\m-bn-cpp `mc-X-n IqSp-
X {]map-Jy-sav ChnsS kaYn-pp. temI-nse Ghpw
{]mNo\ {]hm-N-I-aXw km_n-k-am-sWpw AXv alm-\mb t\ml-
bp-sSbpw ioYn-sbpw aX-am-sW-p-ap- Nne apkvenw ]WvUn-X-
m-cpsS A`n-{]m-b-n\v Cu IrXn-bn apK-W\ I]n-n-cn-pp.
\qlpw Cy ]pcmW hWn- X - \ mb a\phpw hmkv X - h - n
HcmX-s-bm-hm-sa Nne-cpsS A\p-am-\s ]nm-p-I-bmWv
sNbvXn-p-Xv. t\ml-bpsS ]np-d-m-cn Hcp kwLw Cy-bn
AYhm, kn\v[nhv A[n-hm-k-ap-d-np F {In. 10mw iX-I-
nse apkvenw Ncn{X ]WvUn-X-\mb A_pl-k akq-Zn-bpsS
A`n- { ]m- b - n\v Dt]m- Z v _ - e - I - a mbn CX- c - k m- y- fpw CXn
FSppImWn- n- pv . kn\v [ p- X m- g v - h - c - b n Am- b ncw hj-
p apv \ne-\n-Xpw Cu \qm-ns ]qhm[-n J\\
Kth- j Ww hgn Is- n- b - X p- a mb kwkv I m- c - n\v ASn- d
]mInb Ic- Ah- c p- t S- X m- b n- c n- m- s av A\p- a m- \ n- p- I bpw
Ah {ZmhnU hn`m-K-n s]-h-cm-bn-cp-p-sh `qK` imkv{X-
- m- c psS A`n- { ]m- b - t mSv tbmPn- p- I bpw sNbv X n- pv .
As\ t\ml-bpsS ]p{X-\mb bm^n-Yns km\ ]c--c-bns]-
-h-cmWv {Zmhn-U-m F \nK-a-\-n Hcp-hn[w Fn-tn-
cn-pp.
Ncn-{X]chpw aX-]-chpw kwkvIm-c-]-c-hp-amb ]pXnb Nne \nK-
a-\--fmWv Cu `mK-nse {][m\ DS--sa-nepw AtXm-sSmw
Ncn{X \namW cwKv B[p-\nI imkv{Xob knn-I ssIh-cp-
n- D]m-[n-I-fn-tepw amK--fn-tepw Ah D]-tbm-Knp
Ncn{Xw \nan-p-hm klm-b-I-amb Xz-kn-m---fn-tepw
hnc Nqn-b-Xmbn ImWmw. B ]cm-ai- A`y-kvX-hn-Zy-cmb
hmb-\-msc kw_-\v[n-n-S-tmfw A{]-k--ambn tXmm-sa-
nepw `qcn-] kmam\y hmb-\-msc kw_-\v[n-n-S-tmfw D]-
Im-c-{]-Z-am-bn-cn-p-sav tXmn. AXn-\m Nne am\y-kp-lr-p-
v {]Xn-Iq-em-`n-{]m-b-ap-m-bn-cp-npw B hiw FSp-p-I-f-
n-n.
kl{km- _ v Z - p apv `mc- X - n \ne- h n- e n- c p aX-
tbpw kwkvIm-c-tbpw ]n {]Xn-]m-Zn-p Hcp ]pkvXIw
Fm hni-Zmw-i--fn-tepw shfnw hoip-sav {]Xo-n-m-h-
X. CXnse \nK-a-\- ]c--cm-K-X-ambn \ne-\np hcp [mc-
W-Ipw sFXn-ly-pw XnIpw A\p-Kp-W-am-bn-cn--W-sa-
n. Fp shv B \nK-a-\- Ahn-iz-k-\o-b-ambn Xnc-kvI-cn-
p-Xv icn-bm-hn. knp Xmgvh-c-bnse J\-\-K-th-j-W--fpsS
êw ]pdv hcpw-hsc Bcy-m-cmWv `mc-Xob kwkvIm-c-ns
BZna inev]n-I Fm-bn-cp-p-htm s]mXp-[m-cW. Fm Cu
\qm-ns XrXob Zi-I-n \S--s Kth-jWw hgn B
[mcW sXm-bn-cp-p-shv sXfn-bn--sp. AXpt]mse Cv \ne-
hn-ep ]e [mc-W-Ifpw Xncp--s-pIq-sS-n.
D]- c yp J\- \ - n\np]e- _ v - [ - a mb Ah- i n- j v S - - f mWv
Am-es `mc-X-s--nbpw `mc-Xo-b-sc--nbpw Nne hnh-c-
\apv \In- b Xv . AhnsS\nv Innb Bbn- c - - W - n\v ap{Z-
Ifnepw apw ssk- h - m D]- t bm- K n- n- c p Nn{X en]n- b n
GXm\pw kwK- X n- I tcJ- s p InS- p- pv . Fm Ah
icnpw hmbn--s-n-n. av e-W--fn \nv ]pcm-hkvXp
Kth-j-I-m a\-n-em-n-sb-Sp Nne Imcy--fmWv temI-ns
apn-ep-Xv. Ah-bm-Is, CXc hymJym-\-v Akm-[y-amw-
hn[w JWvUn-X--f--Xm\pw. Fn-cp-mepw kml-Ncysfn-hp-
I-fpsS shfn--n Ah AwKo-I-cn-t-n-bn-cn-pp.
kml-N-cy-s-fn-hp-I-fpsS ]n_-e-ap \nK-a-\-v am{Xta
Cu IrXn-bn ew A\p-h-Zn-n-pq. B sXfn-hp-I Hmtcm-
s-Spv kz-ambn ]cn-tim-[n-p-tm {]Y-a-ZrjvS-n Zp_-
ehpw _men-i-hp-sav tXmn-tbmw. ]t, {Ia-{]-Imcw \nc-n-
shv ka-{K-ambn hon-p-tm CuSp Hcp irwJ-e-bpsS ka-
RvP-k-k-n-fn-X-amb In-I-fmbn A\p-`-hs-Sp--Xm-bn-cnpw. CXm-
WvXm\pw Kth-j-W-]-c-amb \nK-a-\--fpsS kmam\y kz`mhw.
Hcp DZm- l - c W- n- e qsS Cmcyw hni- Z - a mmw. sskh
kwkvImcw km_n-a-X-n A[n-jvTn-X-am-bn-cpp Fv \mw A`n-
{]m- b - s - S pp. J\- \ - n e_v [ - a mb Ah- i n- j v S - - f n \nv
sXfnbpw{]Imcw, B P\X Ipfnpw Ipfn-ap-dnIpw \In-bn-
cp {]m[m-\y-am-Wv CXn-\m-kv]Zw. Hmtcm hon\pw InWdpw Ipfn-
ap-dnbpw Ipfn-ap-dn-bn \nv Aip--Pew ]pd-tv If-bm-\p
Im\-Ifpw Is-p-I-bp-mbn. IqSmsX sIn--Sp Ir{Xn-a-Ip-
f--fp-tSbpw Ahv Nppw ]WnX Ipfn-ap-dn-I-fp-tSbpw Ah-in-
jvS-fpw Isn. CXn\nv Ah Ipfnpw tZl-ip-o-I-c-
W-n\pw I]n-n-cp {]m[m\yw hy-am-Ipp. km_n aX-n-
Znt\\ aqv XhW {]mYn-t--Xp-m-bn-cp--pshpw Hmtcm
{]mY-\pw Ipfn A\n-hm-cy-am-bn-cp-p-shpw D kwKXn knp-
X-S-hm-kn-I B aX-m-cm-bn-cp-n-cn--W-sa \nK-a-\s ]nm-
pp. km_n-I-fpsS Hcp ]pcm-X\ tI{-am-bn-cpp ldm Fv
Ncn{Xw hy-am-n-bn-pv. {In. 13-mw iX-I-nt]mepw Ah-cpsS
]pcm-X\ tZhm-e-b- B {]tZ-i--fn nXn sNbvXn-cp--Xmbn
apkvenw ]WvUn-X-m-cn Nne kmyw hln-pp. ldm-t\m-S-
Sp bas Nne `mK--fn \nv knp-\-Zo-X-S--fn \ns--
t]mse Ir{Xna Ipf--fpsS Ah-in-jvS- J\-\-n Isn-
b-Xmbn ]pcm-hkvXp \nco--I Ah-Im-i-s-Spp. Cu hkvXp-
XI- f psS shfn- - n ssk- h - k w- k v I mc ku[w ]Sp- p-
bnb Ic- km_n-b-m-cp-tS-Xm-bn-cp-p-shv Hcphn[w Xocp-
am-\n-m-hp--XmWv.
asmcp Imcyw IqSn C-cp-W-n NqnmWn-m-\pv.
14 `mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
Cs Nne `mc-Xob kw-Isf AXn{]mNo-\-amb CXc `mjm-
kw--I-fp-ambn kwtbm-Pn-n-m-\p {iaw Cu ]pkvX-I-n
\S-n-bn-pv. {Zmhn-U-kw-sb ""Xncp-bm-^nYp'' ambn kwtbm-
Pn-n-Xv Hcp DZm-l-cWw. Ncn{X Kth-jW cwKv C-cw kwtbm-
P\ {]{In-b-I kh-km-[m-c-W-amWv. Htc \maw hnhn[ `mj-I-
fn hyXykvX cq]- kzoI-cn-p-I-sb-Xv ]pXp-a-bp Hcp
Imcy-a. Ad-_n-I-fpsS "C_v-\p-_mP' ]mm-Xy-`m-j-I-fn Aven pace
Bbpw "C_v-\p-ko\m' Avicenne Bbpw "C_v-\p-dpjvZv ' Averroes
Bbpw cq]m- - c - s - Xv ChnsS {]tXyIw kv a - h y- a mWv .
CXpt]mse `mc- X o- b - c psS thZhymk Ad- _ n- k m- l n- X y- - f n
"_oZ_'bpw Bcy-`-S "AP-_vldp' ambn-on-cn-pp. BI-
bm CXc kw-I Dsm-p-tm Hmtcm `mjbpw X\-
Xmb cq]-ssi-en-Ism-nv amw hcp-pI kzm`m-hnIw am{X-
am-Ipp. Cu \nev Dm-cW kmayw t\mn kwm kwtbm-
P\w \S- p- Xv s]mXp- h n AwKo- I r- X - a mWv . Fm kml-
Ncysfn-hp-I-fpsS ]n_-e-an-msX, shdpw Dm-cW kmZriyw
Bkv]-Z-amn kwm-kw-tbm-P\w sNp-Xv ]e-tmgpw sXm-
bn-cnpw. av sXfn-hp-I A\p-Iq-e-am-bn-cn-p ]cn-Xx-n-Xn-bn
A-c-n-ep kwtbm-P\w AwKo-I-cn-p--Xn\v bmsXmcp Xc-
t-Span--Xm\pw.
hnhn[ aX-kw-kvIm-c--tfmSv _-sv Pohn-p--h-cmWv `mc-
Xob P\X. At\I PmXn- I fpw D]- P m- X n- I fpw aX- h n- ` m- K - fpw
Ahm-c hn`m-K--fp-ap-o -\m-n. ]t, Ah ]c-kv]cw a\-
n-em-m {ian-p-n. sXmb [mc-W-Ifpw hntZz-j-I-ep-jn-X-
amb hnIm-c-fpw Ah At\ym\yw hp ]pepp. CXv \mn-
\m-]-mWv. aX-ku-lmZhpw kln-jvWp-X-bp-amWv Cu \mns\
kw_-n-n-S-tmfw A\p-t]--Wobw. Jp-Bs ho-W-n
a\p-jy-k-ap-Zmbw Hc--\--am-cpsS k-Xn-Ifpw As\ GtIm-
Zc ktlm-Z-c--fp-at{X. ]t, hnim-e-X-c-amb B kmtlm-Zcy
t_m[w Cv \mw Fhn-sSbpw ImWp-n. ]c-kv]cw a\-n-em-m
{ian-p--]w ]e Imcy--fnepw `mc-Xo-bv ]c-kv]cw tbmPn-
m Ign-t-p-sav {]Xo-n-pp.
a\p-jy Hm-hWw, \m-hWw CXmWv aX--fp-sS-sbmw
Znhy ktiw. sslh aXhpw CXn-\-]-hm-Z-a. EtKz-Z-nse Ah-
km-\s a{w Cs\ hmbnw:
""bma-\kvXp thm at\m bYm hp klmkXn.''
"Hmbv hct k]w \n
smmbv hct am\kw;
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
`mKw Hv
16 `mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
Hmbv hct \npmpw

\m-bv_v`-hm-m tbmPn-n!'
tacn-pv Sn. apl-
Zv- - -
10-7-1974
A[ymbw Hv
[a kwm-]-I
""bZm bZm ln [ky
m\n`-hXn `mcX
A`yp-m-\-a-[ky
XZm-m\w krPm-aylw.
]cn-{Xm-Wmb km[q\mw
hn\m-imb N ZpjvIrXmw
[-kw-m-]-\mmb
kw`-hman bptK bptK.''1
(tl `c- X - h w- i - P - \ mb APp\m, Ftm- s g- t m [a- n\v
Xhpw A[a-n\v A`yp--Xnbpw `hn-p-pthm, Atm-sgms
Rm Bhn`q-X-\m-Ipp. injvS P\-sf cn-m\pw ZpjvS P\-
sf inn- m\pw, A- s\ [aw kwm]n- m- \ p- a mbn
bpKwtXmdpw Rm Bhn`-hnpp.)
{ioIr-jvW APp-\-t\m-Sp-]-tZ-in--Xm-WnXv. KoX-bpsS Imew
sXms-nepw [a-m-]-Im-cn-ep hnizmkw `mc-Xo-b-cn \ne-
\np-p-shv CXn \np a\-n-emmw.
[a kwm-]-\-ns bmYmYy-s-n {]Xn-]m-Zn-p--Xn\v
18 `mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
apv KoX D]-tZ-in {io IrjvWs\ Npcp--n-semv ]cn-N-b-
sSpmw.
IrjvWs IY
sslh hnizm-k-a-\p-k-cnv, hnjvWp-hns H-Xm-as As-
n Fm-as Ah-Xm-c-amWv {ioIr-jvW. At-l-n\v hmkp-
tZ-h (hkp-tZ-hs ]p{X) F t]cpv. temI-ns ]m]-
sf Xn-te-v- IjWw sNbvXv (hen-s-Spv) Cmbva sNp-
-h FmWv IrjvW-i-_vZ-ns AYw. kzw Am-a\pw
ZpjvS-\p-amb Iwks\ \n{K-ln-p-hm thn-bmWv {ioIr-jvW
Ah-X-cn-Xv.
t`mP-hw-i-P-\mb Iwks ktlm-Z-cn-bmb tZh-Inbpw bZp-hw-
i-P-\mb hkp-tZ-h\pw Xn hnhmlw \Sp. `XrKr-l-n-tev
t]mIp-tm tZh-In-sbm-np Iwk\pw t]mbn. hgnat[y Hc-i-
cocn tIp, tZh-In-bpsS Fm-as aI Iwks\ h[n-p-sav.
Abm {Ip-\mbn ktlm-Z-cn-bpsS t\sc hmfq-cn-sb-nepw hkp-
tZ-hs A`-bmY\ kzoI-cnp tZh-Insb sImn. Abm B
\h-Z--Xn-amsc ImcmKr-l-n shp-Ibpw tZhIn {]k-hn-p
Hmtcm Ipn-s\bpw Xs G]n--W-sav imkn-p-I-bp-am-Wp-
m-bXv. Iwk ]nXm-hmb D{K-tk-\s\ cmPm-[n-Im-c-n \nv
{`jvS-\mn Imcm-Kr-l-n-en-Sp-Ibpw aYp-c-bn cmPm-hmbn hmgp-
Ibpw sNbvXp.
tZh-In-bpsS Fm-as inip-hm-bn-cpp IrjvW. Nn-am-k-
n Hc[-cm-{Xn-bmWv IrjvW `qPm-X-\m-bXv. hkp-tZ-h inip-
hns\ tKmIp-e-n, \-tKm-]s ]Xv\n-bmb btim-Z-bpsS Acn-
In sImp-t]mbn InS-p-Ibpw Ah-cpsS s]ss]-X-ens\
sImphv tZh-Inv sImSp-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. As\ IrjvW
Am-Sn-bn hfp.
tZh-In-bpsS Fm-as ]p{X-\mWv Irj-vW-s\--dn--tm
At-ls h[n-m Iwk ]e AS-hp-I-fp-sa-Spp. Am-ev
Am-Sn-bn P\n inip-sf-sbms h[n-p-hm Iwk D-
c-hnp. Fn-epw IrjvW ssZh-KXym h[-n \nv c-s-Sp-
I-bm-Wp-m-bXv.
Hcn- Irjv W s\ Iwk Xe- m- \ - a mb aYp- c - b n- t ev
Wnp. B Ww IrjvW kzoI-cnp. Atlw AhnsS sNv
Iwks bmK-im-e-bn ISv, AXn shncp henb hns-
Spv HSnp. XpSv ]e kwL--\-fpw \Sp. Ah-bn-semw
IrjvW-\mWv hnP-bn-Xv. Ah-km\w Iwks h[hpw \Sp.
A\-cw IrjvW Imcm-Kr-l-n \nv kzw amXm-]n-Xm-
-m-tcbpw Iwks ]nXm-hmb D{K-tk-\-t\bpw hntam-Nn-np. D{K-
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
tk-\s\ aYp-c-bn cmPm-hmbn hmgn-p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

hkp-tZ-h ]p{Xs\ hnZym-`ym-k-n\v ko-]-Xn-bpsS B{i-a-
n-te--bp. hnZym-`ymkw ]qo-I-cnv IrjvW Kpcp-Ipew
hnp.
bmZ-h-hw-i-amWv Am-ev aYpc `cn-n-cp-Xv. Ahv D{K-
\mb Hcp i{Xp-hp-m-bn-cpp Pcm-k-. Atlw A\-h[n
{]mhiyw aYp-c B{I-anp. Fnepw {ioIr-j-vWs klm-b-tmsS
bmZ-h-hwiw Xs-bmWv bp--fn Pbw hcn-Xv. Pcm-k-
Iwks izip-c-\m-bn-cpp. Iwks ]p{X-mp thn-bmWv
Atlw aYpc B{I-an-n-cp-Xv. bmZ-h-hw-i-am-Is, bp-n hnP-
bn-p-sh-nepw km-n-I-ambpw apw XIp. BI-bm {ioIr-
jv-W aYpc Pcm-k-\v hnp-sIm-Spp Zzmc-I-bn-tev amdn-m-
a-knp.
A\-cw {ioIr-jv-Ws hnhmlw \Sp. cpnWn, Pmw_-hXn,
kXy- ` ma, an{X- h n, kXy, Imfnn, ev - a W, `{Z Fo Fv
kv { XoIsf Atlw thfnIgnp. CXn\p ]pdta ]Xn- \ m- b ncw
kv{XoIsf {ioIr-jvW thfn Ign--Xmbn ImWm-sa-nepw AXv
cq]-Im-Xn-i-tbm-n-]-c-amb B[ym-nI hW-\-bm-bn-mWv hymJym-
\n--s-n-p-Xv.
Zzmc-I-bn At\Iw X- am[yw hgn {ioIr-jv-W
]cn-l-cnp. hfsc cmPm--msc {]Xn-jvTn-p-Ibpw m\-{`-jvS-
cm-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Fmw [a-ns ASn-m-\-n. ]t,
Atlw cmP ]Zhn Cn-n. cmPm--m kXyhpw [ahpw ]men-
-W-sat At-l-n-\p-t-iy-ap-m-bn-cp-pq.
]mWvUp-hns k-Xn-I-fp-ambn {ioIr-jv-W\p khn-ti-j-amb
_-ap-m-bn-cpp. At-l-ns ]nXr-k-tlm-Zcn (Amhn)bmb
Ipn-bmWv ]-]m-WvU-h-cpsS amXmhv. [rX-cm-jv{S-cmWv Av
cmPyw `cn-n-cp-Xv. Zptcym-[\\pw apw ]mWvUp-]p-{X-msc hfsc
t{Zmln-n-cpp. Ahsc Ac-n--n-env sImp-hm t]mepw Zptcym-
[-\ {ian-p-I-bp-mbn. AXn-\m Ah kztZiw shSnv h\-
hmkw sNtn hp. {ioIr- j v W [rX- c m- j v { S- h w- i - t bpw
]mWvU-h-m-tcbpw kn-bm-p-hm hfsc ]mSp-s]s--nepw Zptcym-
[-\m-Zn-I hg-n-bn.
]-]m-WvU-h-m-cn a[y-a-\m-bn-cpp APp-\. Ctlw BZn-
bn ]mmen F kv{Xotbbpw ]noSv {ioIr-jv-Ws ktlm-Z-
cn-bmb kp`-{Z-tbbpw IeymWw Ignp. CtXmsS {ioIr-jv-W\pw
APp-\\pw Xn-ep aaX ZrV-X-c-ambn. A-s\-bn-cns Ipcp-
t{X bpw s]mn-p-d-sp. Cs Uln-tbm-S-Spp InS-
p Hcp e-am-bn-cpp Ipcp-t{Xw.
20 `mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
Ipcp-t{X bpw
]mWvUp-hn-sbpw Ipcp-hn-sbpw k-Xn-I Xn FXn]-
--fmbn \nv s]mcp-Xnb {]kvXpX bp-n {ioIr-jv-W
kzm`m- h n- I - a mbpw ]mWv U - h - ] - - m- b n- c pp. Fm Xs
ssk\y-s-smv Iuc-h-m-scbpw {ioIr-jvW klm-bn-p-sh-
mWv IY. bp-n\v apv Iuc-h-msc {]Xn-\n-[m\w sNbvXv
Zptcym-[\\pw ]mWvU-h-msc {]Xn-\n-[m\w sNbvXv APp-\\pw
klm-bmY-\-bp-ambn {ioIr-jvWs\ kao-]n-p-shpw, Ccp-hpw
Atlw klmbw hmKvZw sNbvXp-shpw ]d-b-s-Spp. Ipcp-
]p-{X-msc {ioIr-jvW Xs ssk\y-s-smpw ]mWvU-h-
msc Xm t\cnpw klm-bnp. Ipcp-t{X bp-n APp-
\s tXcm-fn-bm-bn-mWv {io Irjv-Ws\ ImWp-Xv.
tk\-I cpw apJm-ap-J-ambn AWn-\n-cp. {ioIr-jvW
APp-\s tXsX-fn-p-sImp hp. APp-\ adp-]-s
BI-am-\-samv honp. Ccp-]-pw bp-n-\v AWn-\n-c--
Xmbn Atlw IXv kz_-p--sf-bmWv. ]nXm--m, ]nXm-a-
l-m, Kpcp-`q-X-m, Am-ham, tkmZ-c-m, ]p{X-m, ]u{X-
m, Nm-Xn-am, izip-c-m, kplr-p- apX-emb _p-sf
I-tm APp-\s\ ssh_yw _m[np; Ah-b-h- Xfp;
hmb- h - c p; X\p- h n- d p; tcmam- - a p- mbn; KmWv U o- h - N m]w
(hnp)Ic-n \nv Xms\ hgpXn hoWp; tZl-amsI Fcn-s]m-cn-
sImp. Atlw IrjvW-t\mSv ]dp: ""BcpsS Bh-iy-n-
\vthn, \mw cmPy--tbpw kpJ-t`m-K--tfbpw Imwn--Wtam,
B Kpcp-\m-Y-m, ]nXm ]nXm-a-l-m, ]p{X]u{X-m, Am-h-
m, izipc-m, kyme-m Fo _p- Poh-t\bpw [\-
tbpw ]cn-Xy-Pnp bp-n-\nXm hp\npp. Atbm a[p-
kq-Z\m, Ch Rsf sImp--h-cm-sW-nepw icn, ss{Xtem-Im-
[n-]-Xy-n\v thn-t]mepw Chsc h[n-phm Rm B{K-ln-
p- n. Fn- t `qan- b psS B[n- ] - X y- n\v thn Rm\Xv
sNpI.?''2
APp-\ Zp_-e-\m-hp-I-sb-m ]mWvU-h-m ]cm-P-b-a-S-
bp-I-sb-mWYw. AXn-\m IrjvW k`-ns Kuchw
APp-\s\ [cn-np. Fnpw At-ls ]nSn-Iq-Snb ssh_yw
\on-bn. Atm {io IrjvW [a-m-]-\-ns Bh-iy-
I-Xbpw A[a-\m-i\-ns A\n-hm-cy-Xbpw At-ls sXcy-
s-Sp-t--Xn-\mbn, B[ym-nI Xz--fpsS kmc-kh-kz-amb
KoX D]- t Z- i np. As\ APp- \ \v mt\m- Z - b hpw Ia- i -
nbpw e`np. KoX-bn D]-\n-j-p-I-fp-tSbpw thZ-Xz-fp-
tSbpw kmcw apgp-h AS-n-bn-p-sv hniz-kn--s-Spp."alm-
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
`m-cX'n {]]-\w sNbvX bp-kw-`-h--fpsS Hcp `mK-amWv

`K-h-ZvKoX. ]Xn-s\v Aym-b--fn-embn 700 tmI--fp-n-Xn.
`mc-Xob Nn-I-m-cn ]ecpw KoXv hymJym-\-sa-gp-Xn-bn-p-v.
{][m\ temI-`m-j-I-fn KoX-bpsS ]cn-`m-j-I hn-pv. Cy
Xz-im-kv{X-ns {][m-\- tc-J-bmWv `K-h-ZvKoX.
bp- n Iuc- h - mmWv ]cm- P bw ]n- b Xv . Ah- c n
sIta-m-cmb ]ecpw h[n--sp. Fmw {ioIr-jvWs A\p-
{K-lm-in-p-I sImv Xs. Iuc-h-m-cpsS amXm-hmb Kmmcn
bp--f-n hv kzP\- acnpInS-p-Xv Iv hne-]n-
p-Ibpw IrjvWs\ i]n-p-Ibpw sNbvXp-ht{X. B im]w At-
l-n\v ên-s-mWv ]d-b-s-Sp-Xv: ""ap-mdp hjw Ign-bp-
tm IrjvWs hwihpw CXp-t]mse ]c-kv]cw Ie-lnp \in-
p-Ibpw an{X- CXpt]mse hne-]n-p-Ibpw sNpw; IrjvW
Xs \oN-l-kvX--fm ac-W-a-Sbpw'' CXm-bn-cpp Kmm-cn-bpsS
im]w! 3
{ioIr-jvW Zzmc-I-bn aZyw \ntcm-[n-n-cpp. Fm bZp-
fpw, hrjvWn-Ifpw aZy-]m\w sNbvXphp. ]e Zphr-n-Ifpw
AhnsS \r- a mSn. Irjv W Hcp XoYm- S - \ - n\v ]pd- s p.
AtXmsS bZp--fpsS Zphr-n-I IqSp-X h[np. IrjvW
aSnh-tm Zzmc-Im-]-Ww Hcp B`y--c-k-a-c-cw-K-ambn amdn-
bn-cpp. IrjvW aZy-a-c-- mb bmZ-h-msc {]l-cnp sImp.
bmZ-h-m-cn tijn--h IrjvWs _p--tfmSv Ie-lnp.
As\ P\- ]c-kv]cw s]mcpXn acnp. {ioIr-jvW sImm-
c-n sNp, APp-\s\ hcp-p-hm lkvXn-\-]p-c-tv kmc-
Ynsb Abp. ""Rm temI-tmSv bm{X ]d-bm t]mIpp;
APp-\ hv Fm-h-tcbpw cn-p-sImpw'' sImm-c-nse
kv{XoI-tfmSv {ioIr-jvW ]dp. Atlw cmP-[m\n hnp. h\-
n sNv tbmK- \ n- c - X - \ mbn InS- p- I - b m- b n- c p- - t m, Hcp
thSs Akv { Xw A_- - n {ioIr- j v W s Imen Xdp.
thS ]m--]np amn-cp. {ioIr-jvW Ahs\ km-z\-
s- S pn. ASp W- n B alm- ] p- c p- j sshIpWv T w
{]m]np.
lnp--fpsS Hcp Ah-Xmc ]pcp-j-\mb {ioIr-jvWs IY-
bpsS cXv\ pcp--am-WnXv. CXn Ncn-{Xmwiw F{X-tm-f-ap-
sv \ap--dn-p-IqSm. GXm-bmepw {ioIr-jvW APp-\\v
D]tZ-in--Xmbn ]d-bp KoXm-Xz- Ghpw kzoIm-c-tbm-
Ky-amWv. Iq-n Hcp Xz-amWv \mw Bcw-`-n D-cn tmI-
-fn {]Xn-]m-Zn-n-cn-p-Xv.
[aw ]pep- I - s b- - X mWv a\p- j y- P - - ns kmm
22 `mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
eyw. [a-kw-m-]-\-ns t]cn a\p-jy Xs kI-ew
_en-I-gn-Ww. ]cn-]m-h-\-amb Ipe-_-tam IpSpw-_-kvt\-ltam
at-sX-nepw hnIm-ctam [a m]-\-ns apn {]Xn-_--
am-bn-qSm. CXmWv KoX-bpsS ktiw. Cu ktiw Xs-bmWv
Fm kXy-{]-hm-N-I-am-cpw temI-ns apmsI Ah-X-cn-n-n-
p-Xv. Fm \psS ]cn-K-W\v IqSp-X hnj-b-am-bn-p-Xv
asm-mWv: [aw bnv, A[aw h[n-p L--fn-semw
[a-m-]-I-m Bhn`q-X-cm-hp-sapw, [am-\p-km-cn-I-fmb injvS
P\-sf cn-p-Ibpw A[a in-Isf \in-n-p-Ibpw sNpI
F-XmWv Ah-cpsS BK-a-t\m-t-iy-sapw KoX ]d-bpp. CXv
Ckvem-anse {]hm-N-IXz knm--ns asmcp {]Xn-]m-Z-\-ssi-
en-bmWv. CXn\nv a\-n-em-t-Xv KoX-bpsS Imew apXs-
nepw `mc-Xo-b-cn {]hm-N-IXz hnizmkw, As-n [a-kw-m-
]-Im-cpsS BK-a-\-k-]w \ne-\np-ps--mWv.
[aw Fv ]d-bp-tm KoX hnh-n-p-Xv B ]Z-n\v
\I-s-Sm-dp ]cn-an-X-amb AY-a. Jp-B-\nse "Zo' F
i_vZ-n-\p AY-ssh-]peyw B i_vZ-n-\pv. A[a-Im-cn-
I- t fmSv kacw sNp- Xv t]mepw [a- a mWv ; F, AXn
Ihn asmcp [a-an-s-mWv KoX-bpsS aXw:
""kz[a]n Nmthy
\ hnI-n-Xp-a-lkn.
[ymn bpm--vtdtbmf \yXv
{Xn-bky \ hnZytX.''4
(kz[aw t\mn-bmepw ap\n--b-n \nv \o hyXn-N-en-m-
\l-\. Fs-m, [am-\p-km-cn-bmb bp-s-m t{ib-
kvI-c-am-bnv {Xn-b\v asmcp [a-an.)
BI-bm aX-kw-m-]-\hpw [a-kw-m-]\hpw hmkvX-h-
n HpXs-bmWv. Ah Xn ]d-b- A-c-an.
{]hm-NI
- X
- zhpw Ah-Xm-chpw
Xz- n ASp- - a ps- - nepw k]- n A- c - a pv
{]hm-N-I-Xzhpw Ah-Xm-chpw Xn. {]hm-N-I-mcpw Ah-Xm-c-]p-
cp-j-mcpw Bhn`q-X-cm-Ip-Xv [a-kw-m-]-\-n\v thn-bmWv.
]t, {]hm-N-I ssZhtam, ssZhmw-itam A. tIhew a\p-jy-
\mWv. At-l-n\v ssZh-ns ktiw e`n-p-p-shv am{Xw.
Fm Ah-Xmc k]-n ssZhw Hp-In icocw [cn-pI
As-n ]c-Im-b-{]-thiw sNpI F AY-apsm-pp.
C-d cp cq]-fpw GI-ssZ-h-ns al-Xz-hp-ambn CW-
p--X. a\p-jy-a-\-p-I-fn cq]-s-Sp Fm Cta-Pp-Ip-a-
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
Xo-X-\mWv ssZhw Fs{X Ckvem-anI inWw. ""Ah hn-

p--Xn \npw AXo-X\ -- m-bn-cn-pp Amlp''5 FmWv Jp-
B ]d-bp-Xv.
Ckvem-anse {]hm-N-I-Xz-hn-`m-h\w C-s\-bmWv: Amlp a\p-
jy-cn\nv Nne kh-nti-j- hy-n-Isf Xnc-s-Sp-pp. Xs
\ntZ-i--f-S-nb ktiw Ahv \Ipp. B ktiw P\-
sf D]-tZ-in-m\pw AXns ASn-m-\-n Hcp PohnX coXn
sIn--Spv amXrI ImWn-m\pw B hy-nIsf Npa-X-e-s-Sp-
pp. C-s\-bp hyn-ImWv Ckvemw "\_n-am' Ftm
"dkqam' Ftm ]d-bp-Xv. \_n Fm {]hm-N-I; dkq
Fm ZqX.
ssZhhpw {]hm-N-I\pw Xn-ep _w DS-abpw ASn-abpw
Xn-ep _-amWv. Hcp hyn B[ym-nI aWvU-e--fn
F{X DXn {]m]n-mepw, ssZh-Zm-k F Ah--bn\nv
Atlw ]pd-pI-S-p--X. Fm a\p-jy\v kn-am-hp
B[ym-nI ]Z-hn-I-fn DXvIr-jvS-am-bn-p-Xv {]hm-N-I-Xz-m\w
Xs-bmWv.
{]hm-N-I-mv ssZh-ns ktiw e`n-p--sX-s\? CXn-
s kphy--amb Nn{Xw \apv e`n-n-n. Fnepw Htc-I-tZi
cq]w Jp-B \apv \In-bn-pv. AZr-iy-tem-Iv Hcp {]tXy-
I-Xcw krjvSn-I-fpv. Ahsc "ae-p-I' FmWv Jp-B hnfn-
n-cn-p-Xv. Ah-cpsS icn-bmb bmYmYyw \ap--dn-p-IqSm.
Fnepw Ah ssZh-ns Bm-\p-hn-I-fmb Zmk-m-cm-
sWpw Ah aptJ-\-bmWv ssZh-k-tiw {]hm-N-I-mv Ah-
X-cnn--s-Sp--sXpw Jp-B {]kvXm-hn-n-pv. ssZh-k-t-
i- n\v Jp- B \Inb kw "hlv b v ' FmWv . hlv b v
AYhm ssZh-k-tiw a\p-jyv e_v[-am-hp-Xv aqv {]Im-c-
n-em-Ipp:
1. {]hm-N-Is a\-n t_m[\w sNpI.
2. adbvp ]nd-In \nv Ai-cocn tIpI.
3. Amlp Hcp ZqXs\ Abv Xm\n-n-p Imcyw B ZqX
aptJ\ t_m[\w sNpI.
ssZh-k-tiw e`n-p-Xv Nne-tm Pm{K-Xm-h--bnepw av
Nne-tm kz]v\-Zi-\-cq-]n \n{Zm-h--bn-ep-am-bn-cnpw. {]hm-
N-I-m-cpsS kXy-k--X-bnepw BmY-X-bn-ep-ap hnizm-k-sam-
p-am-{X-amWv Ahsc AwKo-I-cn-p--Xn-\m[mcw. Fm Nne-
tm X-fpsS kXy-k-X sXfn-bn-m-\mbn {]hm-N-I-m Akm-
[m-cW knn-I ImWn-m-dpv. CXn\v "Bbv' (AS-bmfw)
Fp ]d-bpp.
24 `mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
{]hm-N-I-mv ssZh-ns kt-i- e`n-p-Xv ae-p-
I aptJ-\-bms-Wv ]d-p-htm. aev F Ad_n i_vZ-
ns AYw ZqX FmWv . CXc skan- nIv `mj- I - f n
"amemJ' Fp ]d-bp-Xpw CtX AY-n-emWv. ae-p-I a\p-
jytcm ssZh-tfm A. ssZh-im-k-\-I {]Xy-cw A\p-k-cn-
p ssZh-ns Zmk-m am{X-amWv. Ah-cn-ep hnizmkw
Ckvem-anse ASn-m-\-hn-izm-k--fn-sem-mWv. {]hm-N-I-mv
ssZh-kt-iw e`n-p--Xn-\p Hcp am[ya-ambn nXn-sN-p--
XpsIm-mWv, ae-p-I-fn-ep hnizm-k-n\v Ckvemw C{X-ta
{]m[m\yw Iev]n-n-p-Xv. ae-p-I-fn hnizm-k-an-m Hcm
ssZh-k-t-i-nepw Jp-B-\nepw hniz-kn-pI kw`-hy-a. ssZh-
k-tiw sImp-h-cp ae-ns t] "Pn_v-co' (K{_n-tb)
Fm-Ipp.
Ah-Xm-c-k-]hpw {]hm-N-I-Xz-hn-izm-k-hp-ambn hni-Zmw-i--
fn s]mcp--t-Sp-sXv icn-bmWv. Fm Xz-n ]d-
b- A-c-sam-p-an. Ah-Xmc ]pcp-j-mcpw {]hm-N-I-m-sc-
tmse ssZh-m \ntbm-Kn--s--h Xs. Ahcpw ssZh-
ns kt-i-fpw hn[n-hn-e-p-I-fp-amWv P\-v {]t_m-
[\w sNp-Xv. A[aw XpSp \on [aw m]n-pI F
`mcn I-hy-amWv Ahv \n-hln-m-\p-Xv. Cu \ne-I-fn-
sempw {]hm-N-I-mcpw Ah-Xm-c-]p-cp-j-mcpw Xn hyXym-k-
an.
Fm {]hm-N-I Hcn-epw Bcm-[y-\. Fs-m At-
l-n\v ssZh-Xz-n eh-teiw ]n. At-lhpw ssZhhpw Xn-
ep _w ASn-abpw DS-abpw Xn-ep _-am-sWv ]d-p-
htm. Ah-Xmc ]pcp-j ssZh-Xz-ns {]Xo-I-am-sW k-
ev]-n Bcm-[y-\mbn hnNm-cn--s-Spp. CXmWv Ccp kev]-
fpw Xn-ep {][m-\-Acw.
Ah-Xm-c
-
lnp--fpsS hnizm-k-{]-Imcw ]-h-Xm-c--fpv: amyw,
Iuaw, hmcmlw, \c-knwlw, hma\w, ]c-ip-cm-a, {iocm-a, {ioIr-
jvW, _e-cm-a, Ievn. Ch-bn In Hgn-p HXv Ah-
Xm-c-fpw Ignp t]mbn. Ien-bp-K-n Ah-X-cn-m-\n-cn-p
In am{X-amWv Ah-ti-jn-p-Xv. C-d Hmtcm Ah-Xm-c-
spdnpw lnp-v ]pcm-W--fpv. ]pcm-W- ]Xn-s\-
m-Ws{X. CXn "`hn-jy-]p-cmWw' hcm t]mIp Imcy--sf-
p-dnv {]Xn-]m-Zn-p {K-amWv. "`mK-hXw' F {Khpw `mhn-
Im-cy--sf-n {]Xn-]m-Zn-n-pv.
Ah-km\ Ah-Xm-c-s-n `hn-jy-]p-cm-W-n ]d-bp-Xv
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
C-s\-bmWv:
""GX-kvan--tc t
BNm-tcyW ka-\znXx
alm-aZ CXn-JymXx
injy-im-Jm-k-a-\znXw.''6
(Atm t [A\y-tZ-i-m-c] Bb Hcp BNm-cy [Bo-
b-Kpcp] At-l-ns injyK-W--tfm-sSmw {]Xy--sSpw. At-
l-ns \maw alm-aZ [apl-Zv] Fm-bn-cnpw.)
Nne-cpsS A`n-{]m-b-{]-Imcw Ah-Xm-c- Ccp-]-n-\m-emWv.
Ccp-]-n-aqpw Ignp. GXm-bmepw Cu Ah-Xmc k]w BZn
Bcy- mp- m- b n- c ptm Fp kwi- b - a mWv . Bcy- m- c psS
Ghpw {]mNo-\-amb {Kw EtKz-Z-as{X. AXn Ah-Xm-c-s-n
kqN- \ - s bm- p- a n- s - mWv thZ- h n- p- I - f mb Nne ]mm- X y
]WvUn-X-m-cpsS A`n-{]mbw.
Cy-bn ]nm-e-pZv`-hn Nne ssl-h-a-X-\-ho-I-cW
{]m-\- Ah-Xmc k]s FXnn-pv. I_odn({In.
1440-1518) s ]cn-jvI-cW {]m\w HcpZm-l-cWw. {]kn Ncn-
{X-Im-c-\mb tUm. Xmcm-Nv Fgp-Xpp: ""Atlw (I_o) Ah-
Xm-c-hm-Zs ]c-ky-ambn \ntj-[n-n-cpp...........(Atlw ]dp:)
"{]]--ns DS-a--\m-b-ssZhw, Zp_-e-mcpw {]_-e-mcpw
Xn-ep Ak-aXzw In-v, {io cma-\mbn Ah-X-cnp Fv Ah
(lnp-) ]d-bpp.' I_o ]d-bp-p: "P\n-p-Ibpw acn-p-Ibpw
sNp bmsXm-cm-fpsS apnepw inc-p-Ip-\n-p-hm ]mSp--X;
Bfp-I ]d-bp Zim-h-Xm-c--fp-ambn F\nv Hcp _-hp-an.''7
BIbm Ah-Xm-c-k-]w Bcy-a-X-ns ASn-m-\-]-c-
amb Hcp knm--am-sWv tXmp-n. B knmw ]nme
krjvSn-bm-bn-cn-m sXfn km[y-X-bpv. Fm Ah-Xmc
k]-nse Xmzn-I-hiw, AXm-bXv, [a-kw-m-]-\mYw
alm-]p-cp-j-m \ntbm-Kn--s-SpI F hiw kp{]-[m-\-amWv.
AXv Ckvem-anse {]hm-N-IXz hnizm-k-tmSv XnIpw s]mcp--
s-Sp-p-apv.
Hmtcm hn`m- K - n- s bpw kmt- X n- I - k w- - I Xn
hyXymkw ImWpI km[m-c-W-amWv. ]t, Xz-n Ah Hm-
bn- c npw Xm\pw. kmt- X nI kw- I - f n- e p sshhn[yw
ap\nn, Xz- n- e p ASpw Ah- K - W n- p ]w
bmsXmcp hnm-\hpw ]ptcm-K-an-p-I-bn. CXp-t]m-se-bmWv aX-
]-c-amb kmt-XnI kw-I-fpsS nXnbpw.
X-fpsS aXm-Nm-cy-msc ]pcm-X-\-`-mc-Xo-b Ah-Xm-c-sa-mWv
hnfn- n- c p- Xv . Ah- c psS Hcp kmt- X nI kw- b t{X AXv .
26 `mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
AXns hn`m-h-\-bp-ambn Ckvem-anI hn`m-h\ s]mcp--s-Sp-ns-
v shv, `mc-X-n {]hm-NI \ntbmKw Dm-bn-n-sv hnNm-
cn-p-Xv icn-bm-hn. Fs-m Jp-B-\nse kmam\y Xz-
ns ASn-m-\-n `mc-X-nepw ssZh-Zq-X-mcpw {]hm-N-I-
mcpw hn-p-sv Dd-mWv. Jp-B-\n Amlp ]d-bpp:
""Fm Hmtcm P\-k-ap-Zm-b-nepw \mw ZqXs\ \ntbm-Kn-n-pv.
"Am-lp-hn\v C_m-Zv sNWw; XzmKq-ns\ ssIsh-Sn-bWw.'
(CXm-bn-cpp At-l-ns ZuXyw! '')8
KoX-bn ]d [a-kw-m-]-\-ns asmcp kmt-XnI
kw-bmWv GI-ssZ-h-n-\p C_m-Zv. "C_m-Zv' Fm
]c- a - a mb Hc- [ n- I m- c - i - n- p- a p- n khm- \m Xe- I p- \ nv
AXns Bm\n-tcm-[- Acw{]Xn \S-n hcp-p-I-sb-
-mWv AYw. CXp-X-s-bmWv [a-kw-m-]\wsImpw hnh-
n-p-Xv. A[a-n\v ta[m-hn-Xzhpw B[n-]-Xyhpw t\Sn-sm-
Sp-p-Ibpw AXns\ \ne-\np-hm bXv\n-p-Ibpw sNp ZpjvS-
i-n-I-fpsS t]cmWv "XzmKqv'. AXns\ ssIsh-Sn-bpI Fp
]d-m AXns ta[m-hnXzw Ah-km-\n-n-p-I-sb-m-WYw.
Npcp--n alm-]p-cp-j-m-cpsS Bhn`m-h-ns Dt-iy-ambn
KoXbpw Jp-B\pw ]d-n-p-Xv B-cmY-n Hp Xs-
bmWv.
dkqam Fm Hmtcm kap-Zm-b-nepw \nbp--cm-bn-ps--
mWv {]kvXpX Jp-B-\nI kqw ]d-bp-Xv. thsd ]te-S--
fn CtX Bibw Jp-B Bhn-p-d-n-n-pv. Hcn-Sv ]d-
bpp:
""Hmtcm P\-k-ap-Zm-b-n-\p-apv, ssZh-Zq-X. X-fpsS ZqX
hm P\-n-S-bn [am-\p-kmcw hn[n Iev]n--sSpw.''9
asm-cn-Sv ]d-bpp:
""Hcp ap-dnbn-p-Im-c ({]hm-N-I) Ignpt]mbn-n-m
H P\-hn-`m-K-hp-an.''10
""Fm Hmtcm P\-X-p-apv Hcp amK-Zin ({]hm-N-I).''11
Fm Hmtcm P\-hn-`m-K-nepw ssZh-Zq-Xam hn-p-s-mWv
D]-cn-kq-Nn-X-amb Jp-B hmIy- Ak-n-Kv[-ambn {]kvXm-hn-
p-Xv. Fn a\p-jy-\m-K-cn-I-X-bpsS AXn-{]m-No-\- tI-{--
fn-sem-mb `mc-X-nepw {]hm-N-I \ntbm-Kn--s-n-p-sp
knw. AXn-\m `mc-Xo-b-cpsS [manI k]w GtXm Hcp
{]hm-N-I-a-X-ns Ah-in-jvS-am-sWp Xo!
`mc-Xob {]hm-NI
- cpw apkvenw-Ifpw
asm P\-k-ap-Zm-b--fn-epsa--t]mse `mc-Xo-b-cnepw {]hm-N-
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
I AYhm {]hm-N-Iam hn-cn-p-sa-p kwKXn Jp-Bs

kmam\y {]kvXm-h-\-bpsS shfn--n apkvenw-Iv AwKo-I-
cn-t-n-bn-cn-pp. Fm Bcm-bn-cpp Cu {]hm-N-I? At-
l-ns Ducpw t]cpw GXm-bn-cpp? Cu {]iv\-n\v Jn-
Xhpw IWn-i-hp-amb Hcp-cw e`n-pI Ffp--a. `mc-X-n
\nbp--\mb {]hm-N-Is IY Jp-B ]d-n-n. ]d-n-cp-
p-sh-n At-ls AwKo-I-cn-p hnj-b-n apkvenw-I
bmsXmcp sshap- J yhpw ImWn- p- a m- b n- c p- n. t\ml (\qlv ) ,
A{_lmw (C_vdmlow), tamkkv (aqkm), tbip-{InkvXp (Cukm)
XpSn H-t\Iw alm-]p-cp-j-msc apkvenw-I {]hm-N-I-m-cmbn
AwKo-I-cn-p-Ibpw BZ-cn-p-Ibpw sNp-pv. Jp-B hnh-cn-
-Xp-sImv Ah-cpsS {]hm-N-I-Xz-n apkvenw-Ip bmsXmcp
kwi-b-n\pw CS-bn-m--XmWv ImcWw.
Fm Jp-B-\n {]tXy-I-ambn {]Xn-]m-Zn-n-s-p-hv, `mc-
X-n {]hm-NI \ntbm-Kta Dm-bn-n-sp hnNm-cn-p-IqSm. Fm
P\-k-ap-Zm-b-pw \nbp--cmb {]hm-N-I-msc Jp-B ]cn-
N-b-s-Sp-n-bn-n-tm. Amlp Jp-B-\n Acp-fn-s-pp: ""(Hm
apl-Zv \_o), Xmv appw \mw ZqX-msc \ntbm-Kn-n-pv.
Ah-cn Nne-cpsS hrmw Xmp \mw IY\w sNbvXp Xp.
(Fm) \mw IY\w sNbvXp-X-cm--hcpw Aq--n-epv.''12
Fm {]hm-N-I-m-cnepw hniz-kn--W-sa-mWv Jp-Bs A\p-
im-k\w. bmsXmcp {]hm-N-I-t\mSpw hnth-N-\m-a-t\m-`mhw A\p-
hn-m ]mSn. apl-Zv \_n(k)bpsSbpw A\p-bm-bn-I-fp-
sSbpw icn-bmb \ne-]mSv {]Jym-]n-p-sImv Jp-B ]-d-bpp:
""ssZh-Zq-X Xs \mY-\nv Ah-X-cnp Inn-b-Xn hniz-
kn-n-cn-pp. (AXp-t]m-se-bmWv) kXy-hn-izm-kn-Ifpw. Ah-scmw
Am-lp-hnepw Ahs ae-p-I-fnepw thZ--fnepw ZqX-m-cnepw
hniz- k np. ZqX- m- c n Hcm- t fmSpw hnth- N \w ImWnp- n!
(CXs{X Ah-cpsS \ne-]mSv.)''13
Cu \b-{]-Jym-]-\-ns ASn-m-\-n-emWv apkvenw-I
]qh {]hm-N-I-m-cn-semw hniz-kn-p-Xv. B alm-m--fpsS
\ma- D- c n- p- t m Ah "Asse- l n- emw' Fm- i w-
knpp. "At- l - n\v kam- [ m\w `hns' FmWv B
hmns AYw. BI-bm `mc-Xob {]hm-N-I-m-scbpw AwKo-I-
cn-m-Z-cn-m ta {]am-W--fpsS ASn-m-\-n apkvenw-I
IS-s-n-cn-pp. Jp-B-\n t]cp--cn-n FXv Hcp {]Xn-_-
-am-hp-n. C{km-tb hwi-n \nbp--cmb {]hm-N-I-m-
cn ]e-cp-sSbpw \ma- Jp-B {]kvXm-hn-n-n. iaq-th,
bi-mhv, bl-kvtI, bnc-aymhv, \nln-mhv Fo t]cp-I DZm-
28 `mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
l-cWw. Fn-cp-mepw Ahsc {]hm-N-I-m-sc \ne-bn apkvenw-
I _lp-am-\n-pp.
Fm `mc-Xob aXm-Nm-cy-m-cn-semcp hyn-sbbpw apkvenw-
I {]hm-N-I-\mbn AwKo-I-cn-n-n-s-Xv icn-bmWv. Fm-Wn-
Xns Imc-Ww? Ah-cpsS bYmY hynXzw apkvenw-Ip Xncn-
-dn-bm Ign-n F-Xp-Xs.
Hm-a-Xmbn, ]pcm-X-\-`m-c-Xo-bv hyn-I-fpsS Poh-N-cn{Xw
Ipdn-p-h-bvp ]Xn-hn-m-bn-cpp. Xn-anw `mc-Xob aXm-Nm-
cy-m-cpsS hyn-Xztam {]t_m-[-\tam Ckvem-anI am\-Z-WvU-a-\p-
k-cnp hne-bn-cp-p-hm apkvenw-Iv Ign-n. Ncn-{X-Imc-
m- s c- t mepw AXyw Ipg- nb Hcp nXn- h n- t i- j - a m- W nXv .
]WvUnv Ph-lem s\lvdp Fgp-Xpp:
""Cy-bpsS {]mNo-\-N-cn{Xw ]Tn-p--Xn \apv hen-sbmcp
hnj-a-apv. ]pcm-X\ Bcy-mCtm-B-cy-m FmWv Chsc
hnfn-ph-cp-Xv Ncn{Xw Ipdn-p-h-bvp--Xn\p Xosc Dp-I-cm-bn-
cp-n.''14
cm-a-Xmbn `mc-Xo-bm-Nm-cy-m-cpsS hyn-Xz- bpn-n-W-
m- sFXn-ly--fmepw sIp-I-Y-I-fmepw Bh-cWw sN-s-
n-cn-p-I-bmWv. Ah Ncn{X ]pcp-j-mtcm shdpw IYm-]m-{X-tfm
Fv Xocp-am-\n-pI t]mepw hnj-a-amWv. Fn-t, Ah-cpsS
hynXzw Xncn--dn-bp-Xv?
IqSmsX `mj, BNmcw, aX-hn-izmkw, Cy-m Xn-
n-ep sshcp-[y- apX-em-b \nc-h[n {]Xn-_-- thsdbpw.
]pcm-X\ `mc-X-n-tev Xncnpt\mp--]w, C-s-m
hfsc ko-Wam-bn-cpp As Ah Fp-ImWmw. ]c-
kv]-c-hn-cp--amb \nc-h[n ssZh-k-]-, Ah-Xm-c-kn-mw,
]p\P--hmZw, NmXph-Wy-kw-kvImcw, Hcp Xz-nepw tbmPn-
n-m-\m-hm Zi-\- BZn-bmb koW-X-I \nd `mc-
X-s-bmWv apkvenw ]n-X-mv ImWm Ign-Xv. ssZhnI
ktiw sIm-\p-Kr-lo-X-amb Hcp kapZm-b-ns e-W--
sfmpw Ahv {]Xy--ambn ImWm km[n-n. Xn-anw
Ah `mc-Xob {]hm-N-I-msc Xncn--dn-bm\pw apXn-n.
Fm ]ucm- W nI apkv e nw ]n- X - m- c n- e mcpw `mc- X ob
kwkvImcw ]Tn-p-hm {ian-n-n-sp [cn--cpXv. Nne hnm-
\-Ip-Xp-In-I AXn-\p-thn hfsc ]mSp-s]-Sp-I-bp-mbn. ]t,
`mc-Xo-b-a-Xm-Nm-cy-m-cpsS hyn-Xz-s-p-dnp icn-bmb Hcp \nK-
a-\-n-se-p-hm Ahpw Ign-n-n. kp{]-kn tZi-k-m-
cnbpw ]n-X-\p-amb A_q-d-bvlm apl--Zp _odq\n ({In. 973-
1048) Cq--ns]-Spp. Atlw `mc-X-n hp ]Xn-aq-p-
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
hjw `mc-Xob kwkvIm-c-s-n ]T\w \Sn. `mc-Xo-b-`mj

]Tnp. ]e {_mW ]n-X-m-cp-sSbpw injyXzw kzoI-cnp.
As `mc-Xo-b-cpsS Ncn-{X-s- ]p-c-kvI-cnp Ad-_n-`m-j-bn
Hcp {Kw cNnp"InXm-_plnv'. IqSmsX `mc-Xob Zi-\--
tfbpw hnm-\--tfbpw Atlw Ad-_n-bn-tev hnh\w
sNbvI-bp-ap-mbn. ]t, AsXmpw `mc-Xob aXm-Nm-cy-m-cpsS
hyn-Xz-n-tev shfnw hoip-n. `mc-Xo-bsc a\-n-em-p-
hm- \ p {ia- n ]cm- P bw k- X n- p- I - b mWv A _odq\n
sNbvXXv: ""Fs Ign-hns ]c-am-h[n D]-tbm-Knp Inm-hp-t-S-
tmfw tcJ-I tiJ-cn-npw Ah-cpsS Fm \ne-I-sf-p-dnpw
]cn-]qW-ambn Adn-bm-\p {ia-n Rm ]cm-P-b-s-n-cn-p-
I-bm-sW-p-thWw ]d-bp-hm.''15
Cy-m-cpsS aX-sbpw kwkvIm-c-sbpw ]Tn-p--Xn
asmcp aX-m-c-p hnj-a-X-I-sf-n A _odq\n ]d-bp-p:
""Cy-mpw \appw Xn-ep AIv ]e Imc-W--fp-
apv. P\-k-bw ]c-kv]cw tbmPn-p hnj-b--fn-semw \mapw
Ah-cp-ambn hntbm-Pn-m-Wp-Xv.''16
`mj, aXw, BNmcw BZn-bm-b-h-sbmw {]kvXpX AIv
Imc-W--fmbn Atlw Nqn-m-Wn-pp. apkvenw-I-fpsS aX-
`mj Fm-epw Ad-_n-bmWv. Ah-cpsS {]mY-\-I, kvtXm{X-
, Io-\- Fmw Ad-_n-bn-emWv. aX-]-c-amb kmt-
XnI i_vZ-fpw Ad-_n-bn-ep--XmWv. `mc-Xo-b-cpsS aX-`m-j-bm-
hs, kwkvIr-Xhpw. As-n kwkvIr-X-a-b-amb {]mtZ-inI `mj-
I. `mjm-]-c-amb AI-aqew apkvenw-I-fpsS aXm-Nm-cy-m-cpsS
hynXzw `mc-Xo-bpw `mc-Xob ]pWy-]p-cp-jam-cpsS hynXzw
apkvenw-Ipw Xncn--dn-bm {]bm-kw- t\-cnp. apkvenw-I X-
fpsS aXm-Nm-cy-msc \_n, dkq, Jeo^, Camw XpS-nb Ad_n
kw- I - f n- e mWv kv a cn- m- d p- - s X- n, `mc- X o- b X- f psS
]pWy-]p-cp-j-msc Ejn, aljn, ap\n, amap\n, Kpcp apX-emb \ma-
-fn-emWv hnti-jn-n-p-Xv. Ccw kmt-XnI kw-I-fpsS
bYmY- s]m-cp ]c-kv]cw Adn-bp-n. \_n FXv apl--Zns
Hcp ]cym-b-]-Z-am-sW-s{X Nne `mjm-\n-L-p-Im-t]mepw
[cn-p-h-im-bn-cn-p-Xv. hmkvX-h-n {]hm-N-I Fp-am-{Xta
AXn-\Y-apq. AXp-sIm-mWv C_vdmlow \_n, aqkm \_n,
Cukm \_n Fpw apw apkvenw-I ]d-bp-Xv.
IqSmsX apkvenw-I-fpsS aX-km-ln-Xy- Hp-ap-mepw Ad-
_n-`m-j-bn-emWv nXn-sN-p-Xv. `mc-Xob aX kmln-Xy-tfm,
kwkvIr-X-nepw. AXpw hymh-lm-cnI `mj-bn-e--Xm\pw. AXn-
]p-cm-X-\hpw kwkvIrX ]n-X-mp-t]mepw Zp{K-l-hp-amWv
Ah- b psS `mjm- s sien. AXyw \nKq- V - - f mb Xz-
30 `mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
t]mepw Ihn-X-I-fntem, Ihn-X-t]m-ep KZy--fntem BWv {]Xn-
]m-Zn-n-p-Xv. thZ-, D]-\n-j-p-I apX-em-bh a\-n-em-h-
W- s a- n, kwkv I r- X - ] - n- X - mp- t ]mepw ZoL- I m- e s
X]pw ITn-\-{h-Xhpw thn-h-cpp. BI-bm `mc-Xo-b-cpsS aX-
km-ln-Xy- ]cn-tim-[nv `mc-Xob aXm-Nm-cy-m-cpsS hyn-Xz-
s-n icn-bmb Hcp \nK-a-\-n-se-n-t-cpI CXc aX-v
n{]-km-[y-a.
CXn-s\mw ]pdta ]pcm-X-\-Im-ev `mc-Xo-b aX Xz-
A\y-mv shfn-s-Sp-p--Xn _lp-ep-_v[am-cm-bn-cpp.
As\ sNp-Xv \njn--am-sW-m-bn-cpp Ah-cpsS [mcW.
tizXm-iz-X-tcm-]-\n-j-n ]d-bp--Xp -t\m-pI:
""thZmt ]caw Kplyw
]pcm-Ievt] {]tNm-ZnXw
\m{]-im-mb ZmXhyw
lm ]p{Xmb injymb hm ]p\x.''
(]pcm-X\ Imes thZm--n ]c-a-c-l-ky-amb Cu m\w
]d-n-pv. Aim--\mb hynv AXv ]d-p-sIm-Sp--cpXv.
Abm {]nb-]p-{Xt\m injyt\m Bbmepw sImmw.)17
]p{X-pw injy-pw-IqSn ]d-p-sIm-Sp-m ]mSn-m Hcp
cl-ky-m\w apkvenw-I-sf-tm-ep A\y-a-X--mv Adn-
bn-p {]iv\w Xs D-hn-p-n-tm. iq{Z-mpw iq{Z-m-
sc-tm-ep--hpw thZw D]-tZ-in-p--Xns\ [a-imkv{Xw Ii-
\-ambn hne-n-bn-cn-p-I-bmWv. Bcym-h-n\p ]pd-p--h-
scmw iq{Z-m-cm-bmWv KWn--s-n-cp-Xv. ssl-h-[a imkv{X-
-fn Ghpw {]am-Wn--s-Sp a\p-kvarXn ]d-bpp:
""]uvd-Im-u-{U-{Z-hnUmx Imwt`m-Pm-b-h -
\m-Imx ]mc-Zm-]ln-hm-o\mx Incm-Xm-Z-cZmx Jimx:''18
(]u{w [Imcq-j-cmPyw AYhm D-c-_w-Km], Hu{Uw [Hdo],
{ZhnUw [sXny], Imwt`mPw [sXp-]-Sn-m-d Imivao-chpw
Im^n-dn-ms `mK-fpw], bh\w [{Kov, Atd_ym apX-em-bh],
iIw [knn-b-tZiw], ]mcXw, ]mloIw, No\w [No\], IncmXw
[lnam-e-b-n\p kao-]-ap Hcp tZiw], ZcXw [hnj-ap-m-Ip
Hcp tZiw], Jiw Fo cmPy- ]men--h-scmw iq{Zam-cmbn
`hnp.)
Cq--n bh-\-m-cm-bmWv apkvenw-Isf `mc-Xo-b IW-m-
n-bn-cp-Xv. AXn-\m Ah Cpw apkvenw-Isf "tPm\', "tPm\-
I', "tbm\' (bh-\) Fp hnfn-p-h-cpp.
iq{Z-mpw iq{Z-m-cmbn KWn--s-Sp--hpw X-fpsS
thZ-km-ln-Xy- Adn-bn-p-hm ]mSn-s-mWv ssl-h-[a-
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
Ipdn-p-I
1. `K-h-ZvKoX A[ymbw 4, tmIw 7, 8
2. Ibid A[ymbw 1, tmIw 33-35.
3. hniz-hn-m-\-tImiw hmfyw 4, t]Pv 502
4. KoX A[ymbw 1, tmIw 31
5. Jp-B A[ymbw 6, kqw 100
6. `hn-jy-]p-cmWw ]w 3, ImWvUw 3, A[ymbw 3, tmIw 5
7. Influence of Islam on Indian Culture p.163
8. Jp-B A[ymbw 16, kqw 36
9. Ibid A[ymbw 10, kqw 47
12. Ibid 4: 78
13. Ibid 2 : 285
14. hniz-N-cn{X kw{Klw t]Pv 11
15. A_odq\n I Cy t]Pv 17
16. Ibid p.1
17. D-cWw: hniz-Zi-\- By cmlp kmwIr-Xy-mb, t]Pv 622
18. a\p-kvarXn A[ymbw 10, tmIw 44
19. Ibid 4: 81
20. Ibid 4: 99
21. B]-kvXw-_-[-kq{Xw
22. A_odq\n I Cy t]Pv 15
32 `mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
imkv{Xw A\p-im-kn-p-Xv. a\p-kvarXn ]d-bpp:

""tbmlyky [-am-NjvtS bss-hmZn iXn-{hXw
tkmkw{hXw \ma-Xax kl-tX-ss\-h-a-Xn.''19
(bmsXmcp {_m-W iq{Z\v [ahpw {hXhpw icn-bmbn D]-tZ-in-
p-pthm Ah B iq{Z-t\m-Sp-IqSn Aw-{h-X-sa A-Im-c-
n a-\m-Ipp.)
iq{Z-cp e--fn shp-t]mepw thtZm-m-cWw ]mSp--
X. ""\ iq-{Z-P\ kns[u''20 (iq{Z-m-cpsS kao-]-n thZw
sNm-cp-Xv). ""thZw tI iq{Zs ImXn Cubhpw Acpw Dcp-
n-sbm-gn-Ww, thZ-ap--cn iq{Zs \mhv Adpp ths-Sp-
Ww.''21 --
C-s\-bp Hcp kml-N-cy-n apkvenw aX-]-n-Xamv
`mc-Xob aXm-Nm-cyam-cpsS hynXzw hne-bn-cp-p-hm Ign-n-
s-n AXn Ahsc Ip-s-Sp-n-bnp Imcy-an. hmkvX-h-n
AXn\p ImcWw `mc-Xo-b-cpsS tem`-a-t\m-`m-h-amWv. Dkv_-n-kvXm-
\n \nv Cy-bn hv ]Xn-aqv hjw \nc--c-ambn {iaw \S-
nb A_o- d q\n ]cm- P - b - s - S p- I - b m- W p- m- b - s Xp ]d- p-
htm. CXns ImcWw Atlw Xs shfn- s - S p- p- Xp
ImWpI: ""Ah (`mc-Xo-b) \s ]nim-Np--sf-tm-se-bmWv IW-
m-p-Xv. \psS thjhpw BIr-Xn-bpw Ah-cpsS Ipn-Isf t]Sn-
n-p-hm-\p D]m-[n-I-fmbn kzoI-cnp hcn-Ibpw sNpp.''22
CX-cam-tcmSv C{Xbpw Ad-tmSpw Ah--tbmSpw IqSn s]cp-
am-dn-bn-cp Hcp hn`m-K-ns aX-X-z--sfbpw kmwkvIm-cnI
aqey--sfbpw ap--hs-s\ {Kln-m-s\mpw? CXmWv `mc-
Xob aXm- N m- c yam- c psS hynXzw hne- b n- c p- p- h m apkv e nw-
Ip Ign-bm-Xn-cp--Xns Hcp {][m\ Imc-W-sap tXmpp.
Fm Cs \ne AX; Cv `mc-Xo-b-cpsS ASn-m-\
aX-km-ln-Xy- ]eXpw D]-e-_v[-amWv. Ah-bn NneXv {]mtZ-
inI `mj-bn hnh\w sN-s-n-p-apv. Ah hmbnv `mc-Xo-
b-a-Xm-Nm-cyam-cpsS hynXzw Xncn--dn-bm Ign-tpw. ]t,
apkvenw ]n-Xam B hgnv th{X {i sNep-p-n-
sp tJZ-]qhw ]d-tb-n-bn-cn-pp. auem\m A_pIemw
Bkm-Zn-s\t-m-ep alm-]-n-Xam Cu cwKv Imse-Spp
hn-cpp. `mc-Xo-b-cpsS ssZh-k-]--sf-n Atlw Xs
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
hnJym-X-amb Jp-B `mjy-n ]cm-ain-n-pv. ]t, AXp

Xotc A]qWhpw A]-cym-]vX-hp-amWv. IqSmsX `mc-Xo-b-cpsS ASn-
m-\-km-ln-Xy--sf-b-, Ah-sb-p-dn ]mm-Xy ]n-Xam-
cpsS \ncq-]-W--sf-bmWv Atlw apJy-ambpw Ah-ew-_n-n-p-Xv.
]mm-Xy aX-ho-Ww asm-mWv. Ah-cpsS \nK-a-\--fpsS
ASn-m-\-n Hcp aX-s-p-dnp h Xocp-am-\hpw FSp-pI
hnj-a-as{X.
thZ-, D]-\n-j-p-I, CXn-lm-k-]p-cm-W- apX-em-b-h-
bmWv `mc-Xo-b-a-X-ns ASn-m-\-km-ln-Xy-. Chsb \njv]-
-_pym ]Tnp icn-bmb Hcp \nK-a-\-n-se-m-\mWv {ian-t-
Xv. Fm AXn\v tbmKy-cmb hyn-I \ap-n-n.
tIhew A]-cym-]v-Xhpw ]cn-an-X-hp-amb Hcp {ia-ns ê-
amWv Cu {K-n Ah-X-cn-n-m Dt-in-p--Xv. CXn ht-
m [mcmfw km[y-X-bp kvJen-X- Adn-hp almam
kvt\l-_pym Xncp-p-sa {]Xo--tbmsS Nne A`n-{]m-b-
ChnsS {]I-Sn-n-pp. kXym-t\z-j-W-hn-Im-c-a-msX asmcp \nn-
]vX-Xm]-cyhpw CXns ]nd-In {]hn-n-n-sv GXm-p-d-
mbn ]d-bm Ignbpw.
A[ymbw cv
am\-Zw
\nc-h[n \mK-cn-I-X-I temI-p-Zn-p-Ibpw Db-cp-Ibpw AkvX-
an-p-Ibpw sNbvXn-pv. Ch-bn Nne-sX-nepw icn-bmb ssZh-
k-t-i-ns ASn-m-\-n-ep-S-se-Sp--Xm-bn-cp-p-sh Imcy-
n Ncn{Xw kwi- b n- p- n. PqX- \ m- K - c n- I X Hcp- Z m- l - c Ww.
tamkp apX {InkvXp-h-sc-bp {]hm-N-I-m-cmWv AXn\v ASn-
- d - ] m- I n- b Xv . ]t, tbip- h ns Ime- a m- b - t m- t gpw AXv
Bmhv \jvS-sv tIh-e-samcp ]mc--cy-ambn cq]m--c-s-n-cpp.
AXn-\m PqX-kw-kvIm-cs ipn-sN-m-\mbn tbip-{InkvXp \S-
nb {ia- - s fmpw hnP- b n- n. Ah- k m\w ss{Ikv X - h Xzw
asmcp \mK-cn-I-X-bmbn hf-cp-I-bm-Wp-m-bXv. Imem--c-n
ss{IkvXh \mK-cn-I-Xbpw Poh--h-ambn cq]w amdn. Atm-gmWv
Atd-_n-bm-bn Ckvemw Bhn`-hn-Xv. Ckvem-ans \h-ssN-
X\yw ss{I-kvXh \mK-cn-I-X-bpsS in-sI-Sp-p-Ibpw khYm
]ptcm- K - a - t \m- p- J hpw hn- h m- - I - h p- a mb asmcp \mK- c n- I X
kwm]n-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. AXv kakvX temI-\m-K-cn-I-X-I-fn
kzm[o\w sNepn. Ckvemw ]pkvX-I-nepw apkvenw-I ivaim-
\-n-ep-ambn HXp-n-b-tXmsS Ckvem-anI \mK-cn-I-Xbpw tNX-\-
34 `mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
b an-embn.
Ncn{X hnZymYnsb kw_-n-t-S-tmfw AXn-]p-cm-X-\-amb
Hcp kwkvIm-c-ns kmm ASn-m-\--sf-sp \nW-
bn-pI Xptemw hnj-a-at{X. Nne AS-bm-f--sfm-gnsI asmcp hn[n-
\nWm-bI tcJbpw Abmp-]e-_v[-am-hp-sav {]Xo-n-m-h-
X. {]kvXpX AS-bm-f- ]cn-tim-[n-p-thWw, AXv cq]-sa-Sp-
Xv ssZhn-I-X-z--fpsS ASn-m-\-ntem, ùXnI Xz--
fpsS ASn-m-\-ntem Fp \nW-bn-pI. ssZh \nZn-jvS--
fmb Xz--fpsS AkvXn-hm-c-n-t s]mn-h-n-p kwkvIm-
c-ku-[-n-s-Xmb Nne e-W- Jp-B Nqn-m-Wn-p-
pv. Ahsb Hcp am\-Z--ambn kzoI-cn-m-hp--XmWv. Ah
Xmsg hnh-cn-pp.
AZr-iy-bm-YmYy-f
- n-ep hnizmkw
ssZh-\nZnjvS Xz--fn {]Y-ahpw {][m-\-hp-am-bn-p-Xv
AZr-iy-bm-YmYy--fmWv. a\p-jys mt\-{n-b-p hnt[-
b-am-hm bmYmYy-s-bmWv "AZr-iy-bm-YmYyw' Fn-hnsS
hyh-l-cn-n-p-Xv. ssZhw, ssZh-Zq-Xam (ae-p-I), ac-Wm-\-
c PohnXw, kzKw, \cIw BZn-bm-bh DZm-l-cWw. Ccw
bmYmYy--fpsS `mhm-`m-h--sf--ntbm kz`mh KpW--sf--
ntbm Hcp Xocp-am-\-hp-sa-Sp-p-hm a\p-jy-_p-np km[y-a.
ImcWw, Ahs m\ ZrjvSnv Ah AtKm-N-c--fs{X. Ah-
bpsS bmYmYyw Ip-]n-Sn-m ]p bmsXmcp D]-I-c-Whpw
D]-e-_v[-a. a\p-jys m\-Zr-jvSnv tKmN-c-am-hp GXp hnj-
bhpw Zriy {]]- - ns]- - X mWv . AZriy {]]- - h p- a mbn
Ahs C{n-b-tm D]-I-c-W-tm bmsXmcp _-hp-
an.
Fm ssZhw Xnc-s-Spv {]hm-N-IXz ]Zw A\p-{K-ln
Nne hyn-Iv Acw bmYmYy--sf--n-bp kqvahpw
kpZr-V-hp-amb m\w e`n-pp. AXpw AZr-iy-amtKW. {]hm-
N-I-m-cpsS kXy-k-hpw ss[cy-]qh-hp-amb {]h-N-\-a-msX CX-
c-msc kw_-n-t-S-tmfw Ah-bpsS kXym-h At\z-jn-p-
-Xn\v asmcp hgn-bp-an. CXmWv AZr-iy-{]-]--ns icn-bmb
\ne-]mSv.
Jp-B {]kvXpX AZr-iy-bm-YmYy-sf "ssK_v' FmWv
hnfn-n-cn-p-Xv; Zriy-{]-]-s "ilm-Zv' Fpw. ssK_ns
bmYmYyw ssZh-n\v am{Xta Adnbq. {]hm-N-Iamv AZr-
iy-bm-YmYy--fn NneXv Ah Adn-bn-p-sIm-Sp-pp. {]hm-N-
I- m Ah P\- sf DZv t _m- [ n- n- p- I bpw sNpp. GXp
\nepw Hcp {]hm-N-I aptJ-\-b-msX AZriyw Adn-bpI km[y-
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
a. AXmWv Jp-B shfn-s-Sp-p-Xv: ""AZr-iyw Adn-bp--h-

