a\p-jym-h-Im-i-

Ckvem-an

F.-sI. t{_mln

hnh\w
F.-]n. Ipmap

Ckvem-anIv ]n-jnwKv lukv

tImgn-tm-Sv, Xncp-h-\--]p-cw, Fd-Wm-Ip-fw, Xriq

F.sI. t{_mln (19151987)
temI-{]-ikvX A`n-`m-j-I\pw \nb-a-hn-Z-Kv[-\p-amb F.-sI.
t{_mln ]mIn-m Khsan a{n-m-\-a-Sw \nc-
h[n HutZym-KnI ]Z-hn-I hln-n-p-v. P\-d knbm-hp
lJns `c-W-Im-ev Jp-B-imkv{X ka-\z-b-n\p-
thn \ne-sIm Hcp ]pXnb `c-W-hK-ns {][m\
hm-hm-bn-cpp At-lw. hnhn[ skan-\m-dp-I-fnepw kt-
f-\--fnepw \S-nb At-l-ns Htsd apJy{]`m-j-W-
]pkvX-I--fm--s-n-p-v. Ckvemw C tamtU
thUv, G s^bvv Sp enhv ss_, AUztkv C
sk^v FIvkv{]-j Fnh Ah-bn Nne-Xm-Wv.
BapJw
Ckvem-an a\p-jym-h-Im-i- Fs\ AwKo-I-cn-p-Ibpw \S-n-em-p-Ibpw
sNmw F-Xp-ambn _-s {]iv\-sf t\cnv _m[n-p \nb-a-k--ev]-
-sf-p-dn ]T\w \S-p--Xn-\p-th-n, Ckvem-anI \nb-a-ns kz`m-hw,
{]h-\-, hym]vXn Fnh Ah-X-cn-n-m-\p Hcp {ia-amWv CXv. a\p-
jym-h-Imi k-ev]- hy-am-p Imcy-n Ckvem-anI \nb-a-imkv{Xw
\evInb kw`m-h-\-Isf kw_-n-n-S-tmfw Hcm Xo-bmbpw a\p-jy-cm-in-bpsS
kmh-eu-InI aX-amWv Ckvemw F ASn-m-\-n Nnn-t--Xp-v. Ckvemw
\ho-\tam hn-hm--Itam Bb Hcp knm--am-sWv Hcn-epw Ah-Im-i-s-Sp-
n; ]Icw ]p apXte \ne-\n-p-t]m-n-cp-, a\p-jy-cm-in-bpsS aX-]m-c-cyw
hop-ap-d-n-pI F \ne-p hy-amb Hcp \ne-]m-SmWv AsX-Sp-n-p--
Xv. a\p-jy\v {]]--hp-am-bp _-s-p-dnpw a\p-jy-kr-jvSn-bpsS Dt-iy-s-
p-dnpw a\-n-em-p-hm-\p GIm-h-ew_w ssZhm-kvXn-Xz-am-sW \ne-]mSv
Ckvemw ]pep-p. B AY-n Ckvem-ans ]cn-t{]yw ]qW-ambpw
ssZh-n tI{o-Ir-X-am-Wv.
Cu {]_w aqv {][m\ `mK--fmbn Xncn-n-cn-p-p. BZy-`mKw Ckvem-
anI \nb-a-ns kz`m-h-s-p-dnpw AXns Dd-hn-S--sf-p-dnpw {]Xn-]m-Zn-
p-Ibpw ss{IkvX-h--b-lqZ ]mc--cy--fpsS ]m--e-n- A-Xns Xz-
-sf-p-dn-p Hcp Xmc-X-ay-]-T\w \S-p-Ibpw sNp-p. Jp-B\pw kp-
pw B[p-\nI ]mm-Xy-]n-X Fs\ t\mn-p F-Xn-s\-p-dnv
cmw `mKw Iptd-qSn hy-ambn ]cm-ain-p-p. Ckvem-ans ASn-m\ {]am-
W--fm-b, Jp-Bs ssZh-h-N-\-sa \ne-p auen-I-X-sb-p-dnpw lZo-
kns hnizm-ky-X-sb-p-dnpw ]mmXy ]-WvUn-X ASn-m-\-sampw IqSmsX
Xs ]qW-ambpw \ntj-[m--I-a-s-mt]mepw tZmssjI Zi-\-n-eqn
\np-sIm-p Hcp \ne-]m-Sm-sW-Sp-n-p-Xv Fv hy-am-m-\p Hcp {iaw
Chn-sS-bp-v. aqmw `mK-n Ckvem-anse \oXn k-ev]--sf-p-dnpw Jp-
B\pw \_n-N-cybpw AXn\p \Inb aqey-s-p-dnpw Cu hnim-e-amb \oXn-k-
ev]w a\p-jym-h-Im-i--sf-p-dn-p \nb-a-imkv{X knm--v Fs-mw
kw`m-h-\-I \In F-Xn-s\-p-dnpw Ah-bpsS D-S-w, AYw, hym]vXn,
hnizm-kn-Isf kw_-n-t-S-tmfw Ah-p ]hn-{XX Fn-h-sb-p-dnpw hni-
Z-amb N-I \S-p-p.