\m-Ipp Amlp. Ahs AZr-iy-s-n Bpw Adn-bnp
\Ip--XAh CjvS-s ZqX--msX.''1
AXn-\m ssZhw, ssZh-Zq-X, kzKw, \cIw, Ia-êw, ac-
Wm-\-c PohnXw XpS-nb AZr-iy-bm-YmYy-sf kw_-n
hn`m-h\ GsXmcp kwkvIm-c-n ImWp-pthm, B kwkvIm-c-
ns \njv]n {]hm-NI {]t_m-[-\-am-bn-cn-msX \nhm-l-an.
Fs-m Acw AZr-iy-bm-YmYy- {]hm-N-I--msX
ampw e_v[-a. BI-bm ta-d AZr-iy-bm-YmYy--
fn-ep hnizm-ks ssZh-\nZnjvS kwkvIm-c-ns {]Y-a-e--
W-ambn \apv AwKo-I-cnmw. Jp-B ]d-bpp: ""Cu {Kw
(Jp-B) Hcp amK-Zi-\-amWv Am-cy-n kwi-b-an. AZr-
iy-n hniz-kn-p `-P-\-v''2
ssZhnI amK-Zi-\--f-S-nb Jp-B AwKo-I-cn-p--Xn\v
{]Y-ahpw {][m-\-hp-amb D]m[n AZr-iy-bm-YmYy-n-ep hnizm-
k-am-sWv ]d-bp-tm AXn \nv Hcp Imcyw hywKy--tcW
kn-am-hp-pv. ssZhn-I-amK-Zi-\-ns Ghpw ASn-m-\-
]-c-amb khn-ti-jX AZr-iy-bm-YmYy--sf-p-dn {]Xn-]m-Z-\-am-
bn-cn-p-sa--XmWXv. ssZhw, ssZh-Zq-X, Ia-êw, kzK-\-c-I-
, ac- W m- \ - c PohnXw AYhm ]c- t emIw Fn- h - s b- n
{]mNo\ `mc-Xo-b-a-X-{K-- hy-ambn {]Xn-]m-Zn-p-pv.
GI-ssZ-hXz hn`m-h\w
{]hm-N-I-m-cm {]t_m-[n-X-amb aX-X-z--fpsS ASn-m-
\--fn cq]wsImp kwkvIm-c-ns cm-as eWw
GI- s sZ- h Xz hn`m- h - \ - a mWv . Fm Hmtcm {]hm- N - I \pw Cu
BZis Dun-bp-d-n-n-p--Xmbn Jp-B knm-n-pp.
]t, Cu cwKv Hcp Ncn{X bmYmYyw \mw khn-tijw {in-
t--Xpv. GsXmcp {]hm-N-I-sbpw A\p-bm-bn-I At-l-
ns bYmY {]t_m-[-\-n \nv A\-c Imev hyXn-N-
en-n-pv. AtXmsS ]e-X-c-n-ep A-hn-izm-k-fpw A\m-
Nm-c-fpw krjvSn-]q-Pm-]-c-amb k{-Zm-b-fpw apw Ah-cpsS
kwkvIm-c-n \pgp ISp, As\ Ime-{I-a-n AXv
X\n _lp-ssZ-h-Xz-abamb Hcp kwkvIm-c-ambn A[x-]-Xnp-Ibpw
sNbvXp. Ncn-{X-ns Cu kmam-\y-kz-`m-h-n \nv PqX-aXtam
{InkvXp-a-Xtam Ckvemw aXtam Hpw Xs Hgn-h. Cs
apkvenw-I-fn hen-sbmcp hn`mKw acnp aa-d alm-]p-cp-jam-
sctbm Ah-cpsS ivaim-\--sftbm ]qPn-p--h-cmWv. BI-bm
A\p-bm-bn-I-fpsS hyXn-N-e-\s honv, kwkvIm-cs hne-
bn-cp-p ]w bmsXmcp kwkvIm-c-sbpw krjvSn-]q-P-bn
36 `mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
\nv ip-am-bn-m-WpI Cm-ev km[y-a.
ssl-h-kw-kvIm-c-n ImW-s-Sp A-hn-izm-k-pw
A\m-Nm-c-pw krjvSn-]q-P-Ipw Ipw IW-p-an. Fm
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c-ns DXv]n GI-ssZ-h-Xz-k-]-n
\nm-sWv sXfn-bn-p-hm Ignbpw.
Cs ss{IkvX-h-temIw s]mXp-hn {XnXz-hm-Zn-I-fmWv.
]nXmhv, ]p{X, ]cn-ip-m-mhv Cu aqpw IqSnb HmWv Ah-
cpsS ssZh-k-]w. Fm tbip-{InkvXp Hcp {]hm-N-I-\m-bn-
cp- p- s hpw, GI- s sZ- h - X z- s - b - msX asmcp ssZh- k - ]-
sbpw Atlw D]-tZ-in-n-n-spw A\-c Imev ss{IkvXh
kwkvIm-c-n \pg-p-I-S--XmWv {XnXz-hn-izm-k-sapw Jp-
B \apv a\-n-em-n--cpp. \ne-hn-ep kphn-ti-j-
Xs AXn-tev sXfn-hp-I \Ip-p-apv.
CXp-t]m-se-bmWv \ne-hn-ep `mc-Xob aX-n-sbpw nXn.
asm aX--sfbpw At]-np IqSp-X ]g--ap Hm-b-Xn-
\m `mc-Xo-b-aXw IqSp-X It--pw hyXn-bm-\-pw
hnt[- b - a mbn Ft- b pq. Fnpw ip- a mb GI- s sZ- h Xz
k]s {]tZym-Xn-n-p Nne tcJ-I Cpw {]mNo\ `mc-
Xob kmln-Xy--fn ImWp-p-sh--XmWv AZv`pXw. EtKz-Z-nse
]e a{-fpw hninjym, "\mk-Zob kqw' CXn-tep--tam-
Zm-l-c-W-amWv. t]msc-n D]-\n-j-p-I ip-amb GI-Xz-k-
]s Ah-X-cn-n-pp.
]c-temI hnizmkw
ac-Wm-\-c Pohn-X-n-ep hnizm-k-amWv asmcp eWw.
ac-W-tmsS a\pjy PohnXw Ah-km-\n-p-n-spw ac-Wm-\-
-chpw Pohn-Xw XpS-cp-p-sh-p-amWv {]hm-N-Iam ]Tn-n-n-p-
Xv. CXn-s\-Xnsc ùXnI Nn-Iam, ac-W-tmsS a\p-jy-Po-
hnXw F-t-p-ambn Ah-km-\n-p-shv hmZn-pp. a\p-jys
Ia-^-es apJy-ambpw A\-c Pohn-X-tm-SmWv {]hm-N-I-a-
X- _-s-Sp-n-bXv. AXm-bXv Cu Pohn-X-n kpIrXw
{]hn--h\v B Pohn-X-n kZv^-ehpw, ]m]w sNbvX-h\v
Zpjv^-ehpw Dmhpw. Cu Xz-amWv {]hm-N-Iam-scmw kzP-
\-Xsb DZvt_m-[n-n-n-cp--sXp Jp-B ]d-bpp: ""(kXv-Ian-
Ip) kphn-ti-jhpw (ZpjvIan-Ip) XmoXpw \Ip--h-
cm-bn--msX ssZh-Zq-X-msc \mw \ntbm-Kn-p-n.''3
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-chpw Ia-^-e-s-n Dun--d-bp-pv.
]t, asmcp k]-n-emWv I-êw C-dn-b-s-Sp-Xv.
]p\P--k-]-n. Cu P-n ]pWyw sNbvX-h ASp
P-n kpPm-X\pw ]m]w {]hn--h \oN-\p-ambn ]cn-W-an-
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
p-sa-mWv `mc-Xo-b-cpsS hnizmkw. Fm ]pcm-X\ `mc-Xo-b

]p\Pa-n, As-n AXns {]kvXpX hymJym-\-n
hniz-kn-n-cp-n. {]XypX, ]mc-eu-InI Ia-^-e-n-emWv Ah
hniz- k n- n- c p- Xv . ]p\P- - h mZw, AYhm AXns Cs
hymJym\w ]nevme krjvSn-bm-sWv Nne \ncq-]-Iam hy-
am-n-bn-pv. {io. cmlp kmwIr-Xym-b Fgp-Xpp: ""thZ-nse
Ejn-am Cu temI-p-\nv hn`n--amb asmcp temI-ap-sv
hniz- k n- n- c pp. Ahn- t S- mWv ac- W m- \ - cw kXv I an- I
t]mhpI. Ah AhnsS B\--]qw Pohn-p--XmWv. Xmsg-bp
]mXmfw A- I m- c - a bamb \c- I - t em- I - a mWv . Ahn- t S- mWv
ZpjvIan-I t]mhp-Xv.... sshZnI Imes Ejn-amp ]p\P-
-hm-Z-hp-ambn _-ap-m-bn-cp-n.''4
thZ-Im-ev Pohn {]mNo\ `mc-Xo-b ]c-tem-I-nse Ia-
^-e--fnepw kzK-\-c-I--fn-ep-amWv hniz-kn-n-cp-Xv. ]t,
]nm-ev kap-Zm-b-ns [man-I-t_m[w At XIp.
Xmgv-hn-`m-K- Zmcn-{Zyhpw ASn-a-hpw Ak-a-Xzhpw A\p-`-hnp
s]mdp-Xn-ap-p-Ibpw k--Xbpw kpJ-Po-hn-Xhpw Hcp ]nSn Ipeo-
\am-cpsS Ip-I-bm-bn-o-cp-Ibpw sNbvX-tm AXn-s\-Xn-cn
cq-amb hnai\w s]mn-hp. ]c-tem-I-hn-izmkw P\-lr-Z-b-
-fn \nv A[m\w sNbvXp. XZ-h-k-c-n aX-t\-Xm-v
]p\Pa-hmZw Bhn-jvI-cn-t-n-hp. [aw icnpw ]men-m-
-h hopw Cl-n Xs P\n-p-sapw, B Pa-n
kq-Ict\m ip\-It\m iq{Zt\m Bbn cq]m--c-s-Sp-sapw Zmi-
\nI cwKv knm-n--sp. P\- A\p-`-hn-p Zpcn-X-
]qW-amb PohnXw apa-nse Ia-^-e-am-sWpw hcpw Pa-
n kpJ-Po-hnXw e`n-t--Xn\v kXvIa-a-\p-jvTn-p-I-b-
msX asmcp ]cn-lm-c-an-spw XZzmcm hp-IqSn. Cl-n shp-
Xs òIc in A\p-`-hn-tn hcn-I-sb-Xv a\p-jys\ kw_-
n-n-S-tmfw IqSp-X òXn-X-am-Wtm. GXm-bmepw {]kvXpX
Bibw {]N-cn--tXmsS hnai-\-v Hc-dp-Xnbpw s]mdp-Xnbpw
hp. C-s\-bmWv ]c-tem-I-hn-izm-k-n \nv ]p\Pa knm-
-n-te-p-mb ]cn-Wm-asa-v kmwIr-Xym-b A`n-{]m-b-s-
Spp: ""A- s \- b p hnai- I - m- c p- m- b - t m D]- \ n- j - X v I m-
es [man-I-t\-Xm-v ]p\Pa-hmZw Bhn-jvI-cn-t--
Xmbn hp. Chn-sS-bp kmap-Zm-bn-I-t-i-, Hmtcm Bmhpw
aS-n-hv, Xmm- sNbvXn-cp--Xn-\p in A\p-`-hn-t-
-Xn\v thn-bp--XmWv F-h hmZnp. kmap-Zm-bn-I-t-i-sf
ap\nn-bmWv, kap-Zm-b-nse {]`p--m-cp-sSbpw Nqj-Iam-
cp-sSbpw apn C-s\-sbmcp {]iv\w Bhn`-hn-Xv. Fm
38 `mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
]p\Pa-hmZw sImv {]kvXpX ti--fnq-Sn-s AXn-
\p \nhm-c-Whpw km[n-X-ambn. hfsc kaY-amb Hcp Ip-]n-
Sn--am-bn-pv CsX--Xn\v kwi-b-an.''5
Npcp--n, {]mNo-\-`m-c-Xo-b ]c-tem-I-nepw ac-Wm-\-c
Pohn-X-nse kpJ-Zpx-J--fn-ep-amWv hniz-kn-n-cp-Xv. ]p\Pa-
hmZw A\--c-Im-ev ISp-Iq-Snb Hcp "_nZv-Apw' Ir{Xn-a-kn-
m--hp-amWv.
]mc-eu-InI [manI hoWw
GsXmcp kwkvIm-c-nepw kZm-Nm-c-Zp-cm-Nm-c--sf-p-dn Nne
k- ]- - f p- mhpw. A\o- i z- c - h m- Z - n- e - [ n- j v T n- X - a mb tIhe
ùXnI kwkvIm-c- t]mepw AXn \nv hyXy-kvX--f.
Ah-bn-ep-apv Nne kZm-Nm-c-fpw Zpcm-Nm-c-fpw. AXn-\m tIh-
e-amb kZm-Nm-c-Zp-cm-Nmc k]w Hcp {]hm-N-I-a-X-ns e-
W-am-sWv ]d-p-IqSm.
Fm [am-[a-k-]w asm-mWv. AXns ho-W-K-
Xnbpw `n-amWv. AXnse kZm-Nm-c-Zp-cm-Nm-c-k-]w ac-Wm-\-c
Pohn-X-n A\p-`-hn-p-hm-\n-cn-p kpJ-Zpx-J--tfbpw cm-
in--I-tfbpw B{i-bn-n-cn-pp. AXm-bXv ac-Wm-\-cw kpJm-
\p-`q-Xnpw kZv^-e-kn-npw Imc-W-am-hp Ia-amWv kZm-Nmcw;
As-n [aw. hn]-co-X-am-bXp Zpcm-Nm-chpw A[ahpw. Cu
hom-K-Xn-bmWv Fm {]hm-N-Iamcpw [am-[a--fpsS \nh-
N-\-n kzoI-cn-n-p-Xv. Jp-B\pw As\ Xs.
asmcp hn[w ]d-m, a\p-jym-m-hns DXvIj-n\v Imc-
W-am-hp-Xv [ahpw Am-Xv A[a-hp-amWv. Atm ]c-tem-
I-Po-hn-X-nse kpJ-Zpx-J--sfbpw a\p-jym-m-hns DXvIjm-
]-Ij--sfbpw B{i-bn-mWv aX-[manI k]w \ne-sIm-p-
Xv. AXp-sIm-mWv [manI ]cn-[n-Isf AXn-ew-Ln-p-Xv
B- t {Zm- l - a m- s Wv Jp- B {]tXyIw Xmo- X p- s N- b v X Xpw:
""Am-lp-hns koa-I ([manI ]cn-[n-I) h-h\pw AXn-ew-
Ln-p--]w kzw Bm-hns\ t{Zmln--Xp-Xs.''6
CtX ho-W-K-Xn-bmWv `mc-Xob kwkvIm-chpw AwKo-I-cn-n-
p-Xv. `mc-Xo-b-Zi-\-{]-m-\--fn-sem-mb sshti-jnI Zi\w
B ho-W-KXn hy-am-bn-s Ah-X-cn-n-n-pv. "sshti-
jn- I - k q{Xw' F Zi- \ - { K- - ns Bcw- ` - n AXns
Im- h mb IWm- Z (Dtiw {In. ap. 150) ]d- b pp: ""Rm
[as hymJym- \ n- p- I - b mWv . euIn- I - k p- J hpw ]mc- { XnI
kpJhpw bmsXm-n-\memtWm e`n-p-Xv, AXmWv [aw.''7
""B [a-s-p-dnp {]Xn-]m-Zn-p--Xn\v {]mam-Wn-I-am-bn-p-
Xv thZ-amWv.''8
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
ac-Wm-\-c Pohn-X-nse kpJ-Zpx-J--tfm-SmWv [am-[a-

sf `mc-Xo-b-kw-kvImcw apJy-ambpw _n-n-n-cn-p-Xv. ]t,
AtXm-sSmw sFln-I-t-ahpw [am-m-v e_v[-am-hp-p-
sh-n AXv [a-ns asmcp ê-amWv. ]c-temI tam-n\p
]pdta Cl-tem-I-t-as `-P-\-v Jp-B\pw hmKvZw
sNp-p-tm: ""B-Wm-Is, s]m-Is, kXy-hn-izm-kn-bm-bn-
smv h-h\pw kXvIaw {]hn-m Ah\v ta-]qW-
amb Hcp kpJ-Po-hnXw (ChnsS) \mw {]Zm\w sNp-XmWv. X
{]hn-n-cp--Xn Ghpw D--a-amb Ia-ns tXmXn B
kXvIan-Iv (]c-nepw) Ah-cp-tS-Xmb Ia-êw \Ip--
Xm-bn-cnpw!''9
[am-\p-jvTm-\-ns AYhm kXvIa-ns kZv^-e--fmWv
]mc-{Xn-I-tam-hpw sFln-I-t-ahpw. Ch cpw Fm ssZhn-I-
a-X-fpw hmKvZm\w sNbvXn-pv. imiz-X-tam--n-\mWv kthm-
]cn {]mapJyw I]n--sX-t-bpq. `mc-Xo-b-cpsS aXhpw C-d-
-Xn\v FXn-c. kpZoL-amb [man-tIm-]-tZiw \Inb tijw
{ioIr-jvW APp-\s\ DZvt_m-[n-n--Xmbn KoX D-cn-pp:
""n{]w `hXn [mm
iiz-mow \nK-Xn
Iutb {]Xn-Pm-\oln
\ ta `x {]W-iyXn.''10
(ta{]-Imcw {]hn-p ` AXn-thKw [am-m-hmbn
`hn-p-Ibpw Ah\v imiz-X-amb a\x-imn e`n-p-Ibpw sNpw.
tl Ipo- ] p{Xm, {]Xn sNpI, Fs `- \ m- b - h Hcp
Imepw \mi-a-S-bp--X Fv.)
aX-m-]I
- s hnizm-kyX
aX- m- ] - \ - n- e qsS _lp- P - \ - - f psS `n- _ - l p- a m\w
NqjWw sNp-hm Nne kzmY-X-Xv]-cam DZy-an-tpw. Fm
Ahv kXy-k--Xtbm BmY-Xtbm Dm-hn-sv hninjym
]d-tb--Xn-tm. AXn-\m Hcp aX-ns kXy-Xbpw Ak-Xy-
Xbpw hnth-Nn-p--Xn\v B aX-m-]-Is bYmY Poh-N-cn{Xw
]cn-tim-[n-t-Xv AXy-m-t]-n-X-amWv. Fm am\-Z--fpw
shv Afp Xn-s-Sp-nb tijta At-l-ns aXw ssZh-
\nZn-jvStam kzbw-Ir-Xtam Fv Xocp-am-\n-m ]q.
ssZh-\n-bp--\mb {]hm-N-I kthm-]cn DXvIr-jvS -[manI
\ne-hmcw ]pep Bfm-bn-cnpw. kXy-k-X, BXvamYX,
hniz- k v X X BZn- b mb KpW- - f n At- l s Ih- p- h - p
asmcp hyn kap-Zm-b-n-ep-m-hp-I-bn. Nnn-p GsXm-cp-
40 `mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
pw Acw DXvIr-jvS-Kp-W- {]hm-N-I\v A\n-hm-cy-am-bn-
p--Xm-sWv a\-n-em-m {]bm-k-an. asm-cmpw A\p-{K-
ln- - s - S m- Xpw AXyw \nKq- V - h p- a mb Hcp m\- a mKw
X\np e_v[-am-bn-p-s-m-Wtm {]hm-N-Is Ah-Im-i-hmZw.
At-l-ns DXvIr-jvS-kz-`m-h-N-cy-I-f-msX B hmZs AwKo-
I-cn-n-p asm-cp-]m-[nbpw \psS apn-en. {]hm-N-I-Xz-hmZn
DXvIrjvS kz`mhn-bm-bm Xs t]mcm; B hkvXpX BZyta
kphn-Zn-X-am-bn-cn-p-Ibpw thWw. Fnte At-l-ns hmZw P\-
]cn-K-W-\-bn-se-Sp-p-I-bpq.
hnizm-ky-X-sb KpW-amWv {]hm-N-Is\ kw_-n-n-S-tmfw
Ghpw {][m-\-am-bn-p-Xv. AXp-sIm-mWv {]hm-N-Iam {]hm-
N-IXz {]Jym-]-\-tm-sSm-nv, X-fpsS hnizm-kyX kzP-\-sf
A\p-kva-cn-n-n-cp--Xmbn Jp-B FSpp]d-n-p-Xv. t\ml,
lqZv, kzmenlv, temv, ipsF_v (bnt{Xm), tamkkv apX-emb
{]hm-N-Iam X-fpsS {]hm-N-IXzw {]Jym-]\w sNbvXXv Cu
hmp-I-fn-em-bn-cpp: ""Co eIpw dkq-ep Aao'' (\np
hniz-kvX-\mb Hcp ZqX-\s{X Rm)11
apl-Zv \_n(k)bmIs {]hm-N-I-Xz-{]-Jym-]-\-n\v F{Xtbm
apv Xs hniz-kvX-X-bn kh{X JymXn t\Sn--gn-n-cpp.
Xn-anw Bfp-I At-ls "A-A-ao' FmWv hnfn-n-
cp--sXv Ncn{Xw ]d-bpp.
`mc-Xob aXm-Nm-cyamsc kw_-n-t-S-tmfw Cu cwKv
\ap-smcp hnjaw t\cn-Sp-pv. Ah-cpsS bYm-X-Y-amb Poh-N-
cn{Xw Bcpw Fgp-Xn-h-n. Ahsc Npn-n {]N-cn IY-I-fm-Is,
AXn-cp-I-hn {]iw-k-bp-sSbpw AXn-i-tbmn Ie kvXpXn-
bp-sSbpw thj-a-Wn-mWv \mw ImWp-Xpw. AXn-\m Ah-cpsS
bYmY Pohn-Xs n Hcp ]nSn-]mSpw \app e`n-p-n. Fn-
cp-mepw Hcp Imcyw a\-n-em-hpp. Ah-cpsS kXy-k--Xsbtbm
BmY-Xsbtbm hnizm-ky-Xsbtbm i{Xp-t]mepw tNmZyw
sNbvXn-n-. Ah DX [manI \ne-hmcw ]pen-bn-cp-p-sh-
mWv CXn \npw A`yq-ln-t-Xv.
{]hm-NI
- s\ AwKo-Ic
- n-
ta {]kvXm-hn am\-Z-w-shp ]cn-tim-[n-p--]w `mc-
Xo-b-a-Xm-Nm-cyam-cn Nne-sc-nepw {]hm-N-I-m-cm-bn-cn-m km[y-
X- b pv . Hcmsf {]hm- N - I - s \v AwKo- I - c n- p- - X ns AYw
Abmsf Bcm- [ n- p- I - s b- ; BZ- c n- p- I - s bp am{X- a mWv .
ss__n-fn ]d {]hm-N-Isc \mw BZ-cnpw t]mse. bmsXmcp
krjvSn-sbbpw Bcm-[n-phm Ckvemw A\p-h-Zn-p-n. Fm
alm-m-sf BZ-cn-p-Ibpw Xn--d-bm-Xn-cn-p-Ibpw sNpI
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
Bh-iy-amWv. Ah-cpsS Aaqey D]-tZ-i-sf am\n-pI; Ah

\Ip in-W-sbpw ioe-\-sbpw AwKo-I-cn-pI; Ah
Pohnp ImWn amXrI Ign-bp-n-S-tmfw ]np-S-cpI, CXmWv
{]hm-N-Iamsc BZ-cn-p-I-sb--Xn-\Yw.
{]hm-N-I-m-cp-sS-sbmw auenI {]t_m-[-\- Hm-bn-cp-
p-sh-mWv Jp-B ]Tn-n-p-Xv. BZi-e-y-fn Ah
Xn Imcy-amb A-c-sampw ImWp-I-bn. Fm amK-
hyXy-kvX--fm-bn-cnpw. Jp-B ]d-bpp: ""\n-fn Hmtcm hn`m-
K-n\pw Hmtcm Ia-amKhpw \nb-a-hy-h--bp-amWv \mw (ssZhw)
\n-bnp Xn-p-Xv. Amlp Cn-n-cp-p-sh-n \nsf Bk-
Iew Htc-sbmcp P\-hn-`m-K-am-p-am-bn-cpp. (]t, Ah As\
Cn-n. Fs-m) \nv \In-b-Xn \nsf ]co-n-
p-I-sb--XmWv Ahs Dtiyw. AXn-\m kpIr-X--fn Rm
Xm F an (a-c-]qhw) apt-dpI. Ah-km\w Am-lp-hn-
- t e- m- W tm \n- f psS aSw. Atm \n `nX
ssIsm-n-p Imcy--sf-n \nsf Ah Adn-bn-p-sIm-
p--XmWv.''12
]qh-\-_n-am-scmw kXy-amKmh-ew-_n-I-fm-bn-cpp. AXn-\m
Ah-cpsS amK-Zi\w a\p-jy-k-ap-Zm-b-n\v A\p-I-c-Wob amXr-
I-bmWv. ]Xn-s\p ap{]-hm-N-I-m-cpsS \ma- FSp-p-]-d
tijw apl-Zv \_n(k)tbmSmbn Amlp DWpp: ""Amlp
kmKw Imn-sm-Sp-n-p--h-cs{X Ah. AXp-sImv Ah-cpsS
amK-Zi-\s A\p-K-an-pI.''13
BI-bm ]qh-a-X--tfbpw {]mNo\ thZ--tfbpw \ntj-[n-
p-hmt\m amn-a-dn-p-hmt\m A apl-Zv \_n(k) hn-p-Xv.
]nstbm, Ahsb nco- I - c n- p- h m\pw ]nm- p- h m- \ p- a mWv .
Cmcyw Jp-B ]e e--fnepw Bhnp ]d-n-pv.
DZm-l-c-W-n\v, 2:97; 3:2; 5: 48; 6: 92 t\mpI.
C-s\-sbmw ]d-b-W-sa-n Xmzn-I-ambn aX--sfmw
Hm-bn-cn-Ww. hmkvX-h-n A-s\-bm-Wp-Xm\pw. Htc kcn-
n \nv \nK-fn, hnhn[ ssIh-gn-I-fmWv bYmY aX-.
]t, ]nm-ev ]e It--fpw \S--sp. Cm-Xn-cp
]eXpw ISpIqSn. Dm-bn-cp ]eXpw tNmp-t]mbn. Imem--
c-n Ah Ae-tm-e-sp Ir{Xna aX--fm-bn-op. Cp
\mw ImWp-Xv Acw aX--sf-bmWv. Ah At\ym\yw Igp-
-dp-p-hm XZ-\p-bm-bn-Isf t{]mm-ln-n-p--psh-n AXn-
sempw B-cy-s-Sm-\n. Fm bYmY aXw CXn \npw
]cn-ip--as{X!
42 `mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
Ipdn-p-I
1. Jp-B 72: 26, 27
2. Ibid 2: 1, 2
3. Ibid 18: 56
4. hniz-Zi-\- t]Pv 552
5. Ibid P. 553
6. Jp-B 65: 1
7. ""bmtXmf `ypZ-b\nx t{ibk knnx k [x''
8. sshti-jn-I-kq{Xw, D-cWw: hniz-Zi-\- t]Pv 825
9. Jp-B 16 : 97
10. `K-h-ZvKoX 9: 31
11. Jp-B 26: 107, 125, 143, 162, 178; 44: 18 apX-em-bh t\mpI.
12. Ibid 5: 48
13. Ibid 6: 90
A[ymbw aqv
a\p-tjymXv]-n-bpsS IY
`mc-X-ns {]mNo\ Ncn-{X-n-tev {]th-in-p--Xn\p apv
a\p-tjym-Xv]-n-sb-n B[p-\nI imkv{Xw Fn-t \nK-a-
\- sam-n hnh-cn-p--Xp-]-Im-c-am-bn-cn-p-sav Icp-Xpp.
ss__n-fnse "DXv]n' ]pkvX-I-n ]d-bp-Xv C-s\-bmWv:
""btlm-h-bmb ssZhw \nes s]mSn-sImv a\p-jys\ krjvSn-
nv Ahs aqn Poh-izmkw DuXn, a\p-jy Poh-\p tZln-
bm-bn-op.''1
Cs\ Hcp kp{]-`m-X-n a\p-jys\ an \nv ssZhw
krjvSn-p-sh-mWv ss__n ]d-bp-Xv. a\p-jy-kr-jvSn-bpsS
Imehpw ss_-_n {]kvXm-h-\-I-fpsS ASn-m-\-n IW-m-
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
-s-n-pv. {In. ap. 4004mamn-em-Ws{X AXv \S-Xv.

B[p-\nI imkv{Xw ss__n-fns {]kvXpX krjvSnhnh-c-Whpw
Ime-\nW-bhpw sXm-sWpw a\p-jy e--W-mb hj-
p-apv CXc Pohn-I-fn \npw ]cn-W-anp ]cn-jvI-cn-p-m-
b-Xm-sWpw Ah-Im-i-s-Spp. Fm Ftm-gmWv, GXn-S-mWv
BZn-a-a-\p-jy-hKw D-hnXv? Cm-cy-s-n \c-hw-i-imkv-{X-
n\v IWn-i-ambn Hcp Xocp-am-\-n-se-m Cpw Ign-n-n.
]t, Npcp-n-bXv Ap-ew kwh--c-p-apv a\p-jy
DZv`-hnp Fv imkv{X-Im-cam Dd-np]d-bpp. \c-hw-i-im-
kv{X-amsc D-cn-p-sImv tUmIvS F. A- (Cym
Khsans `qK` \nco--W-h-Ip-p-ambn _-ap Hcp {]Xn-
`m-im-en-bmWv Ctlw) Xs "`mc-X--ga' F IrXn-bn Fgp-Xn-
bXv ImWpI: ""a\p-jys DZv`hw 5,00,000 sIm-v apm-
sWv Xo-bmWv. a\p-jy\pw a\p-jy-p-c-p-Ifpw Npcp-n-bXv
c-c-tmSn kwh--c-p-apv Htc "apcSn'\nv Xcw Xncn-
-h-cmWv. a\p-jys\ ap Pp--fn\nv thXn-cn-p khn-
ti-j-X-I \memWv. 1) \nhp \n 2) ssII, ssII-
fpsS s]cp-hn-c, Ch ap Pp--tf-m-f-[nIw D]-tbm-Kn- 3)
Xe-tm-dns hep-hpw hnIm-khpw 4) Bbp-[--fp-m-pI, `mj
ssIImcyw sNpI.''2
c-c-tmSn kwh--c-p-app apX Ap-ew kwh-
-c-v app-h-tc-bp AXn-ZoL-amb Hcp Ime-b-f-hn-\p-n
a\p-jy DZv`-hnp Fp ]d-bmt\ \c-hw-i-im-kv{X-n\v Ign-n-
p-q-sh-mWv apI-fn-ep--cn--Xn \npw a\-n-em-hp-Xv. ]t,
cp tImSn kwh--c-p-ap-p-Xs a\pjy kZr-i-cmb Pp-
Dm-bn-cp-p-shv imkv{X-am-`n-{]m-b-apv. Acw
Pohn-I-fpsS ]p-I lnam-e-b-km-\p--fn\npw apw Is-Sp-
-Xmbn Ah Ah-Im-i-s-Spp. {io. A- Xs ]d-bs:
""\mm-en-bmb Hcp hm\-c-{]m-b, Ccp-Im-en-bmbn \nh-Xns
Ncn{Xw \app ]qW-ambn Adn-bm Ign-n-n. lnam-eb km\p-
- f n a\p- j y- k - Z r- i - c mb "hm\- c - ' cp- t ImSn kwh- - c -
p app-m-bn-cpp. Ah-bn \np \psS BZn-]n-Xm-
]cn- W - a n- p- m- b - X mhmw. Ah- b psS ]p- I am{Xta CXphsc
Is--s-n-pq. B{^n--bn, cp Imenta \nhp
\Sv h\y-ar-K-sf \mbm-Sn-bn-cp Hcp PmXn "hm\-cam' (Apes)
Dm-bn-cp-p-sh--Xn\v sXfn-hp-I Ip-In-n-bn-pv.''3
Umhns ]cn- W ma knm- - ns ASn- m- \ - n- e mWv
B[p-\nI imkv{X-am a\p-tjym-Xv]-n-bpsS Ncn{Xw sa\-
s- S p- p- h m- \ p- Z y- a n- p- Xv . AXn- \ m ]cn- W m- a - h m- Z - s - n
44 `mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
sam-n-semp a\-n-em-t--Xpv.
Umhn-\nkw
]cn-Wma knmw Hcnw-o-jp-Im-c-\mb Nmkv-Umhn (1809-
1882) t\mSp _-s-Sp-n-bmWv {]Nm-c-s-n-p-Xv. Fm ]cn-
Wm-a-hm-Z-ns BZna {]tW-Xmhv At-l-a-spw Nne-`n-{]m-
b-apv. Umhn ]Tn-n Aam--m-c-\m-bn-cpp. FUn_tdm
bqWn-th-gvkn-n-bn sshZyw ]Tn-m tNp-sh-nepw ]co--
bn tXm-Xn-\m sshZy-]-T\w At-l-n\v Dt]-n-t-n-hp.
Fm \nco--W-]m-Shw At-l-n-\p-m-bn-cpp. sXs Ata-
cn--bpsS IS-temcw kth sNp-hm ]pd-s "_oKn' F
I- e n Hcp {]IrXn imkv { X- - s \ \ne- b n Atlhpw
t]mbn. ImWp--sXpw tiJ-cn-p-hm\pw \nco-n-p-hm-\p-ap
hmk\ {]IrXn At-l-n\v km-\n-n-cpp. Atlw kky-,
]md-I, {]mWn-I, Pp-, t^mkn-ep-I (ineo-`-hn An-
I) Fnh tiJ-cnp. Hmtcm Xpd-ap-J-p-\npw Xs tiJ-c-
Cw-n-te--bp. ]e IS-tem-c-fpw Xmn, Hcp Znhkw
_oKn sXs Ata-cn--bpsS ]Sn-m-dp Kme-]m-tKmkv Zzo]p-
I-fn \q-c-anp. Ahn-Ss P\--fpsS AXn-{]m-Ir-X-amb kz`mhw
I-tm At-l-n\v tXmn, Htc-Xcw Pohn-I Xs-bt
amdn-amdn ]e-Xcw Pohn-I-fmbn ]cn-W-an--sXv. B Zzo]p-I-fnse
]n-Isf I-tm B tXm Hp-IqSn Ddp. Umhn Xs
ssIh-i-ap t^mkn-ep-I ]cn-tim-[np. BZys Pohn-I ]Xp-
s--Xps Cm-Xm-hp-Xpw ]Icw ]e Imcy--fnepw kmZr-
iyhpw Nne-Xn am{Xw hyXym-k-hp-ap Pohn-I Dm-hp-Xpw
Atlw Isn. As\ ]cn-Wm-a-hm-Z-ns _oPw At-l-
ns a\-n Ap-cnp.
20 hjw Xs hmZ-n\v ]nb sXfn-hp-I tiJ-cnp. _oKn-
fn-em-cw-`n ]T\w XpSp. As\ kp{]-kn--amb Xs "htKm-
Xv]n' (Origin of Species) F IrXn 1859 {]kn-o-I-cnp. CXn-
emWv hK-]-cn-Wma knmw kaYn-n-p-Xv.
Pohn-I-fpsS ]cn-Wm-a-s-n Umhn \Inb hni-Zo-I-c-W-
n-\mWv Umhn-\nkw (Darwinism) Fp ]d-bp-Xv. a\p-jys
Ghpw ASp ]qhn-I hm\-c-m-cm-sWpw hm\-cs hmep
\c-\m-bn-op-shpw Umhn knm-n--Xmbn Hcp [mc-W-
bpv. hmkvX-h-n Umhn As\ Xop]d-n-n. hm\-
c\pw \c\pw Htc ]qhn- I - \ n \np Dcp- n- c n- - X m- s Wp
am{Xta Atlw ]d-n-pq.4
Umhn Xs _oKnbm-{X-bn Ap-sImw Ignp. AXn-
\n-Sbn ]e kwK-Xn-Ifpw a\-n-emn. Nne \nK-a-\--fn-se-n-
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
tp. Cu \nK-a-\--sf-bmWv Umhn-\nkw Fp hnfn-p-Xv.

Pp- DXv]m-Z\w \S-pp. DXv]m-Z-\-tmXv hfsc Db-
XmWv. kma F ayw {]Xyp-Xv]m-Z\ Imev 28 aney
ap-I DXv]m-Xn-n-pp. Cu ap-I-sfmw hncnv Ipp-
]pd-p-hv ]qW hf-sbn, CtX tXmXn ]ptcm-K-an-n-cp-
p-sh-n H PmXn ayw sImp-Xs kap{Zw \nd-tb--Xm-
bn-cpp. ]t, A{]-Imcw Hcn-epw kw`-hn-p-n. ImcWw,
{]IrXn ChnsS Hcp \nb-{-W-tas-Sp-pp. Pohn-I `-W-
n\pw e-n\pw thn ISp acw \S-pp. Cu ka-c-
n _e-lo-\--fm-bh \in-p-Ibpw Al-X-bp-h am{Xw
AXn-Po-hn-p-Ibpw sNpp. CXmWv {]IrXn \S-p Xnc-s-
Spv; AYhm "{]IrXn \n[m-cWw.'
Pohn-I {]kvXpX kwL--\--fn BPn KpW-, As-
n sshhn-[y- ASp Xe-ap-dp ssIam-dpp. Cu {]{In-b-
bn-eqsS At\I Xe-ap-d-I aptmp \op-tm BZna amXm-]n-
Xm--fn \npw hyXym-k-sv ]p-\mb KpW-hn-ti-j--tfmSp
IqSnb Pohn-I DZv`-hn-pp. A-s\-bmWv hK-]-cn-Wmaw kw`-
hn-p--sXv Umhn knm-n-pp. Cu knm-s ]noSv
]mc--cy-imkv{Xw Iptd-qSn hnI-kn-n-p-I-bp-mbn.
\c-hwiNcn{Xw
\c-hw-i-im-kv{X-Im-c-m Umhn-\n-k-ns ASn-m-\-n-
emWv a\p-jy-N-cn{Xw sa\-s-Sp-m {ian-n-p--sXv ]d-p-
htm. AXn-{]m-No\ Pohn-I-fp-tS-sXv Ah Ah-Im-i-s-Sp Ah-
in-jvS--fs{X {]kvXpX Ncn-{X-\nam-W-n-\m-kv]Zw. Cu Ah-
in-jvS- \nc-c Kth-jW \nco--W-v hnj-b-amn. Ah-
bn Nne a\p-jy-k-hn-ti-j-X-I Isn. AXn-\m arKw a\p-
jy-Xz-n-tep ]ptcm-K-an-p CS-th-f-bn nXn-sN-bvXn-cp
Pohn-I-fp-tS-Xm-hWw Ah-sbv A\p-am-\n--sp. DZm-l-c-W-ambn,
cp-Im-en-t \S-p-Ibpw h\y-ar-K-sf th-bmSn Xnp-Ibpw
sNp Hcp Xcw hm\-cam (Apes) B{^n--bn-ep-m-bn-cp-p-
shv Ahn-sS-\nv e_v[-amb t^mkn-ep-I-fn \S--s Kth-
jWw sXfn- b np. CXp- t ]mse \nhp \S- p- I bpw Fm
]qW a\p-jyXzw {]m]n-m-Xn-cn-p-Ibpw sNbvXn-p Nne Pohn-
I-fpsS Ah-in-jvS- Pmh-bn \npw No\-bn \npw Is-Sp-
n-pv. BZyw ]d Pohnv "Pmhm a\p-jy' (Pithecanthropus)
Fpw, cm- a - t - X n\v "s]n- p- a - \ p- j y' ( Sinanthropus) Fpw
imkv{X--m t]cn-n-cn-pp. Fm a\p-jy-hKw ]e imco-
cnI ]cn- j v I m- c - - t fbpw ]nnv kqW a\p- j y- X z- n- t ev
Imse-Sp-p-h-Xv Ftm, FhnsS shv Fp Xocp-am-\n-p-hm
46 `mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
imkv{X-\v C\nbpw Ign-n-n. Hm-a-tbpw cm-a-tbpw
lna-bp-K-n-S-bn-em-bn-cn-Ww PmhmNo\m a\p-jy-cpsS DZv`-h-
sav hnZ-Kv[am Dulnpp.5 B L-n-\m-Is, e--W-
mb kwh--c--fpsS ssZLy-ap-p-Xm\pw. Pmhm-a-\p-jy\pw
No\m-a-\p-jy\pw kmm a\p-jy-c; a\p-jy-k-Zri Pohn-I
am{X-amWv. a\p-jys khn-ti-j-X-I-fns] \nhp \S-
apX-emb KpW- Ah-bvp-m-bn-cp-p-shp am{Xw. Acw
Pohn-I-fp-tS-sXv Kth-j-I-m Icp-Xp inem-bp-[- Cym
D]-`q-J--n\npw B{^n--bpsS ]e `mK-p-\npw Is-
Sp-n-pv. Fm Cy-bn \nv e`n I-gp-Iv Xmc-X-
tay\ ]gw Ipd-bp-as{X.
Pmhm-a-\p-jy \nhp \S-n-cp-p-sh-nepw Xe Dbn \S-
n-cp-n. B C\-n s] \mep Xe-tbm-Sp-I hnZ-Kv[am-
cpsS ]cn-tim-[-\v hnj-bo-`-hn-n-pv. kwkm-cn-p-hm-\p Ign-
hns e-W- A]-amtb AXn Ipq. tUm. bqPnZp-
_mbv F imkv{X-Im-c-\mWv Pmhm-a-\p-jys Ah-in-jvS-
Ip-]n-Sn-Xv. Xs Bbp-jvImew apgp-h AtX--n-bp Kth-
j-W-n Atlw sNe-h-gn-p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
s]n-p-a-\p-jy F t]cn \c-hw-i-im-kv{X--m hnfn-
p BZna No\m-a-\p-jys Ah-in-jvS- Is-nb IY
hnNn-{X-amWv. s]n-Mvsa-Un- tImtf-Pn s{]m^-k-dm-bn-cp
tPm. tUhn-Uvk mn-\mWv {]kvXpX Ah-in-jvS- e_v[-
am-bXv. No\-bnse acp-p-jm-p-I-fn ]p-th-Z-\v sImSp-m-dp
acp-p-I-fpsS Iq-n ineo-`-hn (Fossil) ]e-Xcw ]p-I shm-
dpv. tUm. mv Hcp jmn, ]p-I-fpsS Iq-n hen-sbmcp
AW-v Isn. B ]p-In-nb ew s]n-n \nv hfsc
Zqc- a - m Nuu- n- b Kpl- b m- b n- c pp. Nuu- n- b Kpl-
bn\nv 45Hmfw No\m-a-\p-jy-I-]m-e-fpw An-Ifpw Ip-
Inn. lrt{Zm-K-_m-[n-X-\m-bn-cpp tUm. mv. Fnpw Atlw
cm{Xn-ap-gp-h em_-d--dn-bn-en-cpp ]Wn-sb-Spncpp. Hcp Znhkw
cmhnse Xs `rXy IXv tUmIvS-dpsS arX-tZ-l-amWv. At-
l-ns aSn-bn s]n-p-a-\p-jys Xe-tbm-Sp-ap-m-bn-cpp.
imkv{Xo-bm-t\z-j-W-n hnZzm-m A\p-jvTn-n-p hne-s
XymK-sm-cp-a ZrjvSm--am-WnXv.
\nbm-Xm a\p-jy
]pcm-X\ a\p-jy-s\-p-dnv \app IqSp-X Adnhp \In-bXv
\nbm-Xm (Neanderthal) a\p-jys Ah-in-jvS--fmWv. Ah
e`n IY ckm-h-l-amWv. Pa-\n-bnse Upk F sNdp-]p-g--
Spv "\nbm-' Fp t]cmb Hcp e-apv. Ahn-Ss Hcp
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
Kpl-bn ]Wn-sb-Sp-n-cp Iqen-mv Iptd An-I Inn.

Ah AsXmw s]dp- n- s b- S pv tUmIv S ^ptdmp F
Hcmv km-\np. Fv. jm^v lukns ]cn-tim-[-\v Ah
hnt[-b-ambn.
Pa-\n-bnse t_m (Bonn) bqWn-th-gv-kn-n-bnse ico-c-imkv{X
hnZ-Kv[-\m-bn-cpp s{]m^-k jm^v lukv. 1857, X\nv Hcp
{]tXyI PmXn a\p-jys Ah-in-jvS- ssIh-n-cn-pp Fv
jm^v lukv {]knw sNbvXp. Atlw {]Xn-`m-im-en-bm-bn-cpp.
{]kvXpX Ah-in-jvS--fn Atlw \nc-c \nco-Ww \Sn.
B[p-\nI a\p-jys ]ptcm-Km-an-bmWv \nbm-Xm a\p-jy-s\v
Atlw knm-np.
CtX Ime-mWv {^p-Im-c-\mb _qsj-Z-s]sXkv F hnZ-
Kv[, X\nv ]mco-kn \nv A[nIw Zqc-a-m tkmw \Zo-X-S-
n \nv ssIh-n-p I-gp-I a\p-jy-\nan-X-am-sWp
sXfn-bn-p-hm {ian-n-cp-Xv. Ap-e--tmfw hj--fpsS
]g--ap Nne a-n-I-fn \ns-Sp--Xm-bn-cpp {]kvXpX I-
gp-I. CXns AYw Ap-ew hj-p apv a\p-jy
inem-bp-[- \nan-n-cp-p-sh-m-Wtm. jm^vlu-kns \nK-a-
\- Xmsg sImSp-pp.
* \nbm-Xm Xmgvh-c-bn \ns-Sp An-I \mfn-Xp-
hsc \psS Adn-hn s]n-n-m, Btcm-Ky-hm-\mb Hcp PmXn
a\p-jys Ah-in-jvS--fmWv.
* B a\p-jys Imew AXyw {]mNo-\-amWv; bqtdm-nse
sIv (Celt) hK-pw F{Xtbm apv.
* lna-bp-K-nse ]pXp-Xmb Pp--fpsS ka-Im-en-I-\m-bn-cpp
\nbm-Xm a\p-jy.
t_m bqWn-th-gvkn-n-bnse asmcp s{]m^-k {]kvXpX \nK-
a-\-sf FXnp-Ibpw thsdmcp hymJym\w {]kn-o-I-cn-p-Ibpw
sNbvXp. t]Snp Kpl-bn t]msbm-fn Hcp djy ]m-f-m-c-t-
XmWv {]kvXpX An-I Fm-bn-cpp At-l-ns A`n-
{]mbw. ]t, Cw-nse hnZzm-m-cn ]ecpw jm^vlu-kns
hmZ- t mSv tbmPn- p- I - b mWv sNbv X Xv . Umhn- \ n- k - n
Ahp aXn-m-bn-cpp AXn\p ImcWw. Nne ]c-ky-ambn
A\p-Iq-en-p-Itbm {]Xn-Iq-en-p-Itbm sNmsX \njv]--X -
]m-enp. "C\nbpw sXfn-hp-I tiJ-cnv ]no-Smhmw Xocp-am\w
tcJ-s-Sp-p-Xv'- CXm-bn-cpp tXmakv lIvk-en-bpsS \ne]mSv.
\nbm-Xm a\p-jy-s\-p-dnp ]T\w ]ptcm-K-anp. Ahs
ico-cm-Ir-Xn-t]mepw Xn-s-Spn. ASn Hcw-Kpew As-n
ASn Aw-Kpew Dbcw. 1600 kn.-kn. Xe-tbm-Sns L\w, DS-
48 `mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
ens \ofw IqSpw, ]t AwK--fpsS \ofw Xmc-X-tay\ Ipdbpw,
hoXn-IqSn, \ofw Ipd ImeSn, Ins aosX s\n-sbp Dbp
\npw, hmbv`mKw \oXv C-s\-sbm-s-bmWv Kth-j-Iam
\nbm-Xm a\p-jys BIrXn Nn{Xo-I-cnp hn-cn-p-Xv.
Fm \nd-sa-m-bn-cp-p-shpw tZlw tcmam-hr-X-am-bn-cptm
At-sbpw Ahp Xn-s-Sp-m Ign-n. Xe-tbm-Sn\v In
IqSn-bn-cp-p-shpw, Xe-tm-dns ap`mKw hnI-kn-msX ImWp-
-Xp-sImv Nnm-in B[p-\nI a\p-jy-s\-tmse hfn-p-
m-bn-cp-n-spw A\p-am-\n--s-Spp.
\nhp \S-p-hm km[n--tm-gmWv a\p-jy\v ssII IqSp-
X {]hn-n-p-hm\pw Bbp-[- \nan-p-hm\pw Ign--
sXv imkv-{X-Im-cam A`n-{]m-b-s-Spp. AXn-\m Bbp-[-
\namWw a\p-jy-kw-kvIm-c-ns hnIm-k-n henb ]v hln-
p-pv. inem-bp-[--fmWv Hm-as ]Sn-bn a\p-jy D]-
tbm-Kn-n-cp-Xv. AXn-\m B L-n\v inem-bp-K-sap ]d-bpp.
inem-bp-Ks imkv{X-Im-cam cmbn Xcw Xncn-pp. {]mNo\
inem-bpKw, \ho\ inem-bpKw Fn-s\. A\-cw, bYm-{Iaw
sh-e-bpKw, Ccp-p-bpKw Fo bpK- hcpp.
{]mIrX aX-t_m[w
kmwkvIm-cnI hnIm-k-n Bbp-[-\nam-W-s-tm-se-s
ku-cy-t_m-[-n\pw [a-t_m-[-n\pw henb m\-am-Wp-Xv.
\nbm-Xm a\p-jy Ip-sImpw Fp-sImpw ]e-X-c-n-
ep Bbp-[- \nan-n-cp--Xmbn Is-n-bn-cn-pp. Nnn-
I sImpw Fp-I sImpw B`-c-W--fp-m-n-bn-cp-p-sh-
Xv Ahs ku-cy-t_m-[-ns e-W-amWv. acn-p-t]m-b-hsc
Ipgn-n-Sp-tm ]tc-X-\p-thn `y-t]-b-fpw B`-c-W-fpw
ih- t m- s Smw ad- h v s N- b v X n- c p- pshXv Ahs aX- t _m- [ -
tbpw ac-Wm-\-c Pohn-X-n-ep hnizm-k-t-bp-amWv ImWn-
p-Xv. tUm. A- Fgp-Xpp: ""]qW a\p-jyXzw {]m]n-p-
-Xn\p app-Xs BZna a\p-jy XXz-hm-Znbpw ac-Wm-\--c-Po-
hn-X-n hnizm-kn-bp-am-bn-cpp Fv ImWn-p sXfn-hp-I
]eXpw ivaim-\--fn \nmWv Inn-bn-p-Xv. ]cn-Wm-a-K-Xn-bn
Pmhm-a-\p-jy-tc-m A]w Db \nbm-Xm (Neanderthal)
a\p-jy ihw ad-hp-sN-bvXn-cp ka-bv Nmbn-ey-smSn arX-tZ-
l- n hnX- d n- b n- c pp. Ay- b m- { X- m- c psS Bh- i y- n- \ mbn
`y-t]-bm-Zn-Ifpw ih-p-gn-bn \nt-]n-n-cpp.''6 asm-cn-Sv
Atlw Ipdn- pp: ""\nbm- Xm a\p- j y Ip- s Impw
FpsImpw ]e Xc-n-ep Bbp-[- Dm-n-bn-cpp. Nnn-
I sImpw Fp- sImpw B`-c-W- Dm-n-bn-cpp. acn-
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
pt]mbhsc Ipgn-n-Sp-tm Ahp-thn `Ww, B`-c-W-

apX-em-bh ih-tm-sSmw \nt-]n-p--Xn\p ]pdsa ih-
nta Nph Nmbw tXp k{-Zm-bhpw Ahp-m-bn-
cpp. aX-t_m-[-ns Ap-c--fmWv Cu {Inb-I-fn ebn-n-cn-
p-Xv.''7
Kth-j-I-m-cpsS A`n-{]m-b-{]-Imcw, GI-tZiw aqp ew
hjw-\nbm-Xm a\p-jy bqtdm-nepw B{^n--bnepw Gjy-
bpsS Nne `mK--fnepw A[n-h-kn-n-cpp. Ahn-S--fn-semw B
hKw \in-p-t]mbn. bqtdm-n bYmY a\p-jy Ah-cpsS m\w
Itdn. GXmv Fgp-]-Xn-\m-bncw hj-p-ap-m-WnXv kw`-
hn-Xv. Atd-_y-bnepw B{^n--bnepw \m]-Xn-\m-bncw hjw
app-hsc \nbm-Xm a\p-jy-cp-m-bn-cp-p-sh--Xn\v sXfn-hp-
I ASp Imev Isn. ê-kvXo-\n--Sp Ims
ae-bn bYmY a\p-jy\pw \nbm-Xm a\p-jy\pw CS-I-ep
Pohn-p-Ibpw cp hK-m-cp-tSbpw ico-c-{]-Ir-Xn-bn-ep k-
Xn-I AhnsS Dm-hp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cpp. No\m-a-\p-jy\pw \nbm-
Xm a\p- j y\pw \camwk- ` p- p- I - f m- b n- c pp. At\ym- \ yw
sImp-Xn-p hKw tW\ \inp t]mhp--Xn Ap-X-
an. e--W-mb hj-p-ap-p-Xs a\p-jy aX-t_m-
[-hm-\m-bn-cp-p-sh hkvXpX B t_m[w {]Ir-Xym-bp--Xm-sW
Jp-Bs hmZ-n-\p-t]m-Zv_e-I-as{X!
a\pjyNcn-{Xhpw `mc-Xhpw
a\p-jy-N-cn{Xw Ftm, FhnsS Bcw-`np Fsmpw Xn-
s-Sp-m Kth-j-I-mv C\nbpw Ign-n-n-sp \mw ]d-p-
I-gnp. ]Xn-\m-bncw \qm-p-I ]g--apv a\pjy Ncn-{X-n-
s\v imkv{X-am A`yq-ln-pp. Fm AXn\v A\n-
tj-[y-amb tcJ-I-sfm-p-an. \m]tXm AtXm \qm-p-In-
p-d-ap Ncn-{X-s-p-dn-p Nne tcJ-I Xv ssIh-
n- p- s p am{Xta imkv { X- I m- c am Ah- I m- i - s - S p- pq.
AXn\p app Ncn-{Xm-XoX Ime-s-p-dnp hXpw Adn-bp--
Xn\v `qK` hkv X p- - f mWv GIm- { ibw. Fm Cu cwKv
C\nbpw ]ptcm-K-an-t--Xm-bn-m-Wn-cn-p-Xv.
Cy-sb-w-_-n-n-S-tmfw ]d-bp-I-bm-sW-n ]pcm-X\
Ncn-{X-n-tep shfnw hoip Imcy-amb tcJ-I-sfmpw ssIh-
n- n. Pmhm- a - \ p- j y- t tbm s]np a\p- j y- t tbm \nbm-
Xm a\p-jy-ttbm Ah-in-jvS--sfmpw `mc-X-n \nv
e`n-n-n. Fm inem-bp-[- Inn-bn-pv. thZ-, ]pcm-W-
apX-emb ]gb kmlnXy IrXn-I-fn \npw inem-en-Jn-X-
, sNt-Sp-I XpS-nb tcJ-I-fn \npw Ncn-{Xmw-i- tiJ-
50 `mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
cn-p-hm-\mWv apJy-ambpw B[p-\nI Cym-N-cn-{X-Im-c-m {ian-

p-Xv. Ihn-I-fpsS k]-kr-jvSn-I-fmWv thZ-]p-cm-Wm-Zn-I. Ah-
bn apn-n Ncn-{Xmw-i- tiJ-cn-pI Ffp--a-sv ]d-
tb--Xn-tm. IqSmsX I]nX IY-I-sfbpw Ncn-{X-kw-`-h--
tfbpw Xn thXn-cn-p-hm ]e-tmgpw Ign-bp--Xp-a. DZm-l-
c-W-ambn, {ioIr-jvW Hcp Ncn{X ]pcp-jt\m, shdpw IYm-]m-
{Xtam F Imcyw Ctmgpw X-n-en-cn-p-I-bmWv. Cs
cq]-n-ep ]pcm-X\ kmln-Xy--fn Xs ]nm-e-s-gp-
Xn-n-Sn-n Nne `mK--fp-ap-sv \ncq-]-Im kaYn-n-cn-pp.
"Cy-mv Ncn-{X-an, Ncn-{X-i-I-e--tf-bpq' FmWv Hcn-
{_nojv ]me-san hn Nn lmky-kz-c-n
{]kvXm-hn-Xv. \psS ]qhn-I-m-cpsS A{i-bpw A\m--bp-
amWv At-l-s-smv CXp ]d-bn-Xv. {Kop-Im-cpsS B{I-
aW ({In. ap. 323)n\p tij-amWv `mc-X-n Ncn-{X-Imew Bcw-
`n-Xv. AXn\p app Imew, `mc-X-s-w-_-n-n-S-tmfw Ncn-
{Xm-Xo-X-Im-e-amWv. F{Xbpw A]qW-amWv Cy-bpsS Ncn-{X-sa
kwKXn \mw ad--cpXv. D-Xp-Xs sshtZ-inI Ic--fm Fgp-
X-s--Xs{X. Npcp--n Cym Ncn-{X-ns ]cn-anXn hfsc
hy- a mWv . AXns ASn- m- \ - n Fn- t - c p \nK- a - \ -
pw Cu ]cn-anXn _m[-I-am-bn-cn-p-sap hninjym ]d-tb-
-Xn-tm.
Ipdn-p-I
1. DXv]n 2:7
2. `mc-X--ga t]Pv 22,23
3. Ibid P. 23
5. 6,00,000 sImw apm-cw-`nv, GI-tZiw {In. ap. 22,000 sImw hsc \op-
\n B ZoL-Im-e-n-\p-n \mtem Atm {]mhiyw `qan-bpsS
]e `mKpw lna-bpKw Bhn--sp. (`mc-X--ga t]Pv 21)
6. `mc-X--ga t]Pv 6
7. Ibid P. 27, 28
A[ymbw \mev
]pcm-hkvXp Kth-jWw
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
Ncn-{Xm-XoX Ime--fnse kw`-h- a\-n-em-p-hm Cv Nne

amK- \ne- h n hn- pv. AXns\ klm- b n- p
imkv{Xknm-fpw Ip-]n-Sn--s-n-cn-pp. ]t hnZ-Kv[-
m-msX B amK--fp-]-tbm-Knv ]pcm-X\ Ncn-{X-hkvXpX-
I a\-n-em-pI km[y-a.
a\p-jys ùXn-Im-h-in-jvS-, a\p-jy D]-tbm-Kn inem-
bp-[-, temtlm-]-I-c-W-, a]m-{X-, a\p-jy Xma-kn
Kpl-I, Ah-bn ap{Z-Ww-sNbvX Nn{X-, Iem-\nan-Xn-I,
{]Xn-a-I, a\p-jys arX-i-cocw ASwsNbvX ivaim-\-
BZn-bmb ]pcm-X-\m-h-in-jvS--fmWv Ncn-{Xm-Xo-X-Im-es kw`-
h- Ip-]n-Sn-m-\p Hcp amKw. ]t, Ah \Ip kqN-
\-I-fn\nv Ncn-{X-\namWw \S-pI n{]-km-[y-amb Imcy-a.
\nc-c Kth-j-Whpw \nco--Whpw AXn-\m-h-iy-amWv. AXp-sIm-
p-Xs AXv km[m-c-W-m-cpsS tPmen-b-spw ]cn-Nb k-
-cmb {]Xn-`m-im-en-I-fpsS IrXy-am-sWpw hy-amWv.
]pcm-hkvXp \nco--W-n\v B[p-\n-I-imkv{Xw Nne amK-
fpw kq{X-fpw Bhn-jvI-cn-n-pv. Ah-sb--n-bp {]mY-anI
]cn-N-b-sa-nepw Ncn{X hnZymYn-Ip-m-hWw. Fn am{Xta
B[p-\nI Ncn{X Kth-j-I-m-cpsS \nK-a-\--sf-p-dnv Hscpw
]nSnbpw Ahv e`n-p-I-bpq. Am--]w B \nK-a-\--f-
{Xbpw tIhew Ahn- i z- k - \ o- b - a mbn tXmn- t bpw. AXn- \ m
{]kvXpX amK--tfbpw kq{X--tfbpw ]n ChnsS Hcp kwn-
]vX-hn-h-cWw \Ip--Xm-h-iy-am-sWv Icp-Xpp.
]pcm-XXz\nco-W
-
- ns {]m[m\yw
]pcm-XXz \nco-Ww hfsc ]ptcm-K-an Hcp Ime-am-WnXv. ]pcm-
XXz imkv{Xw (Archaeology) \ne-hn hcp--Xn-\p-apv CuPn-]vXnse
kp{]-kn ]nc-an-Up-I (Pyramids) tIhew ApX hkvXp--fm-
bn-cpp. Cm-Is, Ah ]pcm-X\ CuPn]vXns Ncn{Xw hnfn-tm-
Xp hne-s tcJ-I-fm-Ipp. {]mNo-\-Im-es CuPn-]vXp-Im
ac-Wm-\--c-Po-hn-X-n ZrV-hn-izm-kn-I-fm-bn-cp-p-shpw Ahn-
Ss {]`p-hK-ns Bm-in A\n-X-c-km-[m-c-Whpw Aew-
L-\o-b-hp-am-bn-cp-p-shpw As ASn-a-hK--fp-tSbpw km[m-
c-W-m-cp-tSbpw PohnXw A-Xyw ti-`q-bn-jvT-am-bn-cp-p-shpw
B Iq ih-Ip-So-c- aqI-`m-j-bn hnfn-tm-Xpp. ]t, ]pcm-
XXz hnZ-Kv[-m-cpsS {ih-W-]p-S--msX B IY {ihnm
Ign-n.
Kn-bnse ]nc-an-Up-I ]Wn-b-W-sa-n a\p-jy-e---fpsS
Fp-am{Xw Imbn-I-i-nbpw F{X-am{Xw tZio-b-k-pw sNehp
sNbvXn-cn--W-sap t\mpI! Fv.Pn. shv Fgp-Xpp: ""Cu
52 `mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
]nc-an-Up-I-fn Ghpw hen-b-Xn\v 450 ASn-bmWv s]mw. AXn
48,83,000 S Xqw hcp Ip-I-fpv. Cu Isms hn-I-
fn Ibn, \oe \Zn-bn-eqsS sImp-hv a\p-jy-cpsS Ic-_-ew-
sImv ]nSn- p- I - b n, bYm- m- \ w hn- p- - X mWv . Ch- b psS
\namWw Hcp alm-bp--tm A[nIw CuPn-]vXns\ oWn-
n-n-p-m-bn-cn-Ww!1''
ASn- a - e - - - f p- s Sbpw km[m- c - W - m- c p- s Sbpw imco- c n- I hpw
km-n-I-hp-amb Ign-hp-I ]c-am-h[n NqjWw sNbvXn--msX
B Iq ih---d-I sIn-sm-m-\m-hn-sv hfsc hy-amWv.
CXn \np-Xs a\-n-em-hp-pv, CuPn-]vXnse {]mNo\ `c-
W-ta-[m-hn-I-fmb ^d-thm-m-cp-sSbpw {]`p--m-cp-sSbpw Bm-
i-n-bpsS A{]-Xn-tcm-[y-Xbpw km[m-c-W-m-cpsS Pohn-X-t-i--
fpsS ]mc-ayhpw!
CuPn-]vXn-s\-tm-se-s ]pcm-X\ \mK-cn-I-Xbpw hnm-
\-im-J-Ifpw hfphn-p Hcp a\p-jy-hmk tI{-am-bn-cpp
saskm-s]m-t-anb. {Kop-`m-j-bn "\Zn-I-fpsS CS' FmWv B
]Z-n-\Yw. "^pdmv' (bq{^-okv) Fpw "ZnPvev' (ssS{Kokv)
Fpw t]cp cp \Zn-In-S-bn-emWv saskm-s]m-t-anb nXn
sNp-Xv. AXp-sIm-mWv {Kop-Im AXn\v B t] sImSp-
Xpw. ln{_p- ` m- j - b n "\{lmbow' Fpw Ad- _ n- ` m- j - b n
"amss_-\--lvssd' Fpw "CdmJv' Fpw AXns\ hnfn-pp.
Fmw AtX AY-n Xs. saskm-s]m-t-an-b-bpsS {]mNo\
Ncn{Xw Cpw kphn- Z n- X - a mWv . Cdm- J nse {]mNo\ \K- c -
Fs\ hfp-shpw, Ahn-S-p-Im-cpsS hnm-\-im-J-I
F{]-Imcw ]ptcm-KXn {]m]n-pshpw Cv GsXmcp Ncn-{X-hn-
ZymYnpw Adnbmw. Cm-cy--sfms shfn--p-sIm-p-h-Xv
]pcm-hkvXp \nco--W-am-Ipp. Npcp--n, ]pcm-XXz imkv{X-
ns {]m[m\yw Hcn-epw Ah-K-Wnp Xm-h-X. Fm
Zu`m- K y- s ap ]d- b s, asm cwK- - f n- e p- s a- - t ]mse Cu
cwKpw C-s apkvenw-I-fpsS ]v Xptemw hnc-f-amWv.
DXvJ\
- \
- hpw Kth-jW
- hpw
`qan--Sn-bn aa-dp InS-p Ncn-{X-tc-J-I J\\w
sNbv s X- S p- p- Xpw J\- \ - n Inp ]pcm- h - k v X p- - s f- n
]T\w \S-p-Xpw IqSp-X ]ptcm-K-anp hcn-I-bmWv. AXn\v Nne
imkv{Xob \nb-a--fpv. B imkv{Xob \nb-a--sfbpw amK--
sfbpw knm- - - s fbpw hni- Z o- I - c n- pI ChnsS Dt- i y- a n.
Fm ]pcm-XXz \nco--I-m-cpsS \nK-a-\- ASn-m\ cln-
X-amb shdpw Dulm-t]m-l--fm-sWv km[m-cW hmb-\-m
sXn--cn-m-Xn-cn-t--Xn-\mbn AXn-{]-[m-\-amb Nne Imcy-
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
ChnsS kqNn-n-pp.
`qan--Sn-bn Hcp ]pcm-X\ \K-c-ns Ah-in-jvS- InS-p-
sv Fs\ Adnbmw? CXn\p Nne- amK- imkv{X-Im-c-
m Nqn-m-Wn-p-pv. h Bh-iy-n\pw \new Infp adn-
p-tm ASn-bn ]gb aXn-ens AS-bmfw Itmw. B Ah-
injvSw XI-Sn sIn-S--fpsS Hcp `mK-am-bn-cnpw. AhnsS
kqv-a-\n-co-Ww \S-p--]w GtXm Imev \inp \mam-
h-ti-j-amb Hcp \K-c-ns ]e Ah-in-jvS-fpw Is-p-hcpw.
Acw Ah-in-jvS- hmbnp ]Tn-m hnZ-Kv[-amv km[n-
p--XmWv.
Nne-tm Ipgn-m-sX-s ]pcm-X\ \K-c--fpsS Ah-in-
jvS- InS-p ew Is-m Ignbpw. DZm-l-c-W-ambn,
]cn-kc e--fn\nv hyXy-kvX-ambn Hcn-Sv , Hcp {]tXyI
taSp ImWp-p-shp hbvpI. kqva ]cn-tim-[-\-bn, XI-
Sn Ah-in-jvS--fpsS Iqm-c-am-W-sXv Itmw. B taSns
]cn-k-c--fn DS a]m-{X--jW-tfm CjvSn-I-Itfm Ds-
n hnti-jnpw. Acw taSp-I Inf-p-t\m-p ]w ]pcm-
X\ \K-c--fpsS Ah-in-jvS- e`n-m-hp--XmWv.
]pg--c-I-fn\npw Kpl-I-fn\n-p-amWv {]mNo\ inem-bp-K-
n a\p-jy D]-tbm-Kn-n-cp Im-bp-[- [mcm-f-ambn e`n-
n- p- - s Xv A\p- ` - h - - m ]d- b pp. aW Iqm- c -
Imns {]h\w aqew \nc-m-bn-o-cp-tm AXn-\n-S-bn
inem-bp-[- ImWm-dp-s{X. kznvkem-nse Hcp XSmIw hn-
h-c--tm AhnsS {]mNo-\-a-\p-jy \nan hoSp-I-fpsS Ah-in-
jvS- Is-n-b-Xmbn ]d-b-s-Spp.
`qan--Sn-bn sIn-Stam aXntem Dtm Fv Adn-bm-hp
thsdmcp amK-an-XmWv: th\m-ev Hcp -h-btem atm ]cn-
tim-[n-pI. ASn-bn Npa-cp-s-n AXns apI-fn-ep- sNSn-
Iv CXc sNSn-Isf At]-nv ] IqSn-mWpw. ImcWw,
aXn-en-t Xn-\np \\hv an-ep- \\-hn-s\-m IqSp-
X-ep-m-hp--Xp-sImv B \\hv hen-s-Sp sNSn-I thKw
sXgpp hfcpw. s\tm tKmXtm BsW-n Ffp--n hnf-
bp-Ibpw sNpw.
{]mNo-\-Im-ev Hcn-Sv P\-hm-k-ap-m-bn-cptm F-dn-bm
ap ]cn-tim-[n-m aXn. P\-hm-k--e--fn t^mkv^-dkv
ehWw IqSp-X-ep-m-bn-cnpw.
Cs\ ]e amK--fp-ap-]-tbm-Kn-mWv `qK`-\n-co-Ww \S-
p-Xv. J\\ k{-Zm-bhpw ]cn-jvI-cn-p-h-cpp. Ctm-gs
k{-Zmbw GXm-n--s\-bmWv: J\\w \S-p ew sNdp-N-
54 `mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
Xp-c--fmbn (Grids) thXn-cnp, Hmtcm NXp-c-tbpw \of-nepw
hoXn-bnepw F. _n. kn. Un, 1, 2, 3, 4 Fn-s\ \-dnv AS-bm-f-
s-Sppw. Atm Btdm AwKpew Bg-nte Hc-h-kcw Ipgn-
p-I-bpq. B Ipgn-I-fnse ans \nd-hy-Xymkw kqva-ambn
]cn-tim-[npw. Hmtcm NXp-c-nepw ImWp hkvXp-fpw Ah-
bpsS m\w ka-\n-c-n\np F{X AwKpew Xmsg-bm-sW
hkvXp-Xbpw IrXy-ambn tcJ-s-Sppw. Inp km[-\-fpw Ah-
bpsS Xchpw kz`m-hhpw dntmn ImWn-t-Xv hfsc Bh-
iy-amWv. Fs-m Ah-bpsS ASn-m-\-n-emWv Kth-j-I-
mv Nne \nK-a-\--fn-se-n-t-tc-Xv. ka-\n-c-n\nv C{X
Xmg-v-hp C km[\w Ip-In-n-sb--dn-bp--Xns\ B{i-bn-
n-cn-pp, {]mtbW B km[-\-ns Ime-\nWbw. ans
\nd-hy-Xymkw Nne-tm Hcp ]pcm-h-kvXp-hns apgp-h Ncn{Xw
shfn-p-sIm-p-h-cp-hm klm-bn-s-p-hcpw. C-en-bnse t]mws]-
\-Kcw Ipgn--tm Ftm Np am-bn-o Hcp \mb-bpsS
BIrXn Ip- ] n- S n- m- s \mp. ans \nd- h y- X ym- k - n\n-
mWv Cu ]co--W-n\v {]tNm-Z\w e`n-Xv. Nmc-n-\p-n
I Zzmc-n "m Hm^v ]mcokv' (Hcp Xcw kna v) F
{ZmhIw Hgn-p-t\m-n-b-tm AZv`p-X-sap ]d-bs, Hcp \mb-bpsS
cq]-amWv Inn-bXv. cm-bncw hj-p apv (G.Un. 79)
An-]h-X-ns s]mn-s-dn-bn Np-t]m-b-Xm-bn-cpp B
Pohn Fv Kth-j-I-m Xocp-am-\np.
hoSp-I-fpsS ac-q {Zhnp s]mSn-bm-b-tijw AXns ew
Ip-]n-Sn-m\pw ans \nd-hy-Xym-k-amWv \nco--Isc klm-
bn-pI. Cw-nepw apw ]pcm-X-\-Im-ep {]`p--m-cpsS arX-
tZ-l- I-en adhp sNp Hcp ]Xn-hp-m-bn-cpp. Cu
hkv X pX Ip]nSn- - s - Xv "klq' Fn- S - p- \ nv Hcp
IJ-_ (Ship burial) Is-n-b-tXm-sS-bmWv. AhnsS J\\w
sNbvX-tm Ccp-m-Wn-bpsS Xpcp-p-aqew ans \ndw amdn-b-
Xmbn Ip. B ASn- m- \ - n \S- - s Kth- j - W - a mWv
{]kvXpX IJ-_-dns IY ]pd-p-sIm-p-h-cp-hm CS-h-cp-
n-bXv.
Ime-\nWbw
]pcm-X-Xz-\n-co--W-n Ghpw hnj-a-I-c-amb HmWv Ime-
\nWbw. Hcp ]pcm-X-\-hkvXp GXv Ime-n-s-Xm-sWv Xocp-
am-\n-m hfsc {]bm-k-apv. Imew ]g-Ipw-tXmdpw km[\w Fm-
Wp-m-b-sXp \n-bn-pI IqSp-X {]bm-k-I-c-am-bn-cnpw. Ncn-
{X- I m- c - m Im- e s Ipdn- p- h m D]- t bm- K n- p bpK-
{]mNo-\-in-em-bpKw, \ho-\-in-em-bpKw, Xm{a-bpKw, sh-e-bpKw, Ccp-
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
p-bpKw Fn-Xym-Zn-Iicn-bmb Hcp Ime-\nW-b-s-b Ipdn-

p-sXv \mw {]tXyIw a\-n-em-Ww. Acw {]tbm-K-
Xmc-X-tay-\-bp ImesGXv GXn-s\-m app-Xv, As-
n ]np-Xv F-Xns\am{Xta Ipdn-p-pq. Hcp kw`hw
sh-e-bp-K-n \S-p-sh-p- ]-d-m Ccp-p-bp-K-n\v apm-
W-Xp-m-b-sXt AY-apq. Fm Cu bpK-\nWbw Xs
Fm `q{]- t Z- i - t pw Htc- a m- X ncn _m[- I - a . Fs- m,
{]kvXpX bpK- bYm-{Iaw IS-p-t]m-bn-n-m \nc-h[n `q{]-
tZ-i--fpv. Htsd cmPy--fn sh-e-bp-Ktam teml-bp-Ktam
Dm-bn-n-s-s{X imkv{X--m-cpsS \nK-a\w. inem-bp-K-
n\nv Ccp-p-bp-K-n-tep t\cnp {]th-in cmPy--fp-apv.
]n-ta-jy-bnse sh-e-bpKw Cw-nse sh-e-bp-K-tmSv kam-
\- a - . ]n- t a- j y- b nse sh- e - b p- K - n Cwv inem- b p- K -
n\np aptmp IS-n-p-m-bn-cp-n. BI-bm C kw`hw
C bpK-nemWv \S--sXp Ncn-{X-Im-c ]d-bp-tm, AXv
GXp `q{]-tZ-i-s-p-dn-mtWm ]d-bp--sX-n AXn\v am{Xw
_m[-I-am-t--XmWv. Ahn-Ss Hmtcmtcm bpK--fp-sSbpw Ime-
b-f-hp-I {]tXyIw ]cn-tim-[nv Ime-K-W\ sNt--Xp-am-Ipp.
icn-bmb \nc-t]--amb Ime-\nWbw Akm-[y-am-b-Xn-\m-emWv,
B[p- \ nI Ncn- { X- I m- c - m kmt]- - I mewGXv GXn- s \- m
]gw IqSn-bXv, As-n Ipd-Xv F Xmc-X-ay-Imew kzoI-
cn-n-p-Xv. km[-\--fpsS \nam-W-coXn, Ah \nt-]n an
apX-em-bh ]cn-tim-[n-mWv Cmcyw Kth-j-I Xocp-am-\n-p-Xv.
`qK`- ns Bgw IqSpw- t Xmdpw Ime- - g - hpw IqSp- s a- mWv
s]mXp knmw.
]pcm- h kv X p \nco- - W - n a]m- { X- - f psS {]m[m\yw
FSpp ]d-tb-n-bn-cn-pp. Ffp--n DSpt]mhp-Xpw,
Fm \in- msX hf- s c- mew Ah- t i- j n- p- - X p- a m- W tm
a]m{Xw. tW\ DS-bp--Xp-sImv a]m-{X--fpsS hnX-cWw
Npcp-nb Hcp hr-n-\p-n ]cn-an-X-am-bn-cn-pI kzm`m-hn-I-
as{X. A[n-I-Imew Ah-ti-jn-p--Xn-\m a]m-{X--jW-
{]mtbW Fm ]pcm-X\ \K-c--fn\npw e`n-p-hm km[y-X-
bp-p-Xm\pw. ]p- apXt Ipi-h-m a]m-{X- ]e-Xcw
hW-sImpw Nn{X-th-e-IsImpw tamSn-s-Sp-pI ]Xn-
hm-bn-cpp. Cm-c-W-m ]pcm-h-kvXp-K-th-j-Is "A-c-ame'
Fv a]m-{X--jW- hnti-jn-n--s-Spp. a]m-{X--
fpsS BIr-Xnbpw \ndhpw Ae-m-c-am-Xr-Ibpw apw ]cn-tim-[nv
Ahp Ime-\nWbw sNm Ignbpw.
AWp-im-kv{X-ns klmbw
56 `mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
]pcm-h-kvXp-K-th-j-W-n AWp-im-kv{X-ns klm-bw-IqSn
Cp D]-tbm-K-s-Spn hcp-pv. tdUntbm Im_ ]co--
W-sa-mWv AXns t]. DXvJ-\-\-n e`n-p acw, Fv
apX-emb hkvXp--fpsS Imew tdUntbm Im_ ]co-Ww
hgn Ip-]n-Sn-m Ignbpw. Icn-bpsS Hcp hI-t`-Z-amWv tdUntbm
Im_. AXnse AWp--fpsS Fw Xn-s-Sp-n-bmWv Kth-
j-I-m Ime-\nWbw sNp-Xv. Poh-\p Fm hkvXp--fnepw
{]kvXpX AWp--fpsS BI-pI ka-am-sWpw Poh t]mbm
Ah Ipd-p-h-cp-sapw hnZ-Kv[-m ]d-bpp.
C{]-Imcw Xs asmcp ]co--W-apv^vtfmdo ]co-Ww.
an-ep ^vtfm-dos\ Fp-I hen-s-Sppw. Htc--e-p
^vtfmdo Xpey-am-bn-cn-p-atm. AXn-\m AhnsS Htc Imev
\nt-]n--s-Sp cp Fp-I hen-s-Sp-p ^vtfmdo\pw ka-
\n-e-bn-em-bn-cn-Ww. AYhm A-s\-b-msX ImWp-p-sh-n
^vtfmdo IqSp-X-ep Fv, Ipd Fn-s\-m Bbpv A[n-
I-cn--Xm-sWp \n-bn-m-hp--XmWv.
tUmk F Hcp ho-ens I-t-n\v Xpp-m-m
Ign-Xv Cu ^vtfmdo ]co-Ww amtKW-bmWv. B IY-bpsS
Npcpw: tUmk kmbv]n\v Fp-\ntm Hcp a\p-jy-X-e-tbmSpw
Nnmkn F Ipc-ns Hcp XmSn-sbpw Inn. Abm hfsc
]Wn-sv Ahv kzw hI-bmbn \ndw sImSpv ]nvUu
Fn-Sv Ipgn-np. ]gb An-I [mcmfw Inm-dp Hcp e-
am-bn-cpp ]nvUu. {_nojv ayqkn-b-nse `qK`-im-kv{X-
\pw Xs ]cn-N-b-m-c-\p-am-bn-cp Hcmv tUmk B
\nt]w ImWn-p-sIm-Spp. henb Ip-]n-Sn--sa \ne-bn
]nv Uu a\p-jys IY temI-sapw {]kn--ambn. At\Iw
teJ-\-fpw {K-fpw AXns\ Npn-n ]pd-p-hp. a\p-jys
ASp ]qhn-I Nnmkn-bm-sW-p-t]mepw temIw sXn--cn-
m-\n-S-bmbn.
Dtiw Ac \qm-p-Imew apgp-h imkv{X--msc I_-fn-
n {]kvXpX tUmk h-\-bpsS Dp-In ]pd-p-sIm-p-
h- Xv {_no- j v a yq- k n- b - n- s e- X s asmcp imkv { X- I m- c - \ mb
Hmv e n- b s{X. ^v t fm- d o ]co- - W - n- e q- s S- b mWv Atlw
]nvUu a\p-jys cl-kyw-]p-d-n-Xv.
Cs\ imkv{Xo-bm-t\z-jW cwKv \S-p I-t-kp-I
Ip-]n-Sn-m-\p amK-fpw Cp \ne-hnh-n-pv. AXn-\m
\qn--W-n\p hj--fmbn Cu cwKv Kth-jW \nco--W-
\Sn, Aaqey hnm-\-k--p-I kw`m-h\ sNbvX
]mm-Xy ]n-X-msc temIw AXy-[nIw _lp-am-\m-Z-c--tfm-
Sp-IqSn kvacn-pp. Fp-shv ]mm-Xy-hn-Zzm-m Cd-p-aXn
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
sNp Fm Nc-p-Ifpw tNmZyw sNmsX AwKo-I-cn-p-sIm--

W-sa-n. sXfn-hp-I-fpsS _em-_ew ]cn-tim-[n-p-thWw GXv
A`n- { ]m- b hpw sImp- I tbm Xp- I tbm sNp- Xv . AXmWv
hnm-\-tm-Sp -Im-Wn-t \oXn.
kXym-t\z-jW hnIm-c
- ns A\n-hm-cyX
C-cp-W-n Ncn{X \nam-W-cw-Ks _m[n Nne A\m-
imky {]h-W-X-I-sf-n Hcp hmv ]d-p-sIm-s. ]uc-kvXy-
cpsS ]pcm-X\ Ncn-{X-\nam-W-n\v hen-sbm-c-f-thmfw t\XrXzw
sImSp-Xv ]mm-Xy ]n-X-m-cmWv. ]uc-kvXy cmPy--fn
]mm-Xy tImbva-I tImf\n m]n-n-cp Hcp Ime-L--n-
emWv {]kvXpX Ncn-{X-\namWw an-hmdpw \S-Xv. AXn-\m
B Ncn- { X- \ nam- X m- X- f psS cmjv { So- b Xm]- c y- ns
kzm[o-\-X--Sn-a-sv Ncn-{X-\nam-W-n th{X kXy-k--
Xbpw hnizm-ky-Xbpw ]pen-bn-spw, ]uc-kvXy-cm-Py--fpsS
Ncn-{Xs ]-]m-X-]-c-amb Hcp {]tXyI ho-W-tIm-Wn-eq-sS-
bmWv hon--sXpw ]cs Bt-]-apv. DZm-l-c-W-ambn, `mc-
X-ns Ncn-{X-\nam-W-n "`nn-np `cn-pI' F X-
fpsS Bkq-{Xn-X-\bw {_no-jp-Im icnpw \S-n hcp-n-bn-
pv. CsXmcp \-bm-YmYy-amWv. AXn-\m ]Sn-m-d-m-cpsS
Ncn-{X-]-c-amb \nK-a-\- kwi-b-Zr-jvSn-tbm-sS-b-msX t\mm
km[y-a.
Fm ]-]m-X-pw Btcm-]n--s ]mm-Xy-cmWv Hcp
Imcyw ]d-n-p--sX-p-hv {]Y-a-Zr-jvS-nXs AXns\
]pnp Xp-Xpw icn-b. ]nstbm, B kwKXn kaYn-t-
-Xn-\mbn Ah Ah-ew-_-am-nb sXfn-hp-Ifpw tcJ-Ifpw ]cn-
tim-[nv, Ah-bpsS _em-_-e-ns ASn-m-\-n-emWv AXns\
AwKo-I-cn-t-Xpw Xnc-kvI-cn-t-Xpw. kXym-t\z-j-W-hn-Imcw
GsXmcp Ncn{X hnZymYnpw A\n-hm-cy-as{X.
`mc-X-nse Ncn-{Xm-Xo-X-Ime kw`-h- hnh-cn-p-tm
cp Xc-n-ep {]h-W-X-I-fmWv s]mXp-hn \mw ImWp-Xv.
Hcp Iq AsXms ]mm-Xy hnZzm-m-cpsS ]-]m-X-P-\y-amb
sIp-I-Y-I-fmbn ]pnp Xp-Ibpw, ]pcm-W--fn-sebpw CXn-lm-
k--fn-sebpw Nne kqN-\-Isf B[m-c-amn XnIpw hn]-co-X-amb
asmcp Ncn-{X-ho-Ww Nap hnSp-Ibpw sNpp. ]pcm-W--fnepw
CXn-lm-k--fnepw kqNn-X-amb IY-IXs ]c-kv]-c-hn-cp--fpw
Htsd Ahy---fp-amWv. Ah Xn-ep sshcp[yw Ah-km-\n-
n-mt]mepw \psS amaqtk-h-I-m-p Ign-bp-n. Ahy-
hpw ]qhm-]-c-hn-cp--hp-amb Hns\ asm-n-s hymJym-\-
nt\m hni-Zo-I-c-W-nt\m B[m-c-am-p--sX--s\-bmWv?
58 `mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
asmcp hn`mKw bmsXmcp _pn-hn-Nm-chpw \S-m Iqm-

msX ]mm-Xy ]n-X-m ]d-bp--sXpw Ip-a-Sp Gp
]d-bpp. DXv]-Xn-jvWp--sfp kzbw Ah-Im-i-s-Sp Ch-cpsS
\ne-]mSpw bpn-k-l-a. A-amb A\p-I-cWw bmsXmcp _pn-
Po-hnpw `qj-W-a. Npcp--n, ]mm-Xysc ASn ]pnp
Xp-Xpw A-ambn A\p-I-cn-p-Xpw, cpw AXn-cp-I-hn-n-
ep-I-fmWv. icn-bmb amKw a[y-amK-a-t{X. AXm-bXv imkv{XcoXym
sXfn-bn--s-Sp hkvXp-X-I \mw hkvXp-X-Ifmbn AwKo-I-cn-
pI. AXns ASn-m-\-n Fn-t-cp \nK-a-\-pw
knm--pw {]mapJyw \IpI. A{]-Imcw sXfn-bn--s-
Sm-h kwi-bm-kv]-Z-ambn IW-m-p-Ibpw bmsXm-n\pw sXfn-
hm-bp--bn-m-Xn-cn-p-Ibpw sNpI. CXmWv hnm\ {]tW-Xm-
kzoI-cn-t amKw. hmb-\-m-cs\ sXn--cn-n-p-I-sb-
Xpw alm-]m]w Xs-bmWv.
]mm-Xy ]n-X-m-cn hen-sbmcp hn`mKw kXym-t\z-jW
amK- n hcn XymK- pw A[zm- \ - pw aspw
XpeyX ImWp-I-bn. Ahsc I-am\w ]pnp Xp amaq-em-
cm-[-I-mv Ccw XymKm-\p-jvTm-\--fpsS h ]mc--cy-hp-
aptm? ]mm-Xy ]n-X-m sshm-\nI cwKv shn-s-
fn- b n ]mX- I - f n k- c n- p- s Im- mWv ]uc- k v X y hXpw
{]hn-p-Xv. kzw ZrjvSn-bp-]-tbm-Knp bmsXmpw Ip]nSn-
p-hm amaq-em-cm-[-I-cmb Cu ]WvUn-X-mv Ign-n-n. Fn-
cns, Ahsc I-S-m-t-]n-p-Xv IrX-Lv\-X-b-s-n as-
mWv?
]mm-Xy ]WvUn-X-mcpw a\p-jy-cmWv. Ahpw a\p-jy-
k-l-P-amb sXp-]mw. Ah-cpsS \nK-a-\--fn ]eXpw Aim-kv{Xo-
b-amhmw; BWv Xm\pw. ]t, AXn-s- t]-cn Ahsc ]pn-p-X-
pI Ffp--am-sW-nepw, \oXn-b; hnm-\m-t\z-j-Iv `qj-
W-hp-a. sXfn-hp-I-fpsS ]n_-e-ap- \nK-a-\- \mw AwKo-I-
cn-pI Xs-thWw. Ah Bcp--bnp FXv Hcn-epw {]i-v\-
am-h-cpXv. sXfn-hp-I-fpsS ]n_ew t]msc-p-tXm-p \nK-a-\-
\mw AwKo-I-cn-t--Xn. Ign-hp-h Ah-sb-p-dnp Kth-j-W-
\n-co-Ww XpSp \S-p-I-bmWv th-Xv. As\ Ahsb
Xncp-m-hp--XmWv. Fm {ia-I-c-amb Cu I-hyw \nd-th-
p--Xn\p ]Icw n{]-km-[y-amb Bt-]-i-c- sXmSp-p-hn-
Sm-\mWv amaq {]nb-cpsS hmk\. Cu \bw Fpw ]cm-P-b-s-n-
t-bpq; Cpw A-s\-s. CXp-t]m-se--s-bmWv ]mm-
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
Xy ]WvUn-X-msc I-S--\p-I-cn-p \b-ns nXnbpw.

kXym-t\z-jW hnIm-c-a-msX asmcp hnIm-chpw hnm-\-cw-
Kv `qj-W-a. ]-]mX hnIm-c-s-m B]--c-ambn asm-
p-an!
Ipdnv:
1. temI-N-cn-{X-kw-{Klw t]. 73
A[ymbw Av
`mc-X
- g- a
"`mcXw', "Cy' Fsms ]d-bp-tm \mw hnh-n-p-Xv
Gjym `qJ-WvU-ns a[y-`m-K-p-\nv sXtmv \op-In-S-p-
Xpw `q]-S-n Dc Amwiw 80 4',28''\pw 370 17',53''\pw,
]qh-tc-Jmwiw 680 7',33''\pw 970 24' 47'' \pw CSbvp nXn-sN-p-
-Xp-amb `qhn-`m-K-s-bmWv. CXns Ctm-gs hnkvXoWw
32,76, 141 NXp-c{i Intem-ao-dpw, P\-kwJy 55 tImSn-bp-amWv. Fm
Ign Ime- - f n `mc- X - ns hnkv X oW- nepw AXn- c - f -
hnepw ]e-tmgpw amkw`-hn-n-cp-n-p-sp Ncn{Xw ]d-
bpp. Hcp Imev t]jy km{amPyw Cy-hsc \opInS-n-
cp-p-hs{X. 1947 BKv 14-\p `mc-X-nse Hcp `mKw ]mIn-m
F t]cn ths-p-t]mbn. Cs\ `mc-X-ns `qan imkv{X-
]-chpw cmjv{So-b-hp-amb AXnn-I ]e-tmgpw hyXym-k-s-
n-cp--Xm-bn-mWv Ncn-{X-n \mw ImWp-Xv.
Fn-cp-mepw CX-c- `q-hn-`m-K--fn\nv Cym-`q-J-s
thXn-cnp \np, {]Ir-Xn-]-c-amb Nne AXn-c-S-bm-f- AXn-
{]m-No\ Imew apX Xs \ne-hn-ep-m-bn-cpp. D]-`q-J--
ns aqp-`m-K-fpw kap-{Z--fm Np-s-n-cn-pp. AXp-sIm-
mWv AXv Hcp]`qJ--am-bXv. {]kvXpX Bgn-I `mc-Xs
ap `qJ---fn\nv ths]-Spn \npp. hS-p-`mKw ]h-
X-\n-c-I-fmWv. kp`-{Zhpw Kwò-c-hp-amb tIm-I IWs \op-
In-S-p {]kvXpX ]hX ]wn-bmWv Gjy-bpsS ap `mK--
fn\nv D]-`q-J-s hyXn-cn--am-p-Xv. Gjy-bnse aqv
D]-`q-J---fn Ghpw hep-XmWv `mcXw. ]mao D-X-XSw
apX sXp-In-g-mbn \op-In-S-p B ]h-X-\n-cv 1500 \mgn-
I-tbmfw ssZLy-apv. \mep-\m-gn-I-bn IqSp-X Db-c-ap \qdp
sImSp-ap-Sn-I B ]h-X-\n-c-bn nXn-sN-pp. temI-n
ht-hpw s]mw IqSnb "Fh-dv' sImSp-apSn AXn-sem-m-Ipp.
60 `mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
29,028 ASn-bmWv AXns Dbcw. "lnam-ebw' F t]cn {]kn-
-amb {]kvXpX ]h-X-\n-c-bmWv ]pcm-X\ `mc-Xs hntZ-io-
bm-{I-a-W--fn\nv cnp t]mXv. ]pcm-X\ Imev lnam-
ebw Xmn Cy- b n- t ep hcm H amKta Dm- b n- c p-
pq"ssI_Npcw'.
AXn-{]m-No-\-Im-ev `mc-X-ns `qan-im-kv{X-]-c-amb nXn
C-t-Xn\nv Xptemw hyXy-kvX-am-bn-cp-p-shv Ncn-{Xm-t\z-
j-I-m A`n-{]m-b-s-Spp. 5000 hj-n-\p-apv ]m_v, cP-]p-
m\, _olm, _wKm Fo {]tZ-i--fpsm-p Dc
`mc-X-ta-Je sh-m aqS-s-n-cp-p-shp Nne ]d-bpp.
CsXmcp AZv`p-X-ambn tXmmw. Fm Ccw am- `mc-X-
n\v am{X-a, ap ]e `qhn-`m-K-pw kw`-hn-n-p--Xmbn
Ncn{X Kth-j-I-m-`n-{]m-b-apv. Icn--Sepw Imkv]n-b ISepw
Bd ISepw apv Hmbn tNp InS-n-cp-p-shv ]d-b-s-
Spp. sXs Cy- b psS nXnbpw apIm- e v C- t -
Xn\nv `n- a m- b n- c pp. AXns ]Sn- m- d p- ` mKw aU- K m-
kv I hsc \op- I n- S - n- c p- p- s hp ]d- b - s - S pp. em- Z zo]v
(kntem) Um-t\mSp tNmWv \ne-sIm-n-cp-Xv. {]mNo-\-
Im-ev `mc-X-n-\nv Bkvt{X-enb hsc Ic-amK-ambn Xs
t]mIm-am-bn-cp-p-hs{X. knp \Zn kap-{Z-n tNcm kzev]ta
Zqc- a p- m- b n- c p- p- q- s hpw kc- k z- X n- \ Zn kap- { Z- t mSp IqSn-
tmWv InS-n-cp--sXpw ]d-bpp.
]pcm-X\ Imev `mcX D]-`q-J--n hkn-n-cp P\-
p Xn h ASp-tam ktam Dm-bn-cp-n. Hcp
P\X Fv hn-ti-jn-n-m X bmsXmcp _hpw Ahn-S-
bn Cm-bn-cpp. tUm. Xmcm-Nv Fgp-Xpp: ""kwkvIr-X-nse
{]mNo\ IrXn-I-fn \nv \apv a\-n-em-hp-Xv Cy-bnse
hnhn[ tKm{X- ]e {]tZ-i--fn-ep-amWv ]mn-cp--sX-mWv.
Ahn-S-bn bmsXmcp k-hp-an-m-bn-cpp. ZpK-a--fmb
`b--c-h-\- Ahsc At\ym\yw AI-n-bn-cpp.''1
BI-bm {]mNo\ Imes `mcXw GIo-Ir-X-am-bn-cp-n.
aXtam kwkvIm-ctam `mjtbm hym]mc _tam Hpw `mc-Xob
P\-hK-sf GIo-I-cn-n-cp-n. AJ--`m-cXw {]mNo-\-Im-es
kw_-n-n-S-tmfw XnI-p-samcp Ab-YmY k]-am-bn-cpp.
a\p-jy-Nc
- n-{X-ns Bcw`w `mc-X
- ntem?
a\pjy Ncn-{Xm-cw`w Cy-bn\n-m-sWv Nne A`n-{]m-b-
s-Spp. kntem-Wnse "BZw-ae'sbn apImew apX apkvenw-
In-S-bn Hssc-Xnlyw {]N-cn-n-pv. a\p-jy-hw-i-ns BZna
]nXm-shv PqX ss{IkvXhapkam-m hniz-kn-p BZw
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
B ae-bn-emWv t]m kzK-n\n-n-d-n-bXv. AhnsS ImWp

Imm-SmWv Cu IYv \nZm\w. AXv BZ-an-t-Xm-sWp apkvenw-
I Ah-Im-i-s-Spp. ]pcm-X-\-Im-ev Cy-bpsS Hcp `K-am-bn-
cp-tm kntem. Atm {]kvXp-X sFXn-ly-ns ASn-m-
\-n a\pjy Ncn-{Xm-cw`w Cy-bn\n-m-sWv ]d-bp-hm
ck-apv.
Fm Ccw sFXn-ly-v Ncn-{X-]-c-amb bmsXmcp
ASn-m-\-hp-an. BZw FXv Hcp hyn-bpsS \matam, A
a\p-jy F-Y-n-ep kmam-\y-\m-atam Fp Xop ]d-
bm-\m-hn. ln{_p-`m-j-bn-ep ss__n ]gb \nb-a-n-emWv
BZmwi_vZw BZy-ambn D]-tbm-Knp ImWp--sXv Ncn-{Xm-t\z-
j-I-m ]d-bpp. ln{_p-hn B i_vZ-n\v a\p-jy Fpw
AY-apv. hniz-hn-m-\-tImiw ]d-bp-Xv ImWpI: ""a\p-jy-i-
_vZ-ns ]cymbw IqSn-bmWv ln{_p-`m-j-bn BZmw.''2
Jp-B\pw BZw-i-_vZs a\p-jy-]-cym-b-sa \ne-bn {]tbm-
Kn-n-pv. Htc kw`hw cn-S--fn Bhn--tm Hcn-Sv
BZw Fpw asm-cn-Sv a\p-jy FY-ap "_i' Fp-
amWv Jp-B {]tbm-Kn-n-p-Xv. A[ymbw 2, kqw 34- ssZhw
ae-p-I-tfmSv BZ-an\v kmjvSmwKw sNbvhm \ntZ-in--Xmbn ]d-
bpp. AtX Imcyw A[ymbw 15, kqw 28, 29 Bhn--
tm, BZ-an\v ]Icw _i FmWv Jp-B {]tbm-Kn-Xv. Cu
{]tbm-K-n\nv BZ-an-sbpw _i-dn-sbpw AYw Hm-sWp
kqNn-X-am-hpp.
IqSmsX, ae-p-I-fpsS kmjvSmw-K-n-e-`-hn Xzw GsX-
n-ep-samcp a\p-jy-hy-n-sb-am{Xw _m[n-p--X. {]XypX, am\-
h- I p- e - n\v s]mXpth _m[- I - a s{X. Jp- B s Zrjv S n- b n,
ssZth bYm-hn[w \S-n hcp-n-sm-n-cn-p AZr-iy-k-Xz-
-fmWv ae-p-I. Ah-tcmSv BZ-an\v kmjvSmwKw \an-p-hm
Bm-]n--Xns Xm]cyw, `qan-bn ssZh-ns {]mXn-\n[yw
hlnp a\p-jy-hw-i-ns CwKn-X-n-\-\p-k-cnp hn-p-
hm-\p Blzm-\-at{X. Cu kwK-Xn-bm-Is, GsX-n-ep-samcp a\p-
jy-hy-nsb am{Xw _m[n-p--X-tm. AXn-\m ]cm-ar-jvS- Jp-
B kq- n a\p- j y F AY- n- e mWv BZw F
i_vZw {]tbm-Kn-n-p--sXv hnNm-cn-p-hm-\mWv IqSp-X \ymbw
ImWp-Xv.
a\p-jys Ncn-{Xm-cw`w `mc-X-n\n-m-sW k]-n\v
ASn-m-\-an-s-nepw, e--W-n\v hj-p -ap-p-Xs
`mc-X-n a\p-jy-hmkw Bcw-`n-n-cp--Xn\v sXfn-hpv. DXvJ-
\\ imkv{X--msc D-cn-p-sImv {io. sI. Zmtam-Z-c tcJ-
62 `mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
s-Sp-p-Xv ImWpI: ""DXvJ-\\ imkv{X--m-cpsS ASp
Imes Kth-j-W--fpsS ê-ambn Cy-bnse BZn-a-\n-hm-kn-
I-fpsS ùXn-I-kw-kvIm-c-ns ]e Ah-in-jvS-fpw Ip-In-n-
bn-cn-pp. Cu Ah-in-jvS--fn Nne-Xn\v cp e-n-e-[nIw
sIms ]g- - a p- s p Nne imkv { X- - m A\p- a m- \ n-
p.'' 3
{]mNo\ inem-bp-K-sbpw \ho\ inem-bp-K-sbpw {]Xn-\n-
[m\w sNp H-\-h[n Bbp-[-fpw D]-I-c-W-fpw `mc-X-ns
\m\m-`m-K--fn\npw Ip-In-n-bn-p--Xmbn imkv{X--m
Ah-Im-i-s-Spp. DZm-l-c-W-ambn sXn-y-bnse \aZm Xoc--
fn\npw ]n-a-L--ns Xmgvh-c-I-fn\npw e`n ]e D]-
I-c-W-fpw {]mNo\ inem-bp-K-nse {]mIrX a\p-jy D]-tbm-
Kn--h-bmWv. _mcn Pn-bnepw ssakq-cnepw \S--s Kth-j-
W- - f n\np \ho\ inem- b p- K - nse a\p- j y D]- t bm- K n
At\Iw D]-I-c-W- Ip-In-n-bn-pv.4
Ncn-{X-ns A\--c-L---fn ]e-tm-gmbn a\p-jy-X-e-ap-d-
I `mc-X-n IpSn-tb-dn-mp-I-bp-mbn. As\ Ah-cpsS
`mjbpw aXhpw kwkvIm-c-hp-samw ChnsS {]N-cn-p-Ibpw Ah
`mc-Xo-b-cmbn amdp-I-bpw-sNbvXp. hmkvX-h-n Hcp an{i-kw-kvIm-
c-amWv `mc-Xo-b-kw-kvImcw. AXns IpI GsX-n-ep-samcp
{]tXy-I-hK-n\v Ah-Im-i-s-Sm-h-X.
"Cy' F \ma-t[bw
Cy-bpsS t]cn-s\-p-dnv kzev]-samv ]cm-ain-t--Xpv.
BZn-bn Cu D]-`q-J--n\v Cy F t]cp-m-bn-cp-n.
B \ma-t[bw Xs CXc \mSp-I-fn\n-p Cd-p-a-Xn-bmWv.
Fn- c p- mepw, B \ma- t [- b - n\v Ime- - g w hfsc IqSpw.
{]mNo\ Cdm-\n-b-m-cpsS aX-km-ln-Xy--fnepw apw B \maw
ImWp-pv. ]nv s\lvdp Fgp-Xpp:
""lnp F hmv \psS ]pcm-X-\-km-ln-Xy-n Hcn-Spw
ImWm-\n. Hcn-y ]pkvX-I-n CZw-{]-Ya-ambn AXn-s\-p-
dnv {]kvXm-hn-p-Xv {In. ]n. Fmw iX-I-nse Hcp Xm{nI
{K-n-em-sW--dn-bpp. AhnsS "lnp' F-Xn\v Hcp P\X
Fm- W Yw; Hcp aX- ns A\p- b m- b n- I F. ]t,
"AhkvsX'bnepw ]pcm-X\ t]jy-\nepw B hmv ImWm-\p--
Xp-sImv AXv hfsc ]pcm-X-\-am-sWp Xo-Xs. Apw Ahn-
sS-\nv Hcm-b-n-ctam A[n-Itam sIm-m-e-tm-fhpw ]n-ta-jy-
bn-sebpw at[y-jy-bn-sebpw P\- AXp-]-tbm-Kn-Xv Cy-bnse
AYhm knp-\-Zn-bpsS Asc Xma-kn-p P\-s-p-dn-m-
\mWv. "CUkv' Fv Cwo-jn ]d-bp \Znv ]pw Cp-
ap Cy \ma-t[-b-amb "knp' F-Xn \nmWv lnp,
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
lnp-kvXm Fpw Ctmkv, Cy Fp-ap hmp-I hcp-

Xv.'' 5
{]mNo\ t]jy-\n kIm-c-n\p ]Icw lIm-c-am-Wp-]-tbm-
Knp ImWm- d p- Xv . DZm- l - c - W - a mbn, kwkv I r- X - nse "tk\'
t]jy- \ n "tl\'bpw "tkma' "tlma'bpamWv . CXp- t ]mse
\psS "knn's\ CdmIm "lnv' Fm-Wp--cn-n-cp-Xv. "lnv'
kndn-b-\n-tepw bh-\-`m-j-bn-tepw ]I-tm "CnI'bmbn.
{Kop-Im-cn\nv bqtdm-n-tev sN-tm AXv "CUy' Fp-
-cn--sp. Ah-km\w `mc-X-n-tev Cd-p-aXn sNbvX-tm
"Cy'bpambn. CXmWv Cy F \ma-t[-b-ns IY.
]pcmX\ Ad-_n-Ifpw Cu \mns\ "lnv' FmWv hnfn-n-cp-
Xv. Cy-bnse Ccpv Ad-_n-In-S-bn kp{]-kn--am-bn-cpp.
Cy- C - c p- p- s Imv \nan hmfns\ Ad- _ n- I "apl- Zv ' ,
"lnp-hm\n', "lpphm\n' Fn-s\ hWn-m-dpv. {]hm-N-Is
Bhn`m-h-n\p app-Xs Ad-_n--hn-I B hmp-I X-
fpsS Ihn-X-I-fnep]tbm-Kn--Xn\v [mcmfw DZm-l-c-W- ImWmw.
am{X-a, Ad-_n-I X-fpsS s]Ip-p-v "lnv' Fv
\ma-I-cWw sNpI kh-km-[m-c-W-am-bn-cpp. ]pcm-X\ Imev
`mc-Xo-bcpw Ad-_n-Ifpw Xn-ep _-s-bmWv CsXmw Ipdn-
p-Xv.
Cu _w-aqew H-t\Iw Cyhm-p-I Ad-_n-bn-tepw
Ad-_n-hm-p-I Cy `mj-I-fn-tepw ]In-pv. kwkvIr-
X-hm-p-I-fn NneXv Jp-B-\nepw ew ]nSn-n-cn-p-p. DZm-l-
c-W-ambn, Cn-v "kP-_o' Fpw Iq-c-n\v "Im^q'
Fp-amWv Jp-B {]-tbm-Kn-n-p-Xv. kwkvIr-X-nse "irwK-
t_c'ns Ad_n cq]-amWv "kP-_o.' Im^qdpw Iq-chpw
Xn-ep _w kphy--amW-tm.
Atd-_y-v {]mNo\ kwkvIr-X-n "Ah-m' Fm-
Ws{X t]. {InkvXp-hn\v 3000 hj-p app-Xs Ad-_n-
Ifpw Cybpw Xn ASp- - _ w ]pen- b n- c p- - X mbn
ImWpp. ^nenv sI. lnn F Ata-cn- s{]m^-k Xs
"lndn Hm^v Zn Ad_vkv' F IrXn-bn tcJ-s-Sp-n-bn-cn-pp:
""Its (Arabia) South eastern people were possibly the ones who acted as intermedi-
aries between Egypt, Mesopotomia and the Punjab-the three focal centres of earli-
est trade." (]pcm-X\ Imes apJy-hym-]m-c-tI-{--fmb CuPn]vXv,
saskm-s]m-t-anb Fo \K-c--fp-sSbpw ]m-_n-sbpw CS-bn
a[y-hn-I-fmbn \ne-sIm-n-cp-Xv Atd-_y-bpsS ZnW ]qh-
`m-Ks P\--fm-bn-cp-n-cn-Ww.)
Ckvem-an\p apv Ad-_n-I Bcm-[n-n-cp ]e tZh-mcpw
64 `mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
Cy-bn\nv Ib-p-aXn sNbvX-h-bm-bn-cp-p-shv A\p-am-\n--
s-Spp. "kphmAv' (inh), "Dm' (Djv) apX-em-bh DZm-l-
cWw. BI-bm ]pcm-X-\ Imew apX Ad-_n-Ifpw `mc-Xo-bcpw
Xn ùXn-Ihpw B[ym-n-I-hp-amb _w \ne-\n-p-t]m-n-
cpp. AXmWv Cy hmp-I Ad-_n-bnepw Ad_n hmp-
I Cy `mj-I-fnepw ISpIqSm Imc-W-sav a\-n-emmw.
Cu \mn\v ]ucm-WnI Bcy kmln-Xy-n ImWp \ma-
amWv `mcXw. `c-X F Bcy-cm-Pmhv `cn-n-cp- cmPyw F
AYn-em-hWw B \maw kzoI-cn--s-Xv. ]pcm-W-{]-Imcw cp
`c-X-m Cy-bn `cWw \S-n-bn-pv. {iocm-as A\p-P\pw
ssItI-bn-bpsS ]p{X-\p-amb `c-X-cm-Pm-hmWv Hm-a. Ctlw
Atbm[y-bnse A[n-]-Xn-bmbn cpp. Zpjy--cm-Pm-hn\v imIp--f-
bn P\n ]p{X-\mWv cmas `c-X. Ctlw Cym cmPyw
apgp-h Pbn--S-nbXmbn sFXnlyw Ah-Im-i-s-Spp. CtX `c-
X-t\mSp _-smhWw `mc-X-\maw \ne-hn hXv.
Cyv ]ucm- W nI kmln- X y- - f n asmcp t]cp- I qSn
ImWpp "Bcy-mhw.' Bcyw F hmns AYw ]hn{Xw,
t{ijvTw, DXw Fsm-s-bmWv. Bcy-P-\-ns A[n-hmkw
aqew ]pWy-am-bn-o-Xp-sIm-m-hWw Cyv B t] hXv.
]t, lna-hm\pw hny\pw at[y-bp D-c-ta-J-e-bmWv Bcy-
mhw F t]cn Adn-b-s-n-cp--sXpw Zn-tWy Bcym-
h-n\p ]pd-m-bn-cp-p-shpw Ncn-{X-Im-c-m ]d-bpp. EtKz-
Z-n-sbpw bPpth-Z-n-sbpw Imev Bcy P\-X-bpsS A[n-
hmkw D-tc-y-bn ]cn-an-X-am-bn-cp-p-ht{X.
CymNcn-{X-nse hnhn[ L-
Cy ]pcmW IY-Isf ASn-m-\-amn Ncn-{Xm-XoX kw`-
h-sf hymJym-\n-sm-n-p-hm ASp Ime-mbn Hcp {iaw
\S-p-pv. AXns Hcp-tiyw temI-s-p-ap kwkvImc
\mK-cn-I-X-I-fpsS BZna inev]n-I `mc-Xo-b-cm-sWv hcp--emWv.
CXn\v cp hi--fpv. Hv A`n-am-\-n-tXpw atXv A]-am-\-
n-t-Xp-amWv. temI-p-mb \namW {]h-\--fpsS Ah-
Im-in-I Cy-m-cm-sW-n, kwlmc {]h-\--fpsS D-
c-hm-Zn-Ifpw Ah-cm-sWp hcpw. Fm cm-a-Xp-]-d êw
Hpw A`n-am-\-I-c-a Xs.
Cu Nnm-K-Xn-m-cn Nne Ah-Im-i-s-Sp-Xv `mc-X-n\n-
mWv a\p- j y- N - c n- { X- ns Bcw- ` - s a- mWv . a\p- t jym- X v ] n
apX {In. ap. 6000 hsc-bmWv `mc-X-N-cn-{X-ns Hm-as L-
sav Ah hmZn-pp. {In. ap. 6000emWs{X alm {]f-b-ap-m-
bXv. {]f-b-n c-{]m-]n GI hyn sshh-kzX a\p (hnh-
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
kzms ]p{X-\mb a\p) BsWp ]pcm-W- ]d-bpp. AXp-

t]mse BZys a\p-jy-hy-nbpw Hcp a\p-hm-bn-cp-p: kzbw-`ph
a\p. Cs\ ]pcm-W--f-\p-k-cnv ]Xn-\mep a\p- (NXpZ-i-
a-\p-) Dv.
ss__n {]Imcw a\p-jy-hw-i-ns BZn-]n-Xm-hmb BZmw
{In. ap. 4004emWv krjvSn--s-Xv. Fm Cy ]pcm-W-{]-
Imcw, kzbw-`p-h a\p-hns Imew IrX-bp-K-ns Bcw-`-n-emWv.
]pcm-W-sf D-cnv "Bcy-`m-cXw' F IrXn-bn {io. Fw. cma-
Ir-jvW \mb ]-d-bp-p: ""IrX-bp-K-nse a\p apX-ep hiw-
]-c--c-bmWv \p-tSXv F ]pcm-Ws \ntj-[n-m B[p-\n-
I-N-cn-{X-Im-cs In tImn-.''6 Atlw XpS-cpp: ""a\p apX
{ioIr- j v W hsc 94 Xe- a p- d tb ]p- c m- W - - f n hWn- - s - n-
pq.'' 7 {ioIr-jvWs Imew Ien-bp-K-am-cw-`-n-es{X: ""{ioIr-
jvWs Pohn-X-Im-ev {In. ap. 3104 Ien Bcw-`n-pp.''8
]pcm-W-nse {]kvXpX {]kvXm-h-\-Isf \ap-smp hni-I-
e\w sNbvXp-t\mmw. ]pcm-W-n \mep bpK--fmbn Imew hn`-
Pn--s-n-cn-pp: IrX-bpKw, t{XXm-bpKw, Zzm]-c-bpKw, Ien-bpKw.
Hmtcm bpK-n-sbpw Ime-b-fhpw IW-m-n-bn-pv. IrX-bpKw
4800 Znhy-hjw. Hcp Znhy-hjw 360 a\p-jy-hjw. Atm IrX-
bpKw 17,28,000 a\p-jy-hj-am-bn-cnpw. t{XXm-bpKw 3600 Znhy-hjw
(12,96,000 a\pjy hjw). Zzm]-c-bpKw 2400 Znhy-hjw (8,64,000 a\p-
jy-hjw). Ien-bpKw 1200 Znhy-hjw (4,32,000 a\pjy hjw).
Atm \mepw-tN NXp-cypKw 43,20,000 a\p-jy-hj-am-bn-cnpw.
C{Xbpw Imew Ign-bp-tm temI-a-h-km-\nv hopw krjvSn-bm-
cw-`n-p-sa-mWv ]pcm-W-aXw. {ioIr-jvW-sbpw kzbw-`ph a\p-
hnsbpw CS-p Ime-b-fhv 38 ,88,000 a\p-jy-hj-am-sWp
ta IW-p-sImv ImWpp. Fm kzbw-`ph a\p-hn-sbpw
{ioIr-jvWsbpw CS-p -]p-cmW {]Imcw 94 Xe-apd am{X-am-Wp-
Xv. Atm Hcp Xe-ap-d-bpsS icm-icn Ime-b-fhv \mev]-sm-
m-bn-c-n-ap-q-dn ]cw a\p-jy-hj-am-sW-p-h-cpp. CsX-s\
a\p-jy-_pn k-Xnpw?
IqSmsX cmam-b-W-I-Ym-\m-b-I-\mb {iocm-as Imew t{XXm-
bp-K-ns Ah-km-\-am-sWv ImWpp.9 alm-`m-c-X-nse Hcp
{][m\ IYm-]m-{X-amb {ioIr-jvWs P\\w Ien-bp-K-ns Bcw-
`-n {In. ap. 3104emsWpw ]d-bpp.10 Cu cv Ime-L--
n-S-bn ]pcm-W-{]-Imcw Zzm]-c-bpKw F AXn-ZoL-amb
Hcp Lw Ign-bp-pv: 8,64,000 a\p-jy-hjw! cmam-bW IYm-\m-
b-I-\mb {iocm-a\pw ]Xv\n koXbpw Pohn-n-cp-Xv C{Xbpw hnZq-
c-amb Hcp Ime-m-bn-cp-pshtm?
Cm-Xncn Nne {]iv\--fmWv ]pcm-W-I-Y-I-fpsS ASn-m-\-
n Ncn{X \namWw \S-m-\p-Zy-an-p--hv A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-
66 `mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
tn hcp-Xv. AXn-\m ]pcm-W-I-Y-Isf B[m-c-amn Ncn{Xw
\nan-p-Xv XnI-pw Aim-kv{Xo-b-am-Ipp. {]kn Ncn-{X-Im-c-
\mb tUm. Xmcm-Nv Cym-N-cn-{Xs hn`-Pn-n-p-Xv Ap L-
-fm-bn-mWv. Cu hn`-P\w IqSp-X bpn-bp--ambn tXmpp.
Atlw Hmtcm L-n-sbpw {][m\ khn-ti-j-X-Ifpw B L-
nse Ncn{X \nam-W-n-\m-[m-c-amb Icp-fpw sXfn-hp-Ifpw
{]tXyIw Nqn-m-Wn-n-pv. Ncn-{Xm-Xo-X-Im-esa-p hnti-jn-n-
-s-Sp {]Y-a-L--nse kw`-h-smpw ]pcm-W-I-Y-I-sf-
b, ]pcm-X-\m-h-in-jvS--sf-bmWv Atlw B{i-bn-p-Xv. At-
l-ns Ime-hn-`-P-\-ns Hcp kwn]vX hnh-cWw NphsS
ImWn-pp.
1. a\p-tjym-Xv]n apX {In. ap. 3500 hsc-bp-- Imew. ine-
Ifpw teml-fpw sImp Bbp-[--fn\npw D]-I-c-W--
fn\npw B`-c-W--fn\npw ap-amWv {]kvXpX L-ns
Ncn{Xw \apv e`n-p-Xv. ap-sIm-p-m-nb ]m{X-, {]Xn-
a-I, Am-es ih-kw-kvImc e--fn\nv Is-Sp
Ah-in-jvS-, ]md--p-I-fnepw Kplm-`n-n-I-fnepw \nan-X-amb
Nn{X- apX-emb ]pcm-h-kvXp- \apv [mcmfw Inn-bn-pv.
Cu L-n {]mIr-X-Po-hn-X-n\np a\p-jy ]Xp-s--
Xps ]ptcm-K-an-p-h-cp-t-bp-m-bn-cp-pq. Ncn-{Xm-Xo-X-Imew
Fv ]d-bp-tm \mw s]m-Xp-hn hnh-n-m-dp-Xv Cu L-
amWv.
2. {In. ap. 3500 apX {In. ap. 600 hsc-bp Imew. Cu cmw
L-n-emWv Bcy P\-hK- Cy-bn B[n-]Xyw m]n-
Xpw Ah-cpsS kwkvIm-chpw `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw aX-hp-sams
ChnsS thcp-d-Xpw. Cu L-nse Cym-N-cn-{X-n-\m-kv]-Z-am-
bn-p-Xv ]pcm-X-\--fmb kvamc-I-fpw Ah-in-jvS-fpw kwkvIr-
X-nse {]mNo\ kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-Ifpw ap-amWv. Cu Ime-n\v
Bcy-m-cpsS A[n-hm-k-Lw Fp ]dbmw.
3. {In. ap. 600 apX {In. ]n. 700 hsc-bp Imew. Cm-
emWv ]pXnb P\-hK- Cy-bn IS-p-hv A[n-hm-k-
ap-d-n-Xv. \qX-\--fmb kwkvIm-c-fpw aX-fpw Xz-Nn-m-
{]-m-\-fpsamw DS-se-Sp-Xpw Cu L-n-emWv. `mc-X-n
hyh-m-]n-X-amb `c-W-Iq-S- CZw-{]-Y-aambn \ne-hn hcn-Ibpw
XIp t]mhp-Ibpw sNbvX-Xpw Cu L-nXs. hntZ-in-I-
fpsS km-c-p-dn-p-I, IrXn-I, \p-sS-Xs inem-en-Jn-X-,
\mW-b-, kvamc-I-, kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-I Fnh Cu L-
ns Ncn{X \nam-Ws klm-bn-pp.
4. {In. 7-mw iXIw apX apKkm-{am-Py-ns ]X\w hsc-
bp Imew. Cu L-n-emWv `mc-X-n apkvenw-I B[n-
]Xyw m]n-Xv. {_no-jvIm-cpsS B[n-]Xyw Bcw-`n-Xpw Cu
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
L-nse {][m\ kw`-h-ambn IW-mmw. t]jy`m-j-bnse

Ncn-{X-Ir-Xn-I, km-cn-I-fpsS bm{Xm-hn-h-cW-, hnhn[ Cy
`mj-I-fnse kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-I, \mW-b-, inem-en-Jn-X-
Ch-bmWv Cu Imes Ncn-{X-n\v B[mcw. Cym Ncn-{X-nse
"a[y-Imew' Fv hnfn-p-Xv Cu L-s-bmWv.
5. \memw Lw Ah-km-\n-p-Xv 18-mw iX-I-n-es{X. B[p-
\nI L-sap ]d-bp-Xv AXn-\p-ti-j-ap Ime-s--n-bmWv.
Cym-cmPyw Htc `c-W-Iq-S-n Iogn GIo-I-cn--s-p-sh--
XmWv Cu L-ns khn-ti-jX. AtXmsS Cy-bpsS ]mc--
cy-kw-kvImcw ]mm-Xy kzm[o-\-n hcn-Ibpw ]pXnb kcWn
shn-s-fn-bn--s-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Cy-bn tZiob {]m-\-
am-cw-`nXpw Cy kzmX{yw {]m]n-Xpw Cm-e-mWv. Cm-
e-nse Ncn{Xw hyh-m-]n-X-am-bn-s Fgp-X-s-n-pv.
Ipdn-p-I
1. Alvse lnvIo apJvX-k XmcoJv by tUm. Xmcm-Nv t]Pv 38
2. hniz-hn-m-\-tImiw hmfyw 1 t]Pv 809
3. Cy-bpsS Bmhv t]Pv 10
4. Ibid P. 12
5. Cysb Is- t]Pv 95
6. Bcy-`m-cXw t]Pv 30
7. Ibid P. 30
8. Ibid P. 29
9. Ibid P. 29
10. Ibid P. 29
A[ymbw Bdv
`mc-Xob aX-km-ln-Xy-
hf-sc-b-[nIw aX-{K---fpv `mc-Xob P\-Xbvv. C{X-tbsd
]pcm-X\ aX-km-ln-Xy--fpsS DS-a-I-fmb asmcp P\-hn-`mKw temI-
s-hn-sSbpw ImW-s-Sp--X. Nne {K-v \mepw Apw
kl-{km-_vZ--fpsS ]g--apv.
thZ-kw-ln-X-I-fmWv `mc-Xo-b-cpsS Ghpw {]mNo\ kmln-Xy-
. kwln-X-I-tfmSp _-s-Sp {_m-W-, Bc-WyI-,
D]-\n-j-p-I Fo kmln-Xy-fpw sshZn-I-km-ln-Xy-kw-Lm-
X- n- e m- W ps- S p- - s - n- c n- p- Xv . IqSmsX CXn- l m- k - ,
]pcm-W-, Zi-\-kq-{X-, kvarXn-I, As-n [a-im-kv{X-
As\ Fn-n--s-Sp-pI Ffp--a-m {]mNo-\-{K--
! Ch-bn ]eXpw Cv D]-e-_v[--fm-Wp-Xm\pw. {]mNo\
68 `mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
`mc-Xo-b-sc--nbpw Ah-cpsS aX-]-chpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-hp-amb Pohn-
X-s--nbpw ]Tn-p-hm ta]-d IrXn-I hfsc D]-I-cn-
p-sa--Xn kwi-b-an. Fm Ch-sbmpw icn-bmb Ncn{X
{K-a. ]nv Ph-lems\lvdp Fgp-Xn-bXv F{Xbpw icn-
bmWv: ""thZ-, D]-\n-j-p-I, cmam-bWw, alm-`m-cXw Fn-
s\ Nne alm {K- Ah (Ctm Bcy-m) cNnp hn-
pv. \psS ]qhn-I-m-cpsS \S-]-Sn-{I-a--tfbpw BNm-c-a-cym-Z-
I- s fbpw Nnm- k - c - W n- I - s fbpw Ah \apv hnh- c n- p- X cpp.
Fnepw Ah icn-p Ncn-{X-am-sWp ]d-p-IqSm. kwkvIrX
`mj-bn-ep GI Ncn-{X-{Kw Il-Ws "cmP-X-cw-KnWn'bs{X.
Imivao-cns Ncn-{X-am-WXv.''1
`mc-Xo-b-a-X-km-ln-Xy--sf-n Hcp hnl-K-ho-Ww \S-p-Xv
]noSv {]kvXm-hn-p hnj-b--fpsS {]m[m-\yhpw m\hpw
{Kln-p--Xn-\p-]-I-cnpw. AXn-\m sshZn-I-km-ln-Xy-nse
Hmtcm kwLm-X-s--nbpw eLp-hmbn \ap-smp ]cn-N-b-sSmw.
thZ-kw-ln-XI
-
Adnhv FY-ap "hnZv' F [mXp-hn\n-mWv thZ-i-_vZ-
ns \njv]n. ]t, kmt-Xn-I-ambn shfn-]mSp aptJ\ e`n
Znhy-amb Adn-hn\v am{Xta thZ-sav t]cpq. thZ- Cuizc
t{]m-am-sW-s{X `mc-Xo-b-cpsS hnizmkw.
`mc-Xo-b-th-Z-km-ln-Xy-n At\I {K- Dsm-p-
pv. Ah-sbms Htc Ime-L--n \ne-hn h-h-b. Dtiw
cm-bn-c-tmfw hj- hcp Hcp kpZoL Ime-L--n-\p-
n ]e-tm-gmbn \ne-hnh Hcp kmln-Xy-{]-]--amWv thZ-
. Cu kmln-Xy-kw-Lm-Xs Nne ]cn-K-W-\-I hv ]n-
X-temIw ]e Xc--fmbn ]Ip-n-pv. {][m-\-hn-`-P\w kwln-X-
Ifpw {_m-W--fp-am-bn-mWv. kwln-X-I-fmWv Ghpw {]mNo-\ -
{K--. Aq--n EtKzZ kwln-X-bt{X Ghpw ]pcm-X\w.
AXn\v {In. ap. 3500 sImw apX {In. ap. 1500 sImw-hsc Ime--
gw Kth-jI ]n-X-m I]n-n-pv. ]mm-Xy ]n-X-
m-cpsS s]mXp-hmb A`n-{]mbw _n. kn. 2000 apX 1500 hsc-
bp Hcp Ime-L--n-emWv EtKz-Z-kw-lnX \ne-hn hn-p--
sX-mWv. `mc-Xob ]n-X-\mb _me-Kw-Km-[-c-Xn-e-I EtKz-Z-
n\v {In. ap. 3500 hjs ]ga I]n-pp.
A-cm-`ymkw \ne-hn hcp--Xn\p apv Hcp CSb hK-amb
(Postoral People) Bcy-m thZ- kpc-n-X-ambn \ne-\nn-tm-
- X n- ImWn ipjv I m- nbpw \njv I jbpw AZv ` p- X m- h lw
Xs. AXyw kqva-X-tbmsS ]Zm-\p-]Zw lrZn--am-nbpw
ASn-Sn Bhnp sNmnbpw ap cq]-nepw Xe-ap-d-bmbn
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
]Ip sImSp-p-sIm-mWv kwln-X-I kpc-n-X-ambn \ne-

\nn-tm-Xv. EtKz-Z-kw-ln-Xv h-tm Fgp-Xnb hnh-
\-ns Bap-J-n kZm sI.Fw. ]Wn- ]d-bpp: ""thZ-
n\v ]mT-t`-Z--fn. C{X ]pcm-X-\hpw `mc-X-n-emsI {]N-cn-
p--Xp-amb Hcp _rl-Zv{K--n\v ]mT-t`-Z--fn-m-Xn-cn-p-Xv
B-cy-am-Wtm. {ipXn-hm-Iy-p hyXymkw hcm-Xn-cn-m-\mbn
BZy-Imew apXt sNbvX \njvIj-I sImmWv, kh-X-
p-hpw Fm-hcpw AwKo-I-cn-p--Xp-amb Hcp ]mTw Cv \ne-hn-
en-cn-p-Xv.''2
XpSv B \njvIj-I Fm-bn-cp-p-shpw Atlw hnh-
cn-pp: ""thZ-n\v ]Z-]mTw Fsm-pv. AXm-bXv, kwln-X-
bn-ep Fm hmp-I-sfbpw kn-bnepw kam-k-n-epw-\nv
ths]-Spn {]tXy-I-ambn FSp-pp. CXn-s\-p-Sp {Ia-]mTw
Fp thsd- s bm- pv . ]Z- ] m- T - nse Hmtcm hmpw FSpv
AXns apn-es hmpw ]nn-es hmpw Iqn-tp
]mT-amWv AXv. AXn-s\-p-SmWv PSm-]mTw. PSm-]m-T-sa-m
Iqn-bn-W-nb ]mT-sa-Yw. CXn sXv IS-p-Iq-Sm-Xn-cn-m-\mWv
L\-]mTw. ]Z-]m-Thpw {Ia-]m-Thpw Atm-p-an-tmpw aptmpw
]ntmpw Iqn-bn-W-n-bmWv L\-]mTw. ]Z-]m-T-n {]tXy-I-
ambn A]-{K-Yn-n-p hmp-Isf XncnsI Iqn-bn-Wn kwln-X-
bm-p--Xn-\p \nb-a--fs{X {]Xn-imJyw. Ch-smw ]pdta,
EtKz-Z-n\v Hc-\p-{I-a-Wn-I-bpv. AXn Hmtcm a{hpw AXns
Ejn, Ov, tZhX Fn-hbpw kwln-X-bn-ep {Ia-n sImSp-
n-cn-pp. C{Xbpw henb \njvIj temI-n thsd Hcp
{K-n\pw Dm-bn-n--Xs. CXn^-e-ambn apm-bn-c--q-
dp-hj-n Ipd-bmsX ]g--ap kwln-X-bpsS ]mTw Cpw
]cn-ip--am-bn--s-bn-cn-pp.''3
Cu hmb- \ m- c o- X n- s b- n A_o- d q- \ nbpw kqNn- n- n- pv . 4
Fm Fm kwln-X-Ipw Cu ]cn-ipn Ah-Im-i-s-p-IqSm.
Fs-m ip-b-Ppth-Z-n\v hyXykvX ]mT--fp-sv \ncq-
]-I-m kaYn-pp. cmlp kmwIr-Xym-b Fgp-Xpp: ""Ah
thZ--fpsS O-p-Ifpw (hr-) hymI-c-Whpw Dm-c-Whpw
kzc-t]mepw lrZn--am-n-h--Xm-tem-Nnp-tm Bcyw
tXmn- t mhpw. Akm- [ m- c - W - a mb Hcp IrXy- a m- b n- c pp AXv .
Fm Cpw AtX-{]-Imcw ip-amb cq]-n a{- e`n-
n-p-sv CXn-\Y-an. A-s\-bm-sW-n ip-b-Ppth-Z-kw-
ln-X-bn am[y-n-\tbpw IWz-tbpw hyXykvX imJ-I-fn ]mT-
t`-Z-ap-m-Ip-am-bn-cp-n.''5
kwln-X-I \mep {K--fmWv. 1. EIv, AYhm EtKz-Z-kw-
70 `mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
lnX. 2. bPpv, AYhm bPpth-Z-kw-lnX. CXp-Xs cp-]--
- f mbn Xncn- n- pv . Hv ip- b - P pthZw; atXp Irjv W - b -
PpthZw. 3. kmaw, AYhm kma-th-Z-kw-lnX 4. AYhw, AYhm
AYh-th-Z-kw-lnX.
EtKzZw, bPpthZw, kma-thZw Fo aqsw "{Xbo' F
t]cn Adn-b-s-Spp. Aa-c-tImiw F kwkvIrX \nLp
]d-bpp: ""CXn thZm -kv{Xb kvXbo.''
AYh- t h- Z - k w- l nX hfsc ]no- S mWv \ne- h n hXv .
_ps Ime-n\v apv thZ-]m-nXyw t\Sn-bn-cp alm-]-n-
X-msc "{Xbo ]mcw-K-X' Fp hnfn-p-h-n-cp--Xn \np Xs
aqp thZ-t Av {]mamWyw I]n-n-cp-pq Fv A\p-
am-\nmw. kmwIr-Xymb Fgp-Xpp: ""_ps Imew ({In. ap.
563-483) hsc thZ- aqm-sWv Icp-X-s-n-cpp. kpin-n-X-
cmb {_m-W-]-n-X-msc "{Xbo-]m-cw-K-X' (Xnw thZm\mw
]mcKp{XoWmw thZm\mw ]mcKmx) Fp hnfn-n-cpp.''6
kwln-X-I F-n \mep-s-nepw BZy-t-Xn\nv
ap--h-bn-tev [mcmfw a{- ]I-s-n-pv. kma-th-Z-
kw-ln-X-bn 75 a{--sfm-gnp _mn-bp--sXmw EtKz-Z-n\n-
s-Sp-n-p--XmWv. b--fn sNmt--Xn-\m-bn-mWv Ah
kw{K-ln-n-p-Xv. ip-b-PpthZnepw [mcmfw EtKz-Z-a-{-
]In-p-v. ip bPp-thZkwlnX hfsc ]noSv Fgp-Xn-t-
Xm- s Wpw AXns Imhv bm- h - e v I y- a p\n ({In. ap.
650)bmsWpw Nne ]n-X-m-`n-{]m-b-apv. bm-h-evIy-
\m \nan-X-amb B `mK-n\v "hmP-k-t\-b-kw-lnX' Fpw
t]cpv.
{_mlvaW
-
-
kwln-X-Iv hfsc tij-amWv {_m-W- \ne-hn hn-
p-Xv. kwln-X-Ifpw {_m-W-fpw Xn-ep Ime-hy-Xymkw
200 apX 600 hsc- sIm---fm-sWv ]n-X-m-cn Nne A`n-
{]m-b-s-Spp. Hcp ]mm-Xy thZ-]-n-X-\mb amn tlKv-
sF-X-tcb{_m-W-ns BwK-e-`m-jy-ns Ah-Xm-cn-I-bn
Ipdn-n-p-Xv C{]-Im-c-amWv: ""{_m-W--fn `qcn-`m-K-n-sbpw
\namWw _n. kn. 1400sbpw 1200sbpw CS-bn-em-bn-cp-p-shv
]d-bp-hm \mw aSn-p-n. kwln-X-Iv {_m-W--fpsS Ime-
s-m 200 hjw apX 500-600 hjw hsc-bp Hcp Ime-
L--ns ]ga thn-hcpw. As\ kwln-X-I an-hmdpw 1400
_n.kn.pw 2000 _n.kn.pw CS-p Ime-L--n-ep-m-bn-cp--
h-bm-sWv \apv Inpp.''7
{_m- W - kwln- X - I p tijw Dm- b - X m- s W- nepw
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
thZ-{]-]--n Ds-Sp--s-n-cn-pp. kwln-Xbpw {_m-