4 a\p-jym-h-Im-i- Ckvem-an
F.sI.t{_mln (19151987)
A`n-`m-j-I\pw \nb-a-hn-Z-Kv[-\p-amb F.-sI. t{_mln
]mIn-m Khsa n a{n-m-\-a-Sw \nc-h[n
HutZym-KnI ]Z-hn-I hln-n-p-v. P\-d knbm-hp
lJns `c- W - I m- e v Jp- B - imkv { X ka- \ z- b -
n\pthn \ne-sIm Hcp ]pXnb `c-W-hK-ns
{][m\ hm-hm-bn-cpp At-lw. hnhn[ skan-\m-dp-If- nepw
kt-f-\--fnepw \S-nb At-l-ns Htsd {]`m-j-
W- ]pkvXI -
- f- m-s- -n-p-v. Ckvemw C tamtU
thUv , G s^bv v Sp enhv ss_, AUz- - t kv
C sk^v FIvkv{]-j Fnh Ah-bn Nne-Xm-Wv.
a\p-jym-h-Im-i- Ckvem-an 5
Ckvem-an-I-\n-b-a-ns kz`m-hhpw
a\p-jym-h-Imi k-ev]hpw
Fgppw hmb-\bpw hi-an-m--h(Dnv)nS-bn \nv Ckvem-
ans {]hm-N-I Dbns-gp-t-ev]n--sp FmWv Jp-B ]d-
bp-Xv. hn{K-lm-cm-[-I-cmb a-m-tcmSv ssZhn-I-k-tiw {]t_m-
[\w sNm-\p Blzm\w {]hm-N-I\v Xs \mev]-Xm-as hb-
n e`np. \K-c-nse P\X apJy-ambpw _nw_m-cm-[-I-cmb _lp-
ssZhhnizm-kn-I Bbn-cpp. Ahv ]pdsa Ipdv blq-Zcpw
{InkvXym-\n-I-fp-ap-m-bn-cpp. Fmepw Ad-_n-I GXm-s-m-
hcpw hn{K-lm-cm-[-I Xs-bm-bn-cpp. X-fpsS {]hm-N-I-cn\nv
e`n-h Fv blq-Zcpw {InkvXym-\n-Ifpw AhIm-i-s-n-cp \nb-a-
Av \ne-hn-ep-m-bn-cpp. ]t, Ah-sbmw adn-I-S-p-
sImv Am-es Atd-_y-bn \ne-\n-n-cp hn{K-lm-cm-[-I-
cpsS {]h\ coXn-I-fn\n-pZv`-hn tKm{X-\n-b-a--fm-bn-cpp
hyn-Po-hn-X-nepw s]mXp-Po-hn-X-nepw {][m\w. Atd-_y-bnse
P\- Am-ev apJy-ambpw cp hn`m-K-ns--h-cm-bn-cpp
acp-`q-an-bn Ign-bp--hcpw \K-c-hm-kn-Ifpw. Ah tKm{X-fpw D]-
tKm-{X-fpw hK-fpw IpSpw-_--fp-am-bn-n-cnp. B{I-an-m\pw
{]Xn-tcm-[n-m\pw thn Ah ]c-kv]cw Gp-ap-n-bn-cpp. ]e-
tmgpw ]c-kv]cw Ie-lnp. c-sm-cn-nepw IpSn--Ibpw {]Xn-Im-
c-Zm-lhpw Xncn--Sn-I-fp-samw B Ime-L--ns {]tXy-I-X-I-fm-bn-
cpp. hynv bmsXm- c p- h n[ Ah- I m- i - - f p- a p- m- b n- c p- n.