Whpw Xn hyXym-k-apv. kwln-X-I an-hmdpw ]Zy-cq-]-n-
emWv. {_m-W- KZy-cq-]-nepw. {_m-W--fpsS apJy-{]-
hrn kwln-X-I-fnse a{-sf hymJym-\n--emWv. b (bmK)
hn[n-Ifpw Ah-bn a{-p m\hpw {_m-W- hnh-
cn-pp.
Hmtcm kwln-Xpw Htm AXn-e-[n-Itam {_m-W--fpv.
EtKz-Z-n\v sFX-tcbw, Iujo-XIn Fo cp {_m-W-fpw
kma- t h- Z - n\v Xmy- a - l m- { _m- Ww, AYhm ]- h nwiw,
jUvhnwiw, ssPan-\obw Fo aqp {_m-W-fpw ip-b-Ppth-
Z-n\v iX-]Y {_m-Whpw IrjvW-b-Ppth-Z-n\v ssXn-cob
{_m-Whpw AYh-th-Z-n\v tKm]-Y-hp-amWv C-dn-b-s-Sp
{_m- W - . BZn Bcy- m- c psS Bcm- [ - \ m- k - { - Z m- b -
{]mtbW bmK-fpw b--fp-am-bn-cpp. Cp \mw "_en' Fp
]d-bp Ia-ns ]pcm-X\ cq]-am-Ipp bw. b coXn-
I ]e-Xm-bn-cpp. b--fn ]ip, BSv, IpXnc apX-emb arK-
sf h[np tlman-n-cpp.
C{Xbpw hnh- c n- - X n\nv kwln- X - I fpw {_m- W - fpw
tN-XmWv sshZn-I-km-lnXyw Fv hy-am-btm. thZ-sf
a{--fmbpw {_m-W--fmbpw hn`-Pn-n-p-sv ssPan\n ({In.
300) ]d- b pp. 8 Fm B[p- \ nI Ime- p- S - s e- S p Nne
sslh \thm-m-\-{]-m-\ -t\-Xm- thZ-sa-Xv kwlnX
am{X-am-sWv hmZn-n-pv. Bcy-k-amP m]I\mb {io. Zbm-
\ kc-kzXn Aq--n {]i-kvX-\t{X. Fm Npcpw t]c-
msX Cu \ho\ hmZw AwKo-I-cn-p-n. {]K-ev` ]WvUnX-\mb
{io. hnth-I-m\--kzman Zbm-\-s {]kvXpX \ne-]m-Sns\ tNmZyw
sNbvXn-pv. "hnth-Im-\--kzm-an-I-fpsS FgppI' F {]kn-
o-I-c-W-n ]d-bp-Xv t\mpI: ""thZ- kwln-X-I am{X-
am-sW-p BZiw hfsc B[p-\n-Ihpw ]tc-X-\mb {io. Zbm-\-
-kzm-an-I-fm D-bn--s--Xp-am-Ipp. CXv km[m-cW P\--fpsS
CS-bn AwKo-I-cn--s-p-an. kwln-X-bn ]pXnb AY I]\
sNbvXp sImv sshZnI knm-s apgp-h hymJym-\n-m
Dt-in-mWv Cu Imcyw Cs\ sNbvXn-p-Xv. Fm sshj-
ay- Atmgpw Ah-ti-jn--tX-bpq. Cu knm--fpw AY-
I-ev-]-\-I-fp-sa-m-ap-m-bnp IqSn {_m-W--fpsS ASn-m-\-n-
tev Xs ]nsbpw \n-]-Xn-p-I-bmWv sNbvXXv.''9
EtKz-Z-ns BKw-e-`m-jm-hn-h-I-\mb an. Sn.sI. {Ko^nv
Xs BapJpdn-n ]d-bpp: ""{]mY-\-Ifpw kvXpXn-I-fp-a-S-
nb a{-, a{--fpsS {]tbm-K-fpw hni-Zo-I-cW--fp-
72 `mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
apsm-p {_m-W- Fo {Ia-n thZ- \mepw
Cuc-mbn hn`-Pn--s-n-cn-pp.''10
"B]-kvXw_w' F [a imkv{X-n ]d-bpp: ""a{
{_m- W - t bmthZ \ma- t [bx'' (thZ- s a- Xv a{- fp- s Sbpw
{_mW--fp-sSbpw \ma-t[-b-am-sWv kmcw.)
BI-bm a{-hn-`m-Khpw {_mW hn`m-Khpw thZ--fn s]-
Xm-sWv s]mXpth AwKo-I-cn--s-n-cn-pp.
BcWyI AYhm h\y-Ir-Xn-I
{_m-W--tfmSv ]nevm-ev tN-s {K-]-c--c-mWv
"Bc-Wy-I-' Fv ]d-bp-Xv. AcWy (h\)nshp injy-
mp-]-tZ-inp sImSp hnm-\-a-S-n-b-Xp-sIm-m-hWw Cu
{K-k-aq-l-n\v Bc-Wy-I--sf t]cp-m-bXv. Fm thZ--
tfmSpw _-sv Bc-Wy-ap-sv ]d-b-s-Spp. Fm Cp-
]-e-_v[-amb Bc-Wy-I--fn \mse--amWv {]tXyI {]m[m-\y-
ap-h.
1. sFX-tc-bm-c-WyIw. CXv EtKz-Z-hp-ambn _-s sFX-tcb
{_m- W - nse Bc- W y- I - a mWv . Av ]nIbpw ]Xn- \ v
A[ym-bhpw C-s\-bmWv sFX-tc-bm-c-Wy-I-ns {Iao-I-cWw.
2. Iujo-X-Iym-c-WyIw. CXv Iujo-X-In-{_m--W-ns Hcp
`mK-am-Ipp. sFX-tcb {_m-W-nse hnj-b--fmWv CXn-epw
{]Xn-]m-Zn-n-p-Xv. ca-Wob `mj-bn Ah hni-Zo-I-cn-n-ps-v
am{Xw.
3. ssXn-co-bm-c-WyIw. ssXn-cob {_m-W-tmSp tN
Bc-Wy-I-am-WXv. ]v A[ym-b--fpv.
4. _rl-Zm-c-WyIw. bPpth-Z-hp-ambn _-s iX-]Y {_m-
W-ns Ah-km\ Im-am-WnXv. ap--hsb At]-nv ]cn-
am- W - n _rl- m- b XpsImmWv CXnv _rl- Z m- c - W yIw
F t] knn-Xv.
D]-\n-j
- p-I
Bc-Wy-I-sf XpSph `mK-amWv D]-\n-j-p-I. Hmtcm
thZ-kw-ln-Xm-`m-K-n\pw {_m-Whpw Hmtcm {_m-W-n\pw
Bc-Wy-Ihpw Hmtcm Bc-Wy-I-n\pw D]-\n-j-p-ap-s-mWv
amaqaXw.
"D]', "\n' Fo cp D]-kK- "kZv' F [mXp-thmSv
tNp-f-hmb Hcp- hm-mWv "D]-\n-jXv.' D]: ASpp. \n: KmVw.
kZv: Ccn-pICXmWv ]ncn-s-Sp-p-tm B hmn-\Yw. ]t,
Fmw tNcp-tm (Kpcp-hns) ASp-n-cpp {i-tbmsS ]Tn-
FYw hcpp. B[ym-nI Kpcp Xs ASp-n-cpp ]Tn-p
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
{im-ep-hmb injy-t\mSv D]-tZ-in, AXn-Kq-V-amb hnZy-I-f-S-n-

b-Xn-\m-emWv D]-\n-j-n\v B \maw h-sXv hnNm-cn--s-Spp.
D]-\n-j-p-Iv ""thZmw'' Fpw t]cpv. thZ-ns
Ay-n D]-\n-jv hcp--XpsIm-mWv thZmw Fp ]d-
bp-Xv. thZm--n\v thZ-ns Ah-km\w FY-n\v ]pdta,
thZ-n \nv An-a-ambn {Kln-t Xzw Fpw AY-
amhmw. Fs-m thZ-nse {][m-\-X-z-amb {_-hn-Zy-bmWv
D]- \ n- j - p- I - f nse {]Xn]m- Z yw. thZ- ns Ia- I m- W v U - a mWv
{_m-W-sa-n m\-Im-WvU-amWv D]-\n-jv.
D]-\n-j--_vZmYw CXm-sW-nepw, ]noSv {_-hn-Zy-bpsm-
p GXv {Khpw D]-\n-j-mbn hyh-l-cn--sp. As\
\nc-h[n {K- D]-\n-j-s t]cn hnc-Nn-X-ambn. AIv_
N{I-hn-bpsS Imes ({In. 1542-1605) ]WvUn-X-m Hcp {K-
sa-gp-Xp-Ibpw Am-lp-hns Imcy--fpsm-n-p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
AXn-\m AXns\ "Atm-]-\n-jv' Fp t]cnp. Cs\ \nc-
h[n D]-\n-j-Zv{K-- ]nm-ev hnc-Nn-X--fm-bn-pv. D]-
\n-j-p-I-fpsS BsI kwJy 200Hmfw hcp-at{X. t_mws_-bnse
\nW-b-km-K {]p-Im 112 D]-\n-j-p-I {]kn-o-I-cn-n-pv.
EtKz-Z-n\v 21-Dw bPpth-Z-n\v 109Dw kma-th-Z-n\v 1000-hpw
AYh-th-Z-n\v 21-Dw imJ-I-fp-spw Hmtcm imJpw A\p-
_--sa \ne-bn Hmtcm D]-\n-j-p-spw {iocma l\p-
ams\ Adn-bn-p--Xmbn apn-tIm-]-\n-j-n hnh-cn-n-pv. 11
D]-\n-j-p-I-fn Ghpw {]mNo-\hpw {]mam-Wn-I-hp-am-bXv ]Xn-
aq-s-as{X. _n. kn. 700\pw 100\panS-mWv Ah cNn--s-n-
p-sXv kmwIr-Xym-b A`n-{]m-b-s-Spp. tUm. cm[m-Ir-jvW-
sbpw tUm. Sn. Fw.]n. alm-tZ-hsbpw A`n-{]m-b-n {]mNo-
t\m-]-\n-j-p-I-fpsS Imew _p\v appw _n. kn. 1000-amn-\n-
p-d-hp-amWv.
sshZnI kmlnXyw Fm
sshZn-I-km-lnXyw Fp ]d-bp-tm Cp-t-in--s-Sp-Xv
a{-fpw {_m-W-fpw Bc-Wy-I-fpw D]-\n-j-p-I-fp-amWv.
Ch A]u-cp-tj-b-fpw AIr-I-fpw {_-t{]m---fp-am-
sW-s{X {]mNo\ `mc-Xo-b-cpsS hnizmkw. AXn-\m Ahbvp
"{ipXn' ({_m-hn \nv Ejn-am t\cnp tIXv) Fv t]cmbn.
"{ipXn' F \ma-n\v asm-cYhpw I]n--s-Sp-pv. Xeapd
Xe-apdbm hIv{Xm-\p-h-Iv{X-ambn ]Ip-h-Xv Fv. A-cm-
`ymkw \ne-hn hcp Ime-n\v apv, Hcp CSb hK-ambn
Npn\S-n-cp Bcy-hK-ns {]mNo-\-km-ln-Xy-am-Wtm thZ-
74 `mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
; hnti- j npw kwln- X m- ` m- K - . X- f psS Aaq- e y- a mb
hnm-\-k-v B hn`mKw kwc-np hXv Hma-i-n-bpsS
GI klmbw sImmsWv kv]jvSw. {ihWw hgn-bmWv ]n
Xe-ap-d-I apX-e-ap-d-I-fn \nv Ah ]Is-Sp-Xv. AXp-
sIm-m-hWw thZ- "{ipXn' (tI-s-Xv) F t]cn {]kn-
-am-bXv.
apkvenw-I Jp-B\v Iev]n-p AtX m\-amWv {]mNo-\-
`m-c-Xo-b thZ-pw Iev]n-n-cp-Xv. AXn-\m krjvSn FY-
ap "IrXw' Fv hnti-jn-n-p-Xv thZ-s-w-_-n-n-S-tmfw
A\m-Z-c-ambn Ah Icp-Xn-bn-cpp. Jp-Bs\ "aJveqJv' (krjvSn)
Fv hnti-jn-n-p--Xns\ apkvenw-I ImWp-Xpw AtX \ne-
bn-em-Wtm. kwkvIrX alm-I-hn-bmb Imfn-Zm-k Hcn- "a{-
IrX' Fp-]-tbm-Knp t]mbn. `h-`qXn s\n Npfnp shdpv {]I-
Sn-np. "a{-IrX' Fv ]d-hm ]mSn Fm-bn-cpp `h-`q-Xn-
bpsS ]w. Fs-m Ejn-am a{-sf cNn--h-c; Zin--
h am{X-amWv.12
a{- Hmtcmtcm Ejn-am-cm Bhn-jvIr-X--fmWv. Ah
{]mtbW IhnXm cq]-n-es{X. Ah-bn kvXpXn-Ifpw {]mY-\-
I-fp-amWv qe-Zr-jvSn-Iv ImWm Ign-bp-Xv. Fm Ahv
]nd-In Kwò-chpw \nKq-V-hp-amb Bi-b- \ne-sIm-pp. a{-
{Z-jvSm--fmb aljn-am hmZn-n-cpp: ""Fn Cuiz-c {]th-
in-n-cn-pp'' Fv.13 CXp hgn kwln-X-I Cuiz-c-h-N-\-ams-
Wpw kzbw IrX-a-s-pw hmZn-p-I-bmWv Ah sNbvXXv. AXn-
\m a{-sf B \nev Xs hne-bn-cp-t-n-bn-cn-pp.
{][m\ D]-\n-j
- p-I
thZ--fpsS Ah-km\ `mK-amWv D]-\n-j-p-I-sfpw AXn-
\m Ahv thZmw Fv t]cp-spw \mw Ip. {][m\ D]-
\n-j-p-Isf Ime-\nWbw sNbvXp, \mep ]mZ--fn-embn kmwIr-
Xym-b Xcw Xncn-n-pv. AXn--s\-bmWv:
1. {]Y-a-]m-Z-nse D]-\n-j-p-I ({In. ap. 700): (i) Cuiw (ii)
OmtmKyw (iii) _rl-Zm-c-WyIw.
2. ZznXo-b-]m-Z-nse D]-\n-j-p-I ({In. ap. 600-500): (iv) sFX-
tcbw (v) ssXn-cobw.
3. XrXo-b-]m-Z-nse D]-\n-j-p-I ({In.ap.500-400): (vi) {]iv\w
(vii) tI\w (viii) ITw (ix) apIw (x) amqIyw.
4. NXpY-]m-Z-nse D]-\n-j-p-I ({In. ap. 200-100): (xi)
Iujo-XIn (xii) ssa{Xn (xiii) tizXm-iz-Xcw.
ChnsS Hmtcm kwln- X - t bmSpw _- s p \np
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
{_mWw, Bc- W yIw, D]- \ n- j v Fn- h - b psS Hcp ]nI

ImWnmw.
sshZnI kmlnXy ]nI

kwlnX {_mWw Bc-WyIw D]-\n-jv
EtKzZw 1 sFX-tcbw 1 sFX-tcbw 1 sFX-tcbw
2 Iujo-XIn 2 Iujo-XIn 2 Iujo-XIn
1 XmWvUy-alm, ssPan-\o-tbm-]- 1 OmtmKyw
AYhm \n-jZv {_mWw 2 tI\w
]-hnwiw
kma-thZw 2 jUvhnwiw
3 ssPan-\obw
ip-bPp 1_rl-Zm-cW
- yIw
iX-]Yw
thZw 2 Cuiw
1 ssXn-cobw
IrjvWb- P
- p ssXn-cobw ssXo-cobw 2 ITw
thZw 3 ssa{Xn
4 tizXm-izXcw
1 {]iv\w
AYh-thZw tKm]Yw 2 apWvUIw
3 amWvUqIyw
Ipdnv : Cutim-]-\n-jv ip-b-Ppth-Z-ns Ah-km-\s A[ym-b-am-bmWv

Cv \apv e`n-p-Xv. sFX-tcbw, Iujo-XIn, OmtmKyw, tI\w, _rl-Zm-c-
WyIw, ssXn-cobw Fn-hbpw Hcp {_m-W-n-stbm Bc-Wy-I-n-stbm
Awi-am-bn-mWv \mw ImWp-Xv. Fm ITw, tizXm-izXcw, {]iv\w, apWvUIw
Fnh A-s\-b. Ahbpw \jvS-s-p-t]mb GtXm {_m-W-n-stbm Bc-
Wy-I-n-stbm A\p-_---fm-bn-cp-n-cn-Ww. ]t, B {_m-W-fpw
Bc-Wy-I-fpw Cv D]-e-_v[--f. ssa{Xnbpw amWvUq-Iyhpw {][m\ D]-\n-
j-p-I-fpsS ]n-I-bn ]noSv Iqn-t-s--h-bm-sWv \ncq-]-I-m Icp-
Xpp.
kvarXn-I
76 `mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
asmcp Xcw aX-km-lnXy kwLm-X-n-\mWv "kvarXn' Fv
]d-bp-Xv. Ch-bn apJy-ambpw lnp--fpsS BNm-c-k-{-Zm-b-
-fmWv {]Xn-]m-Zn-n-p-Xv. AXn-\m Ah "[a'imkv{Xw F
t]cnepw Adn-b-s-Spp. {ipXn-sb-tm-se-s, kvarXnbpw B[n-
Im-cnIhpw {]am-W-tbm-Kyhpw Xs. Ccp-]Xv kvarXn-I Cv \ne-
hn-epv. 1. a\p 2. A{Xn 3. Imiy-] 4. lmco-X-I 5. bm-
hIy 6. Di-\kv 7. AwKn-ckv 8. ba 9. B]-kvXw-_ 10.
kwh- I 11. ImXymb 12. _rl- k v ] Xn 13. ]cm- i - c 14.
KmKy 15. iwJ 16. enJn-X 17. ` 18. KuX-a 19. iX-]-
Y 20. hkn-jvT Fo BNm-cy-m-cpsS t]cn-emWv Ah Adn-b-
s-Sp-Xv. B.kn. Uv ]d-bpp: ""Ch-bn Ghpw {]mNo-\--
fmbn Adn-b-s-Sp-h B]-kvXw-_-[a-kq-{Xhpw KuX-a-[a-kq-
{Xhpw hkn-jvT-[a-kq-{X-hp-amWv. _ps Ime-tm-S-Spv a\p-
kv a r- X nbpw cNn- - s p. CS- m- e - p- mb ]cm- i - c - k v a r- X n-
bpssS as-m -[a-im-kv{X-fpw ]nm-e--fn \nan-X-am-
bn-p--XmWv.''14
""KuX-a, t_m[m-b-\, B]-kvXw-_, hkn-jvT Fn-h-
cpsS [a-kq-{X-v _n.kn. 600-300 hsc ]ga I]n-m-hp--
XmWv. Ah-bn KuX-a-kq-{X-n\v IqSp-X ]gw IqSpw.''15
CXn-lm-k
-
`mc-Xo-b-cpsS asmcp kmlnXy kwLm-X-amWv CXn-lm-k-.
]pcm-hrw, AYhm ]pcm-X\ IY FmWv Cu hmn-\Yw. IYm-
I-Y-\-co-Xn-bmWv Ch-bn kzoI-cn-n-cn-p-Xv. Ah [aw, AYw,
Imaw, tamw Fo Imcy-sf D]-tZ-in-pp. cmam-bWw, alm-
`m-cXw Fo cp _rlXv Imhy--fmWv Cv CXn-lmk \ma-
n Adn-b-s-Sp-Xv. cmam-b-W-n Atbm[y `cn-n-cp cmP-
hw-i-n-sbpw, alm-`m-c-X-n lkvXn-\-]pcw tI{-amn `cn-
n- c p cmP- h w- i - n- s bpw hotcm- N nX IY- I - f mWv {]]- \w
sNbvXn-p-Xv. cmam-bWw H; ]e-Xpv. hmevaoIn, Xpf-ko-Zm-
k, I Fn-h-scmw cmam-bWw cNn-n-pv. IqSmsX B[ym-
n-I-cm-am-bWw F asm-p-apv. Fm thZ-hym-k-ap\n Fgp-
Xn-b-sXv hnNm-cn--s-Sp alm-`m-cXw Ht-bpq. AXn Hcp
e-n]cw tmI--fpv. KpWm-Vy sshimen `mj-bn
cNn "_rlZv IY' bpw AXn \nv kwkvIr-X-n-tev ]cm-
h\w sNbvX "IYm-k-cn-Xvkm-Kc'hpw CXn-lm-k-ambn IW-m-
-s-Sp-n. Fs-m AXn\v s]mXp-hmb Hcp IYm Xp-hn.
AXn {]Xn-]m-Zn--s IY-I hoc IY-I-fp-a. IqSmsX [aw,
AYw, Imaw, tamw Fo KpW- km[n-p--Xn-s\-n hnh-
cn-n-p-an. Fm {]kvXpX e-W- XnI--h-bmWv cmam-
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
b-Whpw alm-`m-c-Xhpw. kp{]-kn B[ym-nI IrXn-bmb `K-h-

ZvKoX alm-`m-c-X-ns Hcp `mK-amWv.
]pcm-W
-
`mc-Xo-b-cpsS asmcp aX-km-ln-Xy-kw-Lm-X-amWv ]pcm-W-.
Ch-bn kKw (temI-krjvSn), {]Xn-kKw (\miw), hwiw, a\z-
-c- (a\p--fpsS hmgvN-Im-e-), hwim-\p-N-cnXw (hwi--
fpsS XpS-bmb Ncn{Xw) Cs\ Ap hnj-b--fmWv apJy-
ambpw {]Xn-]m-Zn-n-cn-pI. ]pcm-W- ]Xn-s\-mWv. 1. {_w 2.
]mZvaw 3. hnjvWp-]p-cmWw 4.hmb-hyw 5. alm-`m-K-hXw 6. \mc-Zobw
7. am-WvtUbw 8. Btbw 9.`hnjyw 10. {_-ssh-hw 11.
ssewKnIw 12. hmcmlw 13. kvImw 14. hma\w 15. Iuaw 16. amyw
17. KmcpUw 18. {_mWvUw Fn-h-bt{X AXv.
thZmw-K
-
thZ--fpsS D-S--tm-S-s-nepw Ah-bp-ambn _-s-Sp
ap Nne IrXn-I-fpv. Chv thZmw-K-sav ]d-bpp. thtZm--
amb Ia- hgn-t]mse A\p-jvTn-p-hm klm-bn-p--h-bt{X
{]kvXpX hIpv. in, hymI-cWw, Ov, \ncpw, tPymXnjw,
I]w Fo Bdv hnj-b-amWv thZmw-K--fn Dsm-p-Xv.
AXn-\m "thZmw-K-jw' F t]cn Ah hnfn--s-Spp.
in thZ-hm-Iy--fpsS Dm-cWw XpSnb Imcy-sf kw_-n-
p-Xpw, hymI-cWw thZ-`mj sXp-Iq-SmsX D]-tbm-Kn-t-p--
Xn-\m-h-iy-amb \nb-a-sf kw_-n-p-Xpw, Ov thZ-nse
Ihn-X-I-fpsS hrw apX-em-b-h-sb-w-_-n-p--Xp-amWv. thZ-
nse ISp ]Z--fpsS AYw sImSp-p \nL-p-hn-\mWv
\ncp--sav t]. bmkvIm-Nm-cys \ncpw DZm-l-cWw. tPymXn-
j-sa-m \-{X-K-Wn-X-imkv{Xw AYhm {Kl-imkv{Xw (Astrol-
ogy) BWv. BNm-c-{I-a-sf hnh-cn-p imkv{X-amWv I]w.
jUvZi-\
-
CXn-\p-]p-dta H-\-h[n Zi-\-Ir-Xn-I \ne-hn hn-pv.
Zi-\-Ir-Xn-I Akw-Jy-amWv. Fm Bdv Zi-\- IqSp-X
{]m[m-\y-aln-pp. kmwJyw, tbmKw, \ymbw, sshti-jnIw,
]qh-ao-amwk, D-c-ao-amwk Fn-h-bm-Wnh. Chv "jUvZi-\-
' Fp t]. Hmtcm Zi-\-s-p-dnpw \nc-h[n IrXn-I
\ne-hn-epv.
`mc-Xob ]pcm-X-\-km-ln-Xys eLp-hmbn ]cn-N-b-s-Sp-p-
I-bmWv Cu A[ym-b-n sNbvXn-p-Xv. XpSp {]Xn-]m-Zn-m
t]mhp hnj-b--fpsS {]mam-Wyhpw B[n-Im-cn-I-Xbpw a\-n-em-
t--Xn\v Cu Npcp-nb hnh-cWw D]-I-cnpw.
78 `mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
Ipdn-p-I
1. hniz-N-cn-{X-kw-{Klw t]Pv 11
2. BapJw t]Pv 4
3. Ibid P. 5
4. A_o-dq\n I Cy t]Pv 83
6. Ibid P. 553
7. Ah-Xm-cnI t]Pv 35, 36
8. D-cWw: hniz-Zi-\- t]Pv 543
9. Fgpp \ 240-ambm-h-Xn--Xnv (1940)
10. D-cWw: Cy-bnse hW-k-acw t]Pv 71
12. `mc-Xob Xz-Nn by tZhn-{]-kmZv Ntm-]m-[ymb t]Pv 339 t\mpI.
13. Ibid P. 336
14. History of Civilization of Ancient India P. 136
15. Ibid P. 133
A[ymbw Ggv
hK hn`-P\w
temI-p a\p-jyscsbmw Ncn-{X-Im-c-m Nne ASn-m\
hK--fmbn Xncnp \np-hm {ian-n-pv. ico-cm-IrXn, `mjm-
km-PmXyw Fn-h-bpsS ASn-m-\-n-emWv B[p-\nI Ncn-{X-Im-
c-m hK-hn-`-P-\-n-\p-Zy-an-n-p-Xv. Fm ]pcm-X\ Ncn-{X-
Im-c-m Bfp-Isf Xcw Xncn-n-cp-Xv hwi ]mc--cy-n-stbm
aX-hn-izm-k-n-stbm ASn-m-\-n-em-bn-cpp. GXm-bmepw hK-
hn-`-P\w imkv{Xo-b-am-sWv ]d-p-IqSm. Fs-m k-c-hK-
a- msX Cv temI- s - h n- s Sbpw Ah- t i- j n- p- n- s - - X mWv
bmYmYyw.
hK-kn-mw
Hcp {^p- { ]- ` phpw Adp- ] n- n- c n- - \ p- a m- b n- c p tImav S v Un.
tKm_n-t\m-hmWv bqtdm-n BZy-ambn hK-kn-mw D-bn-Xv.
{In. 1853- Atlw t\mUnv hK-hmZw Bhn-jvI-cnp. bqtdm-
nse kI- e - a m\ kmwkv I m- c nI ]ptcm- K - X nIpw \namW
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
{]h-\-pw km-m tlXp-`q-X-m shfp--\n-d-ap,

ZoL-Im-b-cmb t\mUnv hK-am-sWpw, Ah-msX P\-
\m-b-IXzw hln-m-\l-X-bn-spw Atlw hmZnp. ]mm-Xy
P\X B hmZw kljw kzmKXw sNbvXp. kzev]w Xma-kn-m-
sW-nepw PaIm {]kvXpX knmw kzmb--am-n-b-tXmsS
A]-IS taJe _lp-Zqcw hym]n-p-I-bm-Wp-mbXv. bqtdm-n
am{X-a CuPn]vXv, saskm-s]m-t-anb, Cy Fp th temI-
s-hnsS kwkvIm-chpw \mK-cn-I-Xbpw hfn-ptm, Ahn-sS-
sbmw AXn-\p Imc-W-m Bcy-hK-am-sWv Ah hmZnp.
ln- v e dpw At- l - ns imkv { X- I m- c - mcpw Ncn- { X- I m- c - mcpw
{]kvXpX hmZw {]N-cn-n-p-hm FSp X{-pw AS-hp-
Ipw Ipw IW- p- a n. Bcym- c psS Nn- a m- b n- c pp
kzkvXnIw. X Bcy-m-cms-W AhIm-i-hm-Z-nta
\mkn-I kzkvXn-Is HutZym-KnI Nn-ambn AwKo-I-cnp.
hmkvX-h-n hK-ta-[m-hn-Xz-ns BZys D]-m-Xm-
C{km-tb hK-am-bn-cpp. ss__n ]gb \nb-ahpw av
PqX-km-ln-Xy-fpw CXn\p kmyw hln-p-pv. "btlm-h-bpsS
P\w' F-mWv Xsf C{k-mtbm hnti-jn-n-m-dp-Xv. Cu
kwKXn Jp-B\pw Nqn-m-Wn-n-pv: ""R ssZh-]p-{X-mcpw
ssZh-ns CjvS-P-\--fp-ams-Wv PqX-{In-kvXym-\n-I Ah-Im-
i-s-n-cn-pp!''1
temI-hm-gvNv ssZh-m {]tXyIw Xnc-s-Sp--s Hcp
hK-amWv X-sfv blq-Zn-I hniz-kn-n-cp--Xmbn "temI-N-
cn{X'n {io. sI.hn. tKm]m-e-ta-t\m\pw Fgp-Xn-bn-cn-pp.2
]mm-Xy-cn-tev Cu hK-ta-[m-hn-Xz-kn-mw kw{I-an-Xv PqX-
m-cn\npw {Kop-Im-cn\n-p-amWv. ]mm-Xy-cpsS B[ym-nI
t\Xr- X zw blq- Z - mm- b n- c pp. ùXnI \mb- I Xzw {Kop-
Impw. Fm X-fm Dn-X-amb Cu hK-ta-[m-hnXzw Ah-
km\w blq-Z-mp-Xs FXn-cmbn {]tbm-Kn--s-p-sh-Xv Ncn-
{X-ssh-Nn-{Xy-as{X. lnve-dpw At-l-ns \mkn--Sbpw blq-Z-
msc Iq-sme \Sn. Xqew Ah-cn hen-sbmcp hn`m-K-n\v
Pa-\n-sbbpw Ahn-Ss X-fpsS _p-an-{Xm-Zn-I-sfbpw k-
p-sfbpw Dt]-np Aep Xncn-tbn hp. DX ioj-
\mb Hcp imkv{X-\m-b-I-\m-bn-cpp tdm_v sF-kvss. PqX-
\mb GI Imc- W - m At- l - n- \ p- t ]mepw Pa\n A`bw
\In-bn. "hmsf-Sp--h hmfm \inpw' Fm-Wtm B]v-
XhmIyw.
hK-ta-[m-hn-Xz-n DuwsImn-cp Cu \mkn-I-fpsS KXn
Ah-km\w Fmbn Fv Ign cmw -a-lm-bp--n temIw
80 `mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
I-XmWv. ]t, Ah-cpsS ]nn-cn- knm--fpw hKo-b-
hm-Zhpw ]cn-jvIr-X-cm-Py--fn t]mepw Cpw kPo-h-ambn \ne-
sIm-pp. sXt B{^n--bnepw Ata-cn--bnepw shfp hK-
m Idp- - h - t cmSv A\p- h n- p {Iqc- \ bw Ip{]- k n- - a m-
Wtm.
hK-hn-`-P\ knm--n\v imkv{Xo-b-amb bmsXm-c-Sn--d-bp-
an-spw AXv Nne kap-Zm-b--fpsS ambm-krjvSn am{X-am-sWpw
sFIy-cmjv{S kwL-S-\-bpsS Hcp eLp-]-{XnI kbp-nIw sXfn-
bn-n-pv.3
\c-hw-i-im-kv{X-Im-c-mcpw B[p-\nI Ncn-{X-Im-c-mcpw sXmen-
bpsS \ndw, ico-c-ns Dbcw, Xe-ap-Sn-bp-sSbpw aqn-sbpw
BIrXn BZn-bmb Nne e-W-sf ASn-m-\-s-Sp-n-bmWv
a\p-jysc hnhn[ hK-fmbpw hW--fmbpw Xcw-Xn-cn-m DZy-
an-n-p-Xv. Fm Ah kzcq-]n e-W--sfmw XnI,
Ien-m Hcp ip-hKs Nqn-m-Wn-p-hm temI-n-
n. Cp GXv hKhpw k-c-at{X.
hW-ta-[m-hnXzw Cy-bn
hWm-{i-a-[a-n\pw hK-ta-[m-hn-Xz-kn-m--n\pw Ip{]-
knn t\Snb Hcp cmPy-amWv \n`m-Ky-h-im \psS Cy. AXn-
{]m-\ Imew apX ChnsS tZhm-kp-c-bp--fpw Bcy-Z-kyp-kw-
Lj-fpw PmXn-tm-cp-Ifpw hW-k-a-c-fpw \S-amSn hcpp.
Cu kwL- - \ - - f n Blp- X n- s N- - s a\p- j ym- m- v
ssIbpw IW-p-an. CsXmcp A\n-tj[y Ncn{XkXyw am{X-amWv.
Bcy-m-cpsS Ghpw {]mNo\ kmln-Xy-sav an- N-cn{X Kth-j-
Iamcpw k-Xn-p EtKz-Z-n Xs NmXphWy-n\v ASn-
d ]mIn-b-Xmbn ImWmw.4
CXns ASn-m-\-n-em-hWw A\-c Imev `mc-X-n
NmXphWy hyh \S-n-em-bXv. B [a-n Ghpw D-X-
hWw AYhm PmXn {_m-W-cm-bn-cpp. ImcWw, Ah {_m-
hns t{ijvTmw-K-amb apJ-amWv. Ghpw Xmgv hWw iq{Z-mcpw.
Ch {_m-hns ImemWv. {_m-W-mv {]tXy-I-mh-Im-i-
fpw ]Z-hn-I-fp-ap-m-bn-cpp. Ah [a-kq-{X- hni-Zo-I-cn-n-
p-apv. PmXn hyXym-km-Sn-m-\-n-ep [manI \S-]-Sn-I Hcp
Imev `mc-X-n \ne-hn-en-cp--Xm-sW--Xn Ncn{Xw kwi-bn-
p- n. Fm NmXphWy hyh- n- X nv ]pXn- s bmcp
hymJym\w Cs DXv]-Xn-jvWp- sImSpp ImWp-pv.
]pcm-X-\-ssl-h kmln-Xy-n a\p-jysc \mep PmXn-bmbn Xncn-
n- p- Xv P\- \ - n- s tbm hK- n- s tbm ASn- m- \ - n- e -
spw, Ia--fp-sSbpw KpW--fp-sSbpw ASn-m-\-n-em-sW-
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
p-amWv Ah-cpsS hymJym\w. CXn-\p-t]m-Zv_-e-I-ambn ]pcm-X\

kmln-Xy--fn\nv Nne D-c-Wn-Ifpw Ah FSppImWn-p-
pv. DZm-l-c-W-n\v `K-h-ZvKo-X-bn\nv Cu tmIw D-cn-
pp:
""NmXphyw abm krjvSw
KpW-I hn`m-Kix
Xky-Im-c-a]n amw
hny-Im-c-a-hybw.''5
(KpW--sfbpw Ia-sfbpw hn`-Pnp \mep -hW- [{_m-
W, {Xn- b , sshiy, iq{Z Fo PmXn- I ] Fm
krjvSn--sp. Cs\ NmXp-hWy-kr-jvSn-bpsS Im-hm-sW-
nepw, Rm Hn-sbpw Im-h-m Ahy-b-\m-Ipp.)
CXp- t ]mse alm- ` m- c - X - n\npw Hcp tmIw D- c np
ImWpp:
""GI-h-anZw ]qw
hnizam-koZv bp[n-jvTnc
I-{Inbm hnti-tjW
NmXphWyw {]Xn-jvTnXw.''
Bibw GXmv ta]-d--Xp-Xs.
taIm-Wn ]p hymJym-\-ns icnbpw sXpw ChnsS
]cn-tim-[n-t--Xn. Fm Cu hymJym\w Bbn-c--W-n\v
hj- `mc-X-n \ne-\n-p-t]m hW-k-a-cs \ntj-[n-
p-hm ]cym-]vX-a. AsXmcp Ncn-{X-h-kvXp-X-bmbn Ah-ti-jn-
pI Xs sNpp.
hK-ta-[m-hnXzw Ckvem-an-I Z
- rjvSym
am\-h-k-a-Xz-n-sbpw hniz-km-tlm-Z-cy-n-sbpw aX-at{X
Ckvemw. Ckvem-anI ZrjvSym a\p-jy-scmw Htc A-\--am-cpsS
k-Xn-Ifpw GtIm-Z-c-k-tlm-Z-c--fp-am-Ipp. Jp-B-\n Amlp
]d-bpp: ""tl am\h kap-Zm-bta, Hcp ]pcp-j-\n \npw Hcp
kv{Xobn\n-p-amWv \nsf \mw krjvSn-Xv. \mw \nsf ]e
hK-fpw tKm{X--fp-am-n-sh-Xv \n ]c-kv]cw Xncn--dn-tb-
-Xn\p thn-bt{X. ssZh-n- \n-fn-te-hpw t{ijvT IqSp-
X ssZh-`-n-bp--h-\m-Ipp, \nbw.''6
am\-h-k-a-Xz-s-n Hcp Xz-{]-`m-jWw \Sn hnc-an-p-I-
b {]hm-N-I sNbvXXv. B knmw {]hrn aptJ\ \S-
nh-cp-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Jpssd-io-hw-i-Pv Ad-_n-In-S-
bn-ep-m-bn-cp _lp-am-\y-m\w {]kn--amWv. Ah-cpsS Iq-
ns I\y-Ibpw Ipeo-\-bp-am-b- ssk-\-_ns\ {]hm-N-I,
82 `mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
aps]mcp ASn-a-bm-bn-cp sskZn\v thfn-I-gn-p-sIm-Spp. Fm
B hnhm-l-_w hf-sc-mew XpSp \nn. kwK-Xn-h-im
sskZv ssk\-_ns\ hnhm-l-_--n \nv tamNn-np. A\-
cw B Ipeo-\sb hnhmlw sNbvXXv {]hm-N-I Xs-bmWv.
Cu amXr-Im-\-S-]Sn hgn Atlw Ckvem-anse ka-Xz-kn-mw
AY- i - - nSw \Im hn[- n \S- n hcp- p- I - b mWv
sNbvXXv. a\p-jy-k-a-Xzs nco-I-cn-p Ccw \S-]-Sn-I
F{X- t h- W - s a- nepw {]hm- N - I s Ncy- b n\ns- S p- p- - c n- m-
\pv.
{]hm-N-Is hntbm-Km-\-cw al-mb {]kvXpX Ckvem-anI
knm--ns {]tbm-K-h--c-W-n A\p-bm-bn-Iv Nne
]mI-n-g-I kw`-hnp. Ah-km\w Ckvem-anI in-bpsS Zu_-
ey-n\v AXv Imc-W-ambn `hn-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. {]hm-N-I\p tijw
`c-W-t\-Xr-Xz-ns Al-m Jpssd-in--d-hm-p-Im-cm-sWpw,
Jpssd- i n- I - f psS Iq- n- X s {]hm- N - I s Ghpw ASp
IpSpw-_--fm-sWpap Nne hmZ-fpw {]Xn-hm-Z-fpw s]mn-
p-d-s-Sp-Ibpw AXns t]cn In-I cq]w {]m]n-p-Ibpw
\nc-h[n kwL--\- \S-am-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. CXp ImWn-p-Xv,
hK-ta-[m-hn-Xz-hm-Zhpw hwi-ta-m-kn-m-hpw F{X ]cn-jvI-cn
kap-Zm-b-sbpw \in-n-m t]mcp alm-am-c-I--fm-sW-s{X.
Fm hK--fp-sSbpw tKm{X--fp-sSbpw AkvXnXzw Hcp
bmYm-Yy-amWv. hKo-bm-Sn-m-\-n-ep ta[m-hnXz knm-s
am{X-amWv Ckvemw \ntj-[n-p-Xv; hK--fp-sSbpw hwi-fp-
sSbpw AkvXn-Xz- s-b. AXw-Ko-I-cn-p-Ibpw AXns Bh-
iy-IX hnh-cn-p-I-bp-amWv Jp-B sNbvXn-p-Xv. ]c-kv]cw Xncn-
-dn-bp-hm hK-hn-`-P\w DX-Ip-p. BI-bm Ncn-{X-Im-camv
hK-hn-`-P\w Hcm-h-iy-amWv. Ncn-{X-Im-c-m hK-hn-`-P-\-ns
ASn-m-\-n-emWv Ncn-{X-c-N\ \S-n-bn-p-Xpw.
Nne ASn-m\ khn-ti-j-X-Isf Bkv]-Z-amn am\-h-cm-insb
hnhn[ hK--fmbn Ncn-{X-Im-c-m Xcw Xncn-n-cn-pp. {][m-\-
ambpw \mep Imcy--fmWv Cu hn`-P-\-n-\m-kv]-Z-amn ImWp-
Xv. 1. hwi-]m-c-cyw 2. `mj 3. ico-cm-IrXn 4. kmwkvIm-cn-Im-Nm-
c-. Ch-tbm-tcm-n-s\--nbpw ChnsS kwn-]vX-ambn hnh-
cnmw:
hwi-]m-c
- cyw
ss__nfpw {]mNo-\-N-cn-{X-Im-c-mcpw hwi-]m-c--cys ASn-
m-\-am-n-bmWv Ncn-{X-kw-`-h- tcJ-s-Sp-n-bn-cn-p-Xv.
ss__n-fn-sbpw {]mNo\ apkvenw Ncn-{X-Im-c-m-cp-sSbpw ho-
W-n temI-s-p-ap a\p-jy-a-lm-P-\-k-bw BZn-bn
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
GI-hw-i-am-bn-cpp. Htc A-sbpw A-bp-sSbpw a. BZn-a-

a-\p-jys t]cs{X "BZmw' AYhm "BZw.' At-l-n \np
ssZhw Hcp kv{Xosb krjvSnp. Ah-cpsS t]cmWv "l.' Ahsc
ssZhw BZ-an\v CW-bmn. B cp Z-Xn-am-cn\n-mWv a\p-
jy-k-ap-Zmbw PwsImXv.
a\p-jy-hwiw s]cpIn. Ah \m\m-Zn-p-I-fn-te-p- hym-]n-m
XpSn. Hcp hn`mKw AXn-{Iaw {]hn--Xn-\m Ah-tcmSp ssZh-
n\v A\njvSw Df-hmbn. AXn-{I-an-Isf Hcp ]mTw ]Tn-n-p-hm
ssZhw \n-bnp. Hcp alm Pe-{]-fbw!
Pe-{]-fb IY
a\p-jy-cpsS CS-bn \oXn-bp--h\pw kmXzn-I-\p-amb Hcp hyn-
bp-m-bn-cppema-ns ]p{X-\mb t\ml. At-l-n\v ssZh-
n-\nv \ntZ-i-ap-mbn: ""kIe PU-n-tbpw Ah-km\w
Fs ap]n hn-cn-pp; `qan Ah-cm AXn-{IawsImp \nd-
n-cn-pp; Rm Ahsc `qan-tbm-SpIqSn \in-npw; \o tKmâ-
cw-sImp Hcp s]Iw Dm-pI.''7
t\ml s]Iw Dmn. At-lhpw IpSpw-_hpw AXn Ibdn.
AXn `qan-bn-ep arK--fn\npw BIm-i-n-ep ]d-h-I-
fn- \ npw BWpw s]p- a mbn Cuc- v - C - W - I - s fbpw Ibn.
\mev]Xp cmhpw \mev]Xp ]Iepw ag-s]bvXp. Hcp alm Pe-{]-
fbw! kIe Poh-Pm-e-fpw {]f-b-n \inp. t\mlbpw s]-
I-n Ib-dn-bhcpw am{Xw c-sp. shw AXns IrXyw
\nd-th-n-b-tijw ]nh-enp. t\mlbpw A\p-bm-bn-Ifpw I-
en \nn-dn. A\-cw t\ml-bpsS ]np-d-m-cmWv `qX-e-sapw
hym]n-Xv: ""`qan-bn Dm-bn-cp kIe Poh-Pm-e-fpw \in-p-
t]mbn;..... t\mlbpw Ah-t\m-Sp-IqsS s]-I-n-ep-m-bn-cp--hcpw
am{Xw tijnp. shw `qan-bn \q-Xp Znhkw s]mn-sm-
n-cpp.''8
ss__nfn hWn--s Cu {]f-b-IY sam-n Jp-
B\pw D-cn-n-pvhni-Zmw-i--fn Gd-ptd sshhn-[y-ap-s-
nepw. C-c-samcp {]f-b-IY {]mNo\ `mc-Xo-b-km-ln-Xy--fnepw
ew]nSn--Xmbn ImWmw.
Ncn-{X-]c
- X
t\ml-bpsS Imev kw`-hn--Xmbn ]d-bp {]f-b-IY temI-
{]-kn--am-sW-nepw, AXv kw`-hn-Xp Xstbm Fv ]ecpw
kwi-bn-pp. Fm Cu ASp Imev Gjym-ssa-\-dn
Is-nb Hcp I-ens Ah-injvSw {]kvXpX IY-bpsS kw`-
hy-X-bn-tev Aev]w shfnw hoip-pv. {io. Sn.kn. i-c-ta-
84 `mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
t\m At-l-ns "iZm-_vZ--p-d-p-\n-p i_vZ-'
F IrXn-bn Fgp-Xpp: ""Hcp temI-{]-f-b-s--nbpw t\ml-
bpsS I-en-s\--nbpw {InkvXp-a-X-N-cn-{X-n-ep IY ]epw
kp]-cn-Nn-X-am-bn-cn-p-atm. temIw apgp-h Hcp alm-{]-f-b-n
apn-sbpw t\ml-bpsS I-en GXm\pw a\p-jycpw arK-fpw
c-s-p-sh-p-amWv IY. Cu kw`-h- hmkvX-h-n \S--
h-bm-sW--Xn\v Bh-iy-ap-n-S-tmfw sXfn-hp-I CXp-hsc e`n-
n- c p- n. ]t, ASp Imev Gjym- s sa- \ - d n Acm- d mv
(Araraat) ]h-X-\n-c-I-fpsS CS-bn GI-tZiw Bdm-bncw ASn Db-
c-ap-smcp apI\n-c-n, Hcp I-ens hnn amXncn Hcp km[\w
Is-n-bn-cn-pp. \ne-\n-c-n\nv teiw Dbp \np-
Xpw Ipdp XSn--Xp-amb Hcp tcJ-t]mse am{X-am-WXv Ctm
ImW-s-Sp-Xv. Ipw apw emhbpw \ndp Ddp InS-p-I-
bmWv ap-`m-K--sfmw. GI-tZiw \m\q---XSn \ofhpw \q--
XSn hoXn-bp-ap Hcp Xma-c-bn-X-fns BIr-Xn-bmWv òa-amb Cu
hnn-p-Xv. GI-tZiw ]Xn-s\-Sn Ipgn--tm AXns ASn-`mKw
Ip. t\ml-bpsS I-ens Af-hp-I tIp-tIhn {]Imcw \ap-
-dnbmw. Ah Cu Af-hp-I-tfmSv tbmPn-p-pv. Xpn-bnse
thyma-tk-\mw-K--fmWv BZy-ambn Cu km[\w Is-n-bXv.
Ah-cpsS ssk\y-h-Ipv hI Kth-j-W-im-e-bn IqSp-X hnh-c-
tiJ-cn-p-h-cpp.''9
t\ml-bpsS s]Iw Ah-km\w Acm-dmv ]h-X-n sNp-
d- - X mbn DXv ] - n- ] p- k v X Iw 10 hy- a m- n- b n- pv . ]t,
"APqZo' Fn-S-mWv I-ep-d--sXp Jp-B ]d-bpp. Cu
sshhn[yw auem\m A_p Iemw BkmZv Xs "XPp-am-\p
Jp-B' F DZp `mjy-n ]cn-l-cn-n-pv. Acm-dmv ]h-
X-nse "PqZo' Fp-t]-cmb inJ-c-n-emWv Ah-km\w I
Dd--sXv Atlw kaYn-pp.11 BI-bm t\ml-bpsS Ime-
p-m-b-Xmbn ]d-bp {]f-b-IY Hcp Ncn{X h-kvXp-X-bm-hm
km[y-X-bp-sv {]kvXpX Ip-]n-Snw sXfn-bn-pp.
Xmh-gn-I
t\ml-bpsS Imes {]f-b-m I-en c-s At-l-
ns IpSpw- _ - s am- g np at- h cpw \ntjw \in- p- s h- mWv
ss__n aXw. AX-\p-k-cnp ]no-Sp-mb a\p-jy-scms t\ml-
bpsS km-\-]-c--c-bns]--h-cmWv. I-en\nv ]pd-p-h-
Imev t\mlp aqp ]p{X-m-cm-Wp-m-bn-cp-Xv: tiw, lmw,
bms^v. Ch-cpsS Xmh-gn--nI Gd-ptd DXv]-n-]p-kvX-I-n
hnh-cnp ImWmw. ss__n Im--fmb blq-Z-mv X-
fpsS hwi-amb C{km-tb-ens Xmh-gn-hn-h-c-W-n {]tXyI
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
Xm]-cy-ap-m-bn-cp--Xn-\m Ah B `mKw khn-kvXcw {]Xn-

]m-Zn-n-pv. tians hwi-]-c--c-bn-emWv C{km-tb Ds-n-p-
Xv. lman-sbpw bms^-n-sbpw ]c--c-I-sf-n {lkz-ambn
am{Xta ss__n {]Xn- ] m- Z n- n- pq. ss__n ImWn- p
{]Imcw B aqp hwi-]-c--c-Ifpw NphsS hnh-cnmw:
bms^-ns hwi-]c
-
- c
t\ml-bpsS ]p{X-\mb bms^-n\v Ggp ]p{X-m-cp-mbn: 1.
tKmsa 2. atKmKv 3. amZmbn 4. bmhm 5. Xq_m 6. tasiv 7.
Xocmkv. Ch-cn tKmsa-dn-sbpw bmhm-sbpw ]np-d-msc am{X-
amWv DXv]-n-p-kvXIw FSp-p-]-d-n-p-Xv.
tKmsa-dn\v aqv ]p{X-m PmX-cmbn: 1. AkvI-\mkv 2. co^v
3.tXmKm.
bmhms ]p{X-m \mep t]cm-bn-cpp: 1. Feoim 2. Xioiv
3.Inow 4. tZmZm\ow.
bms^v k-Xn-I Zzo]p-I-fn-emWv A[n-hm-k-ap-d-n--sX-p-
IqSn DXv]n hy-am-n-bn-pv.
lmans hwi-]c
-
- c
t\ml-bpsS asmcp ]p{X-\mb lman\v \mev ]p{X-m-cp-mbn:
1. IqivCt-l-amWv A_vko-\n-b-m-cpsS ]nXm-a-l 2. an{kbow
]pcm-X\ CuPn-]vXp-Im-cpsS ]nXm-a-l. 3. ]qv. 4. I\m ^n\o-
jy-m-cpsS ]nXm-a-l.
Iqin\v Ap ]p{X-m PmX-cmbn: 1. sk_m 2. lhoem 3.
sk_vXm 4. cam 5. sk_vXm.
cam-bpsS ]p{X-m cp-t]. im_m, sZZm.
_mt_ (_m_n- t em), Fscv (CdmJv), AmZv
(ImUnb), Is\ Fo \K-c--fps-Sp io\mtZ-is
`cn-n-cp \nwtdmZp hwiw Iqins Xmh-gn-m-cm-bn-cpp.
lmans asmcp ]p{X-\mb an{k-bo-an\v Ggv ]p{X-m P\np:
1. eqZow 2. A\maow 3. elm_ow 4. \^vXqlow 5. ]{Xqkow 6.
Ikvfqlow 7. I^vtXmcow. ^ne-kvXo-\n ]mp-d-n-n-cp sên-
kvXy-cpsS ]nXm-a-l Ikvfq-lo-am-bn-cpp.
lmans thsdmcp ]p{X-\mb I\m ]Xn-s\mp ]p{X-msc
P\n-np: 1. kotZm 2. tlv 3. sb_q-ky 4. Atam-cy 5.
KnK-iy 6. lnhy 7. Ay 8. ko\y 9. Am-Zy 10.
skam-cy 11. lamXy.
tians hwi-]c
-
- c
bms^-ns tPyjvT-k-tlm-Z-c-\mb tian\v Ap ]p{X-m
PmX-cmbn: 1. Gemw{]mNo\ CdmIm-cpsS Ipe-]Xn. 2. Aq
86 `mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
Ao-cn-b-m-cpsS Ipe-]Xn. 3. A-mZv. 4. eqZv. 5. Acmw.
Cq--n A-m-Zn-sbpw Acm-an-sbpw Xmh-gn-I-sf-
w-_-n-p-am-{Xta ss__n hnh-cn-p-pq. Acm-ans ]np-
d-sb-p-dnp C{X-am-{X-amWv hnh-cn-n-p-Xv:
Acm-ans ]p{X-m \m-ep-t]:1. Dukv 2. lq 3. tKsY 4.
aiv
Fm A-m-Zns hwi-]-c--c-sb-n kpZoL-ambn {]Xn-
]m-Zn-n-pv. C{km-tb hwiw A-m-Zns Xmh-gn-bns]--Xm-
bn-cpp. AXm-hWw AXn\v ImcWw.
A-mZv ime-ln-s\bpw, imelv Gs_-cn-s\bpw DXv]m-Zn-
np. (CtX Gs_-cn-t\mSp _-s-mWv F{_m-b-hw-ihpw F{_m-
b-`m-jbpw [ln{_p] DZv`-hn-Xv.)
Gs_-dn\v cp ]p{X-m PmX-cmbn. t]eKpw tbmm\pw
(AYhm, sX Ad-_n-I-fpsS Ipe-]-Xn-bmb Jlvm.)
t]e-Kn\nv cbq, cbq-hn\nv icqKv, icq-Kn\nv \mtlm,
\mtlm--cn\nv tXclv (AYhm Bk), tXcln\nv A{_lmw
(C_vdmlow), \mtlm, lmcm Fn-h bYm-{Iaw P-sa-Spp.
A{_-lm-an\v aqp `mcy-am-cp-m-bn-cpp. 1. an{kp-Im-cn-bmb
lmKm. Ch-cpsS ]p{X-\mWv bnivam-tb. 2. kmdm. Ch-cn\n-
mWv bnkvlmIv PmX-\m-bXv. 3. Iqdm. Ch-cn-\nv Bdp ]p{X-
m P\np: i) kn{am ii) tbmIvim iii) saZm iv) anZym v)
bniv_mv vi) iqhlv.12
\ncq-]Ww
ss__n-fnse {]kvXpX hwi-hn-h-c--nI ]e ]mm-Xy ]n-
X-m-cp-sSbpw \ncq-]-W-n\v ]m{X-am-bn-pv. Hcp hn`mKw AXp
]s Ahn-iz-k-\o-b-ambn Xpp. asmcp hn`m-K-ns A`n-{]m-
b-n Cu hK-hn-`-P\w hwi-]-ctam `mjm-]-ctam A; adnv
cmjv{So-bhpw `qan-im-kv{X-]-chpw am{X-amWv. Fm imkv{Xo-b-
amb At\z- j - W - ns tijw ss__n- f n ]d- - \ m- a -
anXpw Ncn- { X- ] - c - a m- s Wp sXfn- n- pv . auem\m knZv
kpsse-am \Zvhn Fgp-Xpp: ""DXv]-n-]p-kvX-I-nse hwi-hn-
h-c--n-I-sb-p-dnp kmam-\y-ambn hon-p-tm, ê-kvXo-\nepw
]cn-k-c--fnepw A[n-h-kn-n-cp P\-hn-`m-K--sfbpw e--
sfbpw ]n am{X-amWv AXn {]kvXm-hn-n-p--sXv a\-n-em-
hpp. DZm- l - c - W - a mbn kndnb, Ao- c nb, _m_n- t em- W nb,
ImUnb, anUnb, kokm-\nbm, CuPn]vXv, Uam-kvIv, en_nb,
B{^n, ko\m, Atd-_nb apX-emb ê-kvXo-\n-t\m-S-Sp {]tZ-
i--sf-p-dn-mWv AXn {]Xn-]m-Zn-n-p-Xv. B enn hyn-
I-fpsS \ma-p ]Icw kap-Zmb \ma--fmWv ImWn-n-p-Xv.
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
hyn-I-fpsS \ma--fmbn ImWn--Xp-t]mepw hmkvX-h-n kap-

Zm-b--fpsS \ma--fmWv. B kap-Zm-b--fpsS hmk--e-
Ctmgpw ê- k v X os Ab]- v nXn- s N- p- p- s h- Xv
\psS A`n-{]m-bs Dt]m-Zv_-e-s-Sp-pp.''13
`mjm hK-
Cp temI- p Fm `mj- I fpw GtXm Hcp aqe- ` m- j -
bn\nv ]ncnp, kml-N-cy--fpsS am-n\v hiw-h-Z-ambn cq]m-
- c - s - - X m- s Wv Duln- - s - S pp. Fm A\p- I q- e - a mb
imkv{Xob sXfn-shmpw Cu k]-n-\n-Xp-hsc e`n-n-n.
Fn-cn-nepw Cp AkwJyw `mj-Isf Npcpw Nne aqe-`m-
j-I-fmbn Xcw-Xn-cn-m Ign-bp-sav `mjm Kth-j-I-m Ah-Im-
i-s-Spp. `mj-I-fpsS kmPmXy sshPm-Xy-amWv Cu hn`-P-\-n\v
\nZm\w.
GXmv HXp hK-ambn `mj-Isf Kth-j-I-m hn`-Pn-n-
pv:
1. Bcy `mj- I . kwkv I rXw, Cwojv , {^v , Pa,
kv ] m\njv , Cm- e n- b , {Kov , emn, djy, Bao- \ n- b ,
t]jy Fn-h-sbmw Bcy `mj-I-fn-eps-Spp. Ch-bpsS
]e aqe-[m-Xp-fpw Hm-sWpw hymI-c-Whpw hmN-I-L-S-\bpw
GXmv Htc tXmXn-em-sWpw Kth-j-I-m A`n-{]m-b-s-Spp.
2. skan-nIv `mj-I. ln{_p, Ad_n, A_vko-\n-b, Ao-
cn-b, ^n\o-jy Fo `mj-Ifpw Ah-tbmSp tN ap Nne
`mj-Ifpw CXn s]Spp. Ch-bnse ]e [mXp-fpw hymI-c-Whpw
hmN-I-L-S-\bpw Bcy`m-j-I-fn\npw Xptemw hyXy-kvX-am-
sWpw AXn-\m `n-amb asmcp `mjm-Ip-Spw-_-n-emWv Ah-
bpsS m\-sapw Ah ImWpp. skan-nIv hK-m sX-
A-td-_y-bnepw B{^n--bpsS hS-p-In-gp `mK--fn-ep-amWv BZn-
bn Xma-k-ap-d-n-n-cp--sXpw Duln--s-Spp.
3. lman- nIv `mj- I . ]pcm- X \ CuPn- ] v X pIm, tIm]v nIv
(Jn_vv) hwi-m, s__-dn-I, tkmam-en-I, Ing- B{^n-
- b n A[n- h - k n- n- c p FtXym- ] ym BZn- b mb hK-
kwkm-cn `mj-I Cu hK-ns-Spp.
4. Sptd- \ n- b , AYhm bqdBt- b nIv `mj- I . emv
emnse `mj, ssk_o-cn-b-bnse Nne `mj-I, amKn-bm Snjv
`mj, AYhm SmSap, apK `mj-I BZn-bm-bh Cu hK-
n s]-Xm-sWpw, sImdn-b`m-jbpw {Zmhn-U-`m-jbpw Xn
kmcq]yapspw Nne A`n-{]m-b-s-Spp.
5. No\m-`m-j-I. Gjy-bpsS sXp-In-g-p {]tZ-i--fn
88 `mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
hkn-p P\- kwkm-cn-p No\, _a, kbmw, Sn_v apX-
emb `mj-I Cu hK-ns]-Spp. Cu `mjm-hK-fpw ta]-
d `mj-Ifpw Xn-ep Acw AXyw AKm-[-amWv. ]on-
n kwkm-cn-p No\m-`m-j-bn 420 aqe-]-Z- am{Xta Dq-
hs{X.
6. Ata-cn--\n-y`m-j-I. Ata-cn--bnse {]mNo\ \nhm-
kn-I "dUv Cykv' F t]cn-emWv Adn-b-s-Sp-Xv. Ah
kwkm-cn-p hnhn-[-Xcw `mj-I-fmWv ChnsS hnh-n-p-Xv.
7. _m-p-`m-j-I. B{^n--bn `qa-[y-tc-J-bpsS Aev]w
hSp apX sXs Aw hsc-bp P\- kwkm-cn-p-Xv
{]kvXpX `mj-I-fmWv.
8. {Zmhn-U-`m-j-I. Xangv, sXepv, ae-bmfw, IWm-SIw, Xpfp,
sImSIv, XpZh, tImS, tKmv, {_mlpbn Fnh {ZmhnU `mjm-
hK-n s]Spp.
9. aebmt]mfn-t\-jy`m-j-I.
`mjm- S n- m- \ - n- e p hK- h n- ` - P \w At- b w koW-
amWv. AXn\v imkv{Xo-b-amb ASn-m-\-sam-n--Xm\pw.
ico-cm-IrXn
hKo-I-c-W-n\v B[p-\nI Ncn-{X-Im-c-m kzoI-cn asm-c-
h-ew_w ico-cm-Ir-Xn-bm-Ipp. tcmaw, \ndw, s]mw, Xe-bp-sSbpw
aqn-sbpw hepw apX-emb e-W-sf Bkv]-Z-amn am\-h-
cm-insb Ah hnhn[ hK--fmbn Xcw Xncn-n-cn-pp.
1. sImt-jy hK-. ChXs aqv D]-hK--fpv.
i) t\mUnv ii) Bss] iii) a[y-[-cWn.
2. atm: a-\n-d-m.
3. \ot{Km: Idp--hK-.
sNn Xe-apSn, shfp--\ndw, \o- X-ebpw aqpw, Db
icocw Ch-bmWv t\mUnp hK--fpsS kmam\y e-W-.
t\msh, kzoU, t]mfv, hS-Pa\n, sX djy Fn-
hn-S--fn-emWv Cu hK-sf km[m-cW ImWp-Xv.
shfp \ndw, Dcp Xe Fn-h-bmWv Bss] hK--
fpsS e-W-ambn IW-m-n-bn-p-Xv. kznvkemv, sX
Pa\n, djy, {^mkv, hS- Cen, t]jy, ]mao ]oT-`qan
Fn-hn-S--fn-emWv Cu hK-sf ImWpI.
Ccp-\ndw, Idp Xe-apSn, \o Xe Ch-bs{X a[y-[-cWn
hK--fpsS khn-ti-j-X-I. {]mNo\ kpta-cn-b-mcpw {Zmhn-U-
mcpw Cu hK-n s]-h-cm-sWp ]d-bpp.
a- \ ndw, Npcp- f m Xe- a pSn, Ipd- - t cmaw, Dcp- - X e,
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
Db Ihn-sf-p-I, ]c apJw, a[y-a-amb Dbcw, Ddpw In-

bp-ap icocw Fn-h-bmWv a-hK--fpsS e-W-. lnam-
e-b-ns Zn-W-{]-tZ-i--fnepw No\ apX Ata-cn--h-scbpw
Cu hK-sf ImWpp. Ata-cn--bnse sdUv-CUykv Cu
hK-n s]-h-cm-Ipp.
68 Cv Dbcw, ]n-t]m-se-bp Xe-apSn, Idp \ndw, Dd
icocw, \ofw Ipd Imep-I, \o ssII, XSnp tatemp
aS-nb Npp-I, Dnb s\n, ]c aqv Fn-h-bs{X \ot{Km-
I-fpsS kmam\y e-W-. Ch-cn cp {][m-\ -im-J-I-fpv.
Hcp Iqsc B{^n--bnepw as Iqsc ate-jy-bnepw ImWpp.
Fm, B{^n- - b n- e p- - h - c m- W s{X e- W - s am bYmY
\ot{Km-I. atejym \ot{Km-I-fpsS \ndw GXmv tNm-ssepw
Dbcw a[ya-hp-amWv.14
B[p-\nI Ncn-{X-Im-c-m hK hn`-P-\-n\v ASn-m-\-ambn
AwKo-I-cn khn-ti-j-X-I-fmWv C{Xbpw hnh-cn-Xv. C\n asmcp
Xc-nepw P\-sf hn`-Pnmw. aX-kw-kvIm-c--fpsS ASn-m-
\-n-ep--XmWv B hn`-P\w.
aX-hK-
Jp-B-\n Nne aX-hK-sf Fn--d-n-pv. apA-van-\p-
I, apivcn-p-I, blq-Z-m, km_n-I, {InkvXym-\n-I, aPq-
kn-I.
1. apA-van-\p-I: icn-bmb GI-ssZ-h-Xzhpw bYmY-amb Hcp
ssZhn-I-{]-am-Whpw AwKo-I-cnp Pohnp--h. Jp-Bs Ah-
X-c-W-Im-ev apl--Zv\_n (k) bpsS A\p-bm-bn-I-fmb apkvenw-
I-fm-bn-cpp Ch.
2. GI-ssZ-h-Xz-aw-Ko-I-cn-m--hcpw, bmsXmcp ssZhnI {K-
n-sbpw A\p-bm-bn-I-f-m--h-cp-amb hn`mKw. Ch Jp-Bs
`mj-bn "apivcn-p-I' F t]cn Adn-b-s-Spp.
3. GI-ssZ-h-Xz-kn-mw AXns kmm AY-n AwKo-
I-cn-p-Itbm icn-bmb, Ien-m Hcp Znhy-{]-amWw ssIhiw
hbvp-Itbm sNp-n-s-nepw GtXm Xc-n-ep GI-Xzhpw
Znhy-{]-am-Whpw AwKo-I-cn-n-p--h. Chsc Jp-B "Alvep
InXm_v' (thZ-m) FmWv hnfn-n-cn-p--Xv. Jp-B Ah-X-
cn Imev Cq--n s] \mep hn`m-K--fmWv cwK-p-m-
bn-cp-Xv.
i) blq-Z-m. Ch ss__n ]gb \nb-a-ns ]mc--cym-h-
Im-in-I-fmWv.
ii) {InkvXym-\n-I. Ch ss__n ]pXnb \nb-a-n hniz-
90 `mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
kn-p--h-cmWv. Fm PqX-m Dssk (b{km) ssZh-]p-{X-
\m-sWpw, {InkvXym-\n-I tbip-{InkvXp ssZh-]p-{X-\m-sWpw
hmZn-p--Xmbn Jp-B Btcm-]n-n-pv. AXp-sImv _lp-ssZ-
h-hm-Z-]-c-amb hnizm-km-Nm-c- hp-]p-ep--h-sc-nepw, Hcp
thZw AwKo-I-cn--h-cm-sW-n Ah thZ-m-cm-sWp hcpp.
iii) km_n-I. Ch \qlp-\-_n-bp-sSbpw ioYp-\-_n-bp-sSbpw
ico- A - n hniz- k n- p- - X mbn Ah- I m- i - s - S pp. {]kn
apkvenw Ncn-{X-Im-c-\mb C_v\p-Zow At-l-ns "A^n-
{lkvXn' Ch-cpsS hnizm-km-Nm-c--sf-n kpZoL-ambn {]Xn-
]m-Zn Iq-n Fgp-Xn-bn-cn-pp: ""C_vdm-low-\_n (A)bpsS
app \qlp-\_n (A) bpsSbpw ioYp-\_n (A)bpsSbpw A\p-
bm-bn-I-fmWv X-sfv km_n-I Ah-Im-i-s-Spp. ioYns aX-
{Kw Ah-cpsS hi-apv. AXn [manI Imcy--fmWv {]Xn-]m-
Zn-n-p-Xv.''15
iv) aPq-kn-I. kpcXpjv{Ss A\p-bm-bn-Ifpw "AshkvX'bn
hniz-kn-p--h-cp-amb ]pcm-X\ Cdm-\n-I-fm-Wn-h. Cdm-\n-b`m-
j-bn ]ptcm-ln-X\v "aKv' Fpw "aKmKv' Fpw ]d-bpp. Ad-
_n-bn KIm-c-an. AXn-\m aKm-Kns\ Ad-_n-I "aPqkv' Fp-
- c np. Jp- B Ah- X - c n Imev aPq- k n- I "Zzz-
hmZn'[Ditheists]Ifm-bn-cpp. AXm-bXv, \-bpsS in-bmb {]Im-
i-nepw Xn-bpsS in-bmb A-Im-c-nepw hniz-kn-p--
h. {]Im- i - i - nv "Alp- c - a kv Z v ' Fpw A- I m- c - i - nv
"Alvdo-am' Fp-amWv Ah ]d-n-cp-Xv. Alp-c-a-kvZns
{]Xo-I-sa \ne-bn "An'sb Ah Bcm-[n-n-cpp.
cmw Jeo^ Da-dp-_v\p Jm_n (d)s `c-W-Im-ev
Cdm Ckvem-an-I-cm-jv{S-ns Hcp `mK-am-bn-op. aPq-kn-Isf
Fs\ hne-bn-cp--W-sapw Ah-cp-ambn Fs\ hn--W-
sapw Jeo-^v a\-n-em-bn. ap \_n-in-jy-m-tcmSv At\z-jnp.
XZ- h - k cw A_v Z pd- l v a m- \ n_v \ p Hu^v (d) Cs\ ]dp:
""AlvepIn-Xm_n (thZ-ap--h )t\mSp AtX \b-hn-tijw aPq-
kn-t\mSpw A\p-hn-p-I-sbp dkq (k) Xncp-ta\n Acp-fn-
bXv Rm tIp Fn-Xm -kmyw hln-pp!''16 Camw im^n-
Cu-bs{X Cu kw`-h-ns Dm-c-I. C{]-Imcw Xs aPq-kn-
I thZ-m-cmWv Fv Dadn(d)s\ Aen-p_v\p A_o-Xm-en_v
(d) DWn-b-Xmbn asmcp dntmpw ImWmw.17 Npcp--n,
Jp-B-\nI ho-W-n aqp aX-hn-`m-K--fm-Wp-Xv: 1. apA-
van-\p-I 2. Alvep InXm_v 3. apivcn-p-I. Alvep InXm_v
(th-Z-m) \mep -hn-`m-K-amWv: PqX-m, {InkvXym-\n-I, km_n-
I, aPqkv. Jp-B ]d-bpp: ""apA-van-\p-I (bYmY- hn-izm-
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
kn-I), blq-Z-m, km_n-I, {InkvXym-\n-I, aPqkv (kpc-Xp-

jv{S-a-X-m), apivcn-p-I (hn{K-l-]q-P-I-m) Fo hn`m-K-
n-S-bn ]p\-cp-m\ Znhkw Amlp icn-bmb Xocp-am\w
I]n-p--XmWv. kh-km-n-bs{X Amlp!''18
Ipdn-p-I
1. Jp-B 5 :18
2. temI-N-cn{Xw hmfyw 1, t]Pv 56
3. United Nations Bulletin Vol. ix, No.3
4. EtKzZw aWvUew 10, kqw 90, E 5, 11, 12 t\mpI.
5. KoX, m\-Ia k\ym-k-tbmKw tmIw 13
6. Jp-B 49: 13
7. D]n 6: 13
8. Ibid 7: 23, 24
9. iXm-_vZ--p-d-p-\n-p i_vZ- t]Pv 86, 87
10. DXv]n 8: 4
11. XPp-am-\p Jp-B hmfyw 2, t]Pv 193 t\mpI.
12. C{Xbpw hnh-c-v DXv]n 9, 10, 25 Fo A[ym-b- t\mpI.
13. AZp Jp-B hmfyw 1, t]Pv 105, 106
14. temI-N-cn{Xw hmfyw 1, t]Pv 58-64 t\mpI.
15. D-cWw: AZp Jp-B hmfyw 2, t]Pv 195,196
16. apX-J AJv_m by A_vZp--em-an-_v\p-ssX-anb, _m_pPnkvbx
17. ss\ep Hum hmfyw 8, t]Pv 57 t\mpI.
18. Jp-B 22: 17
A[ymbw Fv
knp-XS kwkvImcw
92 `mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c-ns BZn-a-in]n-I Bcy-m-cm-sWpw
B P\-hK-ns BK-a-\-n\p apv Cy-smcp \mK-cnI Ncn-
{X-ap-m-bn-cp-n-spw Ncn-{X-Im-c--msmcp [mc-W-bp-m-bn-
cpp. Fm Cu \qm-ns XrXo-b-Z-i-I-n ]m-_n-sbpw
kn- n- s bpw Nne `mK- - f n \S DXv J \\ Kth- j Ww
{]kvXpX [mcW ASn A_--am-sWpw Bcy-m-cp-tS-Xn-s\-m
]ptcm-K-an-Xpw hf {]m]n--Xp-amb Hcp \mK-cn-I-X-bpsS DS-a-I-
fm-bn-cpp `mc-Xo-b-scpw Ak-n-Kv[-amw-hn[w sXfn-bn-p-I-bp-
mbn. {]kvXpX \mK-cn-I-X-bmWv "knp XS-kw-kvImcw' F
t]cn-\m Cp hnfn--s-Sp-Xv.
tamlP-Zm-tdmbpw lc-bpw
Idm-n-bpsS hSv GXmv Ccp-\qdv \mgnI AIse nXn-
sN-p Hcp e-amWv tamlP-Zmtdm. emtlm-dn\nv Dtiw
\qdp-\m-gnI sXv lc-bpw InS-pp. tamlP-Zmtdm knp-\-
Zn-bpsS ]Sn-m-dp-`m-Kpw lc cmhn-\-Zn-bpsS Ingp `mK-p-
amWv nXn-sN-p-Xv. lc--bn\npw Am-dp-\m-gnI AI-e-
mWv cmhn-\Zn Cp--sX-nepw ]pcm-X-\-Im-ev ]-W-ns
\ ASp-p-Iq-Sn-bmWv AXv Hgp-In-bn-cp--sXv hnZ-Kv[-m A`n-
{]m-b-s-Spp. AXp-sIm-m-h-W-atm ]W \nam-W-n\v B
ew Av Xnc-s-Sp-Xv. lc--bpsSbpw tamlP-Zm-tdm-bp-
sSbpw CSv GI-tZiw \m\qdp \mgnI Zqcw ImWpw.
acn--h-cpsS taSv Fs{X tamlP-Zmtdm F hmn-\Yw.
tamlP-Zmtdm, lc Fo t]cp-I Cs \nhm-kn-I C-
h-bmWv. Ah-bpsS {]mNo\ \ma- Adn-b-s-n-n. knn
emm\m Pn-bn nXn-sN-p tamlP-Zm-tdmbpw ]na
]m-_n tamvtKm-adn Unkv{Sn-IvSn-ep lcbpw 1947 apX
]mIn-kvXms AXnn-p-n-em-sW kwKXn ChnsS kvac-Wo-
b- a mWv . Ah cpw Cp ]- W - - f ; tIhew {Kma- - f mWv .
Fm B {Kma- f nse taSp- I cp ]pcm- X \ \mK- c n- I - X -
Ip kmyw hln-pp.
1922-1927 Ime-L--n B cp taSp-I-fn \S--s DXv-
J\\ Kth-jWw hgn AXn-{]m-No-\-amb cp \K-c--fpsS Ncn{Xw
shfn-p sImp-h-c-sp. DXvJ-\-\-n D]-e-_v[-amb Ah-
in-jvS--sf-p-dn hnZKv[-amb ]cy-th--W-amWv ChnsS kwn-
]vX-ambn ]Ip-hm-\p-t-in-p-Xv.
\K-ck
- w-hn-[m\w
Ccp--e--fnepw ]-W--fnepw HnaosX asm-mbn ]Wn-
Xp-h--Xns e-W J\-\-n Is-n-bn-pv. tamlP-
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
Zm-tdm-bn GXmv HXv "AS-p-I' AYhm "\ne-I' CXp-

hsc Is-n-bn-cn-pp. Hmtcm AS-nepw \K-c-\nam-Wm-h-in-
jvS--fpv. lc--bn-em-Is, Bdp \ne-I Isn. Hmtcm ]-
Whpw \inp aa-d--tijw AXns Ah-in-jvS--fpsS apI-
fn hopw ]pXp-Xmbn \K-c-\namWw sNbvXn-cn--bmWv.
tamlP-Zm-tdm-bn-sebpw lc--bn-sebpw \K-c-v Htc Xc-
n-ep m\mWv ImWp-Xv. cn-sbpw ]Sn-m-dp-`mKw tIm-
bpsS BIr-Xn-bn sI-n-bp-bn-bn-cn-pp. tIm-bpsS sXp-
h-S-p \ofw kpam 500 hmcbpw, Ing-p-]-Sn-m-dp hoXn
GXmv 300 hmc-bp-amWv. tIm-fw, Npp-ap ka-X-e-n\nv
GI-tZiw Bdm-fpsS s]m-n-emWv. CjvSn-I-sIm-mWv tIm-
sI-n-S- ]Sp-n-p-Xv. shbn-en DW-n-bXpw Nqf-bn Nps-
Sp-XpwAs\ cp hn[-n-ep-apv CjvSn-I-I. Nne sIn-S-
-fpsS Ah-in-jvS- Im Ah- tZ-hm-e-b-tfm s]mXp-k-
t-f\ e-tfm Bbn-cp-p-shp tXmpw. \nc-h[n XqWp-I-
fp Hcp a]w J\-\-n ImWmbn. Ch-sbmpw kzIm-cy-
amb Bhiyw ap\nn ]Wn-X-Xm-hm Xc-an-s-s{X hnZ-Kv[m-
`n-{]mbw.
tIm-bpsS \nam-W-coXn IqSp-X hy-ambn a\-n-em-p-hm
km[n-Xv lc--bn-emWv. 45 ASn I\-n, NpSm CjvSn-I-sImv
tIm-a-Xn sIn-sm-n-bn-cn-pp. AXn-\p-]p-dta, Np CjvSn-I-
sImv Bdv ASn I\-n aXn aqSn-bn-pv. aXn-ens apI-fn
CS-n-Sv Xf- ImWp-I-bp-mbn. ]m-f-mn-cpv Bbp-[-
{]-tbmKw \S-p-hmth-n-bm-hWw As\ Gs-Sp-n-bn-p-
Xv. tIm-Iw 20-25 ASn Dbn-bn-cpp.
tIm-bpsS hSs aXn-en\p t\sc ]pd-mbn cp hcn- ho-Sp-
I ImWpp. sXmgn-em-fn-I-fp-sS "Iqen sse' t]mse-tXmpw.
Hmtcm hoSn\pw Cucp apdn-I. Fm hoSn-sbpw \nam-W-coXn
Hp-Xs. Ah ]p-]-Xn-\m-sdw ImWpw. sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS
{]kvXpX Iqen-sse-\n-\-Spv [m\yw tiJ-cn-p-h-bvp-hm DX-Ip-
am-dp henb ]m-b-; As-n \ne-h-d-I Dv. \ne-p-
\nv kz]w Dbn-s-nb Xn-I-fn-emWv B Ad-I. Xnv
Dtiw 200 ASn \ofhpw 150 ASn hoXnbpw ImWpw. AXn-\-Spv
CjvSn-I-sIm-p Xn-I thsd-bp-apv. hrm-Ir-Xn-bn \nan-
X-amb Chv GXmv 10 ASn hymk-apv. Hmtcm Xn-bp-sSbpw
a[y-n acwsImp henb Dc hn-cp--Xmbn tXmpw. Ad-
I-fn tiJ-cn-n-cp [m\yw -s]m-Sn-p-m-m-\p ko-I-c-W-
am-bn-cp-n-cnmw AXv. As\ Hmtcm hcn-bnepw Bdm-dmbn cp-
hcn-bn ]{p ]m-b- ImW-sp. Hmtcm-n-sbpw \ofw
94 `mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
50 ASnbpw hoXn 20 ASn-bp-amWv. tamlP-Zm-tdm-bnse tIm-bv-
Ipw CtX- co-Xn-bnepw hep--n-ep-ap ]m-b- Dm-bn-
cpp.
tIm-I-fp-sSbpw Ah-bv-I-p ]m-b--fp-sSbpw apw
kmZr-iy-n-\nv Hcp kwKXn A\p-am-\n-m-hp--XmWv: tamlP-
Zm-tdm-bn-sebpw lc--bn-sebpw `c-W-t\-XrXzw Htc lkvX-n-
emWv nXn-sN-bvXn-cp-Xv. `c-W-t\-Xm--m Cu tIm-I-
I-mWv hkn-n-cp--sXpw Duln-t-n-bn-cn-pp. sXmgn-em-
fn-Isf Ah kaY-ambn \nb-{n-n-cpp.
{]kvXpX tImf-\n--Iv sIm, aqimcn apX-emb teml--
Wn-m-cpsS De-I-fp-sSbpw Nqf-I-fp-sSbpw Ah-ti-j- Is-
n-bn-pv. ]-W-hm-kn-Iv Pohn--W-sa-n B km{am-Py-
n [mcmfw [m\yw Irjn-sN-t-n-bn-cn-pp. lc- km{am-
Py-n hn tXmXn Irjn \S-n-cpp. tKmXpw bh-hp-am-
bn- c n- Ww Xt- i o- b - c psS km[m- c W `y- h n- ` - h - . sNp-
sImpw ]n-f-sIm-p-ap Irjn-bp-]-I-c-W- [mcmfw J\-\-
n Is-n-pv. [m\yw am{X-a Ah D]-tbm-Kn-n-cp-Xv;
ayhpw tImgn, BSv , ]n, ]ip BZn- b m- b - h - b psS amwkhpw
Ahv ]Yym-lm-c-am-bn-cpp. Ch-bpsS Nn-fpw Fp-Ifpw
Ahn-sS-\nv Ip-In-p-I-bp-mbn. B\, \mb, ]q, ]q-bp-
Xpw ]q-bn-m--Xp-amb Imen-I, IgpX Fo Pp-fpw
lc-m-km-{am-Py-hm-kn-Iv kp]-cn-Nn-X-am-bn-cpp. AhnsS \nv
Is-Sp ap{Z-I-fn Ah-bpsS Nn{X- ImWpp. h\y-ar-K-
-fn Im-arKw, Imn, IcSn, am, ]pen Fn-hbpw Ah-cpsS
]cn-Nn-X-hr--n\np ]pd--m-bn-cpp. Ah-bpsS Nn{X-
Ahn- s S- \ np Innb ap{Z- I - f nepw ]m{X- - f nepw ImWp- pv .
IqSmsX, {]kvXpX Pohn-I-fpsS FnI-jW-fpw Is-n-bn-
p--Xmbn J\-\m[n-Ir-X Ah-Im-i-s-Spp.
Ir{Xna Ipfhpw Ipfn-ap-dn-Ifpw
tamlP-Zm-tdm-bnepw lc--bnepw s]mXp-P-\-p- Ip-fn-p-
hm-\p Ipf--fpsS Ah-in-jvS- Is-n-bn-pv. Kth-j-I-
m-cpsS ZrjvSn-bn Ah-bmWv Ghpw IuXp-I-I-c-am-bn-p-Xv.
ASnbpw \mep-`m-K-fpw shw tNmp t]mhm--hn[w `{Z-ambn
AS-n-cpp. lc--bnse Pem-i-b-n\v 39 ASn \ofhpw (sXp-h-
Sv) 23 ASn hoXnbpw Npp-ap Xf-n\nv 8 ASn Bg-hp-
apv. Cd-p-hm CjvSn-I-sImv ]Sp ]Sn-I. Ah sXp-`m-
Kpw hS-p-`m-K-p-apv. ]Sn-I-fn-t ]e-I-I ]Xn-n-cpp.
Pn]vkw (Gypsum ) mdn Ips\ \nc-nb, Nqf-bn Np
CjvSnI Hcp \ncv, AXn\v Xmsg Hcn-p-I-\-n ]c-nb IZw,
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
AXn\pw Xmsg Hcp-\n-cp Np CjvSnI, AXn\v Iosg NpSm

CjvSnIC-s\-bmWv Ipf-ns ASn-v \nan-n-cn-p-Xv.
shw eh- t eiw tNmp- t ]m- h m- X n- c n- t - - X n\mhWw C{X
sIt-a-ambn AXp hnXm-\n-n-p-Xv. ASnn-s\--t]mse \mep-
`m-K-p `nn-Ipw tNm XSbm\p `{Z-amb Gm-Spv.
Ipf-ns sXp-]-Sn-m-dp-aq-e-bn, ASn-bnIqSn No
shw Hgp- n- - f - b m- \ p henb Agp- p- N m- e pv . AXns
hmbv`m-K-n\v 6 ASn Bgw Ip. Agp-p-Nm-ens ta`mKw
GXmv Iam-\m-Ir-Xn-bn CjvSn-I-sImp aqSn-bn-pv. Ipf-ns
Nppw hnim-e-amb Xf-amWv. AXns aqp `mK--fnepw Ipfn-ap-dn-
I hcn-h-cn-bm-bn-\npp. Hmtcm Ipfn-ap-dnp 9 1/4 ASn \ofhpw
6 ASn AI- e - h p- a pv . AXn\nv Aip- - P ew ]pd- t v
sImpt]mhm- \ p Hmhp- N m- e pv . Ipf- n- \ - S p- p- X - s - b p
sXcp-ho-Yn-bn CtX coXn-bn-ep thsd cp-hcn Ipfn-ap-dn-I
ImWmw. Hmtcm Ipfn-ap-dn-bn\npw tase \ne-bn-tev Ib-dn-tm-
Im-\p CjvSn-I-sImp ]Sp tImh-Wn--Sn-I-fpv. Hcp Ipfn-ap-
dn-bn\np t\mn-bm FXn-sc-bp Ipfn-ap-dn-bn-tev ImWm
]m hn[-n-emWv hmXn-ep-I hn-cp-Xv. henb Ipf-n-tep
shw \nd-n-cp-Xv sXp `mKv Hcp -ap-dn-bn-ep, Cc CjvSn-
I-s-p-I-tfmSp IqSnb Hcp InW-n\n-mWv. aX-kw-_--amb
F{Xbpw {][m-\-s {Inb-ImWv {]kvXpX Ipfw lc--m
D]-tbm-Kn-n-cp--sXp hnZ-Kv[-m A\p-am-\n-pp.
tamlP-Zm-tdm-bnse Ipf-ns nXnbpw GXm-n--s\-
X-s-bmWv. Ipf-n\p Nppw apw; ap-ns \m\m-`m-Kpw
tImem-b-I; tImem-b-I-fpsS ]nd-In Nppw Ipfn-ap-dn-I; Ipfn-
ap- d n- I - f n Nne- X n Bhn- s Imp hnbnp Ipfn- p- h m- \ p
Gm-Sp-Ifpw ImWp-I-bp-mbn.
]-W-nse sXcp-ho-Yn-I icnv Ing-p-]-Sn-mdpw sXp-
h-S-p-ambn InS-pp. hen-b-Xn\v GXmv 30 ASn hoXn-bpv.
CXp IqSmsX hoXn Ipd hgn-Ifpw CS-h-gn-Ifpw [mcm-f-apv.
icnp msNbvXv \nan--Xm-bn-cpp {]kvXpX \K-c- F
Imcy-n kwi-b-an.
hoSp-I
tamlP-Zmtdm Ah-in-jvS- GI-tZiw Hcp NXp-c{i \mgnI
]c-p-In-S-pp. hoSp-I [mcm-f-apv. A[n-Ihpw Ccp-\n-e-sI-n-S-
-fmWv. Nqf-bn Np CjvSnI sImmWv hoSp-I ]Wn-Xn-cp-
Xv. Nne hoSp-I-fpsS Dn \Sp-ap-hpw \Sp-ap--n\p Npp-ambn
ASp-f, Ie-hd, Ipfn-apdn apX-em-b-hbpw ImWmw. InW Fm
hon-ep-apv. amfn-I-ap-I-fn \nv Ipg-ep-I h-gn-mWv aen-\-shw
96 `mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
Iogvt]mp sImp-h-n-cp-Xv. Ipfn-ap-dn-I-fn \npw ap-ap Aip-
-Pew ASn-bn-ep Agp-p-Nm-ep-I hgn sXcp-ho-Yn-bnse henb
Hmhp-Nm-ep-I-fn sNp-tN-cpp. ASn-mv apX-emb Np-N-h-dp-I
\nt-]n-m Hmtcm hoSn-sbpw ASpv {]tXy-I-]m{Xw hn-p-
m-bn-cpp. Agp-p-Nm-ep-I hrn-bm-m-\p Gm-Sp-I-fp-ap-
m-bn-cpp.
lc--bnse henb sIn-S--fpsS Ah-in-jvS- hnZKv[-]-cn-
tim-[-\v hnt[-b-ambn. Ah-bn Ghpw hep-Xn\v 169 ASn \ofhpw
135 ASn hoXn-bp-apv. Nqf-v-h CjvSn-I-I Xs-bmWv {]kvXpX
sIn-S-\nam-W-n-\p-]-tbm-Kn-n-cp-Xv. CjvSn-I-I Bh-iym-\p-
krXw hnhn[ BIr-Xn-bn cq]-s-Sp-n-bn-cpp. Ipfn-ap-dn-Ifpw
Iq-kp-Ifpw InW-dp-Ifpw hoSp-I-I-p-X-s-bm-bn-cpp. Nne
hoSp-I-fn Itk-c-bn-se--t]mse Ccp-p-]-tbm-Kn-m ]p Iq-
kp-Ifpw ImW-s-Sp-I-bp-mbn. Kth-j-I-\mb hoe Ahsb Built
in seat Latrines FmWv hWn-n-cn-p-Xv.
t`Z-s hoSp-I-fn \Sp-ap--ap-m-bn-cp-p-shv ]d-p-htm.
\Sp- a p- - n\p Nppw ]e hep- - n- e p apdn- I - f p- m- b n- c pp.
Fm sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS hoSp-Ismw Htc BIr-Xn-bmWv
ImW-s-Xv. Hmtcm hoSn\pw 20 ASn \ofhpw 12 ASn hoXn-bp-ap
Cucp apdn-I-fp-m-bn-cpp. `n-nI-fpsS L\w ]cn-tim-[n--hv
Ahbvp apI-fn amfnI ]Sp-p-bm hgn-bn-s-mWv a\-
n-em-bXv. Ipfn-ap-dn-I sXmgn-emfn `h-\-p-ap-m-bn-cpp. Ah-
bn\nv shw Ffp--n Hgp-m X-hn[w, CjvSn-I-sImp
]Sp Im\-I-fp-ap-m-bn-cpp. knp-\-Zo-X-S-kw-kvIm-c-n
Ipfnpw Ipfn-ap-dnpw \evI-s {]m[m\yw kh{X hy-am-bn-
cpp.
tZl-{]-Ir-Xnbpw thj-`q-jm-Zn-Ifpw
{]kvXpX Krl--fn Xma-kn-n-cp P\- ImgvN-bn F-
s\-bp--h-cm-bn-cpp? Ah-cpsS apJ-`mhw, hepw, hkv{X-[m-c-W-
coXn Fn-h-sb-n Ah-in-jvS- Fp kqNn-n-pp?
As ivaim-\--fn\n-p-]-e-_v[-amb An-I ssk-
-h-m-cpsS hepw Ipdn-pp. ]m{X--fnepw Npa-cp-I-fnepw apw
Nn{X-Ww-sNbvX cq]-, ]mh-I Fnh Ah-cpsS apJm-Ir-Xn-
bn-tep shfnw hoipp. AXp-t]mse Ah-cpsS thj-`q-jW
k{- Z m- b - s bpw kmam- \ y- h W- t bpw Ae- m- c - c o- X n- s bbpw
kw_-n kqN-\bpw B Nn{X--fn\nv e_v[-am-hpp.
\ \mkn-I-tbm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bXpw kzev]-samp \o-Xp-am-bn-cpp
ssk--h-m-cpsS apJm-IrXn. Nn{X--fn Ahsc ImWp-Xv Ipd-
smcp Xhn-p-\n-d-n-emWv. apSn Idp--Xp-Xs. A[n-I-Iqdpw Iri-
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
Km-{X-cmWv. ]pcp-j-m km[m-cW XmSn hfpI ]Xn-hmWv. Ah-

cpsS Xe-apSn ]nd-tImp hen-p-sI-n-bn-cpp. hnNn-{X-amb Xp--
Wn-I-tfm-Sp-Iq-Snb (Embroidery) Hcp Xcw DSp-mWv Ah [cn-n-cp-
Xv. ]t, hep tXm aqSn-bn-cp-n. tamlP-Zm-tdm-bn\nv
Is-Sp Hcp amhp-Ip {]Xn-a-bn mh AS-bm-f- \nd
Hcp--cobw ImWpp. B a\p-jy-{]-Xn-a-bpsS hes tXm ad-
n-cp-n.
Iq-n ]d-bs: mh saskm-s]m-tanb, {Iov apX-emb
{]mNo\ kwkv-Im-c--fn hfsc ]mh-\-ambn Icp-X-s-n-cp Hcp
Nn-amWv. knp \Zo-X-S-hm-kn-Ifpw saskm-s]m-t-an-b-mcpw
Xn ASp _-ap-m-bn-cp-p-shv Icp-Xp \nco--I-m-
cpsS A`n-{]m-b-n-\p-t]m-Zv_-e-I-amWv {]kvXpX Nnw.
ssk--h-m X-fpsS Xe-apSn ]e cq]-nepw HXp-n-sh-
n-cp-p-shp a\-n-em-Ipp. Nne XmSnbpw Xe-ap-Snbpw I{Xnv,
aoi ]s hSn-p-I-f-bp-am-bn-cpp. XmSn \osf hfp-Ibpw aoi
hSn-p-I-f-bp-Ibpw sNp Cu ^mj ]pcm-X\ kpta-cn-b-mcpw
kzoI-cn-n-cp--Xmbn hnZ-Kv[am {]kvXm-hn-pp. kv{XoI X-
fpsS Xe-apSn Hcp--t]m-emn, ]np-dv \mS sImv sIn-sh-
p-I-bm-bn-cpp ]Xnhv. apSn NoIn an\p-k-s-Sp-p--Xn\v B\-
sm-p-sImpw ap-ap Nop-I-fp-]-tbm-Kn-n-cpp. sNp-X-InSp
tXp sXfn-bnv Im-Sn-bmbn D]-tbm-Kn-pI ]Xn-hm-bn-cpp.
Acw hm-m-Snbpw uc--nbpw J\-\-n D]-e-_v[-
am-bn-pv.
knp-X-S-hm-kn-I-fpsS B`-c-W--sf-p-dnv AhnsS \np
Innb Nn{X-fpw ]mh-Ifpw Nne hnh-c- \In-bn-pv. aqpw
\mepw Cg-I-fp- ame-I, hf-I Fnh Ah-bn {]m[m\yw
Aln-pp. kzWw sImpw shn-sIm-p-ap aqp-n-I,
tamXn-c-, IS-I-, ame-I Fnh DXvJ-\-\-n Inn-bn-
pv. Cg-I IqSp-X-ep- ame-I sIp-]n-W-bm-Xn-cn-m-\mbn CS-
n-Sp ]Sn-I hp ]nSn-n-n-cpp. ame-I-fn kzW-a-Wn-Ip-
]p-dta, cXv\-fpw ]Xn-n-cpp. AZv`p-X-I-c-am-bn-cpp B`-c-W--
fpsS ]Wn-cw. tamlP-Zmtdm J\-\-K-th-j-W-ns Ub-c-
IvSP-\-d-em-bn-cp k tPm amj 1934mam-n Fgp-Xnb
]pkvX-I-n Ahsb Cs\ hWn-n-pv: ""Cu B`-c-W-
Am-bncw kwh--c-p ap]p-m-n-b-h-b, e ]-W-
nse {]ap-J-cmb B`-c-W-in]n-I Cp-m-n-b-h-bm-sWp
tXmn-tm-Ipp!''
B`-c-W--fpsS apw ]Inpw A{X-tbsd B[p-\n-I-am-bn-cn-p-
p-shp kmcw. B`-c-W-fpw hkv{X-fpw `wKn-bmbn AWn-
bm\pw apSn hmp sIn-bn-Sm\pw Ia-jn-sb-gp-Xm\pw knp XS-
98 `mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
hm-kn\n-I-fmb kv{XoIv \m-b-dn-bm-am-bn-cpp. Acw Bh-
iy-n-\m-hWw Ah sNp Im-Sn-I D]-tbm-Kn-n-cp-Xv.
Ifn-tm-p-I
Ipn-Ip Ifn-m-\p tImp-m-p--Xn knp XS-hm-
kn-I {im-ep--fm-bn-cpp. ]mh-I, arK-cq-]-, tKmn-I,
Ifn- a h- n- I , Ipc- p- I , Inep- - I , ]n- c q- ] - n- e p
]on-I As\ [mcmfw Ifn-m-- lc--bn\np Is-
Spn--pv. Ch IqSmsX thsd A\-h[n a{]-Xn-a-Ifpw D]-e-_v[-
am-bn-cn-pp. Fmw Ifn-m--am-hm Xc-an-spw Nne-sX-nepw
tZh-X-I-fp-tS-Xm-h-W-sa-p-amWv Nne Kth-j-I-m-cpsS A`n-{]mbw.
lc--bn\np Innb Hcp kv{Xocq-]-n-t ImWp Ac-m-
Wp-I Ncn-{X-Im-e-p-m-nb an inev]--fnepw ImWm-\p-
sp hnZ- K v [ - m ]d- b pp. Am- e s Ae- m- c - s sien
]nevm-e--fnepw XpSphp-sh-mWv CXn-\Yw.
HmSp-sImv hms-Sp Hcp \-In-bpsS {]Xna tamlP-
Zmtdm in]--fpsS Iq-n khn-tij {]m[m-\y-aln-pp.
B \In tIhew \- b mWv . Ah- f psS CSs In- t
tXm apX aWn- w hsc hf- b n- n- pv . BZn- h m- k n- h K-
ns Hcp Zmkn-bpsS Nn{Xo-I-c-W-amhmw B {]Xn-a-sbp Nne
A\p-am-\n-pp. CtX amXncn hf-I-f-Wn a{]-Xn-a-I _eq-
Nn-kvXm-\nse Ipn-]-Ww J\\w sNbvX-tmgpw Inn-bn-pv.
t{Xhpw tZhm-eb
- hpw
tamlP-Zm-tdm-bn t{Xtam Bcm-[-\m-e-btam Cs-m-bn-
cpp AhnsS BZyw J\\w \S-n-b-h-cpsS A`n-{]mbw. tUmIvS
hoe ew hopw ]cn-tim-[n--tm Ahn-Ss henb sInSw
Hcp t{X-am-bn-cn-m-sav Dulnp. B sI-n-S-n\npw ]cn-
k-c-p-\n-p-amWv \nc-h[n in]- e`n-Xv. B FSp-ns
\ofw A-n-cv ASnbpw hoXn \mev]-X-Snbpw Npa-cns I\w
\mev ASn-bp-am-bn-cpp. cv ]Sn-hm-Xn-ep-Ifpw Ah-bn-tev Ib-dn-
s-p-hm-\mbn hnkvXm-c-n-ep cp -]-Sn-Ifpw AXn-\pv. {]th-
i-\-Zzmcw IS-m hnim-e-amb Hcp Xfw ImWmw. Xf-ns \Spv
Hcp XdbpwBd amXncn. ]Sn-hm-Xn-ens ASp-p Hcp apdn-
bn\n- mWv XmSn- m- c - \ mb Hcp ]pcp- j s {]Xna Inn- b Xv .
IqSmsX Ccn-p Hcp a\p-jy-{]-Xn-abpw Is-Sp-n-pv. AXn\v
Xe-bp-m-bn-cp-n. tImh-Wn-bpsS Ghpw aosX-bp ]Sn-bpsS
ASp-p-\n-mWv B Xe-bn-m-cq]w Inn-bXv. BI-msS Hcp tZhm-
* {io. sI.hn. tKm]m-e-ta-t\ms "temI-N-cn{Xw' Hmw `mKw, tUmIvS F. A-
s "`mc-X--ga,' {io. Sn.kn. i-c-ta-t\ms "iXm-_vZ--p-d-p-\n-p
i_vZ-' Fo- Ir-Xn-Ifpw ap-amWv Cu A[ym-b-n {]Xn-]m-Zn hnh-c-
m-kv]Zw.
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
e-b-ns kz`mhw AXn-\p-sp tXmpw.

ap{Z-I
tamlP-Zm-tdm-bn\nv Is-Sp ap{Z-I A\-h-[n-bmWv.
1200Hmf-sapw Ah-bpsS kwJy. Fgppw hmb-\bpw Adn-bp
Hcp kwkvIrX kap-Zm-b-am-bn-cpp knp-X-S-hm-kn-I Fv B
ap{Z-I-fn sImnb hcn-I Ipdn-pp. X-fpsS km[-\--fn-
tepw I-h-S-km-am-\--fn-tepw AS-bm-f-s-Sp-t--Xn\p thn-
bm-hWw ssk-h-m {]kvXpX ap{Z-I \nan-n-cp-Xv. ka-N-
Xp-c-nepw ZoL-N-Xp-c-nepw amhpIp-sIm-p-m-nb Cu ap{Z-
Iv apm-ew-Kp-ew- ap-X Hcw-Kpew hsc \of-apv. Bh-iy-n-
s\mv, ]e Af-hn I-dpv, an\p-k-s-Spn, AXn-t A-
c-fpw Nn{X-fpw sImn, Hcp Xcw Nmc-qp tXp, Xobn
Nps-Sp--Xm-Ipp Ah. ]nm-W-k-am\w sh-bmbn Xnf-p,
Nn{X--fp ap{Z-I-fmWv A[n-I-Iqdpw. a\p-jy-cq]w, \c-ar-K-cq]w
(]mXn a\p-jy-tXpw ]mXn arK-n-t-Xp-amb cq]w), arK-cq]w (Imf-
bp-sSbpw ]pen-bp-sSbpw Imn-bpsSbpw Im-ar-K-nsbpw apw
cq]w) Cs\ ]e Nn{X-fpw Ah-bn ImWp-pv. ]e ap{Z-I-
fnepw H-sm-p Hcp arK-ns Nn{X-amWv ImWp-Xv. a\p-
jys apJhpw B\- b psS sImpw Xpn- s sbpw Imf- b psS
sImpw BSns Imep-Ifpw ]pen-bpsS ]nIm-ep-I-fp-ap Nn{X-
-fp-apv.
Cq--n FSpp]d-bm-hp aqp ap{Z-I tamlP-Zm-
tdm-bn\nv Inn-bn-pv. aqp apJ--fp B aqn Dbcw
Ipd Hcp ]oT-n-t Bk-\--\m-bn-cpp. tPm amjepw
apw ]ip-]Xn inhs cq]-am-WsXv _e-ambn kwi-bn-pp.
Cu ssih-]o-T-ns t\sc Xmsg-bmbn cp am\p-I-fpsS Nn{Xw
ImWmw. _p hn{K-l-ns Xmsg Nne-tm Cs\ am\p-Isf
Nn{Xo-I-cnp ImWm-dpv. Cy-bnse Assh-Zn-I-a-X-ns XpS-
bm-bncpp, _p-a-Xhpw ssP\-a-Xhpw Fv A`n-{]m-b-ap-m-bn-
cp Nne ]n-X-m-cpv. Ah-cpsS ]-n-\p-t]m-Zv_-e-I-amb
Hcp sXfn-hm-Ipp Cu am Nn{X-.
CXp-t]mse Hcp `mKv arK-cq-]hpw adp-`m-Kv Nn{Xm--c-
fpw (Pictographs)D sNp-X-In-Sp-Il-cm Ime-ns Ah-
km-\-Z-i-bp-tSXvInn-bn-pv. Ch \mWy-tfm "c-Itfm' Bbn-
cn-m-sa-mWv hnZ-Kv[-m-cpsS A\p-am\w.
Krtlm-]I
- c
- W
-
-
In-I ]e-Xcw, Xpf-bp-Xpw Xpf-bn-m--Xp-amb tImSm-
en-I, shewsImp agp, Dfn, Cu-hm, sImSn, Nq,
100 `mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
kqNn, Acn-hm, ]m{X- Fo Krtlm-]-I-c-W-fpw [mcmfw
Inp-I-bp-mbn. ]m{X-\namWw knp-X-S-hm-kn-I-fpsS {][m-\ -
sXm-gn-em-bn-cpp Fp kwi-bn--s-Spp. sNv, HmSv, ]nf, Ifn-
av Fn-h-sImv hnhn[ hep--nepw BIr-Xn-bnepw \nan-n-
p [mcmfw ]m{X- J\-\-n ssIh-n-pv. ]m{X--fn
Nne-Xn-t an\p-k-s-Sp-n-btXm Am-tXm Bb Nn{X-fpw
ImWpp. teml-]m-{X--sf -kw-_-n Kth-j-W-n\nv, Ah
aqi-bn hms-Sp-p--Xn\pw NpnI sIm-Snp ]mI-s-Sp-p-
-Xn\pw knp-X-S-hm-kn-I-dn-bm-am-bn-cp-p-shv a\-n-em-bn-
pv.
I-h-S-m D]-tbm-Kn-n-cp Xq--n-I [mcmfw Is-Sp-
n-pv. Ip-sIm-mWv Ah Dm-n-bn-p-Xv. `mcw Ipd
In-Ifpw `mcw IqSnb In-I-fp-apv. eLp-hmb In-I-fm-bn-cp-n-cn-
Ww, kzWhpw shnbpw B`-c-W-fpw Xqn--W-m-p-
hm D]-tbm-Kn-n-cp-Xv. L\-N-Xp-c-n-emWv sNdp-I-n-I. Ah-
bpsS A\p-]mXw 1, 2, 8, 16, 32, 12800 F an-emWv. \ofw Af-p-
Xv 12 apX 13 4/5 AwKp-ew-hsc \of-ap ASn-sImpw 20 3/10
apX 20 4/5 AwKpew hsc \of-ap apgw sImp-am-bn-cpp.
lc- kwkv I m- c - nse hkv X p- tIm- I , hoYn- I ,
sIn-S-, Pem-i-b- apX-em-bhDm-p-hm-\p-]-tbm-Kn kma-
{Kn-I sNp-sImpw shewsImpw \nan--h-bm-bn-cpp. Ccp-
m-bp-[- Am-e-p-m-bn-cp-n-sp thWw hnNm-cn-pI.
bp-km-a-{Kn-I-fpsS enn s]Sp-m-hp hfsc Ipd-p-am-{Xta
Inn-bn-pq. Ipw, ]cip, Akv{Xw, hm, Ih-W-v apX-em-b-
h-bm-WXv. `wKn-bmbn Nn{X- hc a]m-{X--fmWv lc--m
\ntXy\ D]-tbm-Kn-n-cp-Xv.
CuPn]vXpw CdmJpw ]cp-n-pWn Dm-p--Xn\v F{Xtbm
app-Xs lc-m-km-{am-Py-n AXp s\bvXp-m-n-bn-cp--Xmbn
sXfn- n- pv . NpIp Nmbw sImSp Hcp XpWn- jWw
tamlP-Zm-tdm-bn-\np Inp-I-bp-mbn. temI-nse Ghpw
]pcm-X-\-amb ]cpn hkv{X-am-bn-cpp AsXv hnZ-Kv[-m A`n-
{]m-b-s-Spp. Cy-bn-\np ]pdw cmPy--fn-tev Ab-n-cp
Nc-p-I-fn Ghpw {][m-\-am-bXv ]cp-n-h-kv{X--fm-bn-cp-p-
shpw Ah ]d-bpp. bh-\m ]cp-np sImSp-n-cp \maw
"kntm' FmWv. knn\nv Cd-p-aXn sNbvXn-cp--Xp-
sIm-m-hWw ]cp-nv AhnsS B t] Innb-Xv.
hntZ-i_
- w
tamlP- Z m- t dm- b n- s ebpw lc- - b n- s ebpw ]qh- \ n- h m- k n- I
X-fpsS sXmgn-ep-Ipw Pohn-X-n-\p-am-h-iy-amb Akw-kvIr-
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
X -]-ZmY- hmp--Xn\pw X-fp-m-p km[-\- hn-

gn-p--Xn\pw ]e cmPy--fp-ambn _w ]pen-tm-n-cpp.
Cy- b nXs sXpw Ing- p- a p {]tZ- i - - f p- a mbn Ah
hym]m-c-_w m]n-n-cpp. Cyp ]pdsa, A^vKm-\n-m,
CdmJv, t]jy apX-emb \mSp-I-fp-ambpw Ah hym]m-c-_w
]pen-tmp. A^vKm-\n-m-\n\npw cmP-m-\nse J{Xn-
bn\npw sNv, ssakq-cn\nv kzWw, Cdm-Jn\nv \oe-
v, ]mao-dn\npw t]jy-bnse Jpdm-km-\n \npw sPbvUv
A- s \ - ] - e Xpw Ah Cd- p- a Xn sNbv X n- c pp. ]cp- n- p-
Wnbpw kpK--{Z-hy--fp-am-bn-cpp knn\n-p {][m\ Ib-
p-a-Xn--c-p-I. Du, emKmjv, kqk, sS-B-kvam apX-emb AXn-
{]m-No\ \K-c--fn\nv Cy hym]m-cn-I-fpsS ap{Z-I Inn-b-
XvXs CXn\v sXfn-hmWv. emKm-jns ASp-p-\nv Innb Hcp
Cy ap{Z Hcp XpWn-s-n-t\n-mWv Is-Sp-Xv. lc--
bn\np Innb Hcp ]m{X--jW-n-tepw Hcp ap{Z-taepw s]-
I-ns Nn{Xw ImWp-I-bp-mbn. ISbm{X knp-X-S-hm-kn-
Iv kp]-cn-Nn-X-am-bn-cp-p-shv AXn-\npw A\p-am-\nmw.
ivaim-\
-
ivaim-\--fn ih-tm-sSmw, acn Bfn-\p-thn ]m{X--
fn `-W-km-[-\-, B`-c-W- apX-em-bh \nt-]n-p-Im-
Wpp. Cu k{-Zm-b-n\nv lc- P\-p ac-Wm-\--
c-Po-hn-X-n hnizm-k-ap-m-bn-cp-p-shp sXfn-bpp. Hcp ih-
p-gn-bn ihw ]mb-bn s]mXnp, acw-sIm-p-m-nb s]n-
bnshv ad-am-Sn-b-Xmbn ImWp-I-bp-mbn. {]mNo\ Cdm-Jnepw
ihw Cs\ s]n-bn-emWv ASw sNbvXn-cp--sXv Kth-j-I-
m ]d-bpp.
lc- m- \ - K - c - nse Hcp iv a im- \ - ns GXm\pw `mK-
J\\w sNbvX-tm ih- an-hbpw Xe -h-S-tm-m-n-bmWv
ad-hp-sN-bvX-sXv a\-n-em-m Ignp. Nne-Xn ]m{X-fpw
sNp- s Im- p Bbp- [ - fpw apJ- - m- S n- I fpw aWn- I fpw
Cn kv]qWp-Ifpw apw ImWp-I-bp-mbn. Hcp Ipgn-bpsS \mep
`mK-fpw CjvSn-I-sImp ]Sp-n-cpp. Hcp kv{XobpsS ihw
GgSn \of-ap tZh-Zmcp ac-ns XSn Ipgn-p-m-nb s]n-bn-
emWv ASw sNbvXn-cp-Xv. acw {Zhnp s]mSn-bm-bn-tm-bn-cpp.
Fnepw s]n-bpsS achpw BIr-Xnbpw hoev a\-n-em-m
Ignp. Cu lc- kv{Xo ImXp-I-fnepw hes ssIbn-s
\Sp-hn-c-enepw sNp-tam-Xn-c- AWn-n-cpp.
Ime-\nWbw
lc--bnepw tamlP-Zm-tdm-bnepw \S-nb J\-\-{In-b-Iv
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
t\XrXzw hln k. tPm amj lcm \mK-cn-I-X-bpsS
Imew GXmv {In. ap. 2500 BsWv A`n-{]m-b-s-Sp-I-bp-mbn.
tamlP-Zm-tdm-bnse Nne ap{Z-I {]mNo\ saskm-s]m-t-an-b
\K-c--fn\np Inn-bn-cpp. B ap{Z-I-tfm-sSmw saskm-s]m-t-
an-b-bn\nv Is-Sp ap Nne hkvXp--fpsS Imew \nW-bn-
-s-n-cp--Xn-\m, lc-m-kw-kvIm-c-ns Imehpw AXm-bn-cn-
-W-sav Atlw Dulnp.
CnsS A^vKm-\n-m-\n apo-KUv {Kma-n {^p-Im
J\\w \Sn. lc- kw- k v I m- c - n\p apt- b p Hcp {Kma-
ns taem-bn-cpp lc-m-\m-K-cn-IX AhnsS m]n-X-am-bXv.
Im_14 ]co--Ww-sImv lc- kwkvIm-c-ns Bcw`w
{In. ap. 2700-mam-n-em-sWp \n-bn-p-hm {]kvXpX Kth-j-
I-mv km[np. k amj-ens Dulw Hcp-am-Xncn icn-bm-bn-cp-
p-shv CXp sXfn-bn-pp.
5000 sImw ]g-a-bp knp-X-S-kw-kvImcw \psS ZrjvSn-
bns]-Sp-Xp ]qWX {]m]n Hcp \mK-cn-I-X-bm-bn-mWv. AXn-
\m B kwkv I m- c - ns Bcw`w Am- e - n\pw F{Xtbm
apm-bn-cn--W-sa Imcy-n kwi-b-an.*
A[ymbw HXv
BcyZkyp {]iv\w
`mc-Xob kwkvImc Ncn-{X-n AXn-cq--amb hnhm-Z-n-\nShcp-
nb Hcp hnj-b-am-Ipp BcyZkyp-{]iv\w. `mc-X-nse Ghpw
{]mNo-\-km-ln-Xy-sav \ncq-]-I-m sFI-I-WvtTy\ k-Xn EtKz-
Z-n, cp hn`m-K-n-S-bn \S-am-Sn-bn-cp ka-c-kw-L--\-
-fpsS hnh-cWw ImWmw. "Bcy-m' Fpw "Zkyp-' Fpw
]d-p-h-cp {]kvXpX cp hn`m-K--fm-cm-bn-cpp? CsX-n
kz]w {]Xn-]m-Zn-t--Xpv.
thZ-Im- As-n "thZ-{Z-jvSm-' Bcy hn`m-K-n
s]-h-cm-bn-cp-p-sh Imcyw \nkvX-as{X. thZ--fn Ghpw
{]mNo-\-am-bXv EtKz-Z-kw-ln-X-bm-sW hnj-b-nepw ]m--c-
an. AXn- \ m EtKzZw \Ip kqN- \ - I sf B[m- c - a mn
{]kvXpX {]iv\-n\v Dcw ImWm {ian-p--Xmhpw Daw.
thZ-Im--fmb Bcy-mv Cy-bn {]_-e-amb Hcp
FXni-nsb A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-tn h hkvXpX EtKz-Z-n
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
Ap-n-tmfw {]Xn-]m-Znp ImWpp. Cu i{Xp-k-aq-ls

thZw "Zkyp-' F ]cn-lm-k-t-cn-emWv hnfn-n-cn-p-Xv. Zkyp
Fm Zmk, i{Xp Fsm-s-bmWv AYw. Nne-tm "Zmk'
Fpw "Akp-c' Fpw B hn`m-Ks hnfn--Xmbn ImWmw.
thZ-v hfsc tijw \ne-hn h IrXn-I-fmWv "kvar-Xn-I'
AYhm [a-im-kv{X-. Ah-bn {]kvXpX hn`m-Ks "]nim-
N-m', "cm-k-m', "hrj-f-m', "Nm-e-m', "iq{Z-m'
Fpw ap- a mWv hnti- j n- n- n- c n- p- Xv . BI- b m {]kv X pX
hn`mKw Bcy-ssh-cn-I-fm-bn-cp-p-shv Xo. Cu cp hn`m-K-
n-S-bn \nc-cw bp-fpw sIm-Ifpw \S-n-cp--Xmbn
thZw Bhn-m-hnp ]d-bp-pv. bp--fn Bcy-hn-`m-
K-ns ]-mWv hnP-b-ap-m-bn-cp--sXpw thZw Ah-Im-i-
s-Spp.
Bcy-mcpw Zkyp-fpw Htc hK-m-cm-bn-cp-pthm? Bbn-cp-
p- s h- mWv Cv Nne sslh {K- I m- c - m hmZn- p- Xv .
BcyZkypk-a-c- tIhew IpSpw-_-I-e-l--fm-bn-cp-p-shv
Ah knm-n-pp. Fm _lp-`q-cn-]w Ncn-{X-K-th-j-I-
m-cp-sSbpw \nK-a\w Ah XnIpw `n-amb cp hK--fm-bn-cp-
p-sh-s{X. Ahn-S-bn \S-am-Sn-bn-cp--Xmbn Bcy-th-Z--fn
]d-bp ka-c- hKo-bhpw hW-]-c-hp-amb ka-c--fm-bn-cpp
Fpw Ch kaYn-pp.
\apo hnhm-Z-n khn-ti-j-amb XmXv]-cy-sam-p-an-s-nepw,
Ncn-{X-h-kvXp-Xsb B \nebvp Xs ImWp-I-sb--XmWv \oXn-
bpsS XmXv]-cy-sap \mw hniz-kn-pp. AXn-\m Bcy Zkyp-
{]-iv\-s-n Inn-tb-S-tmfw sXfn-hns ASn-m-\-n Hcp
]cm-aiw \S-m C-cp-W-n ss[cy-s-Spp.
Bcy-mcpw Zkyp-fpw Xn aX-]-c-amb `n-X-bp-m-bn-cp-
p-shv {]Ya ZrjvSn-bnXs ImWm-hp--XmWv. Bcy-m Bcm-
[n-n-cp tZh-msc Zkyp- AwKo-I-cn-n-cp-n. Bcy-tZ-h-m-
cn {][m-\n-bm-bn-cpp "C{.' EtKz-Z-n C{s\ kvXpXn-p-
]m-Snb a{-v IW-n. Zkyp--sfbpw Ah-cpsS \K-c--
sfbpw cmPm--m-scbpw XIp Xcn--W-am-p-I-sb--Xm-bn-cpp
C{s apJy-IrXyw. AXn-\m C{\v "]pc--c' (\K-c-hn-[zw-k-
I) Fsmcp m\-tcp Xs thZw \Ip-I-bp-mbn. C{s
A]-Zm-\- Ion Iq-n thZw ]d-bpp:
""kkm-\mXymw DX-kqcy kkmt\
{x kkm\ ]pcp-t`m-Pk Kmw!
lnc-Wy-ap-Xy-t`mKw kk\
lXzo Zkyq {]mcy-h-am-hXv!'1
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
Cu Ens\ alm- I hn h- t m ]Zy- n hnh\w
sNbvXn-cn-p-Xp t\mpI:
""\In,biz-sf; \In, Znt\-is\;
\In,bn{ ]pcp-t`m-Kybmw tKmhns\;
\In, s]mn-p-X; Zkyp--sf-smp
\mbn cn-n-Xm-cy-h-sf!''
C{ Bcy-m-cpsS {]Xn-tbm-Kn-I-fm-bn-cp Zkyp-sf sImp-
shpw Bcy-hW-sf cn-p-sh-p-amWv ChnsS ]d-bp-Xv.
"Bcy-hW-' Fp hnti-jm ]d--Xn\nv hW (hK)
hntZz- j - a mWv Cu ka- c - ns ]nd- I n {]hn- - s Xv
Dulnmw. ]nm-ev Bcy-m Cy-bn \S-nh-cp-nb
"NmXphWy-hy-h-nXn' {]kvXpX A\p-am-\-n\p {]m_eyw
\Ip-p-vXm\pw. BI-bm thZ-n hWn Bcy Zkyp-
kw-Ljw ChnsS cqV-aq-e-am-bn-o hW-k-a-c-ns XpS-
-s-bmWv Ipdn-p-Xv. Cv Ata-cn--bnepw kum-{^n--
bnepw \-S-am-Sp, Idp hK-mcpw sh-mcpw Xn-ep hW-
k-a-cw-t]mse Xs-bm-bn-cpp AXpw.
kwLj-ns cqX
BcyZkyp kwLj-ns cqX Xpey-X-bn-m--Xm-bn-
cpp. Bcy-m-sc-m kwkvIr-Xnbpw \mK-cn-I-Xbpw {]m]n Hcp
hn`m-K-am-bn-cpp Zkyp-. Ah-cpsS inbpw {]Xm-]hpw Ah-
K-Wn-m Bcy-mv Ign-n. kp`-{Z-amb tIm-Ifpw kpkw-
kv I r- X - a mb ]- W - fpw Akq- b ml- a mb `c- W - k w- h n- [ m- \ hpw
Ahp-m-bn-cp-p-shv thZw Xs k-Xn-pp. Bcy-mm-
Is, AsXmpw Ah-Im-i-s-Sm-\p-m-bn-cp-n.
Fn-cp-mepw bp--fn ASn-Sn ]cm-P-b-amWv Zkyp-v
t\cn-p-sIm-n-cp-Xv. Hcpthf Ahn-S-bn th{X sFIyhpw
tbmPn-p-ap-m-bn-cp-n-m-bn-cnmw. Fm thZ-{Z-jvSm--fmb Ejn-
am B ]cm-P-b-n ImWp ImcWw asm-mWv. kh-i--
\mb C{ Xp-cms A{]-Xn-tcm-[y-amb Ignhpw anSppw!
Zkyp- hnhn[ hn`m-K-m-cm-bn-cpp. B hn`m-K--fpsS t]cp-
I thZ-n FSp-p-]-d-n-pv. inayp-, IoI-X, AP-
m, in{Kp-, bp- Fo hn`m-K- Aq--ns]-
Spp. Ahv Nne cmPm--mcpw t\Xm--m-cp-ap-m-bn-cpp.
iw_-c, hnv, [p\n, Npapdn, ]n{]v, Ceo-_-k, IrjvW,
ipjv-W Fo cmPm--m kp{]-kn--cm-bn-cpp. iw_-c\v \qdp-
-W-mb "]pc-' (\K-c-) Dm-bn-cpp. Ah Icn--p-sIm-
mWv \nanncp-sXpw thZw k-Xnp-p:
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
""B iw_-cs \qdp ]pcm-X\ \K-c-sf h{PwsImv ]nf-

n-tbm, B hn-bpsS \qdm-bn-cs hogn-pthm, B C{\v
tkmaw sImp-h-cp-hn!''2
Bcy-m bmK-n X-fpsS tZh-X-In-n-cp Hcp
Xcw hnip--]m-\o-b-amWv tkmaw. C{-tZ-h\v An-m tkmaw
sImp-h-cm {]kvXpX a{-n Ejn Bh-iy-s-Spp. ImcWw,
At-l-ns in aqe-amWv Icn--p-sImv \nan-X-amb Zkyp-
tIm--I XIp-hm Bcy-mp Ign-Xv:
""C{ Icn--Wn-bm-ao-c-Xp ]pc-sf,
lhnp \evInb Znthm-Zm-k-m-bn-sm-Xp-n-\m!''3
Znthm-Zm-k Hcp Bcy-cm-Pm-hm-bn-cpp. Atlw C{\v lhnv
(bw, AYhm bmKw) \evIn. AXn-\m Znthm-Zm-ks i{Xp-
hmb iw_-c Icn--p-sImv ]Wn-bn \qdp ZpK-sf C{
XIp Xcn--W-amn. CXmWv {]Ir-X-a-{-nse {]tabw.
Icn--p-sImp am{X-a, Ccp-p-sImpw Am-ev tIm-
I \nan-n-cp--Xmbn thZw kqNn-n-p-pv:
""apv Hcp \qdp Ccp-p-tIm--I-fn Rm (hma-tZ-h Ejn)
]mn-cnpp....''4
Zkyp-s-Xnsc Ccpp tIm-I-fm-bn-o-c-W-sap Hcp a{-
n, An-tZ-h-t\mSv Ejn-am {]mYn-pp:
""Rmmsc cn-m\,{][jn-X-\mw-`-hm ]cw ]c
s]cn-tbm-cn-cn-p ]pcn-bm-IWw!''5
AXn-\m Ccpv thZ-Im-v kp]-cn-Nn-X-am-bn-cpp.
hn-smcp in-bm-bn-cpp Zkyp-. ]t, Bcy-m-cp-am-bp
t]mcm---fn Ah-cpsS ] th{X Bbp-[- Dm-bn-cp-
n-sp tXmpp. ]cn-jvI-cn Ccp-m-bp-[-m-bn-cpp
Am-ev {]m[m\yw. Ccp-n\v kzWs-m-f-[nIw hne-bp
Hcp Imew Ncn-{X-n Ign-p-t]m-bn-pv. Akp-c-m-cpsS hiw
]cn-jvIr-Xm-bp-[--fn-m-bn-cp-p-shv thZ-n \nv a\-n-em-
Ipp:
""C{, `hms Xnf-p hnn-t\bpw acp-Xvkw-L-tbpw h{P-
tbpw Bsc-Xnpw? EPo-jn, Bbp-[-an-m, tZh-tZz-jn-I-fmb
Akp-c-msc \nn-cp-hSn N{Iw-sImv Bn-m-bn-mepw!''6
Fm C{s ]-m-Xp-m-bn-cpp. h{Pw, N{Iw apX-
emb ]cn-jvIrX Ccp-m-bp-[--fmWv Ah-cpsS hi-ap-m-bn-cp-Xv.
""C{s apdpsI-n-Sn h{Pw Ccp-mWv; C{s ssIIv
hf-sc-bpv _ew!.....''7
Akpc t\Xm-
- m-cpsS hn\miw
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
Akp-c-cm-Pm--m-scbpw Ah-cpsS tk\m-hyq-l--sfbpw \in-
n IY-I-fm \n`-c-amWv thZ-a-{-. cmPm--m-cpsS Iq-
n t]cp-tI Hcm-fm-bn-cpp iw_-c. At-l-ns \qdp-]p-c-
Xcn--W-am-n-b-Xn Ejn-amv C{-t\m-Sp IS-mSv A]m-
c-am-bn-cpp. B IY EtKz-Z-n ]e-hpcp Bhn-n-cn-pp.
asmcp Akp-c-cm-Pm-hm-bn-cpp hn AYhm hnkv. \qdm-
bncw hcp At-l-ns ssk\y-i-nsb C{ XI IY
\mw app kqNn-np. Fm A{X-sbm-p-am-bn-cp-n hn-bpsS
ssk\n- I - _ ew. At- l - ns Ap- e w P\- sf Xn- -
I-Xmbn asm-cn-Sv thZw Ah-Im-i-s-Spp:
""t]mcm, tXh--gn-I-sf-tmse Xn--Ip, \o
hn[zw-knbmw hn-bp-sS-b-p-ew P\-sf!''8
]nsmcp Akp-c-cm-Pmhv IrjvW-\m-bn-cpp. Awip-a-Xo-\-Zn-bpsS
Xoc-m-bn-cpp At-l-ns cmP-[m\n. At-ls Xs ]Xn-
\m-bncw ]S-bm-fn-I-tfm-Sp-IqSn C{ Xp-cm \in-n--Xmbn thZw
A`n-am-\n-pp:
""{ZpX-k-m-cn-bmb IrjvW ]Xn-\m-bncw Bfp-I-tfm-Sp-IqSn
Awip-aXo Xocp ]mn-cpp. AX-dnp a\p-jy-kvt\-ln-bmb
C{ A- l m- k - a n- S p Ah- sNsn, sIme- ] - S - I sf
sImsm-Spn!''
""Awip-a-Xo-\-Zn-bpsS Hcp hn]p-e-amb \nKqV ev, BIm-
i-s--t]mse, \nh-kn-p {ZpX-k-m-cn-bmb IrjvWs\ Rm
(C{) Isn......''
""{ZpX- k - mcn Awip- a - X o- k - a o- ] p ann- n- f - n- s mp
tZlw XSn-n-p-t]mp. C{-\m-Is, _rl-kv]-Xn-tbm-sSm-nv,
FXns-nb Akp-c--S-Isf \nl\np!''9
thsdmcp Zmk-cm-Pm-hm-bn-cpp ipjvW. At-lhpw C{-\m
h[n- - s p. At- l - ns IW- n- m tKmk- v C{
kzkm-aYyw-sImp ]nSn-p-]n.
""AtX, h{Pn, Ahn-Sp h{Pw sImv ipjvWs \nkvXp-
ey- a mb _ew IqkmsX \in- n- p- h tm; Ahn- S v Bbp- [ -
sImp sImp. C{m, Ahn-Sv _pn-sImp tKmsf
t\Sn!'' 10
]ip- - f m- b n- c pp As k- Z vk- a r- n- m- k v]Zw.
Hcms{X ss]-fptm A{Xbpw [\m-Vy-\mbn Abm KWn-
-sSpw. AXm-Wn-hnsS tKmsf t\Sn Fp ]d--Xns ]m-
ew. i{Xp-\n-{K-l-s-m a{-{Z-jvSm--fmb Ejn-amp IqSp-
X {][m\w tKmk-p t\-am-bn-cp-p-shv tXmpw. an-hmdpw
a{--fn [\-Zm-\-n-\p-th-n-bp {]mY\ ImWmw.
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
ipjv - W hn [\- { ]- ` p- h m- b n- c pp. bp- n At- l -

ns kv apgp-h Xcn--W-ambn:
""t]mcm, Nnn-n-sX,-mSpw ipjv-Ws apX [rjvW, \o Ah-
sbm \K-cn-I-f-h-an thf-bn!''11
Bcy-i-{Xp--fn asmcp {][m-\n-bm-bn-cpp ]n{]p. Ctlw
{]Xm-]-im-enbpw alm i-\p-am-bn-cpp. Bcy-tZ-h-\mb C{
At-l-s-bpw Xan. Xqew "]n{]p-Lv\' Fsmcp _lp-a-
Xnbpw C{\p e_v[-ambn:
""No arK-b-s\-o-gvs-Sp-n, bvdvPn
izmhmw hnZ-Yn-]p-{Xp ]n{]pLv\, \o;
sImq, Idp--sc-b--Xn-\m-bncw;
{iosb--c-t]m-ep-Sq, ]pc-sf!''12
AXm-bXv, hnZ-Yn-bpsS ]p{X\pw Bcy-cm-Pm-hp-amb EPn-izm-hp-
ambn \S t]mcm--n i{Xp--fmb arK-b-s\bpw ]n{]p-hn-s\bpw
C{ ]cm-P-b-s-Spn. IqSmsX, A-Xn-\m-bncw Akp-c--S-(Idp-
)I-sfbpw sImp apSnp. buh-\s Pcbpw hm[-Iyhpw \in-
n-p-atm. AXp t]mse i{Xp--fpsS \K-c-sf C{ Xcn--
W-amn.
ZòXn F Bcy-t\-Xm-hn-\p-thn thsdmcp ap-Xn-\m-bn-cs
C{ sImsm-Spn:
""Dd-n-\m, ap-Xn-\m-bncw hn[zwk-io-esc
imkv{Xw-Nm-n, òXnv thn, bn{ apSp-n-\m!''13
Cs\ Akpc \io-I-cW IY-I \nd a{- \nc-h-
[n-bmWv.
kwLj ImcWw
thZ- Bcy-msc tZh-m-cmbpw A\m-cy-msc Akp-c-m-cm-
bp- a mWv k]n- n- c n- p- Xv . AXn- \ m tZhm- k p- c - b p- -
FmWv {]kvXpX kwL--\-sf hnti-jn-n-p-Xv. Fm
Fm-bn-cpp Cu tZh-mkpc kwLj tlXp? Cu {]iv\-n-
\p Dcw thZw \Ip-pv. AXn-{]-[m-\-amb ImcWw aX-
]cw Xs. Akp-c-m "iniv\-tZh'm (tZh-hn-tZz-jn-I) Bbn-
cpp. Bcy-m-cpsS C{s\tbm hcp-W-s\tbm atm Akp-c-m
tkhn-n-cp-n. AIan-I-fp-am-bn-cpp. bmKfpw b-fpw \S-
n-bn-cp-n. CXm-bn-cpp apJy hntZzj ImcWw.
]t, aX-]-c-amb Cu Imc-W-tm-sSmw thsdbpw Imc-W-
-fp-m-hWw. Bcy-m ChnsS tImfWn m]n-m-\mWv {ian-
n-cp-Xv. Zkyp-Xp k-X-am-bn-cp-n. IqSmsX Bcy-m
hntZ-in-I-fm-bn-cpp; A\m-cy-mtcm, kztZ-in-Ifpw. Bcy-m Hcp
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
{]tXyI PmXn- mcpw hW- m- c p- a m- b n- c pp. Zkyp- Ah-
cn\nv hyXy-kvXcpw. Cs\ aXw, kwkvImcw, BNmcw, ]mc-
cyw, hWw, ico-cm-IrXn, tZio-bX Fmw sImpw `n hn`m-
K- - f m- b n- c pp Bcym- \ m- c y- h K- - s fv thZ- n\n- p- X s
sXfnbpw.
hK-hn-`-P-\-n\v B[p-\nI \c-hwi imkv{X--m B[m-
c-am-p-Xv {][m-\-ambpw cp Imcy--fmWv: 1. ico-cm-IrXn. 2.
`mjm-ssh-PmXyw. icoc e-W--fn sXmen-bpsS \nd-n\pw
aqn-sbpw Xe-bp-sSbpw hep--n\pw Xe-\m-cns BIr-Xn-p-
amWv IqSp- X {]m[m\yw \In- m- W p- Xv. AXn- \ m
BcyZkyp {]iv\s hK-hn-`-P\ knm---fpsS ASn-m-\-
n \app ]cn-tim-[nmw.
imco-cnI eWw
Zkyp--fpsS ico-cm-Ir-Xn-bn\npw Xptemw hyXy-kvX-am-bn-
cpp Bcy-m-cp-tSXv. Bcy-tKm-{X-m s]mXp-hn shfp sXmen-
bp- - h cpw hep IpSp h- h - c p- a m- b n- c pp. A\m- c y- mtcm,
Idp hW-ap--hcpw. thZ-{Z-jv-Sm--fmb aljn-am-cn Hcp {][m-
\n-bm-Wv hkn-jvT. Ct-l-ns t]cn \nc-h[n kq--fpv
EtKz-Z-n. kzP-\s Blzm-\w-sN-bvXp-sImv hkn-jvT ]d-
bp-Xp t\mpI:
""shfp \ndhpw hep IpSp--bp-ap Ia-]q-c-I-m Fs
ktm-jn-n-p-htm; AXn-\m b-n \ns-gp-tv Rm
t\Xm--tfmSv ]d-bpp: hkn-jvT-m F\nv AI-se-tm-I-
cpXv ! '' 14
bw \S-p-tm Npcp-n-bXv \mep ]ptcm-ln-X-m-sc-
n-ep-ap-m-bn-cnpw. Ahv Xmm- \nh-ln-p IrXy-a-
\p-k-cnp t]cp-I-fpv. A[zcyp, {_mhv, DZvKm-Xmhv, tlmXmhv!
"EXzn-p-I' FmWv Cu ]ptcm-ln-X-hr-s kmam-t\y\ hnfn-
pI. hkn-jvTs ta a{-n, Ia-]q-c-I-cmb hkn-jvT-hw-i-
P-scmw sh-\n-d-mcpw hep IpSp--h--h-cp-am-sWp ]d--
Xn \npw Bcy-hK-ns ico-cm-IrXn AXm-bn-cp-p-sh-q-
lnmw. Zkyp--fn\nv kzw P\s thXn-cnp ImWn-m-
\m-hWw hkn-jvT As\ hnti-jn-n-Xv.
cm-bncw sIms ]ga \nW-bn--s-Sp Hcp kwkvIrX
IrXn-bmWv "]mWn-\ob alm-`mjyw.' AXn ]X-en {_mlva-
Wsc hWn-Xv Cu hmp-I-fn-emWv: ""Kucw ipNym-Nmcw ]nwKfw
I]ne tIiw ZrjvSzm-[y-h-kyXn {_mlva-tWm-b-aXn!''15
Cu hcn-I-fn\npw {InkvXp-hn-t\m-S-Sp Ime-p {_mlva-
W (Bcy-hKw) t]mepw sh-mcpw sN Xe-ap-Sn-bp--h-cp-
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
am-bn-cp-p-shv hyw. Fm ip Bcy-hK-m-c, k-c-

Pm-Xn-m-cm-bn-cpp Ap-m-bn-cp-Xv. Fn-p-t]mepw Ah-cpsS
\nd-nt\m Xe-ap-Sntm henb amw hn-s-n, ip-hW-m-
cm-bn-cp thZ Imes Bcy-m-cpsS nXn A\p-am-\n-m-t\-
bpq.
Zkyp--fpsS ico-cm-Ir-Xn-sb--nbpw EtKz-Z-n Nne kqN-\-
I ImWmw. Zkyp-hns \ndw Idp-m-bn-cpp. AXn-\m Ahs\
"IrjvW' (Idp--h) Fp EtKzZw hnti-jn-n-n-cn-pp:
""C{x-k-ap bP-am-\-am-cyX {]mh-Zzn-tizjvT.
iX-aqXn cmPn-jp-kzoetljzm-Pnjp
a\th imkZ{hXm-zNw IrjvWm-a-c--bXv
Zi hnizw XXr-jm-W-tam-jXn \yi-km-\tamjXn!''16
Cu Ens\ alm-Ihn h-tm hnh\w sNbvXXv C-
s\-bmWv:
""\qdp c-I-fp C{ bP-am-\-\mb Bcys\ ]cp-p-s]-Sp-
p t]mcp-I-fn-semwkzK-{]-Z--f-mb t]mcp-I-fnepwcnp
t]mcpp. Ahn-Sp a\p-jyp thn Ia-c-ln-Xsc innp;
IrjvWs tXmep-cnp Inp; t{Zmln-Isf Nps-cnp; lnwkm-
]-c-scsbmw Nps-cnp!''
CXnse IrjvW-i_vZw Hcp hyn-\m-a-a {]XypX, hW-hm-
Nn-bs{X. Bcys\ "bP-am-\' (bw Ign-p--h) Fp hnti-
jn-n--t]mse Zkyp-sf Ia-c-ln-X (b-an-m--h), "lnwkm-
]-c' (t{Zmln-I) Fpw hnti-jn-n-n-cn-pp. Aq--n-emWv
"IrjvW' F ]Zhpw {]tbm-Kn-n-p-Xv. BI-bm Akp-cs
Hcp {]I-S-amb khn-ti-j-X-bm-bn-cpp IrjvWXzw (Idp-p-\ndw)
Fv A\p-am-\nmw.
hK-hn-`-P-\-n\v \nZm-\-ambn hnNm-cn--s-Sp e-W--fn
aqns BIr-Xn-bpw- s]-Spp. A\m-cy-m-cpsS aqv ]Xp-n-bXpw
Bcy-m-cp-tSXv Dbp \o-Xp-am-bn-cpp. EtKzZw Zkyp-sf
"A\mkm' Fv hnti-jn-n-Xv AXp-sIm-m-bn-cn-Ww. thZw ]d-
bpp:
""{]m\y- - { I- a m- h rlx kqcky Irm- X ym\y Zzcn- t hm- b -
mXth Ix
A\mtkm Zkyp-c-artWm ht[\ \n ZptcymW Bhr-W-ar-
{[-hNx'' 17
Cu En\v h-tm-fns XPa C-s\-bmWv:
""Ap kqcys Hcp tX{Iw thsSpn; aXp Ip\p
[\w t\Sm hp. Iq-n-m IqS-esc Av Bbp-[w-sImp
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
l\np bp-n \m-dpp sImp!''
"A\m-tkm- Zkypx' F-Xn\v "Iqn-m IqS-e' FmWv h-
tm AYw sImSp-n-cn-p-Xv. Fm ap Nne "aqn-m
Zkyp-' F AY-amWv AXn\p kzoI-cn-n-p-Xv. AXm-bXv,
Bcy- msc At]- nv sNdp- a q- - m- c m- b n- c pp Zkyp- - s fv
knw.
Npcp- - n aXw, `mj, kwkv I mcw, BNmcw, ico- c m-
IrXnAs\ Fm- nepw Bcy- m- c n\nv `n- a mb Hcp
{]tXyI hK-am-bn-cpp Zkyp-. AXn-\m Ah Xn \S-
-Xmbn thZw Nqn-m-Wn-p kwLjw Cp Nne hmZn-
pw-t]mse shdp-samcp IpSpw-_-I-e-l-ambn hnNm-cn-m h.
]n-X
- m-cpsS A`n-{]mbw
`mc-Xob Zi-\--sf-n Ah-Km-V-amb ]T\w \S-nb `mc-
Xob alm-]-n-X-\mb tUm. cm[m-Ir-jvW Fgp-Xpp: ""Bcy-
m-scpw Zkyp--sfpw ]dphn-cp-Xv c-_--sbpw
]mc--cy-sbpw Bkv]-Z-am-n-bp cp hn`n--hK-m-sc-
p-dn-mWv.'' 18
asmcp ]n- X - \ mb kn.hn. sshZy (C.V. Vaidya) ]d- b pp:
""tPXm--fmbn Cy-bn {]th-in Bcy-m shfp \ndhpw
Db aqp-ap-h-cm-bn-cpp. ChnsS Iogvs-Sp--s Zkyp--
fm-Is, sNdnb aqpw Idp \nd-hp-ap--hcpw''.19
h-tm-fns EtKzZ kwln-Xv BapJw Fgp-Xnb ]tc-X-
\mb {io. sI.Fw. ]Wn- {]kvXm-hn-p-Xp t\mpI: ""Zkyp-
-fpsS cmPm--m-cn ]e-cp-sSbpw t] EtKz-Z-n-epv. [p\n,
Npacn, ]n{]p, hnkv, iw_-c apX-em-b-h ]cm-{I-an-I-fm-bn-cp-
p-shv Bcy-mcpw k-Xn-pp. Zkyp-P-\-X-bnse ]e hn`m-K-
-fn inayp-, IoI-X, in{Kp-, bp- Fn-hmWv
{]m[m\yw. Ah-cpsS aqv ]Xp-n-b-sXpw (A\m-k) \ndw Idp-
-sXpw hnti-jm ]d-n-p--Xn-\m, Ctm-gs "{Zmhn-U-
PmXn'bn s]- h - c m- b n- c pp Ah Fq- l nmw. Ah
"A\mcy'amb Hcp `mj-bmWv kwkm-cn-n-cp--Xv. AIan-I-fm-bn-
cpp; bmKm- Z n- I Ign- n- c p- n; C{m- Z n- t Z- h - msc ]qPn- n- c p-
n....."iniv\-tZhmx' Fv Ahsc A[n-t-]n-n-pv.''20
Hcp ]mm-Xy ]n-X-\mb Atcm-kvanv (Arrow Smith) Fgp-
Xpp: ""Zkyp- hy-ambpw ]m-_nse ]qh-\n-hm-kn-I-fm-bn-
cpp... Bcy-m-cpsS B{I-a-W-Im-ev {Zmhn-U-`mj kwkm-cn-p
P\-sf ]m-_n In-cpp F \nK-a-\-n \ap-s-n-
t- c m- h p- - X mWv . Imgv N - b nepw kwkm- c - nepw Ah Bcy- m-
cn\npw `n-cm-bn-cpp. Bcy-m-cpsS \ndw shfppw Zkyp--fp-
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
tSXv Idp-p-am-bn-cpp.''21
Zkyp- {Zmhn-Uc
- m-bn-cpp
{Zmhn-U-m-cpsS tI{-ambn Ncn-{X-Im-c-m IW-m-p-Xv
sXs Cy-sb-bmWv. hnti-jnpw Xan-gv\mSv, B{, tIcfw,
ssakq apX-emb {]tZ-i-sf. Fm hSs Cy-bn ]te-
S--fnepw ]pcm-X-\-Im-ev {Zmhn-Um ]mp-d-n-n-cp--Xmbn Ncn-
{X-K-th-j-I-m A`n-{]m-b-s-Spp. CX-\p-k-cnv thZ-n hWn-
-s Zkyp-hKw {Zmhn-U-m-cm-bn-cn-p-hm \ymb-apv. {io.
kn.hn. sshZy A`n-{]m-b-s-Spp: ""Zkyp- {Zmhn-U-cm-bn-cpp.
Fm EtKz- Z - n B t] FSpp ]d- p- I m- W p- n.
AtXbh-k-c-n Bcy-\m-a-am-Is, \nc-h[n XhW Bhn-
n-p-p-Xm\pw.''22
asmcp ]n- X Fgp- X pp: ""{Zmhn- U - m Hcp Imev
]m_v, knp, _eq-Nn-m Fo {]tZ-i--fpssS Cym-
cmPyw apgp-h \nh-kn-p-sImv, {Ia-n saskm-s]m-t-an-b-hsc
IpSn-tb-dn-mn-cp--Xmbn ]d-bm-hp--XmWv. _eq-Nn-m-\n-ep
"{_mlzn' P\-hn-`mKw Cpw {Zmhn-U-`m-j-bmWv kwkm-cnp hcp--
sX-p hkvXpX Cu ho-W-K-Xn-p-t]m-Zv_-e-I-as{X. knp-
X-S-hm-kn-I Bcy-m-cm-bn-cp-p-sh knm--n\v A\p-Iq-en-
I hfsc hnc-f-amWv.''23
Cu iX-I-ns XrXob Zi-I-n knp-\-Zo-X-S--fn \S-
-s DXvJ-\-\-K-th-j-Ww-hgn Bcy kaq-l-n-t-Xn-s\-m
]pcm-X-\hpw ]ptcm-K-an--Xp-amb Hcp kwkvIm-c-ns Ah-in-jvS-
Is-p-I-bp-mbn. "knp-X-S-kw-kvImcw' Fs{X Kth-
j-I-m- AXn\v t]cp sImSp-n-cn-p-Xv. Am-bn-c-n]cw
hj--fpsS ]ga IW-m--s-Sp B kwkvIm-c-ns in]n-
I `mc-X-nse BZn-hm-kn-I-fmb {Zmhn-U-cm-bn-cp-p-shv ]e
hnZ-Kv[-mcpw A\p-am-\n-pp.
""Am- b ncw hj- p- a pv Cy- b n knp- k w- m- \ -
n, "em\' Pn-bn \ne-\n-p-h "tamlP-Zmtdm' \K-
cnbpw ]m-_n "tamv-tKm-adn' Pn-bn \ne-hn-en-cp "lcm'
\K- c nbpw CXn- \ nsS shfn- p sImp- h - c - s - S p- I - b p- mbn.
AtXmsS Cy kwkvIm-c-smw \nZm\w sshZnI \mK-cn-
I-X-bm-sW ]gb knmw Akzo-Im-cy-ambn `hnp. {]kvXpX
knp-X-S-\m-K-cn-IX Cu cmPy-n-tXp Xs-bm-bn-cpp. Chn-
Ss asm \mK-cn-I-X-I-fp-sSbpw hfv tlXp-hm-bn-cp-Xv
AXm-sW Imcy-n kwi-b-an. Ah-km\w Cu ssk-h-
\m-K-cn-IX GXp hK-n-s-Xm-bn-cpp F tNmZyw DZn-pp.
B kwkvIm-c-ns in]n-I {Zmhn-U-m-cm-bn-cpp FmWv
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
{]_-e-amb Hcp-]w. asmcp ]w CXs{X: {Zmhn-U-mcpw kpta-
cn-b-mcpw Htc hK-m-cm-bn-cpp.''24
ssk-h-kw-kvIm-c-in]n-I {Zmhn-U-cm-bn-cpp Fp am{X-
a, saskm-s]m-t-an-b-bn G-hp-am-Zn-bn kwkvIm-c-ku[w sIn-
sm-nb kpta-cn-bm-hK-n s]-h-cmWv {Zmhn-U Fpw Hcp
hn`mKw Ah-Im-i-s-Spp. hK-im-kv{X-n Cu \nK-a-\s
Dt]m-Zv_-e-s-Sp-p sXfn-hpv. {io. sI.hn. tKm]m-e-ta-t\m
Fgp-Xpp: ""Ccp-\ndw, Idp--X-e-apSn, \o Xe Ch-bs{X a[y-
[-c-Wn-hK--fpsS {]tXy-I -e--W-. ]pcm-X\ kpta-cn-b-mcpw
{Zmhn-U-cpw Cu hK-n Ds--h-cm-Ipp.''25
{Zmhn-U-mcpw kpta-cn-b-mcpw Xn-ep _-ns Bcw`w
{In. ap. 6000-\pw apm-bn-cpp. Pb-kz-em Fgp-Xpp: ""asmcp
hn`mKw `qK`- i m- k v { X- - m A`n- { ]m- b - s - S p- Xv CXmWv :
_n.kn. 6000-mam-p-ap-X-p-Xs Cybpw kpta-cn-b-bp-ambn
hym]m-c-_w \S-n-cpp. Ah Xn `mjm-]-c-ambpw hK-im-
kv{X-]-c-ambpw (Ethnic) apw km-Zriyw hln-p-pv!''26
kpta-cn-b-mcpw {Zmhn-U-mcpw Htc hKam-bn-cp-p-shpw Ah
Xn AXn-{]m-No-\-Imew apX ASp k-ap-m-bn-cp-
p-sh-pw D A`n-{]m-bs {]_esSp-p Htsd sXfn-hp-
I-fpv. ]-t, Ah-sbmw ]Ip-hm ChnsS Dt-in-p-n.
Fm {ZmhnUw F ]Z-ns DZv`-h-s-n Hcp hmp ]d-
bp-hm B{K-ln-pp.
Xncp-bm-^nYpw {ZmhnUpw
ss__n-fnse hwi-hn-h-cWw \mw apv kwn-]vX-ambn D-cn-
n-pv. AXn {]f-b-Im-e-n\p tij-ap a\p-jy-hK--sfmw
{]f-b-I-Ym-\m-b-I-\mb t\ml-bpsS ]np-d-m-cm-sWv Ah-Im-i-
s-Spp. t\mlp aqp ]p{X-m-cm-Wp-m-bn-cp-Xv: tiapw lmapw
bms^pw. ss__n Im--fmb blq-Z-m tians ]nap-
d- m- c m- I pp. AXp- s Imv tians km\ ]c- - c - s b- n
ss__n kpZoL-ambn {]kvXm-hnp. lmans ]np-d-m-sc-]-
nbpw Xmc-X-tay\ \mbn {]Xn-]m-Zn-n-pv. B Xmh-gn-mv
blq-Z-m-cp-ambn ASp k-ap-m-bn-cpp. CuPn-]vXp-Im,
A_v k o- \ nb (FtXym- ] y)m apX- e m- b - h lmans ]nap- d -
bns-Spp. Fm bms^-ns ]nap-d-m-sc-n ss__n
Imcy-am-sbmpw {]kvXm-hnp ImWp-n. Ah Zzo]p-I-sf-bmWv
A[n-hm-k-Xm-h-f--fmbn kzoI-cn--sX-p-am{Xw ]dp hnp-I-f-
n-cn-p-I-bmWv. CXns AYw PqX-mv bms^-ns ]np-
d-bpambn k-sam-p-ap-m-bn-cp-n Ft{X.
Cy ]gb Imew apX Hcp-]-Zzo]v F t]cn {]kn--am-bn-
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
cpp. Atm bms^-vXm-h-gn-m Cy-bn hv A[n-hm-k-