Xm\psm-p tKm{X-n\nv Abm in Dsmp. Cu
tKm{X--fm-Is X-fpsS Xm]-cy kwc-n-m thn kpc-
n-XXz DS--Sn-I-fn-tes-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
acp-`q-an-bnse Ad-_n-I Adn-b-s-Xv _Z-hn-I-sf-mWv. Ch
6 a\p-jym-h-Im-i- Ckvem-an
`-Whpw ]mn-Shpw tXSn Hcp e-p-\nv asmcp e-
tv X-fpsS Xmhfw amn-smv \nc--c-ambn Ae-p-\-S-
p-I-bm-bn-cpp. Xnc-t-dnb hym]m-c-tI-{--fmb a-bnepw aZo-
\-bnepw ap {]apJ \K-c--fnepw Xma-kn-n-cp Bfp-I Xmc-X-
tay\ AS-n-sbm-Xp-n--gn--h-cm-bn-cpp. Ah-cn `qcn-]-hpw
hn{K-lm-cm-[-Icpw Fm hn[-n-ep A-hn-izm-k--fp-sSbpw
A\m-Nm-c--fp-sSbpw ASn-a-I-fp-am-bn-cpp. Ckvem-ans ]mf-b-n-
tev {]th-in-m `mKy-ap-mb Ad-_n-I X-fpsS PohnXw
BI-msS ]cn-h\ hnt[-b-am-bn-p. Ckvem-ans BK-a-\-
n-\p- ap-p Ime-L-s "A-Im-c-ns Zn\-' Fp
hnfn-m am{Xw {]tNm-Z-I-am-bn-cpp Ahsc kw_-n-t-S-tmfw
Cu amw.
Ckvemw Ah-Im-i-s-Sp-Xv AXv apIme ssZhnI shfn-]m-
Sp-I hopw ]cn-tim-[n-p-t\m-pp FmWv. C_vdmlow \_n-
bpsS aX-ns ]qo-I-c-W-ambn Ckvemw kzbw IcpXn. apIm-
es Znhy-sh-fn-]m-Sp-Isf ]cn-tim-[n-p Hcp {K-amWv Fv
Jp-B kzbw hnti-jn-n-p-Ibpw {InkvXym-\n-I-sfbpw blq-Z-
m- s cbpw "thZ- ns Bfp- I ' Fv hnfn- p- I bpw sNbv X p.
Ckvem-anI cmjv{Sob kwhn-[m-\-n Ahsmcp {]tXy-I-]-Zhn
A\p-h-Zn-p-sIm-Sp-p-Ibpw sNbvXn-pv. A{X-tmfw Jp-B
apIme ssZhn-I-\n-b-a-sf Xncp-n-p-dn-p-Itbm ewLn-p-
Itbm sNbvXn-n-sp ]dbmw. Ckvemw sNbvXXv Fm-sW-m,
Imem--c-n icn-bmb hnizmkw, icn-bmb s]cp-am--co-Xn-I
F B ]gb Xz-ap-tm, AXn hyXym-k- hcp-p-I-
bm-bn-cpp. ]t, AtX Ah-k-c-ns ssZh-tm-Sp-Iq-
Snb B aXs hnp- h o- g v N - b n- m- s X- s Ckv e m- a mbpw, B
kmh{XnI aX-ns {]hm-N-Isc apgp-h\pw apkvenw-I-fmbpw
IcpXn. Cu {]hm-N-I-cn Nne-cpsS t]cp-I Jp-B-\n kqNn-n-
n-pv. Nne-cp-tSXv ]d-n-n. Fm aX-X-z--fp-sSbpw A-
HpXs-bm-sWv aX--fpsS Ncn{Xw hy-am-pp. Ah
hy-am-n--cp ico-Apw (\nbaw) anlmPpw (amKw) amdn-
sm-n-cn-p kml-N-cy--\p-k-cnv hyXym-k-s-p-sIm-n-
cn-p-sa-nepw Ncn-{X-nse Hmtcm hyXn-cn Ime-L--n\pw
hyXy-kvX--fmb `mK-t[-b--fm-Wtm DXv.