ap-d-n-sp hnNm-cn-p--Xn sXsm-p-an. t\ml-bpsS aX-{]-
t_m-[\w kpta-cn-b-m-tcm-Sm-bn-cpp. Pe-{]-f-b-n\nv c-s-
tS--Xn-\mbn Atlw \nan s]-I-n-t-sXv Duln-s--Sp
Ah-injvSw Acm-dmv ]h-X-n Is-n-b-Xmbn \mw apv
kqNn-n-n-pv. kpta-cn-b-msc eyw hp-sIm-mWv t\mlm-
{]- h m- N - I {]t_m- [ - \ - k w- c w`w \S- n- b n- c p- - s X B[p- \ nI
apkv e nw Kth- j - I - m- c psS A`n- { ]m- b - n- \ p- t ]m- Z v _ - e - I - a mWv
{]kvXpX Ip-]n-Snw. bq{^-okv \Zn-bp-sSbpw ssS{Kokv \Zn-
bp-sSbpw CS-mWv kpta-cn-b hkn-n-cp--sXv AhnsS \S--
s DXvJ-\\ Kth-jWw sXfn-bn-n-pv. AXn-\m t\mlbpw
IpSpw-_hpw hwi-]-c-ambn kpta-cn-b-cm-bn-cp-p-shp Xocp-am-\nmw.
Cy-bnepw Hcp {]f-b-IY {]N-cn-n-pv. Cy {]f-b-I-Ym-
\m-b-I a\p-hs{X. a\p {Zmhn-U-m-cpsS Cuiz-c As-n
\mY Bbn-cpp. "kXy-{h-X' F-t]-cn Adn-b-s At-
ls alm-`m-cXw "{Zmhn-tU-izcx' Fv hnti-jn-n-n-cpp:
""tbmku kXy-{h-tXm-\ma cmPjn "{Zhn-tU-izcx'
m\w tbmXo-X Iev]mt tet` ]pcp-j-tk-hbm!''27
a\p {Zmhn-U-m-cpsS t\Xmhpw A[n-]-Xn-bp-am-bn-cp-p-sh-n
{]f-b-IY Cy-bn {]N-cn-n-Xv {Zmhn-U-cm-sWv A\p-am-\nmw.
]t, Cy kml-N-cy-n-\-\p-cq-]-amb hn[-n-emWv B IY
ChnsS {]N-cn-n--s-Xv. Cy {]fb IY-b-\p-k-cnv a\p-hns
I sh-sm--n\p tijw Dd-Xv lnam-eb ]h-X-n-emWv;
Acm-dmv ]h-X-n-e. Fn-cp-mepw IYm-_o-P-n ]d-b-
hyXymkw ImWm-\n. ]ns-bp-Xv a\phpw \qlpw Xn-
ep _-sav Fp--XmWv. \qlv F t]cn-t\mSp alm
FY-ap "a' tNm "am\qlv' Fmhpw; am_-en-t]mse.
As\ am\qlv tem]nv "a\p'hmbn Fq-ln-p-hm \ymb-apv.
CtX {]Imcw bm^nYpw {ZmhnUpw Xnepw Dm-cW kmZr-iy-apv.
^, h, X, Y, Z, U Fo hW- `mj-I-fn At\ym\yw amdn-
bp--cn--s-SpI kh km[m-c-W-amWv. kwkvIr-X-nse "thZx'
Ad-_n-Iv "ôZm'bmWv . tIc-f-nse ImktKmUv Ad_n
{K--fn "ImPn-dq-m'Wv. ]pWy \ma- "Xncp' F hnti-
jW klnXw D-cn-pI appImew apX XpSphcp Hcp
k{-Zm-b-at{X. Xncp-hns\ "Xr' Fpw "{io' Fpw amdn-bp--cnpw
ImWmw. BI-bm "bm^nYv' F kpta-cn-b ]Z-tmSv _lp-
am\ kqN-I-amb Xncp-tNp-m-b-Xm-hWw "{ZmhnUw' Fp Icp-
Xp-hm hI-bpv. Xncp-bm-^nYv Ah-km\w {Zmhn-U-am-bn-o-
Xmhmw.
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
alm-\mb \qlp \_n(A)bpsS A\--ch-m-cmWv {Zmhn-U
Fq- l nmw. At- l - ns aX- m- c mWv Jp- B - \ n ]d
"km_nI'sfv apkvenw ]WvUn-X-m-cn Nnev A`n-{]m-b-apv.
sskh kwkvIm-c-nse aXw km_n-a-X-am-bn-cp-p-shv DXvJ-
\\w hgn Innb Ah-in-jvS- sXfn-bn-pp. AtX-n ]noSv
{]kvXm-hn-p--XmWv.
Ipdn-p-I
1. EtKzZw aew 3, kqw 34, Ev 9
2. Ibid, aew 2, kqw 14, Ev 6
9. Ibid, aew 8, kqw 96, Ev 13-15
15. ]mWn-\o-b-a-lm-`mjyw: 2, 2, 6
16. EtKzZw aew 1, kqw 130, Ev 8
18 Indian Phylosophy Vol. I, P. 112
19. History of Sanskrit Literature, Vedic period-by C.V. Vaidya M.A. Vice Chanceller Tilak
University, Poona.
20. BapJw t]Pv 24
21. Religion of Rigveda P. 37
22. History of Sanskrit Literature Vedic Period
23. Advanced History of India P. 23
24. Ibid
26. Hindu Cvilization- by Jayaswalal
27. alm-`m-cXw kvIw 9 t\mpI.
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
A[ymbw ]v
knp-X-Shpw saskm-s]m-t-an-bbpw
knp-Xm-gvh-c-bn kwkvIm-c-ku-[w ]Sp-p-bnb P\-fpw
saskm-s]m-t-an-bm-bnse kpta-cn-b-mcpw Xn ASp _-ap-
m-bn-cp--Xmbn Kth-jI ]WvUn-X-m kaYn-n-pv. tIhew
hym]m-c-_w am{X-am-bn-cp-n AXv; AXn Ihnv kmwkvIm-
cn-Ihpw [man-Ihpw hK-im-kv-{X-]-c-hp-amb _w IqSn Ahp
Xn-ep-m-bn-cpp. an. tKmU ssNUv Fgp-Xn-bXv t\mpI:
""knp- X - S - nse Cu P\- v Am- e s kpta- c n- b
]cnjvIm-c-hp-ambn ]e k--fp-ap-m-bn-cpp. Am-U-\n
Hcn-y tImf\n I-h-S-m-cp-tS-Xm-IWw Dm-bn-cp--Xn\v IqSn
sXfnhp-I-fpv. knp-\-K-c--fnse Nne hyh-km-tbm--
ssS{Kokv bq{^- okv \Zn- I - t fmSv _- s v InS- p Itm-
ffn sNsn. ]Icw GXm\pw kpta-cn-b Iem-hn-cp-Xp-I,
Hcp \mf-ap{Z Fnh knp-tZiw ]In-sb-Spp. Akw-kvIr-
X-]-ZmY--fnepw BUw-_-c-h-kvXp--fnepw am{X-a I-hSw \S-
n-bn-cp-Xv; Ad-_n--So-c--fn \nv ]Xn-hmbn Cd-p-aXn
sN- s ph ayw tamlP- Z m- t dm- h nse `y- h n- ` - h - sf
t]mjn-np.''1
`mc-Xob ]WvUn-X-\mb {io. cmlp kmwIr-Xy-mb ]d-bpp:
""sa-skm-s]m-t-an-b-bnse ]pcm-X-\-]-cn-jvIr-X-P-\-X-sb-tmse, kma-
-hy-h-m-[n-jvTn-X-amb Hcp kap-Zm-b-amWv knp-Xm-gvh-c-bn-ep-
m-bn-cp-Xv. Irjn, inev]-the, hmWnPyw Fn-h-bn \n]p-W-
m-cm-bn-cpp Ah. Xm{a-bpKw ! Cu Ime--fn Pohn-n-cp-n-p-
t]mepw, Ah hfsc ]ptcm-KXn {]]np. kmwtKm-]mw-K-amb Hcp
[ahpw Hcp Nn{X-en-]nbpw Ahp-m-bn-cpp. Nn{X-en-]n-_--
amb \mW-b-fpw av hkvXp-fpw e`n-n-ps--nepw CXphsc
Ah hmbn-p-hm Ign-n-n. Fnepw av ]co--W-sImv
Adn-bm km[n-n-p-Xv knp-\m-K-cn-IXzw Akpc ImUnb
(Assyrian- Chaldean) \mK-cn-I-Xz-ns ka-Im-enIw am{X-a, `Kn-\n-
bp-am-bn-cpp FmWv. cn-tebpw [manI `mh-\-Iv hfsc
ASp--ap-m-bn-cpp.''2
knp-\-Zo-X-S-n Ao-cn-bbnse (saskm-s]m-t-anb) Hcp
]cn-jvIrX hn`mKw IpSn-tb-dn-mn-cp-p-sh-vIqSn kmwIr-Xym-
b\v A`n-{]m-b-apv: ""{K-Im-hns "a\p-jy-k-ap-Zmbw' F
]pkvX-I-n, Bcy-m Cy-bn hcp--Xn\v apv knp Xmgvh-
c-bn Ao-cn-b-bnse Hcp ]cn-jvIr-X-hn-`mKw hkn-n-cp-p-shpw,
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
Ah-cpsS kap-Zmbw A^vKm-\n-m-\n IS-m XpS-nb {]mNo-
\mcy kap-Zm-bs At]-np IqSp-X kap--Xm-h {]m]n-
n-cp-p-shpw {]kvXm-hn-n-pv.''3
BI-bm knp-X-S-n kwkvIm-c-ns cay-layw sIn-
-Sp--hcpw saskm-s]m-t-an-b-bn \K-c-cm-jv{S- m]n--hcpw
Htc hn`m-K-ns--h-cm-bn-cpp Fv hnNm-cn-p-hm \ymb-apv.
tamlP-Zm-tdm-hn \nv sImp-t]mb ap{Z-I-fn NneXv, _mKvZm-
Zn\v hSv Ingp AXv \mgnI AI-se-bp "sS-B-kvam'
Fn- S - v \ nv J\- \ - n Inp- I - b p- mbn. Ch- t bm- s Sm- np
e`n ap- km-[-\--fpsS Imew CXc ey--fn \nv \nW-
bn-p-hm km[n-XpsImmWv, knp-X-S-kw-kvIm-c-ns Imew
_n. kn. 2500 BsWv k tPm amj A`n-{]m-b-s-Xv.
BI-bm Cybpw B {]tZ-i-fpw Xn Am-e-p-m-bn-
cp _-n\v Hcp-a sXfn-hmWv {]kv-XpX ap{Z-I.
saskm-s]m-t-anb
Gjym hI- c - b psS a[y- ] - S n- mdp `mKv "Bao- \ nb'
Fsmcp ]h-X-apv. CXns sXt Ncn-hn \npw bq{^-okv,
ssS{Kokv Fo cp \Zn-I ]pd-s-Spp. Ah hyXy-kvX--
fmb cp amK--fn-eqsS HgpIn, "j Bc_v' (ip Ad_v)
Fn-Sv kn-p-Ibpw As\ t]jy D-S-en sNv
tNcp-Ibpw sNp-p. {]kvXpX cv \Zn-In-S-bn-ep e-
n\v ]nevm-ev {Kop-Im "saskm-s]m-t-anb' Fv t]cnp.
(saskm CS-p-Xv ; s]mt-anb \Zn-I-fpsS). CtX `qhn`m-K-n\v
ln{_p `mj-bn "\lvdmbow' FmWv ]d-n-cp-Xv. "\Zn-I'
FmWv AXns AYw. Ad-_n-I AXns\ "amss_-\--lv-
ssd' (\Zn-In-S-bn-ep-Xv) Fpw "CdmJv' Fp-amWv hnfn-n-
cp-Xv. CdmJv F t] Cpw \ne-\npp. Fm kpta-cn-
b `mj-bn B `q`m-K-n\v "kp_' Fm-bn-cpp t]. kp_
]noSv hS- kndn-b-p-]-tbm-Kn-p-hp. B i_vZw tem]np
Ah-km\w "kpcnb', "kzcm', "kndnb' Fsm-s-bmbn amdn.
saskm-s]m-t-an-b-bpsS hS-p-`mKw Db ae-\m-SmWv. Fm
sXp-`mKw Xmgv NXp-p-\n-e--fs{X. Cu `mK-n\v ]pcm-X-\-
Im-ev "_mt_' Fm-bn-cpp t]. "_m_v' Fm ]Sn-hm-
Xn Fpw "G' Fm "ssZhw' Fp-amWv ln{_p-hn AYw.
ssZh-ns ]Sn-hm-Xn F AY-n-em-hWw B t] AXn\p
e`n- Xv . "aZqIv ' F tZhs \K- c - a m- b n- c pp Am- e v
_mt_. {Kop Ncn-{X-Im-c-m _mt_-ens\ "_m_n-tem-Wnb'
Fv hnfnp.
Adn-b-s kwkvIm-c--fn Ghpw ]pcm-X-\-am-bn-p-Xv Cu
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
{]tZ-iv hfp-h kwkvIm-c-am-sWv Ncn-{X-Im-c-m ]d-

bpp. "kpta-cn-b kwkvImcw' F t]cn C-X-dn-b-s-Spp.
Fv. Pn. shv Fgp-Xpp: ""saskm-s]m-t-an-bbpsS (CdmJv) sXp-
`m-K--fnepw CuPn-]vXn-ep-amWv BZy-ambn ]-W-fpw t{X-fpw
Pe-tk-N\ ]-Xn-Ifpw, shdp-samcp {Kmay-\-K-c-n\n-]w
Db Hcp kmap-Zm-bnI LS-\-bpsS ap e-W-fpw {]Xy--
s-Sp-Xv.'' 4
Dtiw {In. ap. 6000amn\v app-Xs B `q`m-Kv a\p-jy
A[n-hm-k-ap-d-n-n-cpp. Am-ev Ghpw ê-`q-bn-jvT-am-bn-cpp
{]kvXpX {]tZ-i-. shvXs ]d-bs: ""Dtiw {In. ap. 6000am-
nt\m, 7000am-nt\m ASpv Gjy-bnse ê-]p-jvS--fmb {]tZ-
i--fnepw ss\Xo-c-nepw s]dp-kw-kvIm-c-tmSp InS-\np
A[-kw-kvIm-c-tm-Sp-Iq-Snb a\p-jy-k-ap-Zm-b- Bhn`-hnp
Ign-n-cpp.'' 5
{InkvXp-hn\v apv Bdmw kl-{km-_vZ-nXs saskm-s]m-
t-an-b-bn cmP-hw-i- `cWw \S-n-bn-cp-p-shp sXfn-n-
pv. A-tm AhnsS a\p-jy-kw-kvImcw AXn-\p-sa-{Xtbm apv
Bcw-`n-n-p-m-h-W-atm.
kpta-cn-b kwkvImcw
Xhn-p-\n-d-tmSpw aptm-p-n-\np aqtmSpw IqSnb Hcp
P\-X-bm-bn-cpp kpta-cn-b-m. Ah HcpXcw en]n D]-tbm-Kn-n-
cpp. ]cn-jvIm-c-ns Hm-as Nhn-p-]-Sn-bm-Wtm Fgppw
hmb- \ bpw. kpta- c n- b A- c - a me B[p- \ nI Ncn- { X- K - t h- j - I -
mv hmbn-m Ignp. kpta-cnb t{_mkns D]-tbmKw
Ip- ] n- S n- n- c pp. shbn- e n DW- nb Cjv S n- I - s Imv Ah
t{X-tKm-]p-c- \nanp. Fgp-Xp-hm D]-tbm-Kn-Xv Ifn-a-p-
sIm-p-m-nb ê-I--fm-bn-cpp. Ip-Im-en-I, sN-cn-bm-
Sp-I, tImem-Sp-I, Igp-X-I apX-emb arK-sf Ah hfn-
bn-cpp. Fm IpXn-csb Ah t]mn-bn-cp-n-s-mWv Fv.
Pn. shns A`n-{]mbw. tcmaw sImp-m-nb hkv{X--fmWv
kpta-cn-b-m [cn-n-cp-Xv. Xe sam-b-Snv XmSn hfp-I-bm-bn-
cpp kpta-cn-b ]pcp-j-m-cpsS k{-Zmbw.
kpta-cn-b-mv ]e \K-c--fp-ap-m-bn-cpp. Ah Hmtcmpw
kzX-{-am-bn-cpp Xm\pw. Hmtcm \K-c-n\pw AXn-t-Xmb ssZh-
fpw ]ptcm-ln-X-m-cp-ap-m-bn-cpp. cmjv{Sw ssZh-n-t-Xm-
sW-m-bn-cpp kev]w. `qan Hp apmepw tZh-kz-am-bn-cpp.
ssZh-kz-p--fpsS ]cn-Nm-c-Itcm ]m-mtcm tkh-Itcm Bbn-
cpp Ahn-Ss P\X.
tZh-kz-p--fpsS {]Xy- -`-cWIm- ]ptcm-ln-X-m-
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
cm-bn-cpp. ssZh-sf {]Xn-\n-[m\w sNbvXn-cp-Xpw Ah-cs{X.
Ah aptJ-\-bmWv ssZh-im-k\w e`n-n-cp-Xv. tZh-kz-p--fpsS
hchp sNehp IW-p-I Ah IrXy-ambn tcJ-s-Spn kqn-
n-cpp. CtX Bh-iymY-am-bn-cpp Ah en]n Ip-]n-Sn-Xv.
en]n-bpsS Ip-]n-Sn--amWv kpta-cn-b-bpsS {][m\ kw`m-h\.
kpta-cn-b-m henb {]b-Xv\-im-en-I-fm-bn-cp-p-sh--Xn kwi-
b-an. \mns As Imem-h `b--c-am-bn-cpp. CS-bvnsS
sh-smw. KXm-K-X-tbm-Ky-a-m NXp-p-\n-e-. kpta-cn-b
B Imem-h-sb \nb-{np. Ah kaY-amb Pe-tk-N\ ]-
Xn-I Gs-Sp-n. bq{^-o-kn-sbpw ssS{Ko-kn-sbpw shw
Ihn-sm-gp-Ip-tm-gmWv sh-sm--ap-m-bn-cp-Xv. Cu {]Xn-
k-nsb Ah kaY-ambn t\cnp. B cp \Zn-Ip at[y
aqp henb I\m-ep-I Iodn; Ahsb ]c-kv]cw _n-np. I\m-
ep-I-fn\nv shw Irjn--e--fn-tep sImp-t]m-tI--
Xn-\mbn ssItm-Sp-I-fp-ap-mn. As\ B `qhn-`mKw tssa-
iz-cy--fpsS hnf-\n-e-ambn amdn. kpta-cn-b-cpsS Cu Petk-N\
]Xn B[p-\nI Ncn-{X-Im-c-msc Bcy ]c-X-{-cm-n-bn-pv.
CXp ImcWw kpta-cn-b hb-ep-I-fn tKmXv apX-emb [m\y-
kar--ambn hnfp. {In. ap. 485-425 Pohn {]kn
{Kov Ncn-{X-Im-c-\mb tltdm-tUm-kv (Herodotes) Fgp-Xn-sh-n-cn-
p-Xp t\mpI: ""[m\y-n\v Ccp-\qdv ta\n hnf-hp-m-bn-cpp.
tKmX-p-s\-n-sbpw _mfn-s\-n-sbpw Hcn-ev ]e-tmgpw \mep-
hn-c-ep-I-fpsS hoXn-bp-m-bn-cpp. tNmf-n-sbpw ISp-In-s-bpw-
I--Iv AZv`p-X-I-c-amb \of-ap-m-bn-cpp.''6
BI-bm kpta-cn-b-m-cpsS hb-ep-I-fn hnf-bp [m\yw
kzw Bhiyw Ignv hf-sc-tbsd anw hn-cn-Ww. Cu an-
[m\yw CXc tZi- - f n- t ev Ib- n- b b- m- \ p- DZy- a - n\n-
mhmw saskm-s]m-t-an-b-bn hym]mcw Bcw-`n-Xpw A`n-hrn
{]m]n-Xpw. {io. sI. hn. tKm]m-e-ta-t\m Fgp-Xpp: ""Ah-cpsS
hym]mcw 1200 \mgnI AIse InS-p knp-{]-tZ-i-hsc
hym]np.''7
saskm-s]m-t-an-b Ncn-{X-n-m-[mcw
{In. ap. 669-626 Ao-cnb `cn Ajq_m-\n-]m cmPm-
hns cmP-[m\n nXn-sN-bvXn-cp ew J\\w sNbvX-tm
ap-Xn-\m-bn-c-tmfw inem-en-Jn-X- Ip-Inn. Ifn-a-p-sIm-
p- m- nb B ê- I - - f n FgpXnh Imcy- Kth- j -
Iamv hmbnp a\-n-em-p-hm km[np. saskm-s]m-t-an-b-
m-cpsS Ncn-{X-sbpw kmln-Xy-sbpw Ipdn-p- Cs Adn-
hns {][m\ Dd-hnSw AXs{X. Ajq_m-\n-]m-ens Ime-p-
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
kw`-h am{X-a AXn Dt-J\w sNbvXn-cp-Xv; At-l-

ns B-{]-Imcw Fgp-p-Im AXn-\p-ap-p tcJ-I-fpsS
]Ip-Ifpw Xm-dm-n-h-n-cpp. AXn-\m B {]tZ-i--sf--n-
bp- kpZoL-amb Ncn{Xw Kth-j-I-mv ssI-m Ignp.
kpta-cn-b kwkvIm-c-n\v ]g-w-sN Imev, AXm-bXv,
{In. ap. 2300\Spv Ahn-Ss ]ptcm-ln-X-mcpw Ncn-{X-Im-c-mcpw
cmPy-ns ]pcm-X-\-N-cn-{Xs--n Hcp At\z-jWw \S-n-bn-
cpp. AhnsS `cWw \S-n-bn-cp cmPm--m-cpsS Hcp ]nI
As\ e`n-n-pv. Fm Cu ]nI AtX-]Sn kzoI-cn-p-hm
Xc-an-s-mWv B[p-\nI Ncn-{X-Im-c-m-cpsS A`n-{]mbw. B ]nI
{]Imcw Pe-{]-f-b-n\v app- cmPm--m-cpsS hmgvN-mew
4,32,000 sIm-am-sWv IW-m--s-n-cn-pp. Ccw IW-p-
I shdpw km-ev]n-I-am-hmt\ Xc-ap-q. AXn-\m {]kvXpX
IWv Cs Ncn{X hnZymYn-Iv kzoIm-cy-a. ]Icw Ncn-
{Xm-h-in-jvS--fn\nv Inp hkvXpX-I-fmWv kpta-cn-b Ncn-
{X-n-\m-[m-c-ambn kzoI-cn--s-n-cn-p-Xv. Fm Cs\ IqSp-
X hkvXp-\n-j-vT-amb IW-p-I hp-t\m-p-tmXs kpta-
cn-b kwkvIm-c-n\v hfsc ]gw ImWmw. ]n-ta-jy-bnse
Ghpw ]pcm-X-\-amb kwkvImcw kpta-cn-b kwkvImcw Xs-
bm-bn-cpp. {In. ap. 5262- \nq-dnepw {In. ap. 4500- Injnepw
{In.ap. 3500- Dudnepw cmP-hmgvN \S-n-cp--Xmbn sXfn-n-p-
sv saskm-s]m-t-an-b kmlnXy Ncn-{X-Im-c-\mb {io. IrjvW-
ssN-X\y tcJ-s-Sp-pp.8
Ajq_m-\n-]m tiJ-cn-p-h enJn-X--fn ]e hnj-b--
sfbpw kv ] in- p tcJ- I - f p- m- b n- c pp. KWnXw, Xz-
imkv{Xw, Ncn{Xw, tPymXnjw, a{-hmZw, AY-imkv{Xw, \ncpw
(\nLp), kvtXm{X-am-e-I, ]mp-I, Imhy-, CXn-lm-k-
As\ ]eXpw. Aq- - n "KnK- t ajv NcnXw' Fsmcp
Imhyw {]m[m-\y-aln-pp. CXn\v H-ne-[nIw ]mTm--c--fp-
m-bn-cpp. CXns Imew Kth-j-I-m \nW-bn-n-pv. {io.
IrjvW-ssN-X\y ]d-bpp: ""Cu Imhy-n\v GXmv {In. ap.
3000 sIms ]g--apv. CsXmcp ]qW-amb ]ucm-WnI IY-
bmWv.''9 t\ml-bpsS {]f-b-IY CXn {]Xn-]m-Zn-n-cn-p--Xn-\m
B IY Am-epw kpta-cn-b-m-cpsS kvarXn-]-Y-n amsX,
ambmsX \ne-\n-n-cp-p-shv Icp-Xm-hp--XmWv. temI-N-cn-{X-Im-
cam Fgp-Xpp: ""B Imhy-n \nmWv t\ml-bpsS IY
FSp-n-cn-p--sXp Nne Ncn-{X-Im-c-m ]d-bpp. GXm-bmepw
ss__n-fnse t\ml-bpsS Ncn{Xw CXn ]d-bp IY-bpsS Hcp
t\-Ip-t]mse tXmpw.''10
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
KnK- t a- j ns CXn- l m- k - n am{X- a ap kpta- c n- b
kmln-Xy--fnepw {]kvXpX IY ew ]nSn-n-pv. B kmln-
Xy- KnK- t a- j ns CXn- l m- k - n\pw app- - X m- b n- c pp.
saskm-s]m-t-an-b kmln-Xy-N-cn-{X-Im-c Fgp-Xpp: ""krjvSn-I-
Y- s b- t m- s e- s _m_n- t em- W n- b kmln- X y- n temI-
sbpw a\p-jy-hKsbpw \in-n Hcp alm-{]-f-b-s-n
At\Iw ]mTm--c--fpv. Ch-bn Ghpw Ah-km-\-t-Xn,
Cu IY KnK-ta-jns [oc-Ir-Xy--sf--n-bp- \o Ihn-X-bn
Ds-Sp--s-n-cn-pp.''11
BI-bm ss__n \ne-hnh-cp--Xn\v F{Xtbm app-ap-X
{]mNo\ kmln-Xy--fn ew ]nSn HmWv t\ml-bpsS Ime-
p-mb {]f-b-IY. kpta-cn-b-m-cn\n-m-hWw ap-]-ecpw AXp
]In-sb-Sp-Xv. AXn-\m {]f-b-I-Ym-\m-b-I-\mb t\ml Hcp
kpta-cn-b-\m-bn-cpp Fv I]n-p--Xn sXp-sv tXmp-
n. t\mlm-{]-hm-N-I aX-{]-t_m-[\w \S-n-bn-cp-Xv Cu P\-
]-Z-tm-Sm-bn-cp-p-shpw Ncn-{X-Im-es kpta-cn-b-m At-l-
ns ]nKm-an-I-fm-bn-cp-p-sh-pw A\p-am-\n-t-n-bn-cn-pp.
Fs-m t\ml-bpsS s]-I-n-ep-m-bn-cp GXm\pw a\p-
jycpw Pp--fp-a-msX amcpw `qan-bn Ah-ti-jn-m--hn[w,
{]f-b-n khcpw \in-p-t]mbn Fpw s]-I-n-ep-m-bn-cp-
-h t\mlbpw IpSpw-_-hp-am-bn-cp-p-shpw ss__n ]d-
bpp.12
]pcm-X-\-Im-ev saskm-s]m-t-an-b-bn \mep tZio-b-X-I
hmgp- I bpw \in- p- I bpw sNbv - X - X mbn Ncn- { X- n ImWpp:
kpta-cnb, Am-Unb, _m_n-tem-Wnb, Ao-cnb. Fm Am-
Un-b-mcpw _m-_n-tem-Wn-b-mcpw Ao-cn-b-mcpw skan-nIv
hK-ns--h-cm-bn-cpp. kpta-cn-b-m am{Xw B hK-n
s]-h-cm-bn-cp-n. kpta-cn-b-cpsS DZv`hw B[p-\nI Kth-j-I-mv
C\nbpw Xocp-am-\n-m Ign-n-n. ]t, Cy-bnse knp-
X-S-kwkvImc inev]n-I-fp-ambn Ah-v ASp--_--ap-m-bn-
cpp. Irjv W - s sN- X \y Fgp- X pp: ""Cybnse Bcy- mp
app-m-bn-cp \nhm-kn-I-fp-ambn tamlPZm-tdm-hnepw CU-
kvXm-gvh-c-bnse lc--bnepw ]m-_nse dp]m-dnepw cmP-kvXm-\nse
kc-kz-Xo-\-Zo-X-S-nepw ssakq-cnt]mepw Ipgn-s-Sp--s Ah-
in-jvS--fpsS DS-a-I-fmb \nhm-kn-I-fp-ambn Chp- _w-Im-
Wn-p sXfn-hp-I-fpv.''13
`mc-Xob kmln-Xy-nepw Hcp {]f-b-IY ew ]nSn-n-p-tm.
CXpt]mse PqX-m, Ad-_n-I apX-emb CX-c- P-\-X-I-fnepw
B IY {]N-cn-n-pv. AXn-\m B P\-]-Z--sfmw Htc Xd-hm-
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
n \nv `mKw ]ncn-p-t]m--h-cm-hmsav A\p-am-\n-p-hm

\ymbw ImWpp. {]f-b-n-\p-tijw temI-p-mb a\p-jy-k-
ap-Zm-b--sfmw t\ml-bpsS km-\-]-c--c-bns-Sp-h-cm-sW
ss__n-fns Ah-Im-i-hm-Zs Xn--f-b-W-sa-n. ]t, Cu
hnj-b-I-ambn C\nbpw Kth-j-W-]-c-c \S-t-n-bn-cn-pp.
aX-hn-izmkw
{InkvXp-hn\v HXv \qmv apv saskm-s]m-t-an-b-bnse ]ptcm-
ln-X-m Ah-cpsS tZh-K-W-ns Hcp ]nI Xm-dmn. AXn
65,000 tZh-X-I-sf-n ]d-bp-pv. ssl-h-]p-cm-W- ap-n-
ap-tmSn tZham-sc-n ]d-bp nXnv CXn AZv`p-X-s-Sm-
s\m-p-an. Fm BZn-bn C{X-b-[nIw ssZh--sfmpw kpta-
cn-bmn-m-bn-cpp. Ncn{Xw \mep P\-hn-`m-K-sf Hn-n--
tm Hmtcm hn`m-K-n-sbpw ssZh- Iqp-tNv s]cp-In-b-
Xm-h-W-sav A\p-am-\n--s-Spp. GI-Xz-hn-izm-k-ns kqN-
\bpw kpta-cn-b kwkvIm-c-ns ASn--n HfnpInS-p-
-Xmbn \mw ImWpp. kpta-cn-b-cpsS ssZh-ns t] "Fen'
Fm-bn-cpp. Fen-en-s\-bmWv BZn-bn Ah Bcm-[n-n-cp-Xv.
{io. IrjvW ssNX\y Fgp-Xpp: ""Cu {]tZ-iv BZy-ambn Bcm-
[n--sp XpS-nb tZh "Fen' BsWv tXm-pp. Fs-
m Atlw kpta-cn-b-m-cpsS ssZhambn-cpp.''14
CXpt]mse _m_n- t em- W n- b - m- c psS tZh- \ m- b n- c p
"aZqn's\w-_-n hn`m-h-\-bnepw GI-Xz-ns k]w
ImWmw. aZq-mWv Ah-cpsS hnizmkn krjvSnImhv. aZq-
ns Bcm-[-\-bmWv a\p-jy-kr-jvSn-bpsS eyw. {io. sI.hn.
tKm]m-e-ta-t\ms `mj-bn, ""_m_n-temIm-cpsS ssZh-amb aZq-
n\v {]m[m\yw Inn. Ah-km\w krjvSn-Im-hp-ambn. Cs\
\m\m-Xz-n\nv GI-Xz-n-te-p A[ym--Nn--bpsS km[m-
cW Ncn-{X-KXn ChnsS ImWpp.''15
Cu hymJym\w \apv kzoI-cn-psImW-sa-n. \psS
A`n-{]m-b-n \m\mXzn\n-v -G-I-Xz-n-te--, G-I-Xz-
n \nv \m-\m-Xz-n-te-mWv ssZh-k-]-N-cn-{X-ns KXn.
]t, GIXz hn`m-h\ saskm-s]m-t-an-b kwkvIm-c-nepw
ew ]nSn- n- p- m- b n- c p- p- s h kwKXn C- c p- W - n
{]tXyIw {it-b-as{X.
ss__n-fnse a\p-jy-kr-jvSn-bpsS IYbpw saskm-s]m-t-an-b-
m-cpsS krjvSn-I-Ybpw Xn hfsc ASp--apv: IrjvW-ssN-
X\y ]d- b pp: ""a\p- j y- k r- j v S n- b psS saskm- s ]m- t - a n- b
hymJym\w ss__n-fn-te-Xp-t]m-se--s-bmWv. aZqv kzbw apdn-
s-Sp-p-Ibpw AXn \nsm-gp-Inb c-n ap-Ip-gp a\p-
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
jys\ krjvSn-p-Ibpw sNbvXp.''16
ss__n "ssZh-cw' F hmn-\p-]-Icw "ssZh-kz-cq]w'
Fpw "Poh-izmkw' Fp-ap ssien-I-fmWv kzoI-cn-n-p-Xv.
""ssZhw Xs kzcq-]-n a\p-jys\ krjvSnv''.... ""btlm-h-
bmb ssZhw \ne-s -s]m-Sn-sImv a\p-jys\ \nan-nv, Ahs
aqn Poh- i zmkw DuXn; a\p- j y Poh- \ p- - t Z- l n-
bmbnop.'' 17
Jp-B-\m-Is, ChnsS asmcp ssien-bmWv kzoI-cn-n-cn-p-
Xv.
""Ah (ssZhw) Ifn-a-n\nv a\p-jy-krjvSn Bcw-`np....
Xs Bmhv Ah-\n DuXn..''18
ssien-I hyXy-kvX--sf-nepw Bibw Hp Xs: ùan-
I-X-bp-sSbpw ssZhn-I-tN-X-\-bp-sSbpw ka--k-k-n-fn-X-\mWv
a\p-jy. Ah-\n Aù-an-I-X-bp-sSbpw ùan-I-X-bp-sSbpw Awi-
Ien-pv. Aù-an-I-amb ssZhnI tNX\ hfn, a\p-
jy\v Hu-Xy-ns Dpw-K-irw-K-n-se-m Ignbpw. AXmWv
ssZhm-cm-[-\-bpsS eyw. ssZhm-cm-[-\-p-th-n-bs{X a\p-jy
krjvSn- - s - n- c n- p- Xv. ùan- I - X - b psS Nfn- p- n
Bpt]mImsX, Aù-an-I-X-bpsS D-X-]-Z-hn-bn Fn-t-cm-
\p ]cn-]mSn AXmWv ssZhm-cm-[\. Cu Bibw Jp-B
hy-am-p-pv. a\p-jy-kr-jvSn-bpsS Dtiyw ssZhm-cm-[-\-bm-
sWv AXv ]d-bpp.19 kpta-cn-b kmln-Xyhpw CXp Xs-
bmWv kqNn-n-p-Xv: ""ssZh-v Bcm-[\ Bh-iy-am-bn-tm-
n-sbpw AXn\v Bcp-an-m-Xn-cp--Xn-\m-emWv a\p-jy krjvSn-
- s - - s Xpw (krjv S n) IY- b psS IuXp- I I- c - a mb Hcp `mKw
{]kvXm-hn-pp.''20
A\p, Fen, FIn, \nlqkmZv, CjvSm, jamjv, kn,
\m\, Cb, \_p, AZZv apX-emb H-t\Iw tZho-tZ-h-m-cn saskm-
s]m-t-an-b-m hniz-kn-n-cpp. Ch-scmw AZr-iy-i-n-Ifpw
{]IrXn {]Xn-`m-k-sf \nb-{n-p--h-cp-am-sWv Ah hniz-
knp. Cq--n CjvSmdpw \m\bpw FInbpw tZhn-am-cm-bn-mWv
k]n--s-n-cp-Xv. A\p tZh-m-cpsS ta[m-hn-bmWv. At-l-
ns B- I Fen \S- n hcp- pp. A\p- h ns
m\w ]noSv aZq-n-\mbn. FIn `qtZ-hn-bmWv. \nlqkm-ZmWv
"A]vkp' (Pew) hns\ \nb-{n-p-Xv. CjvSm ku-cy-tZ-hn-bt{X.
\m\-tZ-hn-bmWv \Kcw cn-p-Xv. Cb \mK-cn-I-X-bp-sSbpw jamjv
kqcy-sbpw kn N{-sbpw AZZv sImSp-m-n-sbpw tZhX-I-
ft{X. jam-kns m\w HSp-hn hfsc Dbp. Atlw kh-
\pw kh-km-n-bp-ambn . jam-jn-s\-p-dn-p Hcp saskm-
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
s]m-t-an-b kvtXm{X-n ]d-bpp:

""Fm \mn- e p- a p a\p- j y- c psS B{K- l - , Ah- c psS
{]hrn-I Fmw A-dn-bpp; ImWpp.''21
Cb Pe-tZ-h-Xbpw \_p m\-tZ-h-X-bp-amWv. Cs\ Hmtcm
{]Ir-Xn-{]-Xn-`m-k-pw ]nn Nne tZh-X-I-fpsS {]h\w
\S-p-p-s-mWv Ah hniz-kn-n-cp-Xv.
CXp IqSmsX Xnbpw tcmK-fpw hcp-p Nne ZptZ-h-X-I-
fp-spw Ah hniz-kn-n-cpp. Ah ]pcp-j-mtcm kv{XoItfm
A. kwlm-c-aqn-I-fmWv.
""AKm- [ - X - e - - f n- s em- n Ah Dbnsmp. Ah
kv{Xobpw ]pcp-j-\p-a; kwlmc NWvU-hm-X--fmWv Ah.''22
]t ipn-Ia-sImpw a{-sImpw ZptZ-h-X-
Isf Bn-b-I-m Ign-bp-sav Ah [cn-n-cpp.
AZr-iy-k-Xz--fn-ep hnizmkw \ne-hn-ep Fm aX--fn-
ep-apv. Hmtcm hn`m-Khpw hnhn[ t]cp-I-fmWv \In-bn-cn-p--
sXt-bpq. ss__n "amem-J-am' FmWv Ahsc hnfn-p-
Xv. ZptZ-h-X-Isf "kmm-m' Fpw, apkvenw-I Ahsc bYm-
{Iaw "ae-pI' Fpw "ssim-m' Fpw hnfn-pp. `mc-
Xo-b-cm-Is "tZh-m' Fpw "Akp-c-m' Fp-amWv ]d-bp-Xv.
BI-bm AXn-{]m--\-Imew apX a\p-jy-cmin C-s\-bp
Aù-Xn-Im-kvXn-Xz--fn hniz-kn-p-h-cpp.
CXp-t]mse ssZh-hn-[n-bnepw saskm-s]m-t-an-bv AN-e
hnizmk-ap-m-bn-cpp. Fen-ens \K-cn-bmb "\nq' \n]-Xn
Ah-k-c-n \S Zo\-tcmZ\w CXm-bn-cpp: ""tZhm-[n-tZhm, temI-
-fpsS A[n-\m-bIm, Bg-am a\p-jy-lr-Z-b-ns, ]hn-{X-]Z-
ns, {]]--ns A[oim, AXyp--X-\m-tbmt\, Cu hnem]w
{ihn-mepw ... inYn-eo-Ir-X-amb t{X-v thn hne-]\w
\S-s. XI-s tZhm-e-b-v thn hne-]\w \S-s.
BcpsS ]-Xn-I-fpsS k, BcpsS Nn a\p-jy-_p-n--Xo-Xtam,
B ssZh-hn-[n-bpsS k-bmWv Fen....apI-fn kzKs
\n-e-am-p ssZh-hn[n; Xmsg `qansb \n-e-am-p ssZh-
hn[n; tZh-K-W-n-S-bn òXn P\n-n-p ssZh-hn[n AXn-
s\mcp am{n-I-\n!23
saskm-s]m-t-an-b-m-cpsS [am[a-s-p-dn-p Nn Hcp
_m_n-tem-Wn-b {]mY-\-bn \nv A\p-am-\n-m-hp--XmWv:
""Rm sNbvX ]m]s \-bmbn ampI; Fs A]-cm-[-sf
Im-Snp If-bs. Fs ZpjvIa-K-W-sf Hcp aen-\-h-kv{X-sa-
-t]mse Fn \npw amn--f-bpI. Fs ssZhta, Fs ]m]-
Gtg-gn-c-n-bm-sW-nepw, Fs ]m]-sf Igp-In--f-bpI.
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
Ahn-Ss lrZbw inip-sf s]p hf-nb Hcp amXm-hns
lrZbw t]mse ktm-jn-s. inip-sf s]p hfnb amXm-
hn-s\-tmse, Ahsc P\n-n ]nXm-hn-s\-tmse AXv ktm-jn-
s!'' 24
aXhpw kmaq-lnI \oXnbpw
saskm-s]m-t-anb `cn-n-cp cmPm--m-cn ]ecpw ssZh-hn-
izm-khpw kmaq-lnI-\o-Xnbpw Xn _-ap-sp [cn-n-cpp.
{]_p--cmb {]kvXpX cmPm--m-cn Hcm eKmjv \K-c-nse
Ddp-m-Pn\ Bbn-cpp. Ct-l-ns Imew {In. ap. 2900amm-
sWv Kth-j-I-m IW-m-n-bn-pv. Ddp-m-Pn\ Xs P\-

v kzmX{yw \In Fv Ah- I m- i - s - S p- I - b p- mbn.
Atlw \S-m-nb \nb-a-fpw hyh--Ifpw {]kvXpX Ah-Im-
i-hm-Zs Gd-ptd km[q-I-cn-p-p-p-Xm\pw. ]mh--sfbpw
\n-lm-b-scbpw NqjWw sNbvXv, As [\n-I-mcpw aXm-[n-
Im-cn-Ifpw \nm-c-hn-ebvv `qanbpw hkvXp-fpw ssIh-i-s-Sp-n-
bn-cpp. AXp-sImv Xmsg-]-d-bp Hcp \nbaw cmPmhv \S-mn:
""cmPm-hns {]Pv Hcp \ Igp-X-pn P\n-p-Ibpw Abm-
fpsS apX-em-f- AXv "Rm hmn-smpw' Fp ]d-bp-Ibpw
sNp--]w, DS-a--\mb \n[-\\v AXv hnm-Xn-cn-p--Xn-
\p Ah-Im-i-apv. AYhm Ah hnp-hm Xm-dm-sW-n
Xs apX-em-f-t\mSv "Fs IpSpw-_hpw Fs a\pw Xr]vXn-s-
Sp-Xv hsc shn-\m-Wy-n hne XcnI' Fp ]dbmw.''25
]mh-s--h-cpsS tXm-n ISv acw apdn-pI, êw ]dn-s-
Sp-pI apX-emb A{I-a- As ]ptcm-ln-X-m sNbvXn-
cpp. Cu A{I-a-tbpw Ddp-m-Pn\ \n sNbvXp:
""]mh--fpsS amXm-hns tXm-nse ac- apdn-p-Ibpw
ê- ]dn-s-Sp-p-Ibpw sNp-Xv ]ptcm-ln-X-m-cpsS Hcp ]Xn-
hm-bn-cpp. ]mh--fpsS amXm-hns tXm-n ]noSv Abm
IS-n-n. Abm Ah-fpsS hr- apdn-p-Itbm, ê-
FSp-p-sIm-p-t]m-Ip-Itbm sNbvXn-n.''26
Iogvtm-S-Xn-I-fn \oXn-ym-b-]m-e\w hf-sc-b-[nIw Agn-a-Xn-
I-tfm-sS-bmWv ]ptcm-ln-X-m \S-p--sXv Atlw Ip.
AXpw Ah- k m- \ n- np. apqdv sImw Ignv eKmjv \Kcw
KpUnb F cmPm-hns A[o-\-n hp. Atlw ]e ]cn-
jvIm-c-fpw \S-n hcpn. Cq--n-sem-m-bn-cpp am\-h-k-
aXzw. At-l-ns Hcp inem-^-e-I-n ]d-bp-Xp t\mpI:
""Ggp sIm-tv `rXy bP-am-\-n-tbmSv Xpey-am-bn-cpp. ASna
Ahs DS-a-tbm-sSmw t]mbn. Fs ]-W-nse _e-lo-\
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
_e-hms ASp- hn{i-anp.''27

KpUn-b-cm-Pm-hns ac-W-tijw P\- At-ls ssZh-
s-sb- t]mse BZ-cnpt]mn-cpp. CXp {]Imcw Du ]-W-
n `cWw \S-nb "Du FwKp' cmPmhpw ({In.ap. 2450) At-
l-ns ]p{X UpwKnbpw ({In.ap. 2400) icn-bmb kmaq-lnI-
\oXn m]n- p- I - b p- mbn. 58 sImw cmPyw `cnp UpwKn.
CsXms ssZh-m \nZn-jvS-amb Xz-ns ASn-m-\-
n-em-bn-cp-p-shv {]kvXpX Du FwK-dns Hcp {]Jym-]\w
Xs sXfn-bn-p-pv:
""jam-jns \ymb-{]-am-W- hgn Rm Fs-t-p-ambn
\ymb-tas-Spn! ''28
lp-dm-_n-bpsS "\nb-a-kw-lnX' Ncn-{X-Im-c-m-n-S-bn kp{]-
kn--amWv. {In.ap. 2123 apX 2081 hsc _m_n-tem-Wnb `cn B
cmPm-hns \nba kwlnX apgp-h Cp \app Inn-bn-pv. ine-
bn Dt-J\w sNbvXp-sh--Xm-bn-cpp AXv. AXns apJ-hp-c-
bn ]d-bpp: ""tZh-m-cmb A\phpw t_epw hmgv-s cmP-
Ip-am-c\pw ssZhm-cm-[-I-\p-amb lp-dm-_nsb hnfnp C{]-Imcw
]dp: cmPy-sm-msI \oXn-\ymbw ]men-pI; ZpjvS-m-scbpw
Zpjv{]-hr-n-I-sfbpw Cm-bva-sN-pI; _e-hm _e-lo-\s\ aZn-
p-Xp XS-bpI; `qan-bn hnm\w ]IpI! t_en-\m
hnfn--s \ymbm-[n-]-\mb lp-dm_n Rm\m-Wv. P\--fpsS
\ymbm- [ n- ] \pw ssZh- n\v Cjv S - a mb {]hrn- I sNp
Zmk\pw Rm\mWv. Rm k-Xvk-arn ssIh-cpn; P\-v
shw [mcm- f - a mbn hnX- c Ww sNbv X p; B]- X v m- e v Rm
Ahsc klm-bnp.''29
lp-dm-_n-bpsS `c-W-n \nb-a-ns apn Fm-hcpw
ka-m-cm-bn-cpp. apJ-hpc XpS-cpp: ""Ah-i-Xm-]-cn-lm-c-n\v lc-
Pn-I-fp-ambn hcp Fm-hcpw \oXn-am-\mb Hcp cmPm-hns apn-
se--t]mse Fs {]Xn-a-bpsS apn hcs; Fs kvamc-I-n
sImn-bn-p inem-en-Jn-X- hmbnv, B hne-tb-dnb kq-
nI a\-n-em-s; Ahs k-S-v Fs inem-en-Jn-X--
fn ]cn-lmcw Is-s; Ahs Ah-Im-i- a\-n-em-p-
am-dm-Is; Ahs a\v ktmjw sImv \nd-bs. lpdm_n
Xs {]P-Iv ]nXm-hmb Hcp \mY-\m-Ipp. Atlw `qan-bn
ip-amb Hcp `cWw Gs-Spn.''30
lp-dm-_n- Ah-Im-i-s--t]mse {]kvXpX \nb-a-kw-lnX Hcp
ssZhnI \nb-a-kw-ln-X-bm-bn-cp-p-shv hnNm-cn-m \ymb-apv.
]nm-ev C{km-tb kap-Zm-b-n \S-n hXpw tamk-
n\v Ah-X-cnv Inn-b-sXv hniz-kn--s-Sp--Xp-amb \nb-a-kw-
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
ln-Xv lp-dm-_n-bpsS kwln-X-tbm-Sp IS-mSv Ncn-{X-\n-cq-]-I-
m Nqn-m-Wn-n-pv. Ckvem-anI ico-A-n\pw AXn-t\mSv
A]m-c-amb kmZr-iy-apv. BI-bm {]kvXpX kwln-X-I-sfmw
Htc kcn-n \nv \nK-fn--Xm-sW-v ]d-bm-hp--XmWv. AXn-
\m saskm-s]m-t-an-b-bn hfp hnI-kn kwkvImcw Hcp
{]hm-NI {]t_m-[-\-ns AkvXn-hm-c-n m]n-X-am-bn-cpp
F \nK-a-\-nsen-t-cm hnj-a-an. Ime-N-{I-ns Idw
B kwkvIm-c-n ]e am-fpw hcp-n-bn-cnmw. As\ {]hm-
N-I-{]-t_m-[n-X-amb Xz--fn \nv AXp hf-sc-b-[nIw hyXn-
N-en-p-t]m-b-Xmhmw. CXp Xs-bmWv asm temI-kw-kvIm-c-
pw kw`-hn-Xv.
lp-dm-_nbpw A{am-sêpw
PqX-mcpw {InkvXym-\n-Ifpw apkvenw-Ifpw Hcp-t]mse {]hm-N-
I-s\p hniz-kn-p A{_-lman (C_v-dmlow \_n)s P-tZiw
_m_n-tem-Wn-b-bm-bn-cpp Fv ss__n-fn\nv hy-amhpw.
_m_n- t em- W nbm cmjv { Ss "io\m' FmWv DXv ] - n- ] p-
kvXIw31 hnfn-n-cn-p-Xv. A{_-lm-ans Imev io\m `cn-n-
cp cmPm- h ns t] "A{am- s ^' Fm- b n- c pp. 32 Fm
Ad_n {K- "\nwdqZv' FmWv As cmPm-hns\ hnfn-
p-Xv. \nwdqZv FXv Am-ev _m_n-tem-Wnb `cn-n-cp
cmPm--m-cpsS m\-t-cm-hWw; "^n-Hu' (^tdmh), \min
(t\Kkv), "ssJk' (kok), "Inkvdm' Fo t]cp-It]mse
Xs. AXn-\m \nwdqZv ]c--c-bnse Hcp N{I-hn-bmhmw A{am-
s^.
{]kvXpX A{am-s^ BhWw, inem-en-Jn-X--fn Is-
nb lp-dm_n Fv Ncn-{Xm-t\z-j-I-cn Nne-`n-{]m-b-apv.
lA, _ ^ Fo hW- skan-nv `mj-I-fn At\ym\yw
amdn hcnI km[m-c-W-at{X. As\ lp-dm_n F _m_n-tem-
Wn- b kw ln{_p- ` m- j - b n ISph- t m "Aap- d m^n'
Bbn. "F' ln{_p-hn ssZh-ns t]cmWv. Fen-t\mSv tNv
[mcmfw t]cp-I ln{_p-hn ImWmw. iap-th, bl-kvtI,
bn{km-tb Fnh DZm-l-cWw. Aap-dm-^n-tbmSv ln{_p-ssi-en-b-
\p-k-cnv F tNv Ah-km\w A{am-s^ Bbn-o-Xm-hm-
sa-mWv knZv kpsse-am \Zvhn-bpsS \nK-a\w. Atlw Cu
\nK-a-\s \ymbo-I-cn-psImv {]kvXm-hn-pp: ""A{am-sêpw
lp-dm-_nbpw Htc BfmWv F \nK-a-\-n\v henb Hcp sXfnhv
Ccp-h-cp-sSbpw Imehpw tZihpw GXmv Hm-bXp IqSn-bmWv.''33
]mm-Xy Ncn-{X-Im-c-\mb B.Uyp. cmKkn\pw GXmv
CtX A`n-{]m-b-am-Wp--sXv \Zvhn kqNn-n-n-pv.34
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
BI- b m {]hm- N - I - \ mb A{_- l m- a ns aX- { ]- t _m- [ - \ -

n\n-p-bnsIm--XmWv lp-dm-_n-bpsS \nb-a-kw-lnX Fv
hnNm-cn-p-hm km[y-X-bpv. Cs\ t\mp-tm saskm-s]m-
t-an-b kwkv-Im-c-ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I Ahn-S--fn aX-{]-
t_m-[\w \S-n-bn-cp alm ]pcp-j-m-cpsS Nnm-K-Xn-Ifpw Bi-
b-K-Xn-I-fp-am-sWv ImWm-hp--XmWv. Fm B alm-]p-cp-j-m-
cpsS Poh-N-cn-{X-fpw bYmY-a-X-{]-t_m-[-\-fpw \n`m-Ky-h-im
\apv J\-\--fn e`n-n-n. AXn-sempw AZv`p-X-s-Sm-\p-an--
Xm\pw. ImcWw, X-fpsS kvamc-I--msX asm-n\pw cmPm-
-mtcm {]`p--mtcm hne I]n-pI ]Xn-hn-tm.
ssk-hamcpw saskm-s]m-t-an-bcpw Xn-ep aX-]-c-amb
ASp-s--n ASp A[ym-b-n ]cn-tim-[nmw.
Ipdn-p-I
1. hmv lmUv C lndn t]Pv 112
2. hniz-Zi-\- t]Pv 542, 543
3. Ibid P. 540-541
4. tem-I-N-cn{X kw{Klw t]Pv 68
5. Ibid P. 68
6. DcWw: saskm-s]m-t-an-b kmln-Xy-N-cn{Xw t]Pv 10
8. saskm-s]m-t-an-b kmln-Xy-N-cn{Xw t]Pv 14
9. Ibid P. 67
11. saskm-s]m-t-an-b kmln-Xy-N-cn-{Xw t]Pv 49
12. DXv]n 7-mw A[ymbw t\mpI.
14. Ibid P. 26
17. DXv]n 1: 27, 2: 7
18. Jp-B 32: 7,9
19. Ibid A[ymbw 51, kqw 56 t\mpI.
20. saskm-s]m-t-an-b kmln-Xy-N-cn{Xw t]Pv 48.
21. Ibid P. 32
22. Ibid P. 29
23. Ibid P. 40
24. Ibid P. 37, 38
25. Ibid P. 86
26. D-cWw: Ibid P. 87
27. D-cWw: Ibid P. 87, 88
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
28. D-cWw: Ibid P. 88.
29. D-cWw: Ibid P. 88, 89
31. DXv]n 10:10
32. Ibid 14:1
33. AZp Jp-B hmfyw 1, t]Pv 143
34. Ibid hmfyw 1, t]Pv 143
A[ymbw ]Xn-s\mv
aX-]-c-amb ASpw
sh-e-bp-K-n-emWv knp-\-Zo-X-S-kw-kvImcw Xgp hf-sXv
DXvJ-\\ Kth-jWw sXfn-bn-pp. Fm AXns Bcw`w
AXn\pw F{X-tbm \qm-p-Iv ap]m-bn-cn-Ww. Fs-m
]qW hf ssIh Hcp kwkvIm-c-am-bn-mWv knp-\m-K-cn-
IXzw \psS Adn-hn hcp-Xv. Hcp \mK-cn-IX B Zi-bn-se--
W-sa-n ]e hfm-L---sfbpw ]nn-SmsX h. ]WvUnv
s\lvdp-hns A\p-am-\-n Atm Btdm kl-{km-_vZ-
]g--apv knp-XS kwkvIm-c-n\v.1
GXmv AtX Ime-m-hWw saskm-s]m-t-an-b kwkvIm-
chpw Xgp hfXv. knp-X-S-hm-kn-Iv saskm-s]m-t-an-b-
m-cp-ambn ASp k-ap-m-bn-cp-p-sh Ncn-{Xm-t\z-j-I-
m- c psS A`n- { ]mbw \mw Ip. ssk- h - m kaY- c mb
ISbm{X-mcpw I-h-S-m-cp-am-bn-cpp. J\-\-n e`n ap{Z-
I-fn ImWp I Nn{X-fpw, hnhn[ Xc-n-ep Af-hp-I-
fp-sSbpw Xq--fp-sSbpw Nn-fpw AXmWv kqNn-n-p-Xv.
IqSmsX saskm-s]m-t-an-b-bnse Hcp ]pcm-X\ \K-c-amb eKm-jn-\-
Sp-p-\nv Hcp XpWn-s-ns Acn-In Hcp Cy ap{Z Ip-
In-n-bXv hy-am-p-Xpw AXmWv.
]cpn \qem-p-hm\pw \qep-sImv hkv{X-s\-p-hm\pw
knp-X-S-hm-kn-I ]Tn-n-cpp. J\-\-n Is-Sp XpWn-
jWw AXv sXfn-bnp. NpIv Nmbw sImSpv tamSn-]n-Sn-n
B XpWn s\bvp-hy-h-km-b-n Ahp-m-bn-cp ]ptcm-
KXn ImWn-pp. {Kop-`m-j-bn ]cp-n-p-]-tbm-Kn-p t]
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
"kntm' Fs{X. ]pcm-X-\-Im-ev ]cp-npw ]cp-n-sIm-

p hkv{X-pw {ipXn-s cmPyw knm-b-Xn-\m-em-hWw
AXn\v B t] Inn-b-sXv A\p-am-\n--s-Spp. {Kop-Im ]cp-
n-pWn hmn-bn-cp-Xv knn \nm-bn-cn-Ww.
saskm-s]m-t-an-bbpw knpw Xn-ep-m-bn-cp _-s-
n \mw hnh-cn-n-pv. tIhew I-h-S-_--am-bn-cp-n AXv.
AXn Ihnv, kmwkvIm-cn-Ihpw aX-]-chpw IqSn-bm-bn-cpp.
knp- X - S - h m- k n- I - f psS aX- k - ]hpw kpta- c n- b - c psS aX- k -
]hpw Xn hep-Xmb kmZr-iy-apv. CtX-n tPm amj-
ens ]w CXmWv:
""knp-X-S-nse P\--fpsS aX-n ImWp ]eXpw kam-
c \ne-bn ap P\--fnepw ImWm-\p-s-Xv icn-X-s-sb-
nepw, Ncn{X Ime-n\v app Fm aX--fp-sSbpw, Ncn-{X-
Imew apXn-tm-p- an aX--fp-sSbpw nXn CXp-X-s-
bmWv . '' 2
Fm ssk-h-m-cp-sSbpw saskm-s]m-t-an-b-cp-sSbpw aX-
`m-h-\-I {]mtbW Hm-bn-cp-p-sh-mWv Ncn{X tcJ-Ifpw J\-
\-K-th-j-W-fpw sXfn-bn-n-cn-p-Xv. {io. cmlp kmwIr-Xym-
bs A`n-{]m-b-n ""knp-\m-K-cn-IXzw Akp-c-ImZn \mK-cn-
I- X z- ns ka- I m- e nIw am{X- a , `Kn- \ nbpw IqSn- b m- b n- c pp.''
ImcWw ""cn-tebpw [manI `mh-\-Iv hfsc ASp--ap-m-bn-
cpp.''3 am{X-a, ""Bcy-m Cy-bn hcp--Xn\v apv knp-
Xm-gvh-c-bn Ao-c-nb-bnse Hcp ]cn-jvIr-X-hn-`mKw \nh-kn-n-cpp''4
Fp-t]mepw Atlw A`n-{]m-b-s-n-cn-pp. A-s\-bms-W-n
knp-\m-K-cn-IXzw ]Sp-p-bnb Ic- kpta-cn-b-m-cp-tS-Xm-
hm hfsc km[y-X-bpv. AXn-\m kpta-cn-b aXhpw ssk-
h aXhpw auen-I-ambn Hms-Wv hcpp.
Dtiw {In. ap. Bdm-bn-c-am-nt\m Ggm-bn-c-am-nt\m apv kpta-
cn-b \mK-cn-IX Bcw-`n-n-cn-m-sa-mWv Ncn-{X-Im-c-m-cpsS A\p-
am\w. AXn\v A\p-Iq-e-amb sXfn-hp-I J\-\-n ssIh-n-p-
apv. ""IqSp-X hkvXp\njvT-amb IW-p-I shp-t\m-n-bmepw
kpta-dn-b kwkvImcw ]Sn-m-d Gjy-bnse Ghpw ]pcm-X\
kwkvIm-c-ambn \nesIm-pp. {In. ap. 5262- \nq-dnepw {In. ap.
4500 -Injnepw {In. ap. 3500- Dudnepw cmP-hw-i- `cn-n-cp-
-Xmbn sXfn-hpv. Cu {]tZ-iv a\p-jy-hmkw AXn-s\-{Xtbm
apv Bcw-`n-n-cn--W-sav hy-amWv.''5
BZy-ambn kwkvImcw m]n-X-am-bXpw hfp hXpw \Zo-
Xo-c--fn-em-bn-cpp. bq{^-o-kn-sbpw ssS{Ko-kn-sbpw at[y-bp
{]tZiw, ss\ \Zn-bpsS Xmgvhmcw, knp-XSw apX-em-bh Cq-
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
-n s]Spp. Fv.Pn. shv Fgp-Xn-bXv t\mpI: ""Dtiw
{In. ap. 6000-amnt\m, 7000-amnt\m ASpv, Gjy-bnse ê-
]p-jvS--fmb ]e {]tZ-i--fnepw ss\o-c-nepw s]dp-kw-
kvIm-c-tmSv InS \np A[-kw-kvIm-c-ap a\pjy kap-Zm-
b- Bhn`- h np Ign- n- c pp...... saskm- s ]m- t - a n- b bpsS
sXp- ` m- K - - f nepw CuPn- ] v X n- e p- a mWv BZy- a mbn ]- W - fpw
t{X-fpw Pe-tk-N\ ]-Xn-Ifpw, shdp-samcp {Kma-\-K-c-n
\n]w Db kap-Zm-b-L-S-\-bpsS ap e-W-fpw {]Xy-
-s-Sp-Xv. Am-ev bq{^-okv \Znbpw ssS{Kokv \Znbpw
hn`n kc-Wn-I-fn-eq-sS-bmWv t]jy D-S-en sNp hoWn-
cp-Xv. Cu cp \Zn-I-fp-tSbpw at[y-bp `q`m-K-n-emWv kpta-
cn-b-m BZy-ambn Ah-cpsS ]-W- ]Wn-sN-bvXXv.''6
Ncn-{Xm-Xo-X-Im-ev kw`-hn--Xmbn ]e aX {K--fnepw {]Xn-
]m-Znp ImWp Hcp kw`h-amWv Pe {]fbw. Cu IY hK-
Xn-ep ]pcm-X\ _s Nqn-m-Wn-p-pv. t\ml-bpsS
Imev kw`-hn--Xmbn ss__nfpw Jp-B\pw ]d-bp {]kvXpX
IY saskm-s]m-t-an-b kmln-Xy--fnepw ew ]nSn-n-pv.
Ajq_-\o-]m F Ao-cn-b cmPm-hns {K tiJcw J\-
\-n IpInn. Aq--n "KnK-tajv' F Hcp hoc-iq-
cs Ncn-{X-s-p-dn Hcp CXn-lmk Imhyhpw Ds-Spp. Cu
Imhy-n\v GXmv {In. ap. 3000 hjs ]g--apv.7 ss__n-
fnse {]fb IY {]kvXpX CXn-lm-k-n \nv ]In-b-Xm-
sWv Nne \ncq-]-I-mv ]-apv. GXm-bmepw 5000 hj-
p apv kpta-cn-b-mn-S-bn {]Np-c-{]-Nmcw knn Hcp
IY-bm-bn-cpp AXv F Imcy-n Ncn{Xw kwi-bn-p-n.
CsXmcp I]nX IY-sb-mWv ASp Imew hsc Ncn-{Xm-t\z-j-
I-m [cn-n-cp-Xv. Fm CnsS "Acm-dmv' ]hX inJ-c-
n Is-nb Hcp {]mNo\ I-ens Ah-injvSw t\ml-bp-
tS-Xm-hm km[yX sXfnp hn-cn-pp. Fs-m t\ml-
bpsS I-ens BIr-Xnbpw Af-hp-Ifpw ss__n-fn hnkvX-cn-n-
pv. Ah Cu Af-hp-I-tfmSv tbmPn-pp.8
CtX IY asmcp cq]-n Cy kmln-Xy--fnepw ew
]nSn-n-pv. sshh-kz-X-a-\p-hmWv Cy {]fb IYm-\m-b-I.
Cy ]pcmW {]Imcw a\p- ]Xn-\m-epv. Ggm-as tZl-
amWv hnh-kzms aI-\mb a\p. a\p-hns hmgvN-mew ]pcm-W-a-
\p-k-cnv 43,20,000 hj-amWv. Cu IW-n\v saskm-s]m-t-an-b-
bnse ]pcm-W-hp-ambn _-ap-sp Nne ]d-bpp. Ahn-Ss
]ptcm-lnX Ncn-{X-Im-c-m Dtiw {In.ap. 2300-amn-t\m-S-Spv
\mns ]qh-Im-e-N-cn-{X-s-n \S-nb At\z-j-W-êw inem-
en-Jn-X--fn tcJ-s-Sp-n-h-n-cpp. Cu tcJ-bn ]d--{]-
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
Imcw, Pe-{]-f-b-n\v apv kpta-cnb `cn cmPm--m-cpsS Imew

4,32,000 hj--fmWv. CtX-n "hnUp-dmn's Our Oriental Heri-
tage (t]. 119,120) F IrXnsb D-cnp "Ien-bpK'ns Im-
Fgp-Xpp: ""kpta-cnb-bnse ]ptcm-lnX Ncn-{X-Im-c-m Ah-
cpsS cmPy-ns Hcp ]pcm-X\ Ncn-{X-ap-mn Fpw AX-\p-k-
cnv Hcp ]c- - c - b psS hmgv N - mewPe- { ]- f - b - n- \ p- a p- p- Xv
4,32,000 hj--fm-sWpw tcJ-s-Sp-n-sh-n-ps-pw hnUp-
dm v {]kvXm-hn-pp.''9
Cu IW-n Hcp ]qPyw tNm Cy ]pcm-W-a-\p-k-cn-
p "a\z-cw' (a\p-hns hmgvN-mew) Bbn. AXn-\m Cy
]pcm-W-nse {]kvXpX a\z-c \nW-b-n-\m-[mcw saskm-s]m-
t-an-b ]ptcm-ln-X-m-cpsS IW-m-sWpw, AXp ]In-b-
tm Hcp ]qPyw IqSn-tm-b-Xm-bn-cn--W-sapw kwi-bn-m hI-
bpv. _m_n-tem-Wn-b-bnse _m t{X-ns ]ptcm-ln-X\pw
ImUn- b - b psS Ncn- { X- s a- g p- X nb Bfp- a mb "s_d-
kqkn'( Berasus.B.C.400 )s\ D- c n- p- s Imv PqX- { K- - I m- c - mcpw
{Kop- { K- - I m- c - mcpw Hcp IWv sImSppImWp- pv .
AXnepw {]f-b-n\p app cmPm--m-cpsS hmgvN-mew 4,32,000
FmWv ImWn-n-cn-p-Xv.10
GXm-bmepw {]kvXpX IWv shdpw km]n-I-amWv. AXn\v
Ncn-{X-]-c-amb ASn-m-\-sam-p-an. ]t, Cy ]pcm-Whpw
saskm-s]m-t-an-b tcJ-Ifpw Xn-ep ASp-s AXv sXfn-
bn-p-pv. t\ml F skan-nIv \mahpw a\p F Cy
\mahpw Xn-ep kmayw \mw apv kqNn-n-n-pv. Ien-bp-K-ns
Im- ]d- b pp: ""ss__n- f nse t\mlbpw Cy- b nse
sshh-kzX a\phpw Hcm Xs-bmWv.''11
C-cp-W-n Ad_n Ncn-{X-Im-c\pw temI-k-m-cn-bp-am-bn-
cp A_p lk akqZn (acWw {In. 956)bpsS A`n-{]mbw
IqSn tcJ-s-Sp-s. Atlw Xs "apdq-Pp--l_v' F Ncn{X
{K- n FgpXn shn- c n- p- Xpw ImWpI: ""t\ml- b psS
]u{Xs ]p{X \q^n Xs IpSpw-_-k-taXw Cy-bn-tev
knn-tev bm{Xbmbn...... knnse P\- At-l-ns
km-\-]-c--c-bn s]-h-cm-Ipp.''12
knp-Xm-gvh-c-bn saskm-s]m-t-an-b-bnse Hcp ]cn-jvIr-X-hn-
`mKw A[n- h m- k - a p- d - n- n- c p- p- s hv cmlpkmw- I r- X ym- b \pw
kaYn-n-p-tm. B ]cn-jvIrX hn`mKw t\ml-bpsS ]napd-
m-cm-bn-cn-Ww. CtX ]cn-jvIrX hn`m-K-am-hWw, ]nm-ev
{Zmhn-U F t]cn Adn-b-s-Xv. {Zmhn-U-i-_vZhpw Xncp-bm-
^nYpw Xn-ep kmZriyw \mw Nqn-m-Wn-n-pv. bm^nYv
t\ml-bpsS Hcp ]p{X-\m-bn-cpp. bm^n-Yns ]u{X-\mb Baq
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
Cy AXnn-I-fn hv Xma-k-ap-d-n--Xmbn akqZn asm-cn-
Sv {]kvXm-hn-n-pv.''13
Npcp--n, kpta-cn-bcpw {Zmhn-Ucpw hK-im-kv{X-]-c-ambn
Htc hn`m-K-am-sW ]-amWv IqSp-X icn-bmbn tXmp-Xv.
Pb-kz-em Fgp-Xpp: ""asmcp hn`mKw `qKìm-kv{X--m
]Sn-m-d Cybpw kpta-cn-bbpw Xn _n.kn. 6000-amp
apX Xs I-hSw \S-n-cp-p-shpw kpta-cn-bcpw {Zmhn-Ucpw
Xn `mjm-]-c-ambpw hK-im-kv{X-]-c-ambpw (Ethnic) apw kmayw
hln-p-p-spw A`n-{]m-b-s-Spp.''14
"AUzmkvUv lndn Hm^v Cy' F IrXn-bn \nv "Cy-
bnse hW-k-acw' F IrXn D-cn-pp: ""Ah-km-\-ambn knp-
X-S-\m-K-cn-IX GXp hK-n-\n-S-bn-emWv hfp-h--sX tNmZyw
DZn-pp. Ah {Zmhn-U-m-cm-bn-cpp Fp Nnecpw, {Zmhn-Ucpw
kpta-cn-b-cp-amb cp hn`m-K-mcpw (bYmY-n) Hp Xs-
bm-bn-cpp Fp ap Nnecpw A`n-{]m-b-s-Spp.''15
sshh-kzX a\p-hns\ `mc-Xob kmlnXyw "kXy-{h-X' Fpw
hnfn-m-dpv. kXy-{h-Xs\ {Zmhn-U-cpsS "Cuiz-c' (\mY) Fv
alm-`m-cXw hnti-jn-n-pp:
""kXy-{h-tXm-RvP-en-KXmw kltXm tb\ `mcX!
D-k\ ZotXmtb i^cow {Zhn-tU-izcx''16
""tbm ku kXy-{htXm \ma cmPjn {Zhn-tU-izcx
m\w tbmf XoX Iev]mt tet` ]pcpj tkhbm''17
a\p {Zmhn-U-cpsS cmPmhpw t\Xm-hp-am-sW-n {Zmhn-U At-
l-ns k-Xn-Ifpw A\p-bm-bn-I-fp-am-bn-cppshp hcpp.
Fm a\p-hns kztZiw `mc-X-am-bn-cp-n-spw kpta-cn-b-bmbn-
cp-p-shpw, AXp-t]mse a\p-hns I {]f-bm-\-cw \nXv
lnam- e - b - n- e - s pw Acm- d m- n- e m- s Wpw [cn- t - n- h cpw.
A- c m- ` ymkw {]Nm- c - s - S p- - X n\v apv h{m- \ p- h - { - a mbn
]Ip-h Hcp IY-bmWv {]fb kw`hw. hmm-hn-\n-ab kuI-
cy- hf-sc-tbsd {]Nm-c-s-n-cn-p Cm-e-p-t]mepw Htc
kw`hw hnhn[ cq]-n-emWv dntmv sN-s-Sp-Xv. Fn-cn-p-
tm ]pcm-X-\-Im-es Hcp kw`hw hyXykvX cq]-n, hnhn[
CS--fn {]N-cn--Xn AZv`p-X-s-Sm-s\m-p-an. BI-bm a\p-
hns IY Cy-bn {]N-cn-Xv Chn-Ss kml-N-cy-n-s\m
hn[-n-em-sWv Iev]n-m-t\-bp-q.
sskh kwkvIm-c
- nse aXw
ChnsS Hcp {]iv\-n\v BZyta Dcw ImtW--Xpv: t\ml
Hcp _lp-ssZ-hXz {]Nm-c-I-\m-bn-cp-n. adnp GI-ssZ-h-Xzs
{]N-cn-n-t--Xn\pw AXns ASn-m-\-n Hcp [manI hyh-
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
nXn sIn--Sp-t--Xn-\pambn ssZh-m \ntbm-Kn--s Hcp

{]hm-N-I-\m-bn-cpp. Fm ssk-h-kw-kvIm-c-nse aX hn`m-
h-\-bpsS nXn A-s\-b. AhnsS enwK ]qP, inh ]qP, tZho
]qP apX-emb \m\mXz k]--fpsS e-W--fmWv \mw ImWp-
Xv. t\ml-bpsS k-Xn-Ifpw A\p-bm-bn-I-fp-am-bn-cpp knp-
X-S-hm-kn-I-sf-n Ah Fs\ _lpssZh-hm-Zn-I-fm-bn-op?
J\-\-n ssIh Fm Ah-in-jvS-fpw Htc hn`m-K-m-cp-
tS-Xm-bn-cp-p-shv hnNm-cn-m h. Ah-bn Chn-Ss BZn-hm-
kn-I-fpsS kmwkv-Im-cn-Im-h-injvS-pw Hcp ]pv. tZho-]q-P-
bpsS kvamc-I-fpw inh-hn-{K-l-fpw \-In-bpsS {]Xn-abpw
apw BZn-hm-kn-I-fpsS hI-bm-bn-cn-m-\mWv IqS-pX km[yX.
Fm kwkvIm-c-ku[w sIn--Sp ]cn-jvIrX hn`mKw saskm-
s]m-t-an-b-bn \nv ChnsS IpSn-tbdnm-h-cms-Wv ]dbmw.
\psS Cu knm--n-\p-t]m-Zv_-e-I-amWv \c-hw-i-im-kv{X--
mcpsS \nK-a\w. Ahsc D-cnp {io. hn.B. ]c-ta-iz-c]n
Fgp-Xpp: ""tamlP-Zm-tdm-hnepw lmc--bnepw \nv J\\w sNb-
vsX-Sp a\p-jym-n-]-RvP-c-sf ]cn-tim-[np t\mnb \c-hw-
i-m-\n-I ]d-bp-Xv Ah Htc hK-ns a\p-jy-cp-tS-
X FmWv.''18
knp-X-S-n GI-Xz-hn-izm-kn-I-fp-tS-Xmb Hcp hn`mKw A[n-
h-kn-n-cp-p-shv Ncn-{X-Im-c-m tcJ-s-Sp-pp. {io. ]n. tXmakv
Xs "`mc-Xob kmwkvIm-cnI km{amPy Ncn{Xw' F ]pkvX-I-
n tcJ-s-Sp-n-bXp ImWpI: ""knp-\-Zo-X-S-hm-kn-I-fpsS
aX-t_m-[-s-p-dn-p n]vX-tc-J-I C\nbpw ssIh-n-n....
GI-ssZ-h-hn-izm-kn-I-fm-bn-cpp Ah F \nK-a-\-nemWv an-
hmdpw Kth-j-I-m Fn-tn-p-Xv.''19
Ch-sc-n ASp A[ym-b-n sXfnhp klnXw hni-Z-ambn
{]Xn- ] m- Z nmw. Fm saskm- s ]m- t - a n- b - b p- a mbn Cy- b psS
_w AXnp apv Xs \ne-\n-n-cp--Xn\pw inh-]q-Pbpw apw
BZn kpta-cn-b-cnepw \S-p-m-bn-cp--Xn\pw sXfn-hp-I-fpv. t\ml-
bpsS Imepw AXn-\p-appw kpta-cn-b-m Bcm-[n-n-cp Nne
tZh- m Cy- b nepw Bcm- [ n- - s - n- c pp. inh- ] qP B C\-
ns--Xs{X.
tZh-]qP
t\ml-bpsS aX-{]-t_m-[-\-s-n Jp-B ]te-S--fnepw
{]Xn-]m-Zn-n-pv. AXns Npcppw CXmWv: t\ml-bpsS P\X
hn{K-l-sf {]Xn-jvTnp ]qPn-n-cpp. hv, kphm-Av, bKqYv, bDuJv,
\kvdv Fo t]cp-I-fn-emWv Ah-cpsS tZh-m Adn-b-s-n-cp-Xv.
B P\-Xsb hn{K-lm-cm-[-\-bn \nv hnc-an-nv, GI-ssZ-hm-cm-[-
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
\-bn-tev hnfn-m-\m-bn-mWv \qlv \_n (A) \nbp--\m-bXv.
]t, Ah At-ls [n-cnp Ifp. As\ Atlw
\ncm-i-s-Sp-Ibpw [nm-cn-Isf H-Sw \in-n-p-hm ssZh-s
{]mYn-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ZoL-amb B {]mY-\-bn Atlw
]d--Xmbn Jp-B D-cn-pp:
""\mYm! Ch Fs [n-cn-n-cn-pp. [\hpw k-Xnbpw
]cm-P-b-a-msX asmpw h[n-n-n-n-m--hsc Ch ]np-Sn-
cn--bmWv. Ch hn KqV-X{w \S-n--gnp. Cu t\Xm-
-m (A\p-bm-bn-I-tfmSv) ]dp: "\n \n-fpsS tZh-X-Isf
ssIhn-S-cpXv; hn-t\bpw kphm-C-t\bpw bKq-Yn-t\bpw bDu-Jn-
s\bpw \kvdn-t\bpw Ism-gn--cpXv.' As\ Ch hfsc t]sc
hgn-]n-g-n-p-I-f-n-cn-pp.''20
CXn\nv t\ml-bpsS Imes kpta-cn-b-m ]qPn-n-cp
tZh-m-cpsS \ma- \apv a\-n-embn. CtX tZh-msc ]noSv
A\n-kvem-anI Imes Nne Atd-_ytKm-{X-fpw Bcm-[n-n-
cpp. kp{]- k n Jp- B hymJym- X mhpw \_n- b psS ASp
injy-\p-amb A_vZp-m-ln-_v\p Amkv (d) {]kvXm-hn--Xmbn
Camw _pJmcn F lZokv ]WvUn-X Xs "kloln' D-cn-
pp: ""{]mNo-\-Im-ev \qlns P\w Bcm-[n-n-cp tZh-X-Isf
]nm-ev Ad-_n-tKm-{X-fpw Bcm-[n-m XpSn. hv Zua-
p PZ- e nse I_p- t Km- { X- ns tZh- \ mbn. kphmAv
lpssZ tKm{X-m-cpsS Bcm-[y-h-kvXp-hmbn. bKqYv BZyw apdmZv
tKm{X-m-cp-sSbpw ]noSv _\q-Kp-ssX^v hwi-m-cp-sSbpw tZh-
\m-bn-op. k_m(ba)bpsS kao]w Ppdq^v Fn-S-m-bn-
cpp bKqYp {]Xnjv T . bDu- J ns\ lwZmhw- i - m ]qPnp
t]mp. \kvdm-Is, lnwbtKm-{X-ns] ZpIn-em-Cs Bcm-
[y- h - k v X p- h mbn! (hmkv X - h - n) \qlns P\- X - b n- e p Nne
k-\--fpsS \ma--fm-bn-cpp Ah. Ah ac-W-a-Sp. Ah
Ccpp Bcm-[\ \S-n-bn-cp e--fn Ah-cpsS {]Xn-cq-]-
\nan-p-sh-m (]nKm-an-Iv) ]nimNv tXmnp. Ah
As\ sNbvXp. B {]Xn-cq-]-v {]kvXpX alm-m-cpsS \ma-
\In. ]t, Av Ah Bcm-[n--s-n-cp-n. Cu Xe-ap-
dbpw aa-dp. hnm\w tXp amp. C-cp-W-n
B {]Xn-a-I Bcm-[n--sp XpSn!''21
kpta-cn-b Bcm-[n-p-t]m tZh-msc ]nm-ev Ad-_n-
Ifpw Bcm- [ n- m XpS- n- s b- mWv ta {]kv X m- h n- - X ns
Npcpw. Fm Ad-_n-I FhnsS \nmWv {]kvXpX Bcm-
[\m k{-Zmbw kzoI-cn-Xv. kpta-cn-b-m-cn \nv t\cn-m-bn-cp-
n. ]nstbm, Cy-m-cn \nm-bn-cpp. kzlo-lp _pJm-
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
cn-bpsS hymJym-\-{K--amb "^Xv-lp_mcn'bn lm^n-fp-_v\p-

l-P-cn AkvJ-em\n, _Jn-p-_v\p Jmen-Zns\ D-cnv Fgp-Xpp:
""{]kvXpX \ma- Cy-bn-tev ]Ip; Cy-m X-fpsS
tZh-mv B t]cp-I \In. ]noSv Atd-_y an-tev
B hn{K-l- sImphXv Awdp_v\p epssl F ]ptcm-
ln-X-\m-bn-cpp.''22
knp-X-S-n \nv Is-Sp Hcp {]Xna inh-t-Xm-sWv
tPm amj A\p-am-\n-pp. amj-ens\ D-cnp sI. Zmtam-
Z-c Fgp-Xpp: ""tbmKn-I-sf-tmse ]Zvam-k-\-n-en-cn-p, aqv
Xe-I-fp Hcp ]pcp-j-ssZ-h-ns _nw_hpw Inn-bn-pv. inhs
{]Xn-a-bmWv AsXv amj Duln-pp.''23
BZn Bcy-m-cpsS tZh-K-W-n inhs]-Sp-n. s]n-cps-
-n inh-s\-p-dn- kvtXm{X-fpw EtKz-Z-n ImtW-n-bn-
cpp. EtKz-Z-am-Wtm Bcy-km-ln-Xy--fn Ghpw BZy-tXv.
Fm inhs\ kvXpXn-p H a{hpw EtKz-Z-n-en-s-mWv
hnZ-Kv[-m-cpsS A`n-{]mbw. {io. Zmtam-Z-c Xs ]d-bs: ""inh-
s\--n-bp H kvtXm{Xw-t]mepw EtKz-Z-n-en.''24
Imem--c-n Bcy-mcpw A\m-cy-mcpw Xn kn-bn
hn-tn hp. Am-ev inh-]q-Pbpw apw Bcy-mcpw
AwKo-I-cnp. h-tm-fns EtKzZ hnh-\-n\v BapJw Fgp-
Xnb kZm sI. Fw. ]Wn--cpsS A`n-{]mbw ImWpI: ""inh-]q-
Pbpw tZho-]q-Pbpw enwK-]q-Pbpw Zkyp--fn \nmhmw Bcy-m
kzoI-cn-Xv.''25
Ad- _ n- I - f psS kphm- A v Cy- m- c psS inh- \ m- b n- c n- Ww.
\psS thZ-hym-ks\ "_oZ_m'bpw Bcy-`-Ss\ "AP_vldpw'
Bnb Ad-_nI inhs\ kphm Bn-sb-n Hpw B-cy-
s-Sm-\n. BI-bm inh-]qP kpta-cn-b-bn\nv `mc-X-n-tepw
Chn-sS-\nv Atd-_y-bn-tepw ]I-Xm-hWw.
A\m-cyamcpsS asmcp tZhs t] "hr{X' Fm-bn-cpp.
hr{X-s\ ]pn-p-Ibpw `n-p-Ibpw sNp \nc-h[n a{-
EtKz-Z-n ImWmw. Bcy-m Bcm-[n-n-cp C{s IrXyw
hr{X- h - [ - a m- b n- c p- s p tXmpw. F{Xtbm a{- - f n C{
hr{Xs\ h[n--Xmbn {]kv-Xm-hn-n-pv. Am-es bp-
{]Xy--n a\p-jy-hK- Xn-em-sW-nepw, k]-n
tZh-mcpw Akp-c-mcpw Xn-em-bn-cp-p-shv tXmpp. Bcy-
m-cpsS `mj-bn Xfpw X-fpsS Bcm-[y-mcpw "tZh-mcm'Wv.
i{Xp-fpw Ah ]qPn-p ssZh-fpw "Akp-c-mcpw.' AXn-
\m Bcy-m bp-n Pbn-m AXv tZh-m-cpsS hnP-b-ambpw
Akp-c-m-cpsS ]cm-P-b-ambpw Ejn-am IW-m-n-bn-cpp. bp-
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
n ASn-Sn Pbn-p-sIm-n-cn-p Bcy-m i{Xp-tZ-h-\mb

hr{Xs\ C{ h[n--Xmbn k]np. EtKzZw ]d-bpp: ""C{m,
Ahn-Sp ipjvW, ]n{]p, Ipb-h, hr{X Fn-hsc sIm-
tXm-sSmw iw_cs ]pc-fpw ]nfn!''26
C{ hr{Xs\ ASn-Sn ]cm-P-b-s-Sp-n-sm-n-cp--Xn-\m
At-l-n\v "hr{X-Lv\', "hr{X-kq-Z-\' Fo m\-t-cp-I
Inn. Ejn-I ]mSpp:
""C{,hr{X-Lv\ acp-w-bp-X-\-`n- \o
sbmnp IpSn-mepw, tkma-\o _e-hmt\;
Fnp apSn-mepw amsc; t{Zmln-Isf
smmep;saspw Xm-ep-a-`-bs.''27
C{ hr{Xs\ bp-n\n-tm-Sn-p-Ibpw BIm-iv shv
h[n-p-Ibpw As\ Bcy-i-{Xp-sf ]cm-P-b-s-Sp-p-Ibpw
sNbvX Hcp IY Ejn A\p-kva-cn-pp:
""hr{X-s\-m-cn\n-tm-Sn-p-htm \o,
in-bmtImbva Imn-smt...!
hr{Xs\ hm\-p-hp \o sImtm
in-bmtImbva Imn-smt!''28
BI-bm hr{X Hc-kp-c-tZ-h-\m-bn-cpp. AYhm i{Xp-]--
s-k-lm-bn-p ]nimNv. Fs-m Atlw A\m-cy-m Bcm-
[n-n-cp tZh-\m-bn-cpp. Ad-_n-I-fpsS "hv' Cu hr{X-\m-bn-cn--
Ww. As-n inhs Xs asmcp t]cmb "hn[p'hns Ad_n
cq]-hp-amhmw, hv.
Bcy kmln-Xy- A\m-cy-m-tcbpw Ah-cpsS tZh-X-I-sfbpw
kmam-t\y\ "Akp-c-m' FmWv hnfnp hn-cp-Xv. Fm
Akp-c-i-_vZ-n\v BZn-bn B ZpcY-ap-m-bn-cp-ns-pw, Hcp
tZh-\m-a-am-bn-cpp AsXpw, Nne cmP-hw-i-n\pw B t]cp-m-
bn-cp-p-shpw \nL-p-hn ImWpp. "i_vZ-Xm-cm-hen'bn ]d-
bp-Xv t\mpI: ""Akp-c-i-_vZ-n\v ]qh-Im-ev tZh Fm-
bn- c pp AYw.... Bcy- m D- t c- y- b n IpSn- t b- d n- m
Imev, AhnsS cmPy-`-cWw \S-n-bn-cp AcN hK-n s]-
h-scbpw "Akp-c-m' FmWv hnfn-n-cp-Xv.''29
AXn-\m Akp-c-i-_vZhpw A\m-cy-tZ-h-sbpw A\m-cy-hK-
n-sbpw s]mXp-hmb t]cm-bn-cp-p-shv hnNm-cnmw. Cu Akpc
i_vZ-ns DZv`hw "Ajqdn' \nm-hWw. app Imev Ao-
cnb `cn-n-cp cmP-hw-i-sbpw Ahn-Ss {][m\ tZh-s\bpw
"Ajq' FmWv hnfn-n-cp-Xv. hniz-hn-m-\-tIm-i-n ]d-
bpp: ""Ao-cn-b CXn-lm-k--f-\p-k-cnv B cmPy-ns A[n-
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
tZ-h-\mb Ajq kI-e-tZ-h-m-cp-sSbpw ]nXmhpw cmPmhpw a\p-jy-

hw-i-ns krjvSn-Imhpw hn[n-Imhpw kzK-ns A[n-
]-Xnbpw tZh-tk-\m-]-Xnbpw Fm-am-bn-cpp... {]mNo\ Ao-cn-b-
bpsS Xe-m-\-ns t] Ajq Fm-bn-cpp.... Ajq _m\n-
]m F t]cns hnhn[ cq]m--c- ]e Ako-cn-b cmPm-
-m-cp-sSbpw \ma-am-bn-cpp.''30
Ajq F \ma-n\v ]e cq]m--c-fpw kw`-hnp. As\
Nnte- S v "Bk- c - a m- k kv ' Fpw, Nnte- S v "Alp- c - a - k v Z '
Fpw, Nnte-Sv "Atic' Fpw Bbn. {io. hn.hn.sI. hmev
Fgp-Xpp: ""Ajq _m\n-]m-ens {K-ti-J-c-n\nv Ao-
cn-b-bn Bcm-[n--s-n-cp tZh-m-cpsS \o ]nI Ip-In-p-
I-bp-mbn. Hcp tZhs t] "Bk-c-am-kkv' Fm-Wv..... CXv
"Ahkv X m'bn (CdmIm- c psS aX- { K- w) "Alp- c - a - k v Z \m'bn.
A-c kwkvIr-X-nse "Akp-c' Xs.''31
Cs\ cq]m- - c - s - p- s Im- n- c p B \maw Nnte- S v
"\kvtdmv' Fpw ap Nnte-Sv "\kvdv' Fpambn-amdn. auem\m
knZv kpsse-am \Zvhn Xs AZp Jp-B-\n D-cn-pp:
""_m_n-tem-Wn-b-m-cpsS tZh-m-cpsS Iq-n Hcp tZhs t]
"\t{kmv' Fm-bn-cpp. At-l-ns Hcp _nw_w J\-\-n
Ip-In-n-bn-pv.''32
BI-bm Ao-cn-b-m-cpsS Ajqdpw, Ajq _m\n-]m-ens
{K-ti-J-c-n I Bk-c-am-kkpw, ]pcm-X\ Cdm-\n-I-fpsS
Ah-kvX-bn ImWp Alp-c-a-kvZ\pw, _m_n-tem-Wn-b tZh-
\m-bn-cp \t{kmpw, ss__n-fn ]d Ati-cbpw,33 Cy-
m-cpsS Akp-c\pw Hp Xs-bm-bn-cpp. AXp-X-s-bm-hWw Ad-
_n-I-fpsS \kvdpw. Cy-mv "tbmKn' Fpw "b' Fpw
t]cmb Nne tZh-m-cp-m-bn-cpp. B \ma--fpsS Ad-_n-cq-]-
amhmw, bY-m{Iaw "bDuJpw' "bKqYpw.'
saskm-s]m-t-an-b-bn am{X-a, ]n-ta-jy \mSp-I-fn apgp-
h\pw Bcm-[n--s-n-cp Hcp tZh-\mWv _m. ê-kvXo-\nepw
Abcm-Py--fn-ep-samw _m ]qP {]N-cn-n-cp--Xmbn ss__n-
fn\npw a\-n-em-Ip-p. GI-Xz-hn-izm-k-n ASn-bp-d-p-\n-n-
cp C{km-tb kap-Zmbhpw _mem-c-m[-\-bn \nsm-gn-hm-bn-cp-
n. ss__n ]d-bpp: ""bn{km-tb ino-an ]mp-tm
P\w tamthm_ym kv{XoI-fp-ambn ]c-kwKw XpSn... bn{km-tb
"_m]-tbmcn't\mSp tNp. btlm-h-bpsS tIm]w bn{k-tb-ens
t\sc Pzenp.''34
blq-Z-m-cpsS tZhm-e-b-n-tepw _mem-cm-[-\bpw _m {]Xn-
jvT-Ifpw kw{I-anp. Ah-km\w tbmin-bmhv F PqX-cm-Pm-hmWv
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
B k{- Z mbw \nn- b Xv . Cu IY ss__n hWn- Xp
t\mpI: ""cmPmhv alm-]p-tcm-ln-X-\mb lnn-bm-thmSpw cmw
Xc- n- e p- ]ptcm- l n- X - m- t cmSpw hmXn Imp- - h - t cmSpw,
_men\pw Ati- s cpw BIm- i - nse kIe ssk\y- n\pw
thn Dm-nb D]-I-c-W--sfms btlm-h-bpsS an-c-n
\np ]pd-p-sIm-p-t]m-Ip-hm Iev]np. bcp-i-te-an\p ]pdp
Int{Zm {]tZ-i-p-shp Ah Npp.''35
_men-s\bpw Ati-c-tbbpw (Akp-c-m) C{km-tb kap-Zm-
b-m-cpsS tZhm-e-b--fn {]Xn-jvTn--ncpp-shv CXn \np
sXfnp. AXp-t]mse Ad-_n-Ifpw _mem-cm[-I-cm-bn-cpp. hwi-
]- c - a mbn Ad- _ n- I cp hn`m- K - a m- b n- c pp: Hv tbmms,
AYhm Jlvms ]np-d-m; aXv AZv\ms km-\-]-c-c.
Jlvm-\n-I-fpsS tI{w ba\pw, AZv\m-\n-I-fptSXv lnPm-kp-am-
bn-cpp. cv hn`m-K-mcpw _mens\ Bcm-[n-n-cpp. ba-\n {]hm-
N-I-\mbn \ntbm-Kn--s-n-cp Cbmkv (Genb) Xs P\-Xsb
DZv t _m- [ n- n- - X mbn Jp- B D- c n- pp: ""\n _mens\
hnfnp {]mYn-p-Ibpw Ghpw \-\n-e-bn krjvSn \S-p--
hs\ \n-fp-sSbpw \n-fpsS ]qh ]nXm--m-cp-sSbpw Cuiz-
c-\mb Am-lp-hns\Ism-gn-p-Ibpw sNp-pthm?''36
Cu kq-n \nv ba\n-hm-kn-I Hcp Imev _m]q-
P-I-cm-bn-cp-p-shv a\-n-em-btm. C\n lnPm-kp-Im-cpsS _mem-
cm-[-\-sb-n ]dbmw. Ah IA-v_-bn 360 tZh-m-sc-shp ]qPn-
n-cpp. Iq-n-sem-m-bn-cpp lp_p. AXyp--X-\mb tZh
FY-n At-ls "lp_p-ep AAvem' FmWv Ah
hnti-jn-n-n-cp-Xv. (Iq-n ]d-bs: 360 _nw_- m]n-
m am{Xw IA-v_-ns hym-kw aXn-bm-bn-cp-n. AXn-\m
Ah-bn hen-sbmcp ]v Nn{X-m-bn-cpp. GI-ssZ-h-Xz-n-
e-[n-jvTn-X-amb Ckvemw Bcm[y hkvXp--fpsS Nn{X- \ntcm-
[n ]m-ew AXs{X. Fm lp_p-ep A-Avemv Hcp
hn{Klw Xs I-A-v_-bn {]Xn-jvTn--s-n-cpp.)
Cu lp_p ta {]kvXm-hn _me-msX am-cp-a. Cwo-
jnse The F {]Xy-b-ns m\v ln{_p-`m-j-bn {]tbm-
Kn-p Hcp i_vZ-amWv "lp'. _m ln{_p-hn-tev IS-p-h--
tm "lp' tNv "lp_mem'bn. CXv Ad-_n-bn-tev ]I-
tm "lp_pep'ambn.
CtX _mens\ {]mNo\ `mc-Xob \nhm-kn-Ifpw Bcm-[n-n-cp-
p-shv a\-n-em-Ipp. Bcy-m-cpsS {]Xn-tbm-Kn-I-fmb Zkyp--
fn "]Wn-I' Fsmcp hym]mcn kaq-ls ImWpp. Ch
Bcm-[n-n-cp tZhs t] "he' Fm-bn-cpp. hes A{I-
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
as C{ hn^-e-am-n-sbv EtKz-Z-I-hn-I ]mSpp:

""tl h{P-`rt, Xpd-p-htm _lp
tKmhr--\mb hes _nes \o.''37
]Wn-I Bcy-m-cpsS ]ip-sf A]-l-cnv Kpl-I-fn Hfn-
n-spw, hes anSp-p-sIm-mWv AhXv sNm Ign--
sXpw, Fm Bcy tZh-\mb C{s Ir]-bm hes "_new'
(Kpl) Xpdv ]ip-sf hnp-sImp hcphm Bcy-mv Ign-
p-shpw Hcp IY-bpv. CXmWv {]kvXpX a{-nse {]tabw.
]Wn-I-fpsS cmPm-hm-bn-cpp ipjvW. At-l-n\v [mcmfw ]pcn-
I (ZpK-) Dm-bn-cpp. C{ Ah-sbmw Xn--Ip.
XZ-h-kcw ]Wn-S Iq-tmsS HmSn--fp. EtKzZw ]d-bpp:
""C{m, Cu bp-n\p ta[m-hn-bmb lhn--ar--\nv ]Wn-
I \qdp-\q-tdmsS ]mp-t]mbn. Av tijn XnI ipjvWs
amb-Isf Bbp-[-sImp apqSpw apSnp!''38
]nta-jy-bnse _mens asmcp cq]-am-bn-cpp Cy-bnse
{]kvXpX he. ]n-ta-jy-bn _mens\ Bcm-[n-n-cp ^n\o-
jycpw Chn-Ss ]Wn-Ifpw Htc hK-ns--h-cm-bn-cn-Ww.
^n\o-jy _m]qP t\msh-bpsS Dc Xocw hsc {]N-cn-n--
Xmbn s{]m^. \nks\(Nilsson) D-cnp hmev tcJ-s-Sp-n-
bn-cn-pp.39
C{Xbpw ]d--Xn \nv Hcp Imcyw hmb-\-m-c\v a\-n-em-
m- h p- - X mWv : `mc- X hpw ]n- t a- j y- b p- a m- b p aX- ] - c hpw
kmwkvIm-cn-I-hp-amb _-n\v At\Iw kl-{km-_vZ--fpsS ]g-
-apv.
Ipdn-p-I
1. Cysb Is- t]Pv 91 t\mpI.
3. hniz-Zi-\- t]Pv 452, 453
4. Ibid P. 540
5. saskm-s]m-t-an-b kmlnXy Ncn{Xw t]Pv 14
6. temI-N-cn{X kw{Klw t]Pv 68, 69
7. saskm-s]m-t-an-b kmlnXy Ncn{Xw t]Pv 66
8. iXm-_vZ--p-dv \np i_vZ- t]Pv 86, 87 t\mpI.
9. Ien-bpKw by t]mn-c dm^n, t]Pv 185
10. AZp Jp-B hmfyw 1, t]Pv 134,135 t\mpI.
11. Ien-bpKw t]Pv 184
12. apdq-Pp--l_v hmfyw 2, t]Pv 145
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
14. Hindu Civilization
15. Cy-bnse h-k-acw t]Pv 11
16. alm-`m-cXw kvIw 8
17. Ibid kvIw 9
18. {]mNo\ enJn-X- t]Pv 28
19 `mc-Xob kmwkvIm-cnI km{am-Py-N-cn{Xw t]Pv 18
20. Jp-B 71 : 21-24
21. kzlo-lp _pJmcn, InXm-_p--^v-ko t\mpI.
22. ^Xv-lp _mcn hmfyw 10, t]Pv 294
23. Cy-bpsS Bmhv t]Pv 20
24. Ibid P. 30
25. BapJw t]Pv 24
26. EtKzZw aWvUew 1, kqw 103, Ev 8
27. Ibid aWvUew 3, kqw 47, Ev 1, 2
28. Ibid aWvUew 1, kqw 80, Ev 2
29. i_vZ-Xm-cm-hen t]Pv 665
31. EtKz-Z-n-eq-sS t]Pv 135
33. II cmPm-am 23: 4
34. kwJy 25:1, 3
35. II cmPm--m 23:4
36. Jp-B 37: 125,126
37. EtKzZw aWvUew 1, kqw 11, Ev 4
38. Ibid- aWvUew 6, kqw 20, Ev 4
39. EtKz-Z-n-eqsS t]Pv 231
A[ymbw ]{v
kmwkvIm-cn-ssIIyw
kpta-cn-bcpw
ssk-hcpw Xn-ep aX-]-chpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-hp-
amb sFIyw kpXcmw {]I-S-amWv. kpta-cn-b Bcm-[n-n-cp tZh-
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
X-Isf `mc-Xo-bcpw Bcm-[n-n-cp-p-shv \mw kaYnp. aX-]-c-

amb ASp--n-\p hy-amb ZrjvSm--amWXv. C\n \apv
kmwkvIm-cn-ssI-Iy-s-p-dnp Nnnmw.
ih-kw-kI
v m-c{- Iaw
Hcp kap-Zm-b-ns ih-kw-kvImc coXnv ]pcm-hkvXp Kth-
j-I-m h]n {]m[m\yw I]n-p-pv. B kap-Zm-b-ns
ac-Wm\--c-Po-hn-X-`m-h-\-I {]kvXpX coXn-bn \nv Gd-ptd
a\-n-em-p-hm Ign-bp-sa--XmWv AXn\v ImcWw. DZm-l-c-W-
ambn, ]pcm-X\ {Kop-Im arXicocw ASwsNp ka-bv
Hcp \mWbw shpI ]Xn-hm-bn-cpp. Ah-cpsS hnizm-k-{]-Imcw,
ac-Wm-\cw Hcp \Zn (Styx) IS-t--Xpv. B \Zn IS-n-hn-
Sp "jtdm' F tXmWn-m-c\v sImSp-m-\p Iqen-bm-bn-cpp
{]kvXpX \mWbw. Cy-m-cnepw Cm-Xncn Hcp hnizm-k-apv.
ba-tem-I-n\v (]c-tem-I-n\v) Nppw Hcp alm \Zn-bps-pw
AXns t] "sshX- c Wn' Fm- s Wpw Ah [cn- pp.
apkvenw-I Xm-\v Hcp ]me-s-bmWv k]n-p-Xv.
kzK-ns Npp-ap B ]me-n\v "kndmv' Fv Ah ]d-
bpp.
CXp-t]mse ]pcm-X\ kpta-cn-b-ampw ac-Wm\-c Pohn-X-
nepw AXnse Nne cwK--fnepw ZrV-hn-izm-k-ap-m-bn-cpp.
kpta-cn-b-m-cp-sSbpw ssk-h-m-cp-sSbpw ih-kw-kvIm-c-coXn an-
hmdpw Hmbn Im-Wp--Xn-\m Ccph-cp-sSbpw ac-Wm-\-c Pohn-
X- k - ]- GXm- v Htc- X - c - n- e m- b n- c p- p- s hv A\p- a m-
\nmw. Cs PmXn- l n- p- ihw Zln- n- p- I - b m- W tm
]Xnhv. Fm knp-X-S-hm-kn-I B k{-Zm-b-n\v hn]-co-X-
ambn, ss{Ikv X - h - s c- t mse ihw s]n- b n ASw sNbv X v
IpgnpaqSp-am-bn-cpp. ]pcm-X\ Cdm-Jp-Imcpw CtX k{-Zm-b-amWv
kzoI-cn-n-cn-p--sXv B[p-\nI J\-\-K-th-jWw sXfn-bn-n-pv.
tUm. F. A- Fgp-Xpp:""ih-p-gn-I-fn-sem-n ihw ]mb-
bn s]mXnv, acwsImp-m-nb s]n-bn-em-n-bmWv Ipgn-n-
n-cp-Xv. {]mNo\ Cdm-Jnepw Cs\ s]n-bn-emWv ihw shn-cp-
Xv.'' 1
saskm-s]m-t-an-bbn ih-i-co-c-tm-sSm-nv B`-c-W-,
Bbp-[-, ]m{X- apX-em-bh Ipgn-n-Sp k{-Zmbw \ne-\n-
n-cpp. {io. Sn.kn. i-c-ta-t\m Fgp-Xpp: ""1922 entbm-
\mUvhqfn ]pcm-X-\-bq (_m_n-tem-Wnb) \K-c-n-\-Spv Hcp
ih-Ip-Socw Xpd--tm Fs-m-amWv AXn-\-Iv IXv! AXy-
Zv`p-X-I-c-ambn ]Wn-Xon-p apSn-bm-`-c-W-, IWm-`-c-W-
, ame-I, hf-I, tamXn-c-, \nc-h[n kphW ]m{X-,
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
]e-X-c-n-ep kwKo-tXm-]-I-c-W-, NXp-cw-K-n\pw ap-ap
Icp-, IpXn-c-k-hm-cn-p km[-\-, Ip-, ]cn-N-I,
Iptd kzW ITm-cn-I, tZlm-e-m-c-n-\p ajn-I, Nmb-,
hmk-\-{Z-hy-, Ch kqn-m-\p sNp-I, kqNn-I, DSp-p-
I Cs\ t]mIpp \of-am-bn-smcp ]nI.''2 Atlw XpS-cpp:
""GXmv 5200 hj-p apv Pohn-n-cp "jq_v-BZv' F
cmn-bpsS ih-Ip-So-c-am-bn-cpp AXv. ]pcm-hkvXp tcJ-I-fn
Cu IpSocw ]n.Pn. 800 F-dn-bpp.''3
ssk-h-kw-kvIm-c-ns Imew Dtiw {In.ap. 2700 Fm-
Wtm Kth-j-I-m \nW-bn-n-p-Xv. Am-e-n\p apv Xs
Cy-bn ih-i-cocw ac-s-n-bn ASwsNbvXv B`-c-W-k-lnXw
Ipgn-n-Sp ]Xn-hp-m-bn-cp--Xn\v sXfn-hpv. _eq-Nn-kvXm-\nse
"\m' Fn-S-p-\np Is-Sp Ah-in-jvS--sf-p-dnv tUm.
F. A- ]d-bp-Xv ImWp-I: ""lc-m-kw-kvIm-c-n\v Aev]w
apv , _eq- N n- k v X m- \ nse "\m' F ev ih- p- g n- I
Cs\ hrn-bmbn ]Sp-p ]Xn-hp-m-bn-cpp. Hcp kv{XobpsS
ihw GgSn \of-ap tZh-Zmcp ac-ns XSn Ipgn-p-m-nb s]n-
bn-emWv AS-n-bn-cp-Xv. acw {Zhnp s]mSn-bm-bn-cp-s-nepw, s]n-
bpsS BIr-Xnbpw Fv ac-am-sWpw, J\\w {inp sNbvXn-cp-
XpsImv Nnev a\-n-em-m Ignp. Cu lcm kv{Xo
ImXp-I-fnepw het ssIbns \Sp-hn-c-enepw sNp tamXn-c-
AWn-n-cpp.''4
Atm 5000 hj-vap]v saskm-s]m-t-an-b-m-cp-tSbpw
]pcm-X-t\-y-m-cp-sSbpw ih-kw-kvImc k{-Zmbw GXmv Hcp-
t]m-se-bm-bn-cpp. saskm-s]m-t-an-b-m-sc-tmse lc--mcpw ih-
i-co-c--tfm-sSmw av hkvXp- Ipgn-n-n-cp-p-shv J\-\-K-th-
jWw sXfn- b n- n- pv . A- asm- c n- S v tcJ- s - S p- pp:
""lc \K-c-nse tImv sXmbn Dbp InSp ev,
\K-c-nse Hcp ivaim-\-ns Nne `mKw J\\w sNp-I-bp-
mbn. A-tgp Ipgn-I Ipgn--Xn an-h-bnepw ihw hS-
tm-mbn ad-hp-sN-bvXn-cpp. (apkvenw ih-kw-kv-Im-c-{I-ahpw C-
s\- X s{K- I m.) Ah- t bmSv IqsS ]m{X- , sNv
sImp Bbp-[-, aWn-I, sNv sImp apJ--m-Sn-
I, Cn kv]qWp-I apX-em-b-hbpw Ipgn-n-n-cpp. Hcp Ipgn-
bn Hcp ahn-fpw tImgn-bpsS Fp-Ifpw ih-ns Imen-\-
Sp-p\nv Inn. thsdmcp Ipgnp \mep `mKhpw NpSm CjvSnI
sImp ]Sp-n-cpp.''5
BI-bm ih-kw-kvImc coXn-bn kpta-cn-bcpw ]pcm-X\ `mc-
Xo-bcpw Xn hfsc kmZriyw ImWpp. kmwkvIm-cn-ssI-Iy-
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
ns Hcp {]Xy e-W-am-WnXv.

B`-cW \namW coXn
C\n \apv ssk-h-cp-sSbpw kpta-cn-b-cp-sSbpw B`-c-W-
\namW coXn-bn-ep kmZr-iy-s-n ]cn-tim-[nmw. ame, hf,
tamXncw apX-emb B`-c-W- Ccp hn`m-K-mcpw \nan-n-cp--
Xmbn J\\ Kth-jWw sXfn-bn-pp. IqSmsX B`-cW--fpsS
]Wn--c-nepw A\]-amb kmay-ap-m-bn-cpp. Hn-e-[nIw Cg-
I-fp kzW ame-I lc-kv{Xo-I-sf-tm-se-s kpta-cn-
b kv{XoIfpw AWn-n-cpp. {io. Sn.kn. tat\m tcJ-s-Sp-
n-bXp ImWpI: ""(lc--bnse) B`-cW--sf-n Nn{X-, ]mh-
I Fnh am{X- a \apv hnh- c - Xcp- Xv . kzWhpw
shnbpw sImp-m-nb ame-I, hf-I, aqp-n-I, tamXn-
c- Fn-h-sbmw Cu tI{--fn \nv Ipgn-s-Sp-n-pv.
aqpw \mepw hcn-I-fp ame-I sIp-]n-W-bm-Xn-cn-m CS-bvn-
Sp ]Sn-I Dd-n-n-cn-p-I-bmWv.''6
\mep hcn-I-fp kzW-am-e-I bq ]-W-n \npw J\-
\-n ssIh-n-pv. Sn.kn. tat\m Xs ]d-bs: ""bq ]-
W-nse Nne ih-Ip-So-c-fn \ns-Sp Nne B`-c-W--fpsS
Iq-n N{-e t]mse-bp I-ep-I, Hcp Ce ame, cXv\w
]Xn \mep hcn-bp Hcp ame-bn Hcp ]Xw Xqn-bXv Fnh
s]Spp. Cu B`-c-W- Cv s]knth-\nbm kh-I-em-im-
e-bnse ImgvN-_w-m-hn \app ImWmw.''7
B`-cW \namW coXn-bn-ep {]kvXpX kmZriyw kmwkvIm-
cn-ssI-Iy-n-te-p Nqp]e-I-bt{X. AXn-\m kpta-cn-b-cp-
sSbpw ssk-h-cp-sSbpw kwkvIm-c-p ]c-kv]-c-_w
AKm-[-am-bn-cp-p-shv a\-n-em-Ipp.
hkv{Xm-e
- mc coXn
kmwkvIm-cn-ssI-Iy-ns asmcp e-W-amWv hkv{Xm-e-
m-c-co-Xn-bn-ep kmayw. kpta-cn-bcpw knp-X-S-hm-kn-Ifpw mh
AS-bm-f-ap hkv{X- [cn-n-cp--Xmbn DXvJ-\-\-K-th-jWw
sXfn-bn-pp. knp-X-S-n \nv e`n Hcp a\p-jy-{]-Xn-a-sb-
n tUm. F.A- tcJ-s-Sp-pp: ""Ggw-Kpew Db-c-n,
amhp-I-n sImn-bp-m-n-bn-p Hcp XmSn-m-cs s\n\p
tase- b p `mKw Nn{Xo- I - c n- p Hcp _nw_w ]e Imc- W -
sImpw hfsc {][m-\-am-sbmcp inev]-amWv. XmSn shdpw hc-
I am{X-amWv. taaoi ]s- h-Snp If-n-cn-pp. Xe-apSn
hmp, Hcp \mS-sImv HXp-n-sh-n-cn-pp. Ip-I ]IpXn
AS-n-cn-pp. CS-t-tXmfpw s\pw mh ]pn-I-fp Hcp
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
jmsImp aqSn-bn-cn-pp. mh AS-bmfw {Iov, saskm-s]m-
t-anb apX-emb {]mNo-\-kw-kvIm-c--fn hfsc ]mh-\-amb Hcp
Nn-amWv.''8
Hcp tXm Hgn-hmn jm CSp Cu k{-Zmbw Cp \S-
p Nne aX-N-S-p-I-fnepw \apv ImWm-hp--XmWv. lp-th-
f-bn apkvenw-I B coXn-bn-emWv taapv [cn-m-dp-Xv.
{_m-W-k-ap-Zm-b-ns PmXn-m ]qWq CSm-dp-Xpw A-
s\-Xs.
aX-]-c-ambpw kwkvIm-c-]-c-ambpw kpta-cn-b-mcpw ssk-h-
mcpw Xn-ep ASp-hpw _hpw ImWn-p DZm-l-c-W-
C\nbpw Is-m Ign-tpw. CXn \npw Hcp Imcyw kwi-
b- c - l n- X - a mbn a\- n- e m- m- h p- - X mWv : saskm- s ]m- t - a n- b - b n
kwkvIm-c-n\v ASn--d-]m-Inb Ic-v knp-XS kwkvImcw
]Sp-p-bn-b-Xn km-ca-- mb ]pv. _n.kn. Bdm-bncw hj-
p app apXXs ]Sn-m-d Cybpw kpta-cn-bcpw
Xn hym]m-c-_--ap-m-bn-cp-p-sh-pw, kpta-cn-bcpw {Zmhn-Ucpw
Xn hK imkv{X-]-c-amb kmayw hln-p-ps-pw ap-ap
`qK` imkv{X-Im-c-m-cpsS A`n-{]m-b- ChnsS \mw {]tXyIw
Ku\n-n-cn-t--XmWv.
{]f-bI
- Y
- b
- psS hym]vXn
t\ml-bpsS P\X A[n-h-kn-n-cp-Xv ssS{Ko-kn\pw bq{^-o-
kn\pw CS-bn Fhns-Stbm BWv. Cv \mw CdmJv Fp ]d-bp-
Xv B `qhn-`m-K-n-\m-Wtm. t\ml Hcn-epw Hcp Cy-m-c-
\m-bn-cp-ns-v hy-amWv. AXn-\m Cy IYm-\m-b-I-\mb
a\p Hp-In t\ml-b Fp hcWw; As-n {]fb IY
AXns kmm cq]-n-e, Cy kml-N-cy-n-\-\p-Iq-e-
amb hn[-n-emWv ChnsS {]N-cn--sX-v sh-Ww. CXn cm-
as ]-amWv IqSp-X bp-ambn tXmp-Xv. C-c-samcp
{]f-b-IY an ]pcm-X\ kap-Zm-b--fnepw {]mNo-\-Imew apX
]c--cm-K-X-ambn {]N-cn-p-Im-Wp-pv. DZm-l-c-W-n\v CuPn]vXv,
No\, _a, atejy, Cunym Zzo]p-I, Bkvt{X-enb, \yqKn\n,
Ata-cn, bqtdm-nse hnhn[ cmPy- As\ `qtem-I-ns
\m\m `mK--fnepw {]kvXpX Pe-{]-f-bs kw_--amb IY
ImWmw. Nnte-S--fnse {]mNo\ kmln-Xy--fnepw AXv ew
]nSn-n-pv. Fm AXv HmtcmbnSpw {]N-cn-Xv AX-Xns
kml-N-cy-n-\-\p-cq-]-amb hn[-n-emWv.
ss__n-fnepw Jp-B-\nepw hnh-cn B IYpw hni-Zmw-i--
fn hyXym-k-apv. ss__n {]Imcw, t\ml-bpsS I Ah-
km\w Dd-Xv "Acm-dm-nepw' Jp-B {]Imcw "APqZn'bnep-
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
amWv.9 PqZn Fp t]cmb Hcp ]hXw tamk-en-t\m-S-Spv, "C_v\p

Da' F Zzo]ns GXmv 40 Intem-ao- AIse Cpw nXn
sNp-pv. ]t, Acm-dmv nXn-sN-p-Xv Gjym-ssa-\-dn
Aao-\nbm ]oT-`q-an-bn-es{X.
Fm Cs ss__n hymJym-Xm--fpsS ]pXnb Ip-
]n-Sn--ns shfn--n {]kvXpX sshcp[yw ]cn-l-cn-m
Ign-bp-sa-mWv auem\m A_p Iemw Bkm-Zns \ne-]mSv.
Atlw Xs "XPp-am-\p Jp-B' F Jp-B hymJym\
{K-n Fgp-Xp-Xv t\mpI: ""Aao-\nbm ]hXw Acm-dmv
{]tZ-i-mWv nXn sNp-Xv. AXpsImv B ]h-Xs
ss__n "Acm-dmv' Fv hnfn-n-cn-p-I-bmWv. Fm t\ml-
bpsS I \n ae-bpsS t]cmWv Jp-B ]d-n-p-Xv. AXv
"APqZn' BIpp. B[p-\nI ss__n hymJym-Xm--m-cn
Nne-cpsS A`n-{]m-b-n, Acm-dmv ]hX \nc-bpw tPmPnbm
]hX \ncbpw Xn Iqn _n-n-p ]hX ]wn-bpsS
t]cm-Ipp APqZn. Ae-Ivkm--dpsS Ime-p Nne {Kop-
tc-J-I-sf-bmWv {]kvXpX A`n-{]m-b-n\v Ah B[mc-am-n-bn-
p-Xv. {In. 18-mw iXIw hsc AhnsS Hcp t{Xw Dm-bn-cpp.
"I t{Xw' Fm-bn-cpp AXns \maw. GXm-bmepw t\ml-
bpsS Ime- p- mb Pe- { ]- f bw Hcp Ncn{X hkv X pX Xs-
bmWv . '' 10
AsX, t\ml-bpsS I \n-Xmbn Jp-B ]d-bp PqZn-
]hXw Aao-\n-b-sbbpw tPmPn-b-sbbpw _n-n-p ]h-
X-]w-n-bm-Ipp. Aao-\nbm ]hXw Acm-dmp {]tZ-i-m-b-
Xn-\m ss__n AXns\ Acm-dmv Fv hnfnp. AtXmSp
sXmp \opInS-p ]hX ]wn-bn-emWv t\ml-bpsS I
Dd-Xv. AXm-Wv Jp-B-\n ]d APqZn.
Ncn-{X-ns adp-hiw
saskm-s]m-t-an-bbpw `mc-Xhpw Xn-ep aX-]-c-amb _-
ns Hcp hiw am{X-amWv \mw apv ]cn-tim-[n-Xv; _lp-ssZ-h-
Xz-k-] kw_-n-bmb hiw. t\ml-bpsS Ime-s -kp-ta-cn-b-
m Bcm-[n-n-cp ]e tZh-mcpw `mc-X-nepw Bcm-[n--s-n-
cp-p-shv \mw kaYn-p-I-bp-mbn. C\n \apv Nn-{X-ns
adp-hiw ]cn-tim-[nmw. AsX, GI-ssZ-h-Xz-s-p-dn hiw.
t\ml Jp-Bs ho-W-n alm-\m-sbmcp ssZh-Zq-X-\m-
bn-cpp. hn{K-l-sf Bcm-[n-phn-cp kzP-\s GI-ssZ-h-
hn-izm-kn-tepw XZ-Sn-m-\-n-ep [manI Pohn-X-n-
tepw Wn-t--Xn-\p-th-n-bmWv Atlw \nbp--\m-b-Xv.
Xs ZuXyw icn-bmw-hw Atlw \nd-thn. ]t, At-ls
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
kzw P\X AwKo-I-cn-n. {]XypX, [n-cn-p-I-bm-Wp-m-bXv.

sNdn-sbmcp \yq\-]w am{X-amWv At-ls AwKo-I-cn-Xv.
{]kvXpX [nm-c-n-s\mcp in-bm-bn-m-bn-cpp Pe-{]-f-bhpw
XpSp \mi-fpw kw`-hn-Xv. Pe-{]-f-b-n c-s-Xv
t\mlbpw At-l-tm-sSmw I-en Ib-dn-b-hcpw am{X-amWv.
ap--h-scms \inp. CXmWv Jp-B-\n ]d-Xns cXv\--
p-cpw.
t\ml {]Ya ZqX
{]hm-N-I-m-cpsS BK-a-\-n\p app Xs a\pjy kap-Zmbw
kmaq-lnI-Po-hnXw \bn-n-cp-p-sh-mWv Jp-B hy-am-n-
bn-cn-p-Xv. a\p-jy kXv]-m-hn Ncnp hcn-I-bm-bn-cpp.
Ahn-S-bn, Bi-b-]-ctam, aX-]-ctam, [a-im-kv{X-]-ctam, atm
Bb In-h-g-p-Ifpw kwL--\-fpw Dm-bn-cp-n. GI kaq-
l-am-bn-mWv Ah Pohn-n-cp-Xv. ]noSv a\pjy kaqlw kzmY
Xm]-cy--fpsS t]cn hnhn[ In-Ifpw Nnm-K-Xn-m-cp-ambn
]ncnp. ]c-kv]cw kwLj kwL--\- \Sn. C-cp-W-
n Ahn-S-bn kXy-n-sbpw [a-n-sbpw ASn-m-
\-n Xocp-am\w I]n-t--Xn-\mbn ssZhw {]hm-N-I-msc
\ntbm-Kn-p-Ibpw {]am-W-{Kw Ah-X-cn-n-p-Ibpw sNbvXp-sh-
mWv Jp-B hy-am-n-bn-cn-p-Xv: ""a\p-jy-cmin (apv) Htc-
sbmcp kap-Zm-b-am-bn-cpp. A\-cw Ah `nn-p-I-fp.''11
{]hm-NI \ntbm-K-ns ]m-ew Nqn-m-nbpw, thZ-{K-
-ns Bhiyw hnh-cn-pw-sImv Jp-B asm-cn-Sv ]d-
bpp: ""a\p-jy-k-ap-Zmbw Htc-sbmcp kaq-l-am-bn-cpp. (]noSv
hyXykv X amKm- h - e w- _ n- I fmbn Ah `nnp.) XZ- h - k cw
(kmKn-Ip) ktm-j-hmbpw (ZpamKn-Iv) ap-dn-
bnpw \Ip--h-cmbn {]hm-N-I-msc Amlp \ntbm-Knp. P\-
`nn-p-t]mb {]iv\--fn Ahn-S-bn icn-bmb Xop
I]n-t--Xn-\mbn {]hm-N-I-m-tcm-sSmw, [am-\p-kmcw thZhpw
Ah Ah-X-cn-np.''12
D]-cn-kq-NnX hN-\- kv]jvS-am-nb {]Imcw, `qtem-Iv
P\-hmkw XpSn hfsc Ign-mWv {]hm-NI \ntbm-Khpw thZm-
h-X-c-W-hp-ap-mbXv. AXn-\p-app Xs a\p-jy-cmin Hcp kaq-l-
ambn D-mbnPohnXw \bn-m XpS-n-bn-cpp. Imem--c-
n Ah tNcn-]n-cnv, kwL--\--fp-m-n-b-tm Ahn-
S- b n \oXn- b p- s Sbpw [a- n- s bpw ASn- m- \ - n Xop
I]n-p-hm-\mbn {]hm-N-I-m-scbpw thZ-{K---sfbpw ssZhw
Abp. CXmWv Jp-B \apv a\-n-emncp--sX-nepw,
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
apkvenwI-fn hen-sbmcp hn`mKw hniz-kn-p-Xv Hm-as a\p-

jyXs {]hm-N-I\pw ssZh-Zq-X-\p-am-bn-cp-p-sh-mWv. CXns
ASn-m\w Am-X-at{X.
Jp-B-\n {]hm-N-I-]-c--c-sb-n ]d-t-S--fn-semw \qln-
(A) \nmWv Bcw-`np ImWp-Xv. Camw _pJm-cnbpw Camw
apkvenapw X-fpsS "kzlolp'Ifn D-cn-n-p Hcp \_n-h-N-
\-n \qlns\ "A-epdpkp' (Hm-as ssZh-Zq-X) Fp
hnti-jn-n-n-cn-pp. AXn-\m t\ml-bpsS apv Hcp dkq-ep-m-
bn-cp-n Fp knw. ta {]kvXm-hn Jp-B-\n-Im-i-b-tmSv
Cu \_n-h-N\w XnIpw tbmPn-pp.
GI-Xz-Zi\w
t\ml-bpsS {]t_m-[\w AwKo-I-cn--h-cmWv {]f-b-n c-
s--sXv \mw ]dp. Ch an-hmdpw At-l-ns _p-
fpw k-Xn-I-fp-am-bn-cpp. Ch-cmWv ]noSv saskm-s]m-t-an-b
kwkvIm-c-n-sbpw \mK-cn-I-X-bp-sSbpw AkvXn-hmcw sIn-sm-
n-bXv. Ch-cpsS A\--c-m-cn-semcp hn`mKw `mc-X-n hv A[n-
hm-k-ap-d-n-sv a[y-Im-es Ad-_n-N-cn-{X-Im-c-m-cn Nne ]d-
bp-tm, `mc-Xob ]WvUn-X-\mb cmlpkmw-Ir-Xym-b AXp
icn-h-bvpp. kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw Ch GI-ssZh hnizm-kn-I-fm-bn-
cp-n-cn-Ww. knp-X-S-n kwkvIm-c-ku[w sIn--Sp--hcpw
Ah- c m- b n- c p- n- c nmw. AXnte- p- t ]m- Z v _ - e - I - a mb sXfn- h p- I
]eXpw J\-\-n e`np. auem\m A_pIemw Bkm-Zns
\nK-a-\hpw AXp Xs-bmWv. Atlw Fgp-Xn-bXv ImWpI: ""Cy-
bn tamlP-Zm-tdm-bn \nv J\\w hgn hfsc ]pcm-X-\m-h-injvS-
e`n-n-pv. hSv \nv Bcy-m hv, Ah-cpsS B[n-]Xyw
ChnsS m]n- p- - X n\v app \mK- c n- I - t I- { - - f m- b n- c pp
tamlP-Zm-tdmbpw lc-bpw. Ahn-S--fn \nv e`n ]pcm-h-
kvXp--sfw_-n ]T\w Ctmgpw ]qn-bm-bn-n. Fnepw
Ah Hcp bmYmYyw A\m-h-cWw sNbvXn-cn-pp: Ghpw {]mNo-
\-amb a\p-jy-hm-k-tI-{--fn-sem-m-Ipp Cy Fp--XmWXv.
Cy-bnse BZn-hm-kn-Isf ]noSv h Bcy-m "Zkyp-' F
lmky \ma-n-emWv hnfn-n-cp-Xv. Zkyp--fpsS ASn-m\ ssZh-
k-]w GI-Xz-n-t-Xm-bn-cpp. Ah hn{K-l-]q-P-I-cm-bn-cp-n.
"Hmw' Fm-bn-cpp Ah-cpsS GIssZh-ns t]. kwkvIr-X-
n AXn\p Xpey-amb ]Zw "Cp-hm' (GI) Fs{X. B
GIssZh-ns A[n-Imcw kIe Ncm-N-c--sfbpw Nqgvn-cpp.
B alm-k-Xz-ns \nb-a-a-\p-k-cn-mWv kh-tZ-h-mcpw {]hn-
p-Xv. Ahs Hcp KpWw "ZoZn-hn-I' Fm-bn-cpp. Hcn-epw
A{i- - _ m- [ n- m Zrjv S n- t bmSv IqSn- b - h FYw. Xs
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
Xqtam Dd-tam _m[n-p-I-bn Fv Amlp Jp-B-\n
kzbw hWn-Xpw CtX AY-n-emWv.''13
HuwIm-c-s-n {io. tImWn--q i-c \q-Xncn-m-Sns
"kw-kvIrXae-bmf \nL-p'-hn ]d-bpp: ""Huwiq{Z-m-cpsS
{]Whw.''
a{--fpsS AYhm {]mY-\-I-fpsS Bcw-`-n D-cn-p
i_vZ-n-\mWv "{]Whw' Fp ]d-bp-Xv. Bcy-a-X-n "Hmw'
F-XmWv {]Whw. Hcp a{-{K--amb EtKzZw HmwIm-c-n-emWv
Bcw-`n-n-p-Xv. BI-bm Hcp ssZh-\m-a-a-msX asm-p-a
HmwImcw. AXmWv hniz-hn-m-\-tImiw ]d-Xpw : ""Hmw ]c-
{_--hm-N-I-amb {]Whw.''14
ta ]d khn-ti-j-X-I-sfmw A\m-cy-m-cpsS iq{Z-m-
cpsS {]W-h-n\pw _m[-I-am-hWw. A\m-cy-m-cm-bn-cpp Cy-
bnse BZn-hm-kn-I. Bcy-m ChnsS hv B[n-]Xyw m]n-
p-Ibpw X-fpsS NmXphWy hyh-nXn \S-m-p-Ibpw sNbv-
X-tm A\m-cy-cmb BZn-hm-kn-I-fpsS m\w Ct-bw Xmgv-
s-Sp-Ibpw Ah "iq{Z-m' F No-t-cn hnfn--s-Sp-Ibpw
sNbvXp. BI-bm HmwImcw Bcy-m-cpsS HmwIm-c-ns m\-
mWv \np-Xv. HmwImcw Bcy-m-cpsS ]c-{_--hm-N-I-am-sW-
n HuwImcw Bcy-m-cpsS GI-ssZ-hs Ipdn-p hmN-I-am-
hp--Xn Akmw-K-Xy-an.
t\ml-bpsS A\p-bm-bn-I
As\ knp-X-S-n kwkvIm-c-ku[w ]S-pp-bnb
saskm-s]m-t-an-b t\ml-bpsS ]np-d-mcpw A\p-bm-bn-I-fp-am-
bn-cpp F \nK-a-\-n-emWv Ah-km-\-ambn \msa-n-t-cp-Xv.
asmcp hn[w ]d-m Jp-B-\n ]d "km_n-aX'mcm-bn-
cpp Ah. km_n-a-X-ns khn-ti-j-X-I Nne apkvenw Kth-
jI]WvUn-X-m hnh-cn-n-pv. km_n-I BZn-bn GI-ssZ-h-
hn- i zm- k n- I - f m- b n- c pp. ]noSv GI- X z- h n- i zm- k - t m- s Smw,
tPymXntKm- f - v Bm- h ps- [mc- W - b n Ah- b psS
aqn-I {]Xn-jvTnv Bcm-[\ \SnpSn. Fnepw Ah
GI-ssZ-hXz k]w ]s Dt]-n-n-cp-n. km_n-a-X-n
{]mY-\-Ifpw {hX--fp-ap-m-bn-cpp. {]mY-\-I-fn D-c-{[p-h-
s-bmWv Ah A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-n-cp-Xv. aqv ka-b--fn-emWv
Ah {]mYn-n-cp-Xv. Hmtcm {]mY-\pw thn Ipfn-pI ]Xn-
hm-bn-cpp.15
knp-X-S-n \S--s DXvJ-\\ Kth-jWw hgn Ahn-
Ss BZn- h m- k n- I Ipfnpw Ipfn- p- c pw \Inbncp
{]m[m\yw hfsc hy-am-bn-pv. kIe ]mn-S-pw InWdpw
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
Ipfn-p-c-bp-ap-m-bn-cpp. sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS Iqen-sse-\pIt]mepw

AXn \nsm-gn-hm-bn-cp-n. Ipfn-ap-dn-I-fn \nv Aip--Pew
]pd-tv sImp-t]m-Ip-hm-\mbn Agp-p-Nm-ep-I-fp-ap-m-bn-cpp.
{]kvXpX kwhn-[m-\- B[p-\nI Kth-j-I-msc AZv`p-X-]-c-X-
{-cm-n-bn-pv. {io. sI.hn. tKm]m-e-ta-t\m Fgp-Xn-bXv ImWpI:
""tamlP- Z m- t dm- b nse Ah- i n- j v S - GXmv Hcp NXpc{i
\mgnI ]cpInS- pp. AXns ka- h n- ` - - a mb sXcp- h o- Y n-
Ipw hoSp-Ipw Ah-bn-ep Ipfn-ap-dn-Ipw sXcp-hp-I-fpsS
ASn-bnIqSn t]mIp Agp-pNm-ep-Ipw AZv`p-X-I-c-amb Hcm-
[p-\n-I-m-b-bpv.... hoSp-I-fpsS Dn-semcp \Sp-ap-hpw B \Sp-ap--
n\v Npp-ambn ASp-f, Ie-hd, Ipfn-apdn apX-em-b-h-bp-apv.
InW Fm honepw ImWpp. Ipfn-ap-dn-I-fn \npw ap-ap
shw ASn-bn-ep Agp-p-Nm-ep-I-fn sNptNcpp.''16
hyn-]-c-amb Cu Gm-Sp-Iv ]pdta Ipfn-p-hm-\mbn
s]mXp Ipf-fpw Ah \nan-n-cpp. {K-Im-c XpS-cpp:
""Fm Fm-nepw IuXp-I-ta-dn-bn-p-Xv Ahn-Ss sIn-
-Sp Ipf-am-Ipp. Cu Ipf-n\p Nppw aphpw B ap-ns
\mep `mKpw tImem-b-Ifpw tImem-b-bpsS ]n`m-K-mbn, Nppw
Ipfn-ap-dn-I-fpap-v. Ipfn-ap-dn-I-fn Nne-Xn Bhn-sImv hnbnv
Ipfn-m-\p Gm-Sp-Ifpw ImWpp.''17
apkvenw ]n-I-tfm-S-\p-_-nv Hcp Ir{Xn-a-Ipfw ]te-S--fnepw
ImWmw. "lufv ' Fm-Wn-Xns t]. apkvenw-I {]mY-\v
thn "AwK- k v \ m\w' (hpZp) sNpp. XZm- h - i ymY- a mWv
{]kvXpX Ir{Xna XSmIw ]n-I-tfm-S-\p-_-nv Gs-Sp-n-bn-
p-Xv. CXpt]mse km_n aX-n \a-kvIm-c-n\p thn Ipfn-
t--Xp-m-bn-cp--Xn-\m, XZm-h-iymYw Gs-Sp-n-b-Xm-
hWw, {]kvXpX Ir{Xna Ipf-sav A\p-am-\n-t-n-bn-cn-pp.
lc--bn \npw C-c-samcp Ipf-ns Ah-in-jvS-
Is-Sp-n-pv. \ofw 39 ASn (sXp hSv), hoXn 23 ASn,
Bgw 8 ASn Fn- - s \- b m- b n- c pp AXns Af- h p- I . Ipf-
ns hfsc ASpv aqv `mKpw 9 1/4 ASn \ofhpw 6 ASn
hoXn-bp-ap Ipfn-ap-dn-I-fp-m-bn-cpp. IqSmsX Ipf-ns ASpv
Xs sXcp-ho-Yn-bn CtX-am-Xncn thsd cp hcn Ipfn-ap-dn-I
ImWp-I-bp-mbn. B Hmtcm Ipfn-ap-dn-bn \npw tate \ne-bn-
tev t]mIp-hm CjvSnI sImp tImWn--Sn-bp-ap-m-bn-cpp.
henb Ipf-n-tev shw \nd-n-cp-Xv sXp`m-K-p apdn-
I-fnsem-n nXnsNp Cc CjvSn-I-s-p Hcp InW-n
\nmWv. Cu hW-\v tijw F. A- Fgp-Xpp: ""aX-kw-
_--amb, F{Xbpw {][m-\-s {Inb-Im-bn-cn-Ww Cu Ipfw
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
D]-tbm-Kn-n-cp-Xv.''18
tUmIvS-dpsS A\p-am\w hfsc icn-bmWv. km_n aX-mv
{]mY-\-p-thn Ipfn A\n-hm-cy-am-bn-cpp.
{]kv X pX hnh- c - W - n- \nv asmcp Imcyw IqSn \psS
{ip hnj-bo-`-hn-p-pv. Ipf-ns \ofw sXp-h-S-m-bmWv
InS-p-Xv. Ipf-n-\-Sp-p sXcp-hnse Ipfn-ap-dn-I-fn \nv
tase \ne-bn-tep Ib-dn-tm-hm tImh-Wn-I-fp-ap-m-bn-cpp. B
ta \ne Ah-cpsS {]mY-\m-a-n-c-am-bn-cn-p-sa-q-ln-p-hm hI-
bpv. km_n-a-X-m-cpsS "Jn_ve' ({]mY-\-bn A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-
p Zni) D-c-{[p-h-am-bn-cpp F apkvenw ]WvUn-X-m-cpsS
A`n-{]mbw ChnsS {it-b-amWv. C_v\p-ssX-an-bsb D-cnv knZv
kpsse-am \Zvhn Fgp-Xpp: ""km_n-a-X-m-cpsS Hcp {]tXyI
tI{-am-bn-cpp ldm. {InkvXp-hn\v apv Uam-kvI-p-Im-cp-sSbpw
6
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4
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
apw aXw AXm-bn-cpp. D-c-{[p-hs A`n-ap-J-am-n-bm-bn-cpp

km_n-I-fpsS {]mY\. Uam-kvI-n Cpw Nne ]pcm-X\ ]n-
I ImWmw. Ah-bpsS Hcp "Jn_ve' D-c-{[p-h-n\v t\sc-bm-
Ipp....Ah apv km_n-b-m-cpsS tZhm-e-b--fm-bn-cpp.''19
Ckvemw aXw kzoI-cn tijhpw X-fpsS ]g-b -tZ-hm-e-b--
fn Xs-bmWv {]kvXpX P\- {]mY\ \S-n-tm--sX-
Yw. Ah ]n-I amn-bn. {]XypX Jn_ve-am{Xw amn.
As\ cp Jn_ve-I-fp--h-bm-bn-op B tZhm-e-b-.
Ipdn-p-I
1. `mc-X--ga t]Pv 60
2. iXm-_vZ--p-d-v\n-p i_vZ- t]Pv 189
3. Ibid P. 189, 190
4. `mc-X--ga t]Pv 85, 86
5. Ibid P. 85
6. iXm-_vZ--p-d-p-\n-p i_vZ- t]. 207
7. Ibid P. 192
8. `mc-X--ga t]Pv 79
9. Jp-B A[ymbw 11, kqw 44 t\mpI.
10. XPp-am-\p Jp-B hmfyw 2, t]Pv 193
13. XPp-am\p Jp-B hmfyw 1, t]Pv 130
15. AZp Jp-B hmfyw 2, t]Pv 193, 194 t\mpI.
18. `mc-X--ga t]Pv 77
20. D-cWw: Ibid hmfyw 2, t]Pv 196
21. D-cWw: Ibid hmfyw 2, t]Pv 196
22. `mc-Xob kwkvImc km{amPy Ncn{Xw t]Pv 18
23. Aan-e-ep- h-n-l t]Pv 18
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
AXn-\m Ah km_n-I-fpsS kvamc-I--fmbn C_v\p-ssX-an-b-bpsS

Imev ({In.1263-1328) t]mepw Ah-ti-jnp.
km_n aX-ns ]ucm-WnIX
temIv Ghpw BZy-ambn DS-se-Sp {]hm-N-I-a-X-am-Ipp
km_n aXw. t\ml-bpsS aX-am-bn-cpp AsXp Nne apkvenw
]WvUn-X-m A`n-{]m-bs-n-pv. Jeo-ens\ D-cnv C_v\p
Iko Xs Jp-B `mjy-n km_n-I t\ml-bpsS aX-
m-cm-sWv Ah-Im-i-s-Sp--Xmbn tcJ-s-Sp-n-bn-pv.
C_v\p-Zow F {]kn apkvenw-N-cn-{X-Im-c Xs "A^n-
lvcn-kvXn' km_n-I-sf-p-dnv kpZoL-ambn {]Xn-]m-Zn Iq-
n ]d-bpp: ""C_v-dmlow \_n-bpsS app \qln-sbpw ioYn-
sbpw A\p-bm-bn-IfmWv X-sfv km_n-I Ah-Im-i-s-Spp.
ioYns thZw AhcpsS hi-ap-m-bn-cpp. [a-Im-cy--sf-bmWv
AXn {]Xn-]m-Zn-n-cn-p-Xv.''20
asmcp apkvenw ]WvUn-X-\mb C_v\p lk-vans\ D-cnp \Zvhn
Fgp-Xpp: ""temI-nse Ghpw {]mNo\ aX-amWv km_n-aXw.''21
hl_p-_v\p-ap-\x, A_v-Zpd-lv-am-\n-_v-\p-sskZv, Camw dmkn,
C_v\p Iko apX-emb Htsd apkvenw ]WvUn-X-m km_n-a-X-
m GI-ssZh hnizm-kn-I-fms-Wv A`n{]m-b-s-n-pv. BI-bm
BZn-bn kXy-a-X-m-cm-bn-cpp km_n-I. asm kap-Zm-b--
sfbpw t]mse Ahcpw Imem--c-n hyXn-N-enp.
ssk- h - k w- k v I mcw GI- s sZ- h - X z- n- e - [ n- j v T n- X - a m- b n- c p- p-
sh A`n- { ]m- b - s - b mWv \mw ]nm- p- Xv . ]pcm- h kv X p
imkv{X--m-cpsS A`n-{]mbw CXn-\p-t]m-Zv_-e-I-amWv. Ahsc
D-cnp {io. ]n. tXmakv Fgp-Xpp: ""GI-ssZh hnizm-kn-I-fm-bn-
cpp Ah (knp XS-hm-knI) F \nK-a-\-n-emWv an-
hmdpw Kth-j-I-m Fn-tn-p-Xv.''22
Atm t\ml-bpsS A\p-bm-bn-I-fmb km_n-b-m-cm-bn-cpp
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
Ah. Ime--d--n Ahpw amkw`-hn-n-cnmw. Fn-

cp-mepw Ah-cpsS ASn-m-\-]-c-amb aX-k-]-ns e-
W- ]eXpw ]ntbpw Ah-ti-jn-n-cpp. {]mNo\ Cy-m-
cpsS aX-hn-izm-k-sn Hcp apkvenw ]WvUn-X-\mb apl--Zp-n-
lvdkvXm\n ({In.1076-1155) Fgp-Xpp: ""{_m-W-m-cn Hcp ]-
ns Nmbvhv ssZzX-hmZ (Dualism) nte-mWv. Ah C_vdmlow
\_nsb AwKo-I-cn-pp. Fm Cy-m-cn A[n-I-]-hpw
km_n-I-fs{X. km_n-a-X-nse hnhn[ ]-Xn-I-fmWv Ah Ah-
ew-_np t]mcp-Xv.''23
{In. 1070 Nc-a-KXn {]m]n JmZn kmC-Zp -DZp-enkn F
apkv-enw ]WvUn-X Xs "X_-Jm-p -Daw' F IrXn-bnepw
CtX A`n-{]m-b-amWv tcJ-s-Sp-n-sh-n-p-Xv. Ch A[n-I-]-
-sav {]tbmKn-Xv ssk-h-kw-kvIm-c-ns ]mc--cy-m-cmb
{Zmhn-U-m-sc--n-bmhWw.
BI-bm `mc-Xob kwkvIm-c-ns ASn--d-]m-In-b-h alm-
\mb t\mlm {]hm-N-Is km-\-]-c--c-bn s]-hcpw A\p-bm-
bn-I-fp-am-bn-cp-p-sh \nK-a-\-n-emWv Ah-km-\-ambn \mw Fn-
t-cp-Xv. Ah km_n-a-X-mcpw Cs {Zmhn-U-hn-`m-K--fpsS
]qh-m-cp-am-bn-cpp.
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
lc- kwkvIm-c-nse Ir{Xna Ipf-n-sbpw Ipfn-ap-dn-
I-fpsSbpw Hcp `mh\m Nn{Xw.
1. sIn--Sp Ir{Xna Ipfw (sXphSv \ofw).