A{_-lm-an-sbpw tamsi-bp-sSbpw \nb-a--fnepw {InkvXo-b-
th-Z--fnepw Ckvem-anI \nb-a--fnepw ]e hnj-b--sf-p-dnpw
kam--c-tc-J-I hc-m-hp--XmWv. DZm-l-c-W-n\v Exodus-se {]i-
kvX-amb 22mw A[ymbw 23,24 hcn-I-fn D ""Poh-\p -Po-h, In\v
a\p-jym-h-Im-i- Ckvem-an 7
Iv, ]n\p ]v, ssIv ssI, Imen\v Imev'' F `mKw Jp-B-
\nse 5-mw A[ymbw 45-mw kq-n Bhn--s-n-cn-pp.*
{Inan-\ Ip-v amv \evIm-\p hIpv IqSn Jp-B Iqn-
tn-p-sv ChnsS \apv ImWm Ignbpw. Rm a\-n-em-
n-tb-S-tmfw ]g-b-\n-b-a-n ]d-n-p Ip--sf-p-dn-p
\nbaw amp \Im-\p Cu \nb-a-]-c-amb Awis Fhn-sSbpw
AwKo-I-cn-n-p--Xmbn tXmp-n. c-_w ImcWw hnhmlw
\ntcm-[n--s--h-cpsS ]nI hy-am-n-b-Xnepw Nnd hyXym-k--
tfmsS Cu kam-\X Zin-m-hp--XmWv.
Jp-B Ah-XoW-am-hp--Xn\p apv \ne-\n-n-cp \nb-a-
]d-p-d-n-m-\p Cu {iaw Ckvem-ans BK-a-\-n-\p- ap-p-
m-bn-cp P\--fpsS s]cp-am---sf-p-dn-p ]c--cm-KX \nb-a-
sf kw_-n-n-S-tm-fhpw icn-bmWv. ChnsS \nK-an--s-tS-Xv
Cu BNm-c-co-Xn-I Jp-B-\n-sbpw kp-n-sbpw hmp-I-fp-
amtbm ssNX-\y-hp-amtbm kwL--\-n-tes-Sm-t-S-tmfw Imew
Ckvem-an\p app Ime-L--nse s]cp-am--co-Xn-I-fn {]Xn-^-
en--s-Sp \nb-a-hy-h--I Xs XpScmw FmWv. CtX-p-
dnv {]Xn-]m-Zn-p JpB hN-\-n aA-vdq^v, apI Fo-
hm-p-I \, Xn Fo AY--fn-emWv {]tbm-Kn--s-n-cn-p-
Xv. Fm, A-cmY-n aA-vdq^v Fp ]d-m \mbn
Adn-b-s-Xv, kmam-\y-ambn AwKo-I-cn--s-Xv Fsm-s-bmWv.
apI AXn\v t\sc hn]-co-Xhpw. AXm-bXv Adn-bs - -Sm-Xv, AwKo-
I-cn--s-Sm-Xv Fsmw. \-Xmbn Adn-b-s--sXms \S-n
hcp-p-Ibpw \-Xmbn A{X-Xs AwKo-I-cn--s-Sm-Xv Dt]-n-
p-Ibpw sNt--Xpv. Cu ho-Ws ]nm-p asmcp
LSIw IqSn-bpv Ckvem-an. hne--s-n-n-m--sXmw A\p-h-Z-
\o-b-amsWXmWv AXv.
BNm-ctam ]c--cm-KX k{-Zm-btam \nWm-b-I-am-sW A`n-
{]m-bhpw Ckvem-anI ]n-X-mpv. km[p-X-sb-p-dn-p Cu
am\-Z---sfmw hy-am-p-Xv Fm-n-s\bpw BZyw Xs IS-
]p-g-n-sb-dn-bp-Ibpw XZvm-\v ]pXnb s]cp-am---- sImp-
h-cp-Ibpw sNp Hcp hn-hm-I knm--a Ckvemw FmWv.
sskm-n-I-X-e-n Ckvem-ans ]c-a-amb kz`m-hw-t]mepw {Iam-
* ""Poh\p Poh, In\p Iv, aqn\p aqv, sNhnp sNhn, ]n\p ]v, ]cn-p-
Ismw Xp-ey-amb {]Xn-{Inb Fn--s\-bp \nb-a- PqXam-cpsS
ta Xudm-n \mw \n_--am-n-bn-pv. Fm, h-h\pw {]Xn-{Inb amp
sNp--]w AX-h-smcp {]mb-n--amWv. B Amlp Ah-X-cn-n \nb-
a-n-s\mv hn[n-p-n-tbm Ah-cmWv A{I-an-I.'' (Jp-B 5: 45)
8 a\p-jym-h-Im-i- Ckvem-an
\p-K-X-amWv. Znhy-t_m-[-\-sa {]{Inb {]hm-N-Is Pohn-X-n
\o Ccp-]-n-aqv hj--fn-eq-sS-bmWv kw`-hn-n-p-Xv. hyn-
Po-hn-X-ns [man-Ihpw Bo-b-hp-amb ]p\\nam-W-nepw
kaq-l-ns hf-bn-ep-aq-n-sm-p ]ptcm-K-a-\--a-sa-nepw
{Iam-\p-K-X-amb Hcp ]-Xn-bmWv Ckvemw Fv Jp-B-\nI shfn-
]m-Sp-I-fpsS {Iaw kqva-ambn ]Tn-p--Xn\nv hy-amhpw.