2. Ipf-n-te-n-d-m-\p ]S-hp-I.
3. cp-hcn Ipfn-ap-dn-Ifpw Ah-bn \nv apI\n-e-bn-tep Ib-dp-hm-
\p CjvSn-I-tm-h-Wn-Ifpw.
4. Ipf-n-tev shw \nd-m-\p-]-tbm-Kn InW.
5. Ipfn-ap-dn-Ifpw aen-\-Pew ]pd-tv hnSp Hmhp-Ifpw.
6. sNdnb hc-I XqWp-Isf Ipdn-pp.
A[ymbw ]Xn-aqv
Zkyp-Zi\w
BcyP-\X Cy-bn {]th-in-p--Xn\p app-Xs ChnsS
]ptcm- K - a - t \m- p- J - a mb Hcp kwkv I m- c hpw aXhpw {]N- c np
Ignncpp Fv \mw Ip. Fm B ]mc--cy-n\n-p-d-
sIm Xz-Zi-\--sf-n {]Xn-]m-Zn-p tcJ-I-sfmpw Ncn-
{Xm-t\z-j-I-mv ssIh-n-n. knp Xmgvh-c-bn \nv J\-\-
n e`n enJn-X- hmbn-m Ign-n-cp-p-sh-n knp-
X-S-hm-kn-I-fpsS Xz-Zi-\--sf-n h Adnhpw \apv e`n-t-
p-am-bn-cpp. ]t, B en]n Cpw kqv-a-ambn hmbn-s--n-
n. Cv s]mXp-hn [cn--s-Sp-Xv Cy-bn ]nm-ev
hfph Xz-Zi-\--f-Jnew Bcy-m-cpsS thZm-Zn-km-ln-Xy-
-fn\nv cq]wsImn-p--Xm-sW-m-Ipp.
Fm {]kvXpX [mcW XnIpw icn-bm-sWp tXmp-n.
Fp-sIm-s-m A\--c-L--n cq]w-]q Zi-\--fn
]eXpw Bcy-m-cpsS ]mc--cys tNmZyw sNp-tXm thZ-{]m-
am- W ys AwKo- I - c n- m- tXm BIpp. AXn- \ m Acw
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
Zi-\- thZmZn kmln-Xy--fn\n-p-S-se-Sp--XmsWv ]d-

bp-Xv bpnkl-a.
thZw Fm
thZ- a mWv Ghpw ]pcm- X - \ - a mb Bcy- k m- l nXyw. thZs
"{ipXn' Fpw hnfn-pp. Ev, kmaw, bPpv, AYhWw Fo
\mep kwln-X-Ifpw Ah-tbm-S-\p-_-n-p {_m-W--fp-amWv
thZ-. Fm Bc-Wy-I-fpw D]-\n-j-p-Ifpw IqSn Cp
thZ--fpsS Iq-n-emWv Fn-m-Wp-Xv. CXv Bcy-m-cpsS
BZna aX-n-s\-Xn-cm-Ipp. cp imkv{X--fmWv BZn-bn Bcy-
mp-m-bn-cp-Xv. Hn\v "{ipXn' Fpw a-Xn\v "kvarXn' Fpw
]d-bpp. {ipXn Fm thZhpw kvarXn Fm [a-im-kv{X-hp-
am-Ipp. a\p-kvarXn ]d-bp-Xv ImWpI:
""{ipXn-kvXp-thtZm hntbm [a-im-kv{Xp sshkvarXnx''1
(thZs {ipXn Fpw [a-im-kv{Xs kvarXn Fpw Adn-tb-
-Xm-Ipp.)
{ipXn F-XpsImv thZ-nse a{-`m-Khpw {_m-W-`m-
Khpw am{X-amWv hnh-n--s-Sp--sXv B]-kvXw_ [a-kq{Xw
]d-bpp:
""a{-{_m--W-tbm-thZ \ma-t[bw.''2 (a{--fp-sSbpw {_m-
W--fp-sSbpw t]cmWv thZ-w.)
Atm Bcy-m-cpsS BZn-a-a-X-a-\p-k-cnv a{-fpw {_m-
W-fpw am{Xta thZ-ns]-Sp-pq. Bc-Wy-I-fpw D]-\n-j-
p-Ifpw Aq--n Ds-Sp-n. CtX AY-n-emWv {ipXn,
thZw Fo i_vZ- \mapw Cu A[ym-b-n {]tbm-Kn-p-
pXv.
thZ-nse apJy {]Xn-]mZyw
{ipXn-bn kthm-]cn {]m[m\yw \In-bn-p-Xv Ia-amK-
n-\m-Ipp. AXm-bXv bmK-pw b-pw. Bcy P\-
X-bpsS khn-ti-j-amb Bc-m[\m coXn-mWv bw Fv ]d-bp-
Xv. b-th-f-bn Dcp-hn-Sm-\p a{- kwlnX F t]cn
Adn-b-s-Spp. b-co-Xn-I hnh-cn-p IrXn-I-fmWv {_m-
W-. b--fn arK-_en \S--s-n-cpp; ]ip, BSv, IpXnc
apX-emb arK-sf h[np tlman-pI ]Xn-hm-bn-cpp. AXn-\m
Bcy-m-cpsS Ia amKw Hcp Xcw lnwkmamK-am-sWv A[n-
t-]n--s-Spp. A\m-cy P\-Xv BZn-bn Xs {]kvXpX
amK-tmSv Adpw shdppw Ah--bp-am-bn-cpp. Ahv Bcy-
m-cpsS tZh-X-I-fntem bmKm-Zn-Ia--fntem hnizm-k-ap-m-bn-cp-
n. CXp ImcWw thZ- { Z- j v S m- - f mb Ejn- a m A\m- c y- msc
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
"iniv\-tZhmx' (tZh-hn-tZz-jnI), "AIan-I' (bmKw Ign-m--
h) Fn-s\ A[n-t-]n-p-I-bp-mbn.
BI-bm EtKz-Z-Im-ep Xs `mc-X-n hn`n--amb cp
amK- \ne-hn-en-cp--Xmbn \mw ImWpp. Hcp amKw bmK-
pw b-pw kthm-]cn {]m[m\yw I]n--p-tm
at amKw Ahsb ]pnp Xpp. Hv Bcy-amK-am-sW-n,
atXv A\m-cy-amK-am-bn-cpp. Ccp hn`m-K-fpw Xn \S ka-
c-kw-L--\--fpsS {][m\ ImcWw aX-]-c-amb {]kvXpX hntcm[w
Xs-bm-bn-cp-p-shv thZw \apv a\-n-em-n--cpp.
ChnsS \apv ]cn-tim-[n-m-\p-Xv ]nm-ev `mc-X-n
hf-ph Xz-Zi-\--f-{Xbpw Bcy-m-cpsS sshZnI ]mc--
cy-n \np-d-sIm-tXm, AtXm, Nne-sX-nepw A\m-cy-]m-c--
cy-n \np {]tNm-Z-\-apsm-tXm FmWv. Fm Xz-
Zi- \ - fpw sshZn- I - ] m- c - - c y- n\n- p- S - s e- S p- p- s h- mWv
]cs {]N-cn--s-n-p-Xv. A-s\-sb-n `mc-Xob Zi-\--
fn ]eXpw sshZn-I-a-XsIa amK-stNmZyw sNp-Itbm,
DZm-ko-\-ambn hon-p-Itbm sNm Imc-W-an-m-bn-cpp. AXn-
\m Cy Xz-Zi-\--sfmw sshZn-I-]m-c--cy-n\n-p-
d-sIm--Xm-sW [mcW icn-bm-sWv tXmp-n. Ah-bn
Nne-sX-nepw Zkyp ]mc--cy-n \nv {]tNm-Z-\-apsmv
hfp h- X m- b n- c n- Ww. Cu \nK- a - \ - n- \ p- t ]m- Z v _ - e - I - a mb
kmy- ]eXpw Ncn- { X- - f n \nv s]dp- n- s b- S p- m
Ignbpw.
EtKzZw \Ip kqN-\-I
Bcy- m- c psS B{I- a - W - L - - n tZh- h n- t Zz- j n- I - f mb Hcp
hn`mKw ChnsS \ne-\n-n-cp-p-shv EtKzZw Xs kqNn-n-p-
pv. Ahpw Bcy-mp-an-S-bn aX-]-c-amb i{XpXbpm-
bn-cpp. {io. kZm ]Wn- Fgp-Xn-bXv t\mpI: ""Ah (Zkyp-
) A\m-cy-amb Hcp `mj-bm-Wv kwkm-cn-n-cp-Xv. AIan-I-
fpam-bn-cpp; bmKm-Zn-I Ign-n-cp-n; C{m-Zn-tZ-h-msc ]qPn-
n-cp-n. "iniv\-tZhmx' Fv Ahsc A[n-t-]n-n-pv.''3
{]kvXpX A\m-cy-hn-`m-K- Bcy-m-cpsS Bbp[ inp
apn imco-cn-I-ambn Iog-S-n-bn-cnmw. ]t, a\pw hnizm-
khpw Bcy-mv ASn-bdshm Ah Hcp--am-bn-cp-n. Ah
]qh ]mc--cy-n Xs Ddp\np. ]noSv, \qm-p-Iv
tijw BcyZkyp kwLj-n\v Abhp hp. XZ-h-kcw Zkyp-
Ah-cpsS ]mc--cy-hn-izm-km-Nm-c- hopw {]N-cn-np.
As\ thZ-nse Ia amK-n\pw lnwkm--I-amb bmK ]cn-
]m-Sn-Ipw hn]-co-X-ambn asmcp amKw \ne-hn hp. CXn-
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
\mWv "m\-amKw' Ftm "apn amKw' Ftm ]d-p-h-

Xv. CX-\p-k-cnv ]nm-ev DS-se-Sp Xz-Zi-\--fn
]eXpw A\m-cy-]m-c--cy-n\nmWv {]tNm-Z-\-apsm-n-p--
sXv ]d-bm-hp--XmWv. ]t, Atm-tgpw Ah ]e ]cn-h-
\-pw hnt[-b-am-bn-cpp.
Zmi-cmbpw
EtKz-Z-Im-ep Xs \S Hcp kw`-h-amWv Zmi-cm--bpw.
thZn hWn--snp {]kvXpX bp-n, ]Xn-hn-s\-Xn-
cmbn Bcy-tKm-{X- Xn Xn Xs a-cn-p-Ibpw Hcp
hn`mKw Bcy-m Zkyp cmPm--msc Iqp]nSn-p-Ibpw sNbvX-
Xmbn \mw ImWpp. CXm-bn-cpp B bp-ns khn-ti-jX.
]p -cm-Pm--m Hp tNv \S-n-bncpXn-\m-et{X B bp-
n\v "Zmi-cmw' Fp t] knn-Xv. CXns Imc-W-s-
n {io. sI.Fw. ]Wn--cpsS hni-I-e\w ImWpI : ""bap-\m-\-Zo-
X- S - n- s e- n- b - t m- t gpw Bcy- mv Nne hyXymk-
hptNp. `c-X (Hcp Bcy tKm{Xw) bap-\pw KwKpw CS-
bn-ep ê-k-ar--amb cmPy-n IpSn-tb-dn-mp. KwKv
Ingp hi- p A\m- c y- c m- P m- - m- c p- a mbn _p- X - b n- e mWv
Ah Ign-Xv. ] \Z-n (]m-_n) ]mn-cp ap
Bcy P\-X X--fpsS tZi-w ssI-em-m-Xn-cn-m-\mbn, `c-X
Ahsc "iX{Zn'bpsS (kXve-Pv\Zn) Apdw XSp \nm {ian-
p-t]mp. B a-c-ns ê-am-bn-mWv "Zmi-cmw' F alm-
bpw Dm-bXv.''4
A\m-cy-m-cpsS, AYhm Zkyp--fpsS in ]s \in-n-p-
hm Bcy-mp Ign-n-cp-n-sv Cu kw`hw sXfn-bn-pp.
KwKv Ing-p-h-iv A\m-cy-cm-Pm--m Am-epw {]Xm-]-
tmsS hmgvN \S-n-bn-cpp. Ahsc Bcy-mp Pbn-m
km[n-n-sv am{X-a, Ah-cp-ambn ssa{Xo-_w ]pem
Bcy-m-cn-semcp hn`mKw \n_-n--s-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. A\m-
cy-i-n-bpsS klm-b-tm-SpIq-Sn-bmWv `c-X-cm-Pm--mv kzw
hKm-cpsS IS-m-{I-a-Ws sNdpp tXm]nm Ign-Xv.
A{Xbpw {]_-e-cm-bn-cpp Apw A\m-cy-m. Fn-cns A\m-
cy-m Bcy-m-cpsS Bbp[ inp apn imco-cn-I-ambn Iog-
S-n-sbv [cn-p-Xpw XnIpw icn-bm-hn. Npcp--n Zkyp-
-fpsS `c-Whpw Zkyp-cm-Pm--mcpw ]nsbpw \ne-\np t]mp.
Fn Ah-tcm-sSmw Ah-cpsS kwkvIm-chpw aXhpw \ne\n-n-
p-m-bn-cn-p-atm. Atm ]nm-ev hfp h Xz-
Zi-\--sfmw Bcy-]m-c--cy-n-e-[n-jvTn-X-am-sWv Fs\ ]d-
bm-s\mpw? hmkvX-h-n A\m-cy-]m-c--cy-n\n-p-Zv`-hn
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
Bi-bm-Zi-pw `mc-Xo-b-kw-kvIm-c-ns ]ptcm-K-Xn-bn
kmc-amb ]pv. `mc-Xob kwkvImcw Bcy-m-cpsS sshZnI ]mc-
-cy-ns krjvSn-bms-W {]Nm-cWw Ig---Xs{X. ssl-h-
kw-kvImcw Bcy-m-cp-tS-X; Cy-m-cp-tS-XmWv. kZm ]Wn-
Zmi-cm kw`-h-n\v Ncn-{X-n-ep-mb {]m[m\yw Nqn-
m-Wn-p-Xv t\mpI: ""temI-nse AXn-{]-[m-\-fmb kw`-
h--fn-sem-m-bn-mWv, Rm Cu bpw ImWp-Xv. kpZm-ns\
(`cX cmPmhv) FXnn-cp-h Bcy-m Xs-bm-bn-cpp. kpZm-
ns _p--fn A\m-cy-m-cmb cmPm--m-cpap-m-bn-cpp.
Cu alm- b p- - n kpZmns Iogn- e p `c- X - P - \ - n- \ mWv
hnPbw e`n-Xv. AtXm-SpIqSn Bcy-m-cpsS B{I-aWw ian-sv
]dbmw. bap- \ m- X - S - n IpSn- t bdnm- h Xt- i o- b - c p- a mbn
Hnp tNv lnp kwkvIm-c-n\v ASn-m-\-an--Xmbpw hnNm-
cnmw.''5
asmcp `mj-bn ]d-m, Zkyp--sfbpw, Zkyp-kw-kvIm-c-
sbpw `mc-X-n \np XpS-p-amm Bcy-\m-{I-a-W-Im-cn-Iv
km[n-n. Ah-km\w Ah-cp-ambn kl-I-cn-p-t]m-Im Bcy-m
\n_-n-X-cmbn. Zkyp kwkvImcw kml-N-cy-ns B\p-Iq-ey-
a-\p-k-cnv hopw hfphp. As\ Ah-cpsS B[ym-nI
Nn-\-fpw Zi-\-fpw Ah-bp-sS-Xmb amK--fn-eqsS ChnsS
{]Nm-c-sp. B amKas{X "m\-amKw' F t]cn-\m ]noSv
Adn-b-s-Xv.
`n-hn-cp--amb Nnm-amK-
`mc-X-ns Ncn-{X-n BZn-ap-X Xs hyXykvX kz`m-
h-tmSv IqSn cp Nnm amK- XpSp h-Xmbn ImWmw:
Hv sshZnI Ia- f mb bmKm- Z n- I v ]c- a - { ]m- [ m\yw
I]npsImp amKw; aXv X]v, [ym\w, {_-Ncyw apX-
em-bh aptJ\ Cuizc kmm-XvIm-c-n\v h]n {]m[m\yw
\In-sm-p amKhpw. BZy-t-Xn\v Ia amKw Fpw,
cm-a-t-Xn\v m\-amKw, As-n apn amKw Fpw
t]cp ]dbmw. Ia amK-ns DXv]n sshZn-I-]m-c--cy-am-sW-
p- Imcy-n X-an. Fm m\-amKw sshZnI ]mc-
-cys, Hp-In DZm-ko\ `mh-n hon-p-Itbm, Xpd-s-
Xnp-Itbm BWv sNp-Xv. AXn-\m AXv sshZn-I-]m-c--cy-
n \np- d - s Im- - X - s pw {]XypX, Zkyp- ] m- c - - c y- a mWv
AXns D]-n-tI-{-sa-p-ap \nK-a-\-n-emWv Nne Kth-j-
I-m Fn-tn-p-Xv. sXfn-hp-I-fpsS ]n_-ehpw Cu \nK-
a-\-n-\pv. ]t, lnp--fpsS amaq aXw CXn-s\-Xn-cm-bn-p-
-XmWv. AXn-\m \njv]--amb Hcp \ncq-]Ww ChnsS Bh-iy-
am-bn-cn-p-I-bmWv.
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
Kth-jI
-
- m-cpsS \nK-a\
-
-
Bcy-m bw, bmKw, Zm\w apX-emb sshZnI Ia--fn-
eqsS kzKw {]m]n-p-hm-\mWv B{K-ln-n-cp-Xv. B[ym-nI N-
I-fn-sempw Ahv henb Xm]-cy-ap-m-bn-cp-n. ùXnI
PohnXw ]cn-]qW-ambn Bkz-Zn-m-\mWv Ah {ian-Xv. tUm.
Fkv. cm[m-Ir-jvW Fgp-Xn-bXv ImWpI: ""Bcy-m ùXnI
Pohn-Xs AXns kqW \ne-bn CjvS-sp. AXn-\m
Bm-hns `mhnsbpdnpw apw Ahv A{X Xm]-cy-ap-m-
bn-cp-n.''6
CXn \npw ]msS `n-am-bn-cpp A\m-cy-m-cpsS nXn.
Ah BZn apX B[ym-nI N-I-fn CS-s]-n-cpp. "Fssk-
tm-]o-Unb Hm^v dneo-Pn-b BUv FXn-Ivkn' lmnwKvkv
(Hastings) Fgp-Xpp: ""Bcy-m-cpsS hc-hn\p app Xs A\m-cy-
m B[ym-nI N-I-fn CS-s]-n-cpp.''7
BI-bm B[ym-nI Nn-\--fpsS Dd-hnSw sshZnI ]mc--
cy-a-spw, Bcym-K-a-\-n\p app-Xs ChnsS \ne-\n-n-cp
A\mcy kwkvIm-c-n \nmWv Bob hnZy Dd-sIm--sXpw
A\p-am-\n-t-n-bn-cn-pp.
D]-\n-j
- p-If
- nse Zi\w
B[ym-nI hnNn--\--fpsm-p `mc-Xo-b-km-lnXyw "D]-
\n-j-p-I' F t]cn-\m \nh-Nn--s-Sp Hcp {]tXy-I-Xcw
IrXn-I-ft{X. Ch \qn--W-n-\pv. t_mws_-bnse "\nWb
kmK' {]p-Im \qn-{p D]-\n-j-p-I {]kn-o-I-cn-n-p-
-Xmbn cmlpkmw-Ir-Xym-b Xs "hniz-Zi-\-' F IrXn-
bn tcJ-s-Sp-n-bnpv. Fm Ah-sbmw bYmY D]-\n-j-
p-I-fmbn \ncq-]-I-m AwKo-I-cn-p-n. apK N{I-hn
AIv_-dpsS Imev Hcp-]-\n-jv Fgp-Xp-I-bp-mbn. "Atm-]-
\n-jv' Fm-bn-cpp AXns t]. Cs\ D]-\n-j-s \ma-
t[-b-n Bbn-c--W-n\p IrXn-I ImWm Ignbpw. ]t,
Ah-bvsmw Hcp-t]mse {]mamWyw I]n--s-Sp-n. kmwIr-
Xym-bs A`n-{]m-b-n ]Xn-aqv IrXn-I {]tXyIw {it-b-
- f m- I pp. Cuiw, OmtmKyw, _rl- Z m- c - W yIw, sFX- t cbw,
ssXn-cobw, {]iv\w, tI\w, ITw, apWvUIw, amWvUqIyw, Iujo-
XIn, ssa{Xn, tizXm-iz-Xcw Fn-h-bt{X Ah. _n.kn. 700sbpw
100sbpw CS-mWv Ah Fgp-X-s-n-p--sXpw Atlw A`n-
{]m-b-s-Spp.8
Fm BZys D]- \ n- j - Z v _ o- P - n\v Bcy- m- c psS thZ-
tmfw ]g--aps--mWv ap Nne {]apJ \ncq-]-I-cpsS A`n-
{]mbw. "]uckvXy ]hn-{X-{K-m-hen'bn amIvkvap- Fgp-Xpp:
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
""BZys D]-\n-j-Zv_o-P-v thZ-ns a{-`mK-tfmfw
Xs ]g--apv. EtKz-Z-kw-ln-X-bn Hcp D]-\n-j-{w IS-p-
Iq-Sn-bn-p-sv "khm-\p-{I-a-WnI'Imc-\mb Imym-b-\ ]d-
n-pv.'' 9
EtKz-Z-kw-ln-X-bpsS Imew _n.kn. 2000 apX 1500 hsc-bm-sW-
s{X s]mXp-hn IW-mn hcp-Xv. AXnXs D]-\n-j-
{w IS-p-Iq-Sn-bnps-n D]-\n-j-p-I-fn Nne-sX-nepw
AXn\p apv \ne-hn-ep-m-bn-cn--W-atm. GXm-bmepw D]-\n-j-
i-\--fpsS DXv]n thZ-n \n Zkyp-]m-c--cy-n
\nm-sW \nK-a-\-n-\p-t]m-Zv_-e-I-amWv {]kvXpX hkvXpX.
amIvkv-ap- Xs ]d-bs : ""Cs \ne-bn ImWp cq]w
{]m]n-p--Xn\v appXs D]-\n-jXvk--b- ]c--cm-K-X-ambn
ChnsS \ne-\n-p-h-n-cpp F Imcy-n kt-l-an.''10
Bcym-K-a-\-n\p apv Zkyp-P-\-X-n-S-bn N sN-s-n-
cp Xz-Zi-\--fmWv ]nm-ev D]-\n-j-p-I-fpsS cq]w
ssIsm-Xv. Ah Zkyp- ]c--cm-K-X-ambn ]c-kv]cw ssIam-
dn-sm-n-cpp. ]noSv {]kvXpX Zi-\- D]\n-j-p-I-fpsS
cq]-n t{ImUo-Ir-X-am-sbt-bpq. Ah-bn-e-S-nb Bi-bm-
Zi- Bcym-K-a-\-n\pw app-Xs Zkyp-]m-c--cy-n \ne-
sIm-n-cp--Xm-bn-cn-Ww. Bcy-m-cpsS sshZn-I-km-ln-XyamWv D]-
\n-j-i-\--fpsS Dd-hn-S-sa-n D]-\n-j-p-I {]Y-a-ambpw {][m-
\-ambpw sshZn-I-a-X-ns {]mam-Wys Dun-bpd-np-Ibpw
{]N-cn-n-p-I-bp-amWv thn-bn-cp-Xv. Fm Cu hi-s-w-
_- n- n- S - t mfw apJy D]- \ n- j - p- I Hcp- Z m- k o\ `mh- a mWv
ssIsm-p-Im-Wp-Xv.
cpXcw hnZym-im-eI
-
cp Xc- n- e p hnZym- ` ymk m]- \ - `mc- X - n
{]hn-p-h--Xmbn Ncn-{X-n ImWmw. Hv sshZnI aX-s-
bmWv ]cn-c-n-m {ian-n-cp-sX-n, aXv, Hu]-\n-j-Xn-I-kw-
kvIm-c-s-bmWv kwc-n-m DZy-an-n-cp-Xv. BZy-t-Xn\v "alm-
ime'sbpw cm-a-t-Xn\v "]cn-jv' Fp-am-bn-cpp t].
alm-im-e-I ]qW-ambpw {_m-W-]p-tcm-ln-X-m-cpsS \nb-{-
W-nepw ]cn-j-p-I A{_m--W-cm-P-m-m-cpsS {]tXyI \nb-
{-W-n-ep-amWv \S-n-cp-sXp IqSn C-cp-W-n Hmt-
- X mWv . "Cy- b nse hWk- a cw' F IrXn- b n AXns
Im-hmb {io. IrjvWm-\--kzman Fgp-Xpp: ""Bcy-m-cpsS thZ-
fpw A\m-cy--mcpsS D]\n-j-p-Ifpw cp hn`n--kw-kvIm-c--
sfs ]cn-c-np hp.... X-fpsS bmKmZn sshZn-I-Ia-
kwc-n-p--Xn-\mbn "alm-im-e-I' F t]cn {_m-W
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
{]tXy- I - a mbn At\I m]- \ - krjv S np \Sn. AXp-

t]mse, A{_m--W X-fpsS B[ym-nI Nn-I ]cn-c-n-
m\pw {]N-cn-n-m-\p-ambn D]-\n-j-p-I-fpsS ASn-m-\-n,
"]cn- j - p- I fpw' Imem- - c - n m]np \S- m XpSn.
]mm-e--fpsS (Cs ]m-_nse cptlWvUpw Cm-
h-bp-a-S-p {]tZ-i- ) cmPm-hmb {]hm-l-W, tII-b-cm-Pm-
hmb (Qew, knp Fo \Zn-In-S-bn-ep, Xmgv lnam-eb
{]tZ-iv nXn-sN-p cmPu-cn--Sp Hcp {]tZ-i-am-bn-cpp
tII-b-cmPyw) Aiz-]Xn, Imin-cm-Pm-hmb (_\m-d-kns kao-]--
e-am-bn-cpp Imin) P\-I Fn-h-scmw Am-e--fn ]cn-j-
p-I \S-n-h A{_m--W-ta-[m-hn-I-fm-bn-cpp. AwKn-cv,
hkn-jvT, Iiy-], ]pe-kvXy, hnizm-an-{X, `rKp, Zphm-kv
Fo {_mlvaW-ta-[m-hn-I-fm-Is, alm-im-e-I \S-n-h-n-cp-
-h-cp-am-bn-cpp.''11
Npcp--n, {_m-W-]p-tcm-ln-X-m sshZn-I-amb Iafpw
BNm-c-fpw \ne-\nm-\mWv apJy-ambpw {ian-p-t]m-n-cp-Xv.
Av B[ym-n-I-hnZy Ahn-S-bn Adn-b-s-n-cp-n. {_m-
W-]-WvUn-X-m B[ym-nI hnZy ]Tn-m XpS-n-bXv hfsc
]no-Sm-bn-cpp. AXpw A{_m--Wm-cn\nv. CXn-te-p-t]m-
Zv_-e-I-amb sXfn-hp-I Omtm-tKym-]-\n-j-n ImWmw. BZn
D]-\n-j-p-I-fn s]-sXp \ncq-]-I-m kaYn-n-p AXn
Hcp IY-bpv. AXv Cs\ kw{K-lnmw: Dm-eI Bcp-Wn-Ku-X-
a Hcp {_m-W-]-WvUn-X-\m-bn-cpp. Atlw kz]p-{X-\mb tizX-
tI-Xp-hns\ hnZy-b-`y-knnp. As\ {_m-W-Nn--{]-Imcw tizX-
tIXp Hcp alm-]-WvUn-X-\m-bn-op. Hcn- Atlw {Xn-
b-\mb {]hm-l-W-ssP-hen \S-p ]cn-j-n sNp. XZ-h-
kcw ssPhen tNmZnp: ""Ipo, ANv-O Xmsf ]Tn-n-n-ptm?''
tizX-tIXp "Dv tZhm' Fv adp-]Sn ]dp. {]hm-l-W tizX-
tI-Xp-hn-t\mSv Ap tNmZy- tNmZnp. Apw {_-m-\-
kw-_-n-I-fm-bn-cpp. Hn-s\-nepw Dcw ]d-bm tizX-tI-Xp-
hn\v Ign-n. "Adn-bn, tZhm' F adp-]-Sn-bmWv Atlw Hmtcm
tNmZy-n\pw \In-bXv. C-cp-W-n cmPmhv Hp Iin :
""]ns Xm FmWv ]Tn-Xv? Cu Imcy--sfmpw Adn-bm
Hcmsf F-s\-bmWv "kpin--nX' Fp ]d-bpI?''
tizX-tIXp A]-am-\-`m-c-m Xe-Xmgvn. Xncnp sNv,
]nXm-hmb Bcp-Wn-tbmSv Bh-em-Xn-sp: ""tZh Fs "Ain-n-
X' Fp hnfn--]-am-\np. Av bmsXmpw ]Tn-n-m-sX-s
]Tn-n-sp \Snp.'' BcpWn kw`hw hnkvX-cn--t\z-jn--tm
aI ]dp: ""cmP-\y-_p ({Xn-b) FtmSv Ap tNmZy-
tNmZnp. Hn-s\-nepw adp-]Sn ]d-bm F\np Ign-n.''
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
BcpWn ]dp: ""\o hnh-cn {]iv\--fpsS Dcw F\npw
AdnpIqSm.''
BcpWn {]hm-l-Ws ASpv sNp. cmPmhv B {_m-W-
]-WvUn-Xs\ \nb-a-{]-Imcw kzoI-cnp. "am\p-j-hnw' Bh-iy-s-
Sp-hm Atlw ]dp.12 ]t, Bcp-Wn-bpsS Bhiyw [\-am-
bn- c p- n. Xm Zm\- n\p h- X - s pw, tizX- t I- X p- h n- t \mSv
tNmZn {]iv\--fpsS adp-]Sn tIm-\mWv hn-p--sXpw
BcpWn ]dp. {]hml-W hnj-a-n-embn. Atlw BZn-bn
adp-]Sn ]d-bp--Xn \nsm-gn-p-am-dm {ianp. ]t, BcpWn
hnn. \nc-cw Bh-iy-s-p-sIm-t-bn-cpp. KXy--c-an-m-Xm-b-
tm cmPmhv Hcp hn[-n k-Xnp. Fm adp-]-Sn-bpsS apJ-
hp-c-sb-tmWw ssPhen ]d Hcp hmNIw ChnsS {]tXyIw
{]k-as{X: ""Atbm KuXam, \n Bh-iy-s-n-p Imcyw
AXyw hnj-a-I-c-am-bn-p HmWv. Cu hnZy Xmv ap]p
{_m-W-mv Ae-`y-am-bn-cpp. AXp-sIm-mWv temIw apgp-
h {Xn-b-m-cpsS imk\w \ne-sIm-Xv.''13
CXn \npw {][m-\-amb Nne hkvXp-X-I \psS {ip
hnj-bo-`-hn-p-pv: Hm-a-Xmbn, Bcp-Wn-bpsS Imew hsc A{_m-
-W-cmWv B[ym-nI hnZy ssIImcyw sNbvXn-cp-Xv. {_mW
]WvUn-X-mv AsX-n Hcp ]nSn-]m-Sp-ap-m-bn-cp-n. cm-a-
Xmbn, {_m-W-m-cn \npw {]kvXpX hnZy adp]nSn-m-\mbn
A{_m--W-]-WvUn-X-m a\x-]qhw {ian-n-cpp. AXm-Wtm
ssPh-en-bpsS Hgnpamdm-\p {ia-n \npw Duln-t-Xv.
ChnsS \apv Btem-Nn-m-\p-Xv CXt{X: D]-\n-j-p-I thZ-
-fpsS A\p-_--fpw thZ-P-\y--fp-amsW-n sshZn-I-km-
lnXyw \nc-cw ssI-Imcyw sNp {_m-W-]-WvUn-X-m-cm-
Wtm D]-\n-j-i\--fpsS D]-m-Xm--mcpw Kpcp-\m-Y-m-cp-
am-tI-n-bn-cp-Xv. Fm Ncn-{X-h-kvXpX A-s\-b. Dm-eI
Bcp- W np app {_m- W - mpw Ah Adn- n- c p- n.
A{_m--W-]-WvUn-X-m-cm-Is, Ah-bn hf-sc-tbsd ]ptcm-KXn
{]m]n-p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cpp. AXn-\m A\m-cy-]m-c--cy-n\n-
mWv, D]-\n-j-i-\-ap-S-se-Sp--sX \nK-a\w IqSp-X bpn-
k-l-ambn tXmpp. Fm Cv \mw ImWp t{ImUo-Ir-X-
-fmb D]-\n-j-XvIr-Xn-I {]kvXpX \nK-a-\s `mKn-I-amtb
klm-bn-p-pq. Ah Hcp hiv {_m-W-]m-c--cys apdpsI
]nSn- p- I bpw adphiv , sshZn- I - I aIm- W v U - ns AY- a n-
mbva XpdpImWn-p-Ibpw sNpp. Cs\ sshcp[ym-[n-jvTn-
X-amb Hcp Ir{Xn-a-ap-J-amWv Ah hmb-\-m-cs apn {]Zin-
n-p-Xv. Fm thZ-hn-Zn-X-a-m Htsd Bi-b- \ne-hn-
ep D]-\n-j-p-I-fn Cpw nXn-sN-p-pv.
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
]p\P-h
- mZw
CXn-tesmcp hy-amb ZrjvSm--am-Ipp ]p\P--hmZw.
Cs lnp--fpsS auenI hnizm-k--fn-sem-mWv ]p\P--
n-ep hnizmkw. Fm BZn Bcy-mv {]kvXpX hnizm-
k-hp-ambn _-sam-p-ap-m-bn-cp-n-sp \ncq-]-I-m kaYn-
n-pv. adnp Ah ]mc-eu-InI Pohn-X-n-emWv hniz-kn-n-cp-
Xv. cmlp kmwIr-Xym-b Fgp-Xpp: ""thZ-nse Ejn-am
Cu temI-n\np hn`n--amb asmcp temI-ap-sp hniz-
kn-n-cpp. Ahn-tSmWv ac-Wm-\cw kXvIan-I t]mhpI.
Ah AhnsS B\--]qhw Pohn-p--XmWv. Xmsg-bp ]mXmfw
A-Im-cab-amb \c-I-tem-I-amWv. Ahn-tSmWv ZpjvIan-I
t]mIp-Xv... Ejn-amv ]p\P hmZ-hp-ambn _-ap-m-bn-cp-
n.'' 14
`mc-Xob {]mNo-\-km-ln-Xy--fn ]p\P--hmZw CZw-{]-Ya-
am-bn-Im-Wp-Xv Omtm-tKym-]-\n-j-n-es{X. kmwIr-Xym-b Xs
]d-bs: ""`mc-Xob {]mNo-\-km-ln-Xy--fn OmtmKyw am{X-amWv
Hm-a-Xmbn ]p\P-s-n ]d-n-p-Xv. ]c-tem-I-n am{X-
a, Cl-tem-I-nepw Ia-\p-k-cn-mWv Pohn-I P\n-p-
Xv.'' 15
AXm-bXv apP--n kpIrXw {]hn--h C--n
D-a-tbm-\n-I-fmb {_m-W-tbm-\n-bntem {Xnb tbm\n-bntem
sshiy- t bm- \ n- b ntem P\n- pp. t\sc adnv , apP- - n
A[aw {]hn- - h C- - n \mb- b p- s Stbm, ]n-
bpsStbm, Nm-f-stbm tbm\n-bn P-sa-Sp-pp. CXmWv
]p\P--kn-m--ns \nh-N\w. Omtm-Ky-n ]d-bpp:
""ChnsS D-a-Ia- sNbvXp-sImp Pohn-p--h D-a-
tbm-\n-I-fmb {_m-W-tbm-\n-bntem {Xn-b-tbm-\n-bntem sshiy-
tbm-\n-bntem P\n-pp. A[-aIa- sNp--h \mb-bp-
sStbm, kqI- c - n- s tbm, Nm- f - s tbm tbm\n- b n P\n-
pp.'' 16
Cu knm--a-\p-k-cnv ChnsS {_mW{Xnb sshiy-
Pm-Xn-I-fn P-sa-Sp--h-scms apP--n D-a-Ia-
A\p-jvTn--h-cm-bn-cnpw. A{]-Im-cw-Xs iq{Z-Pm-Xn-bn P\n-t-
n- h - - h apP- - n A[aw {]hn- - h - c m- b n- c npw.
A[ans inbpw kpIr-X-ns {]Xn-^-ehpw P\\s
Bkv]-Zn-mWv IW-m--s-Sp-Xv. IqSmsX, iq{Z-Pm-Xn-bn P\n
Hcmsf Cu knmw a\p- j y- \ m- b n- t mepw ]cn- K - W n- p- n.
Ahs\ XmW-Xcw Pohn-I-fmb \mb-bp-sSbpw ]n-bp-sSbpw Iq-
n-emWv Ds-Sp-n-bn-cn-p-Xv. Cu hmZw thZ-nse Bi-b-
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
n\v \nc- p- - X . EtKz- Z - nse ]pcp- j - k q- - n
{_mW\pw {Xn-b\pw sshiy\pw iq{Z-\p-samw Htc ico-c-
ns hnhn[ Ah-b-h--fm-bmWv Nn{Xo-I-cn-n-p-Xv:
""]pcp-js\ DXv]m-Zn-n-np F{X Xc-n thXn-cnp? Ahs
apJ-sa-mWv? Is-mWv? XpS-sb-mWv? Imse-mWv? Ahs
apJw {_m-W-\mWv; ssII {Xn-b; Ahs XpS sshiy;
ImI-fn\np iq{Z P\np.''17
BI-bm thZ-hn-Zn-X-a-m Hcp \ho\ Ip-]n-Sn--amWv
]p\P hmZw. thZhpw D]-\n-j-p-Ifpw hyXykvX kc-Wn-I-fn-
eq-sS-bmWv \on-b-sX hkvXp-Xv Hcp--tam-Zm-l-c-W-at{X
CXv.
BZn Bcy-m ]p\P-n hniz-kn-n-cp-n-sp ]d-p-
htm. Imem--c-n P\-p sshZn-I-Ia Im--n-ep
`nbpw hnizm-khpw Ipdp. Atm P\-sf \nb-{np \ne-
bv p- \ np- h m Hcp ]pXnb amKw Ip- ] n- S nt- n- h p.
As\ ]p\P- - k n- mw Bhn- j v I - c n- - s p. CXmWv
cmlpkmw-Ir-Xym-bs A`n-{]mbw. Atlw Fgp-Xpp: ""sshZn-
I-IaIm--n P\-p hnizmkw Ipd-p-h-cm XpSn.
Atm Omtm-Ky-nse Ejn-I-fmb ssPh-en-cm-Pmhpw {_m-
W-\mb Bcp-Wnbpw IqSn Hcp ]pXnb amKw Ip-]n-Snp. Ah
]p\P- s - t m- e p hnizm- k - hfn; Zmk- m,
sXmgnm XpS-nb ]oUnX P\-X-bpsS _\s IqSp-X
ZrV-Xcam-n-op.'' 18
]mc-{XnI Pohn-X-n a\p-jy\v e`n-p Ia-^-es `bv,
sFln-I-Po-hn-X-n kXvIam-\p-jvTm-\hpw ZpjvIa- hP-\hpw
sNm-\p Bthiw Ipdp XpS-n-b-tm, imk-I-mpw
]ptcm-ln-X-mpw P\-sf sNm-Snp \nm-\m-hmsX hp-
shpw, XZ-h-k-c-n a\x-]qhw sa\-s-Sp Hcp Bkq-{XnX
hnizm- k - a mWv ]p\P hnizm- k - s a- p- a mWv ta]- d - - X ns
AYw. CXns kXym-h \ap--dnp IqSm. GXm-bmepw Hcp
Imcyw Xo-bmWv. ]mc-eu-In-I-in--sb-m sFlnI PohnX
ti- - s f- b mWv a\p- j y IqSp- X `b- s - S pI. sshZn- I -
IaImw A\p-jvTn-m--hcpw \ne-hn-ep [a-\n-b-a-
]menm--hcpw hcmt]m-Ip P-n \mb-bmtbm, ]n-
bmtbm, iq{Z-\mtbm ]nd-p-sa-p-h-m AXn `bw tXmm--
h-cmcpw Xs-bp-m-hn. B \nep hfsc kaY-amb Hcp Ip-
]n-Sn--amWv ]p\P knm--sap ]d-bm-Xn-cn-m h. kmwIr-
Xym-b Fgp-Xpp: ""D]-\n-j-XvIm-es [manI t\Xm--mp
]p\P-hmZw Bhn-jvI-cn-t--Xmbn hp. Chn-sS-bp kmap-
Zm-bnI ti-, Hmtcm Poh\pw aS-n-hv Ah-c-h sNbvX-Xn-
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
\p in A\p-`-hn-t--Xn\v thn-bmsWv Ah hmZnp......

hfsc kaY-amb Hcp Ip-]n-Sn--am-bn-pv CXv F-Xn\p kwi-
b-an.'' 19
GXm-bmepw thZ--fn-en-m Hcp \qX\ Ip-]n-Sn--amWv
D]-\n-j-p-I-fnse ]p\P knmw. AXn-\m sshZnI amK-
n\npw `n-amb Hcp ]mX-bn-eq-sS-bmWv D]-\n-j-p-I k-
cn--sXp hyw.
D]-\n-j
- p-I sshZnI aXs hnain-pp
D]-\n-j-p-I-fn ]eXpw A\m-cy-]m-c--cy-s-bmWv {]Xn-
\n[m\w sNp- - s X \psS \nK- a - \ - n- \ p- t ]m- Z v _ - e - I - a mb
asmcp hkvXpX CXs{X: Ah sshZnI Iasfbpw {_m-W-
]m- c - - c y- s bpw \nin- X - a mbn hnain- pp. Nne- t m Cu
hnai\w AXn-cp-I-hn--Xmbpw ImWmw. thZ-a-{- Dcp-hn-Sp
{_m-W-]p-tcm-ln-X-msc Xpd-p-I-fn-bm-p Hcp IY Omtm-
Ky- n ew ]nSn- n- pv . IY- b psS kmcw CXm: Hcn
Zmev`ys ]p{X _I, an{Xs ]p{X mh Fo {_mW
aljn-am thZ-]m-cm-b-W-n-\mbn {Kma-n\p ]pd-p-t]mbn Pe-
k-ao]w GIm--amb Hcp e-n-cn-p-I-bm-bn-cpp. shfp Hcp
\mb AhnsS sNp. A\-cw thsd Iptd \mbvfpw Fn.
Ah shfp \mb-tbmSv ]dp: ""Rv hni-pp. \o Iptd
kma-Km-\- ]mSpI. Fn Rv `Ww Inp-atm.''
shfp \mb Ah-tcmSv ]ns Znhkw hcm ]dp. _I-Zm-
ev`y\pw mh-ssa-t{X-b\pw \mb-v-fpsS kw`m-jWw tIp. Cu Xam-
i-bn Ahv XmXv]cyw P\np. ]nt-m \mbv hp.
Hn]n-d-In asm-mbn Ccpv apn-ep--Xns hm ]nn-ep-
Xv ISn-p-]n-Snp. Fnv Cs\ ]mSm XpSn:
""lnw, Hmw, Xnmw. Hmw, IpSnmw! ssZhta, hcpW, {]Pm-hXo,
klXm, Rv `Ww Xm! Atbm A-tZhm, Rv
Aw XctW! R-Xp-sIm-p-X-ctW! Hmw!''20
Cu IY {_m-W-]p-tcm-ln-X-m-scbpw Ah-cpsS thZ-]m-cm-b-
W-sbpw IS--[n-t-]np--Xn-\mbn Na--Xm-sWp hninjym
]d-tb--Xn. IY-bnse shfp- \mb As {_m-Ws
{]Xo-I-amWv. {_m-W-hW-m Am-epw X-fpsS ip-
amb Bcy-cw ]cn-c-n-n-cp--Xn-\m, Ah-cpsS sXmen-bpsS \ndw
shfp--Xm-bn-s Ccp-p-shv CXn\np a\-n-emmw.
kmwIr- X ym- b s Kth- j - W - a - \ p- k - c np, {In. ap. 700- m am- mWv
Omtm-Ky-Imew. {_m-W-]p-tcm-ln-X-m kma-th-Z-a{w Dcp-hn-
Sp-tm apn-ep--hs hkv{Xw ]nn-ep B ]nSn-pI ]Xn-
hm-bn-cpp. AXmWv \mbvsf Hns hm aXv ISn-p-]n-Sn
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
\ne-bn Nn{Xo-I-cn--Xns s]mcp. IYm-]mTw CXs{X: {_m-
W-]p-tcm-ln-X-m-cpsS hb-p-n-g-n-\p Hcp the-sb--XmsX,
thZ-]m-cm-b-Ww-sImv bmsXmcp t\hpw a\p-jy-\n. {_m-W-]-
n-X-m-scbpw Ah-cpsS sshZn-I-Ia-sbpw C{X \nin-X-ambn
hnain-p OmtmKyw thZ--fpsS {]mam-Wys tNmZyw sNp-
I-bmWv, hmkvX-h-n. AXn-\m Omtm-Ky-nse apJy-am-b
Cu Zi\w thZ- i n- - W - a m- s Wp [cn- p- h m {]bmkw
tXmpp.
ap Nne D]-\n-j-p-I Bcy-a-X-nse bmK-mZn-Ia-sf
FXn-pp. ap-tIm-]-\n-j-nse Hcp `mKw ImWpI: ""b-
cq-]n-bmb ]Xn-s\p h- Zp_e--fmWv. \-sXp ]dv,
Ahsb A`n-\-\w sNp aqV-m hopw hopw hm[Iy-
sbpw ac-W-sbpw {]m]n-pp. Am-\-n-\p-n InS-
p-h-e-bp, [occpw ]n-X-cp-sav anYym-`n-am\w ]pep
Ah A-m-cm amK-Zi\w sN-s-Sp A-sc-tmse,
ey-n-se-msX, Ae-p-Xn-cnp tin-pp. Am-\-
n _lp-{]-Imcw AI-sv, IrX-Ir-Xy-cm-sbv Al--cn-p
Ah _me-I-m-cm-Ipp. Ah Ia Im-ns Xm]-cy-sa-
sv Adn-bp-n. As\ BXp-c-cmb Ah oWn-X-cmbn
]pWy-tem-I-n\nv A[x-]-Xn-pp. Fm Ac-Wy-n
hm\-{]--cmbn X]x-{i--I-f-\p-jvTn-p--hcpw `nm-S\w sNp-
-hcpw {]im--cp-amb hnZzm-m-cp-tm; Ah ]pWy-]m-]-am-en-
\y- AIv, kqcy-Zzmcm (kqcy-tem-I-n-eqsS) Aar-X\pw Ahy-
bm-mhpw Bb ]pcp-js\ {]m]n-pp.''21
thZ-hn-[n-I-sfbpw sshZnI ]n-X-m-scbpw sshZnI Ia-amb
b--sfbpw Ipdnv Hcp Xpd hnai-\-am-Wn-sXv Ht\m-
n a\-n-emmw. ChnsS b--fn-eqsS DnjvS eyw {]m]n-
m km[n- p- - X - s pw b- sf A`n- \ - n- p aqV-
mv ]cp-]-cp ti--f-msX asmpw Inm t]mIp-n-
spw Acw ]n-X--\yam Am-\m--Im-c-n Xn-
-S-bp-I-bmWv sNp--sXpw ]d-bpp. Aam-cm \bn--
s-Sp A ey-n-se-p-I-bn-tm. Cu anYym-`n-am-\n-Ifpw
eyw {]m]n-msX A-X-bnepw A-X-bnepw InS-p-g-ep-I-
bmWv. Ah _me-m-sc-tm-se-bmWv. IaIm--ns s]mcp
Adn-bm--h-cmWv; A[x-]-Xn hK-amWv; ]pWy-temIw {]m]n-
mt\m, Cuiz-c-km-mmcw t\Smt\m Ai--cp-amWv. X]pw
`nm-S-\hpw {]im--Xbpw kzoI-cn-p hnZz intcm-a-Wn-Iv
am{Xta, ac- W - c - l n- X \pw Ahn- \ m- i n- b p- a mb ]pcp- j s\]c- { _-
s {]m]n-m-\mhq. C{Xbpw kwK-Xn-I-fmWv tahm-N-I-n
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
AS-n-bn-cn-p-Xv. Ia-Im--ns \njv{]-tbm-P-\Xbpw k\ym-

k-ns AXy-m-t]-n-X-Xz-hp-amWv ChnsS kaYn-n-cn-p-Xv.
C\n thZ--sfbpw thZmw-K--fmb in, I]w, hymI-cWw,
\ncpw, Ov, tPymXnjw Fo Bdp imkv{X--sfbpw Ipdn
ap-I-ns \ne-]mSv ImWpI: ""{_-m-\n-I ]d-bp-Xv
cp hnZy-I am{X-amWv Adn-tb--sX-m-Ipp. Hv ]cm-hn-Zybpw
aXv A]- c m- h n- Z y- b p- a mWv . EtKzZw, bPpthZw, kma- t hZw,
AYhthZw Cu \mep thZ-fpw in, I]w, hymI-cWw,
\ncpw, Ov, tPymXnjw Fo Bdp thZmw-K--fp-amWv A]-
cm-hn-Zy-I. ]cm-hnZy A-cs Adn-b-emWv.''22
AsX, \mep thZ-fpw Bdp thZmw-K-fpw Adn-tb-Xp Xs.
]t, AXv t{ijvT-a; A-csAhn-\m-in-bmb {_s
Adn-b-emWv F{Xbpw t{ijvT-X-c-am-bn-p-Xv.
thZ-\nZn-jvS-amb Ia-amKn\p ]Icw, asmcp amK-amWv
D]-\n-j-p-I s]mXpth D]-tZ-in-p--sXp apv kqNn-n-n-
pv. X]v, {_-Ncyw, [ym\w apX-emb ]cn-]m-Sn-I-fpsm-
p amK-am-WXv. AsX-n apIw ]d-bp-Xv ImWpI: ""kXy-
`m- j Ww, X]v , {_- N cyw, B- k w- b - a \w, kzmY- X ymKw
Fnh aptJ\ ]c-am Zi\w km[n-pp. ico-c-n-\p-n
AXv (]c-am-mhv) ip{`t-Pym-Xn-a-b-\mbn nXn-sN-pp. tZmj-
c-ln-X-cmb Ejn-Iv AXns\ Zin-m Ignbpw.''23
C{Xbpw D- c n- - X n \nv thZ- fpw D]- \ n- j - p- I fpw
Xnep Acw GXmp {Kln-m-atm. D]-\n-j-p-I-fn
NneXp {_-s-b-msX asm-n-s\bpw D]m-k\ (Bcm-[\)
sN-cp-sXv Bm-]n-p-pv. Bcy-a-X-n C{, hcp-W,
An, kqcy apX-emb tZhamsc kvXpXnpw ]qPnpw {]km-Zn-
n-p-tm, D]-\n-j--X-n {_s am{Xw D]m-kn-m-\mWv
\ntZiw. tIt\m-]-\n-j-n Cu kwKXn Iptd hy-am-bns
D]-tZ-in-n-pv. AXn ]d-bpp: ""{_w Adn-b-s--Xn \npw
Adn-b-s-Sm--Xn \npw `n-am-bn-p--Xm-Ipp. CXmWv AXn-
s\-n hymJym-\npX BNm-cyam-cn \np R tIn-p-
Xv.''
""hmKn-{n-b-n\v hnj-b-am-hm-Xpw, Fm hmssK-`-h-n\v
tlXp-hm-bn-p--Xp-ta-XmtWm, AXmWv {_-sap \o Adn-bpI.
CXmWv {_-sa \ne-bn D]m-k\ sN-s-Sp--sXmpw {_-
a.''
""a\-n \ncq-]n-m-\m-hm-Xpw Fm a\x-in {]Zm\w
sNp--Xp-ta-XmtWm, AXmWv {_-sap \o Adn-bpI. CXv
{_-sa \ne-bn D]m-kn--s-Sp--sXmpw {_-a.''
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
""Ip- s Imp ImWm- \ m- h m- Xpw Fm In\v Imgv N
\Ip--Xp-ta-XmtWm, AXmWv {_-sap \o Adn-bpI. CXv
{_-sa \ne-bn (P\-) D]m-k\ sNp--sXmpw {_-
a.''
""sNhn- s Imp tIm hm- Xpw, Fm sNhnv
tIhn \Ip--Xp-amb intbXmtWm, AXmWv {_-sap
\o Adn-bpI. CXv {_-sa \ne-bn (P\-) D]-mkn-p--
sXmpw {_-a.''
""{]mW-hm-bp-hn\v tNjvSn-m-\m-hm-Xpw, Fm {]mW-hm-
bp-hns tNjvSv Imc-W-`q-X-am-b-Xp-amWv {_-sav \o Adn-bpI.
CXv {_- s a I]- \ - b n (P\- ) D]m- k n- p- - s Xmpw
{_- a .'' 24
aqo-]q-Psb Jn-p-I-bmWv tI\w sNp--sXp hyw.
{_-sa k-ev]-n-em-Wtm \psS sslh ktlm-Z-cam
hn{K-l-sf ]qPn-p-Xv. AXp {_-ta-b-sp tIt\m-]-\n-jv
Xop-]-d-bpp. Jp-B Ah-X-cn-p--Xn\v Bbn-c--W-n\p
hj-p apmWv tIt\m-]-\n-j-ns Bhn`mhw. ]t,
cpw ip GI-ssZ-h-Xz-hn-`m-h\w Ah-X-cn-n-pp. Htc Pnlz-
bn \np _lnK-an hmWn-I-fm-Wh cpw Fp a\-n-em-
p--hv Bi-b-p-g--n-\-h-Im-i-an. Bcy-th-Z--fn C{X
ip- a mbn Cu GI- s sZ- h Xzw {]Xn- ] m- Z n- - s p ImWp- - X .
thZhpw D]-\n-jpw hyXykvX kc-Wn-Isf Ah-ew-_n--Xn-\p
ZrjvSm---fpsS Iq-n CXn-t\-bp-aps-Sp-m-hp--XmWv. {]]-
- ns ]nd- I n {]hn- p- s Im- n- c n- p in- h n- t i-
jsn tI\w hWn-n-pv. kmwIr-Xym-b D-cn-pp: ""tI\-
ns KZy-`m-h-n PK-n\p ]nn KqV-ambn hn-p
A]-cn-ta-b-amb in-sb--n-bmWv hWn-n-p-Xv.''25
Cs\ Assh-Zn-I-amb \nc-h[n Bi-b- D]-\n-j-p-I-fn
Bhn-jvIr-X--fm-bn-pv. D]-\n-j-p-I sshZnI ]mc--cyns
A\p-_--am-sW-n CsX-s\ kw`-hn-p-shp {]iv\w Ah-
ti-jn-pp.
{_m-Wc
- psS Kpcp-am A{_m-W
-
C{Xbpw {]kvXm-hn--Xn \np {_m-W-m-cmcpw D]-\n-j-i-
\- ssIImcyw sNbvXn-n-sp sXn--cn--bn-tm. H-t\Iw
{_mW ]n-Xam D]-\n-j-p-I-fnse aljn-am-cmWv. Dm-
eI Bcp-Wn-Ku-X-a, tizX-tIXp, bm-hIy, _I-Zm`y
apX-t DZm-l-cWw. ]t, D]-\n-j-i-\--fpsS BZn-am-Nm-cy-
mcpw Kpcp-`q-X-mcpw A{_m-W ]n-X-m-cm-bn-cpp. {_mW
]n-Xam Ah-cn \nmWv {_-hnZy {Kln-Xv. AXn-\m
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
injyXz ]Z-hntb Cu hnj-b-n Ah-h-Im-i-s-Sm-\pq.

Omtm-Ky-nse {]hm-l-Ws IY {]kvXpX hkvXpX shfn-s-
Sp-pp.
hmkvX-h-n A{_m--W-cn \np hnZy-b-`y-kn-p-Xpw
Ah-cpsS injyXzw kzoI-cn-p-Xpw {_m-W\v ]mSn-m--XmWv.
Iujo-XIn, _rl-Zm-c-WyIw Fo D]-\n-j-p-I-fn \nv AXp
a\- n- e mmw. ]mn- X y- n Khn- j v T \pw {_m- W - \ p- a mb
KmKy Imin-cm-Pm-hmb APm-X-i-{Xp-hns ASp-p-sN-pp.
{_-m\w D]-tZ-in-p-hm-\mWv sNXv. ]t, cmPm-hns
tNmZy-p apn Atlw app-Ip-pp. (Iujo-XIn) Ah-
km\w X\np {_- m\w A`y- k n- n- - W - s ap KmKy
sIpp. ]t, APm- X - i {Xp Xncn- - S n- pp: ""{_mlv a - W \v
{_lva-Xzw D]-tZ-in-p-I-sb-Xpw {_mlva-W {Xn-bs
injy-\m-hp-I-sb-Xpw BNm-c-{I-a-n\v hncp--amWv.'' As\
Hu]-Nm-cn-I-ambn injy-\m-m-sX-bmWv APm-X-i{Xp KmKy\v {_-
hnZy D]-tZ-inpsImSp-Xv. \nbaw C-s\-sbm-s-bm-bn-cp-p-
sh-nepw Imem--c-n AXv am-sp. Htsd {_mlva-Wam
A{_m-lva-W-cpsS Hu]-Nm-cnI injyam-cmbn.
]e {_mlvaW ]n-Xamcpw A{_m-lva-W-cpsS injyXzw
kzoI-cnp {_lva-m\w A`y-kn--Xmbn OmtmKyw tcJ-s-Sp-
pp: ""D]-a-\yp-hns ]p{X-\mb {]mNo-\-im-e, ]pep-js ]p{X-
\mb kXy-b-, Zn-hn-bpsS ]p{X-\mb C{-Zyp-av\, i-cm-
s ]p{X- \ mb P\, Aiz- X - c m- i zs ]p{X- \ mb _pUn- e
Fo {]Xm-]n-Ifpw alm-ss-hZn-I-m-cp-amb Ap {_mlva-W Hp-
tNp A{_m-lva-W\pw tIIb cmPm-hns ]p{X-\p-amb Aiz-]-
Xnsb kao-]np B-hnZy {Klnp.''26
""ime- h ms ]p{X- \ mb ine- I , NIn- X m- b s ]p{X- \ mb
Zm`y Fo {_mlva-W Poh-es ]p{X-\mb {]hm-l-W
F A{_m-lva-W-\n \nv BXva-hnZy ]Tnp.''27
D]- \ n- j Xv kw_- n- b mb kzX- { - N n- m- { ]- m\w hf-
tXmsS sshZn-Im-i-b-pw sshZnI Ia-Im--n\pw hep-
Xmb CSnhp Xn-b-Xmbn \ncq-]-I-]-n-Xam A`n-{]m-b-s-Spp.
]mmXy thZ-hn-mb amIvkvap- tcJ-s-Sp-n-bXv t\mpI:
""D]-\n-jXv kw_-n-bmb kzX-{m-i-b--fpsS hf-tbmsS arK-
bm-K--sfbpw ê-iq-\y-amb CX-cm-Nm-c--sfbpw ]n-bp _lp-
P-\--fpsS hnizm-khpw hnIm-chpw {]mtbW Cm-Xmbn. B[ym-
nI t\XrXzw sshZnI ]ptcm-ln-Xam-cn \npw "EXznp'Ifn
\npw am-sp. AXv {_mlva-W-cpsS hnip a-e--fn \nv
Aln-wkm-{hXw k\n-jvIjw A\p-jvTn-p-h temI-]-cn-Xym-Kn-I-
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
fmb "`np'fpsS Ic--fn-tep ]Ip.''28
Cu hkvXp-Xbpw ta \nK-a-\s Dt]m-Zv_-e-s-Sp-p-I-bmWv
sNp-Xv. D]-\n-j-p-I sshZnI ]mc--cy-ns ]nXp-S-
bm-bn-cp-p-sh-n Ah-bpsS {]Nmcw sshZn-Im-i-b--\p-Iq-
e-amb êw Df-hm-p-am-bn-cpp. Fm {]Xn-Iq-e-am-bn-mWv `hn-
Xv. Bob t\XrXzw {_mlvaW ]ptcm-ln-Xamp \jvS-s-
Sm IqSn D]-\n-j-p-I CS-h-cpn.
Zkyp-Zi-\
- f
- n\np-bnsm aX-
h]n- s mcp ssk\nI in- s b \ne- b n- e m- b n- c pp
Bcyam `mc-X-\m-n IS-p-h-Xv. B in Imem--tcW
bn- p- h p. thZ- I m- e - p- X s Bcy- t Km- { X- n- S - b n
`nnpw ]c-kv]c am-cyhpw s]mn-p-d-s-p-shv EtKzZ-n
hWn Zmi-cm kw`hw sXfn-bn-pp. Bcy-i-np XI
]n- b - t m A\m- c yamp X- f psS aXhpw kwkv I m- c hpw
ChnsS hfm hopw Ah-kcw e`np. Innb Ah-kcw Ah
\m-bp-]-tbm-K-s-Sp-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. As\ Ah-cp-tS-Xmb Hcp
Xz-Nn-m-{]-m-\hpw m\-amKhpw \ne-hn hp. ]t,
Atm-tgpw Imtem-Nn-X-amb ]cn-h-\- Ah-cpsS hnNn--
\--fn hp-tNn-cn-Ww. As\ Bcyam-cpsS ta[m-hn-Xz-
n \S-n h sshZnI aX-n-s\-Xn-cmb Hcp ]pXnb aX-
n\p th Icp- Xm-dmbn. D]-\n-j-i-\--fmWv AXn\p
If-sam-cp-n-bXv.
Bcym-{I-a-W-ns cqX Ipd--tXmsS ChnsS ]e aX-
fpw {]N-cn--sp. Iq-n BZy-ambn \ne-hn hXv Ej-`-
tZ-h-\m kvYm]n-X-am-bXpw h[-am-\-a-lm-ho-c-\m ]cn-jvI-cn--
s--Xp-amb ssP\-a-X-am-sWp ]d-b-s-Spp. _p-aX {K-amb
"{Xn]n-S-I-' ssP\-a-X-s-n {]Xn-]m-Zn-p--Xn-\m _ppw
hfsc apmWv ssP\-a-X-Im-e-sap a\-n-emmw. thZ-hn-tcm-[n-
I-fmb A{_m-lva-W-cm-bn-cpp ssP\-Zi-\-n\v cq]w \In-b-
sXXv ChnsS {]kvXm-hy-amWv. CXp-t]mse hmkp-tZ-h-Ir-jvWs\
tZh-X-bmbn AwKo-I-cn-p-sIm-p "`mK-h-X-aX'hpw 29 ChnsS
{]Nm-c-n hp. _n. kn. Bbn-cm-am-n-t\m-S-Sp-mWv {]kvXpX
aXw DZv`-hn--sXp Kth-j-Iam A`n-{]m-b-s-Spp. _n.kn.
Aq- d n- \ - S p Imev _p- a - X hpw Bhn`- h np. Cu aX-
smw sshZn-I-a-X-m-cn \np t\cn-tS-n-h FXnp-
Ipw aZ- \ - pw Ipw IW- p- a n. {_mlv a - W ys
hnain--Xm-bn-cpp AXn\p ImcWw. Ch-sbmw D]-\n-j-p-I-
fpsS ASn-m-\-n cq]-sa-Sp aX--fm-bn-cpp. {io. B.kn.
Uv Fgp-Xpp: ""]m]-c-ln-X-amb Ah AYhm \nhmWw {]m]n-
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c
p-I-sb _p-aX knmw Hu]-\n-j-Xn-tIm-i--fn \np

hfp-h--Xm-Ipp.''30
_p-a-Xhpw D]-\n-j-p-Ifpw Xz-imkv{X cwKv thZs
]msS \ntj-[n-p-I-bmWv hmkvX-h-n sNp-Xv. k cm[m-
Ir-jvW CXp Xpdp {]kvXm-hn-n-pv: ""Xz Nn-sb-w-_-
n-n-S-tmfw _p-a-Xhpw D]-\n-j-p-Ifpw thZs \ntj-[n-
p-I-bmWv sNbvXn-cn-p-Xv. {]mtbm-Kn-I-ambn thZ-hn-cp--amb
hnizm-k--fn IqSn Ah cpw ]c-kv]cw tbmPn-n-pv.''31
`mc-X-n hfp-h Zi-\--f-{Xbpw sshZnI ]mc--cy-
n \nm-Wp-d-sIm--sXp hcp-n-o-phm Hcp KqV-
{iaw Xs ChnsS \S-n-nt Fp kwi-bn-pp. D]-\n-j-p-
I thZ--fpsS A\p-_-- F \ne-bn-em-Wtm Cpw [cn-
n- - s - S p- Xv . hmkv X - h - n Ah, cm[m- I r- j v W ]d
t]mse thZ-hn-cp---fmWv.
Npcp--n Zkyp-]m-c--cy-s-bmWv D]-\n-j-i\w {]Xn-
\n-[m\w sNp-Xv. asm-cp-hn[w ]d-m, Zkyp-Zi-\-fpsS
_oPw \app Inp-Xv D]-\n-j-p-I-fn \nmWv. ]t, X\-
Xmb cq]-n-em-sWp ]d-bm h.
Ipdn-p-I
1. a\p-kvarXn A[ymbw 2, tmIw 10
2. D-cWw: Cy-bnse hW-k-acw t]Pv 33 (ASn-p-dnv)
3. h-tm-fns EtKz-Z-kw-ln-XbpsS BapJw t]Pv 24
4. Ibid P. 24
5. Ibid P. 24
6. Indian Philosophy Vol.I, P.113
7. Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics Vol. 5, P. 21
9. Sacred Books of the East, by Maxmuller vol. I, Introduction PP ixix/xvi
10. Ibid P. xvi
11. Cy-bnse hW-k-acw t]Pv 32
12. B\, kzWw, ]ip, IpXnc, Zmkn-am, hkv{X- apX-em-b-h-bmWv
Cu am\p-j-hn--sav _rl-Zm-c-Wy-I-n ]d--Xmbn hniz-Zi-\-
(t]Pv 366) D-cn-n-pv.
13. OmtmKyw A[ymbw 5, JWvUw 3 t\mpI.
14. hniz-Zi-\- t]Pv 562
15. Ibid P. 575
16. Omtm-tKym-]-\n-jXv A[ymbw 5, Jw 10, a{w 7
- ns ASn-sbm-gp-p-I
17. EtKzZw aew 10, kqw 90, Ev 11, 12

18. hniz-Zi-\- t]Pv 579
19. Ibid P. 553
20. OmtmKyw A[ymbw 1, Jw 12 t\mpI.
21. apIw 1, Jw 2, a{w 7, 8, 9, 11
22. Ibid apIw 1, Jw 1, a{w 4, 5
23. Ibid apIw 3, Jw 1, a{w 5
24. tIt\m-]-\n-jv Jw 1, a{w 4-9
25. hniz-Zi-\- t]Pv 599
26. OmtmKyw A[ymbw 5, Jw 11 apX t\mpI.
27. Ibid {]]m. 1, Jw 8 t\mpI.
28. Sacred Books of the East Vol. 1, P. xxxiv-Introduction.
29. Cp "`mK-hXw' F t]cn Adn-b-s-Sp IrXnv Cu aX-hp-ambn
_-an-spw AXv Adp-\qdv hj-n\p apv t`m]-tKm-] F
B{m-{_m-lva-W cNn Hcp IrXn-bm-sWpw Nne ]d-bpp.
30. Ancient India P. 105
31. Indian Phylosophy Vol. 1, P. 470

'Mc-Xob Kwkvim-C-Øns Asn-Sbm-Gp-°P-Iƒ: SN - Apl - ZV

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`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c-ns

Ckvem-anIv ]n-jnwKv lukv

_lp- s sZ- h - h mZw

Hmbv hct \npmpw

tk-\s\ aYp-c-bn cmPm-hmbn hmgn-p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

`m-cX'n {]]-\w sNbvX bp-kw-`-h--fpsS Hcp `mK-amWv

Xo-X-\mWv ssZhw Fs{X Ckvem-anI inWw. ""Ah hn-

I AYhm {]hm-N-Iam hn-cn-p-sa-p kwKXn Jp-Bs

hjw `mc-Xob kwkvIm-c-s-n ]T\w \Sn. `mc-Xo-b-`mj

imkv{Xw A\p-im-kn-p-Xv. a\p-kvarXn ]d-bpp:

hnJym-X-amb Jp-B `mjy-n ]cm-ain-n-pv. ]t, AXp

a. AXmWv Jp-B shfn-s-Sp-p-Xv: ""AZr-iyw Adn-bp--h-

p-sa-mWv `mc-Xo-b-cpsS hnizmkw. Fm ]pcm-X\ `mc-Xo-b

ac-Wm-\-c Pohn-X-nse kpJ-Zpx-J--tfm-SmWv [am-[a-

Bh-iy-amWv. Ah-cpsS Aaqey D]-tZ-i-sf am\n-pI; Ah

-s-n-pv. {In. ap. 4004mamn-em-Ws{X AXv \S-Xv.

tp. Cu \nK-a-\--sf-bmWv Umhn-\nkw Fp hnfn-p-Xv.

Kpl-bn ]Wn-sb-Sp-n-cp Iqen-mv Iptd An-I Inn.

pt]mbhsc Ipgn-n-Sp-tm Ahp-thn `Ww, B`-c-W-

cn-p-hm-\mWv apJy-ambpw B[p-\nI Cym-N-cn-{X-Im-c-m {ian-

Ncn-{Xm-XoX Ime--fnse kw`-h- a\-n-em-p-hm Cv Nne

p-bpKw Fn-Xym-Zn-Iicn-bmb Hcp Ime-\nW-b-s-b Ipdn-

sNp Fm Nc-p-Ifpw tNmZyw sNmsX AwKo-I-cn-p-sIm--

asmcp hn`mKw bmsXmcp _pn-hn-Nm-chpw \S-m Iqm-

Xy ]WvUn-X-msc I-S--\p-I-cn-p \b-ns nXnbpw.

B ae-bn-emWv t]m kzK-n\n-n-d-n-bXv. AhnsS ImWp

lnp-kvXm Fpw Ctmkv, Cy Fp-ap hmp-I hcp-

kzms ]p{X-\mb a\p) BsWp ]pcm-W- ]d-bpp. AXp-

L-nse {][m\ kw`-h-ambn IW-mmw. t]jy`m-j-bnse

]Ip sImSp-p-sIm-mWv kwln-X-I kpc-n-X-ambn \ne-

thZ-{]-]--n Ds-Sp--s-n-cn-pp. kwln-Xbpw {_m-

{im-ep-hmb injy-t\mSv D]-tZ-in, AXn-Kq-V-amb hnZy-I-f-S-n-

{_mWw, Bc- W yIw, D]- \ n- j v Fn- h - b psS Hcp ]nI

sshZnI kmlnXy ]nI

Ipdnv : Cutim-]-\n-jv ip-b-Ppth-Z-ns Ah-km-\s A[ym-b-am-bmWv

b-Whpw alm-`m-c-Xhpw. kp{]-kn B[ym-nI IrXn-bmb `K-h-

{]h-\-pw km-m tlXp-`q-X-m shfp--\n-d-ap,

p-amWv Ah-cpsS hymJym\w. CXn-\p-t]m-Zv_-e-I-ambn ]pcm-X\

GI-hw-i-am-bn-cpp. Htc A-sbpw A-bp-sSbpw a. BZn-a-

Xm]-cy-ap-m-bn-cp--Xn-\m Ah B `mKw khn-kvXcw {]Xn-

hyn-I-fpsS \ma--fmbn ImWn--Xp-t]mepw hmkvX-h-n kap-

Db Ihn-sf-p-I, ]c apJw, a[y-a-amb Dbcw, Ddpw In-

kn-I), blq-Z-m, km_n-I, {InkvXym-\n-I, aPqkv (kpc-Xp-

Zm-tdm-bn GXmv HXv "AS-p-I' AYhm "\ne-I' CXp-

AXn\pw Xmsg Hcp-\n-cp Np CjvSnI, AXn\v Iosg NpSm

Km-{X-cmWv. ]pcp-j-m km[m-cW XmSn hfpI ]Xn-hmWv. Ah-

e-b-ns kz`mhw AXn-\p-sp tXmpw.

X -]-ZmY- hmp--Xn\pw X-fp-m-p km[-\- hn-

Ap-n-tmfw {]Xn-]m-Znp ImWpp. Cu i{Xp-k-aq-ls

""B iw_-cs \qdp ]pcm-X\ \K-c-sf h{PwsImv ]nf-

ipjv - W hn [\- { ]- ` p- h m- b n- c pp. bp- n At- l -

am-bn-cp-p-shv hyw. Fm ip Bcy-hK-m-c, k-c-

cpp. Atm bms^-vXm-h-gn-m Cy-bn hv A[n-hm-k-

{]tZ-iv hfp-h kwkvIm-c-am-sWv Ncn-{X-Im-c-m ]d-

kw`-h am{X-a AXn Dt-J\w sNbvXn-cp-Xv; At-l-

n \nv `mKw ]ncn-p-t]m--h-cm-hmsav A\p-am-\n-p-hm

s]m-t-an-b kvtXm{X-n ]d-bpp:

sWv Kth-j-I-m IW-m-n-bn-pv. Ddp-m-Pn\ Xs P\-

_e-hms ASp- hn{i-anp.''27

BI- b m {]hm- N - I - \ mb A{_- l m- a ns aX- { ]- t _m- [ - \ -

"kntm' Fs{X. ]pcm-X-\-Im-ev ]cp-npw ]cp-n-sIm-

Imcw, Pe-{]-f-b-n\v apv kpta-cnb `cn cmPm--m-cpsS Imew

nXn sIn--Sp-t--Xn-\pambn ssZh-m \ntbm-Kn--s Hcp