Ckvem-anI \nbaw ]mh-\-amb \nb-a-ns ]c-a-amb Nn{Xo-I-c-
W-amWv. AXn-\m, aX-\n-c-t] kaq-l-nepw `uXnI Xz-im-
kv{X--fnepw hf-s Hcp ]mm-Xy-]-n-X\v Hcn-epw hnizm-
kn-bpsS Pohn-X-n AXn-\p m\-s-p-dnv a\-n-em-p-
hm km[y-am-hp-I-bn. XpS--ns Hv ]d-tb-n-bn-cn-
pp. Ckvem-ans ho-W-n a\p-jys s]cp-am--ns \nb-
a-]-c-amb ASn-m-\-n\pw aX-]-c-amb ASn-m-\-n\pw Htc Dd-
hn-S-am-Wp-Xv. Htc eyhpw k-Xn-bp-am-W-hv. AXm-bXv, ap\n-
kn- \nb-atam s]mXp-\n-b-atam AtZ-iob \nb-atam hymJym-
\n-p Hcp apkvenw \nb-a-im-kv{X-s\ ImWp-tm \n
a\-n-em-t-Xv B kabw Atlw Hcp {]m]-nI aX-ns
ka-{K-]--Xn-bpsS `mK-ambn AXns\ Dsm-pp FmWv. apl-
-Zv\_n Xt-i-`-c-W-Iq-S-tm Xs Imes Ad-_n-Itm
thn am{Xw {]N-cn-n Hcp aX-a Ckvemw. a\p-jy-k-ap-Zm-b-n-
m-I-am\w amK-\ntZiw \evIp-hm-\mWv \_n B al-mb Ia-
n-tes-Xv. At-l-ns Pohn-X-n-se--t]mse, Hcp hnizm-
kn- b psS Pohn- X - nepw Fm Ia- fpw temI- \ n- b m- h ns
{]oXnsb eywshp-sIm-p--XmWv. Jp-B-\n \_n-bm D-
cn- - s hN\w Hmtcm hnizm- k nbpw Xs \a- k v I m- c - - f n
Bhn-m _m[y--\m-bn-cn-pp.* Ckvem-an `uXn-Ihpw
Bo-bhpw Xntem ]hn-{Xhpw Aip-hpw Xntem bmsXmcp
hyXym-k-hp-an. Fhn-sSbpw ]cn-ip `qan-bmWv. `qan apgp-h\pw hnizm-
kn-bpsS \a-kvIm-c-m-b-bmWv. X\n-n-jvS-s-Sp e-p-shv
Ah\v ssZhs {]W-an-p-Ibpw {]mYn-p-Ibpw sNmw. B AY-
n Ckvemw-a-Xhpw AXns \nb-a-kw-ln-Xbpw cpw c. adnv,
hy-amb Hns cp hi--fmWvHcp hiw AI-tmv Ipgn-
Xpw adp-hiw ]pd-tv Xn-b-Xp-amb Hcp ]cn-N-t]mse. cm-
a-Xmbn ssZh-ns ]c-am-[n-Im-c-ns AwKo-Imcw Ahs kh-
hym-]n-bmb kmn-[y-n hniz-kn-p--Xn\nv Bcw-`n-pp.
* ""]d-bpI, \n-b-ambpw Fs \a-kvIm-chpw Fs Bcm-[-\m-Ia-fpw Fs
Pohn-Xhpw Fs ac-W-hp-samw kh-temI \mY-\mb Am-lp-hn\p thn-bm-
Ipp. Ahv bmsXmcp ]p-Im-cp-an. AXs{X FtmSv Bm-]n-n-cn-p-
Xv. Bm-\p-hn-I-fn Hm-a-\mWv Rm.'' (Jp-B 6: 162, 163)
a\p-jym-h-Im-i- Ckvem-an 9
BmY-X-bp Hcp hnizmkn Fm t\cpw kzbw ImWpp.
Xs Fm Ia-fpw Fmw ImWp {kjvSm-hns Iogn-em-sW
hoWw ]pep-Ibpw sNpp. B {kjvSm-hn-tev Xs-bmWv
Abm Ah-km\w Xncn-p-sN-t-Xpw, Xs \mYs\ tkhn-m
PohnXw \evInb Ah-k-c- Fs\ hn\n-tbm-Knp F-Xn-s\-
p-dn-p IW-p-I kan-t-Xpw. Jp-B-\-\p-k-cnv, a\p-
jy-{]-IrXn \nW-bn--s-n-p-Xv ssZhn-I-im-k-\-I kzoI-cn-m
]mI-n-emWv. Xo-bmbpw As\ sNm-\p Xzc a\p-jym-kvXn-
Xz-ns {]Ir-Xn-bns Dtn-cn-pp. a\p-jys\ _m[n-
p \nb-a- \nan-m-\p ]c-am-[n-Imcw ssZh-n-mWv.
ImcWw, {kjvSm-sh \nev a\p-jys Ia-nepw AIa-Wy-
X-bn-ep-ap Xm]-cy--sf-p-dnv Ah\v am{Xta Adn-p-IqSq.
ssZh-m \ntZ-in--s-Xpw {]hm-N-I-cpsS Acp-f-m-Sp-I-fn-eqsS
a\p-jy-cn-se-n-t-Xp-a-m Fm a\p-jy-\nanX \nb-a-fpw'
Hc-ta-cn- \ymbm-[n-] asmcp k`-n ]d--t]mse "Hcp
Znh-ks bm{Xv am{X-ap-]-I-cn-p sdbnth Snv t]mse'
bmWv. ssZhnI\nbaw Cu sshI-ey-n\nv Xopw ap-amWv.
bmYm-n-Xn-I-Xz-n-sbpw Ne-\-n-sbpw in-I Xn a\p-
jy-Po-hnXw `{Z-ambn _n--s-n-cn--bm a\p-jy\v ]cn-an-X-amb
tXmXn hnth-N\ _pn \evI-s-n-cn-pp. CXn-\p-n \np-
sImv Ah\v \nb-a-\nam-W- \Smw. Ckvem-an\p apv, ]e
{]hm-NI shfn-]m-Sp-I-fn-eq-sSbpw Ah-XoW-amb \nb-a- amnadn-
-s-n-p-spw Cu \nb-a--fpsS ASn-m\w, AYhm ]c-a-amb
\nb-aw-t]mepw aX-\n-b-a--fpsS kqn-p-Im-sc--dn-b-s-Sp--h-cm
Xncp- - s - n- p- s - p- a mWv Jp- B - \ ns \nK- a \w. tcJ- I
Ah{Iamn Fpw shfn-]m-Sp-I C\n-sbmv Bh-iy-an-m hn[-
n ]qW-amn Fpw Ckvemw Ah-Im-i-s-Spp. aqm-a-Xmbn,
Ckvem-anse GI \nb-a-\nam-Xmhv Am-lp-hmWv. Jeo-^-p
AZv F \nev Ah a\p- j y\v , Nne ]cn- a n- X n- I p- n-
semXpn \np-sIm-p \nba\nam-W-n\v A[n-Imcw \In-
bn-cn--bmWv. Cu ]cn-an-Xn-Ip-n-sem-Xpn\np-sImv A\p-
tbm-Py-cmb Bfp-I-fm-emWv Cu \nb-a-\nam-W- \S-p--sX-
n Ahv ssZhn-I-\n-b-a--fpsS m\w e`npw. AXv B \ne-
bn A\p-kc - n-t-X - papv. \nb-\nam-W - f
- psS Dd-hn-Ss kmt-
Xn-ImY-n hnfn-p-Xv "CPvam-Av' FmWv. ]t, \psS Ime-
L--n Cu A[n-Imcw tUm. Amam CJv_m-ens A`n-{]m-b-{]-
Imcw Hcp Iqmb CPvXn-lm-Zns `mK-sa-tmWw Hcm-[p-\nI \nb-a-
\namW k`v D]-tbm-K-s-Sp-m-hp--XmWv. Cu \nb-a-ns `c-
10 a\p-jym-h-Im-i- Ckvem-an
WL-S-\m-]-c-amb m\-s-p-dnv A_vZpdlow Xs {]i-kvX-
amb "Muhammadan Jurisprudence' F {K-n Cs\ ]d-bpp:
""Cs\ \nW-bn--s \nb-a- ssZhw Dt-in-h Xs-
bm- s Wv \nK- a n- - s - n- c n- pp. Bb- X n- \ m Ah ssZh-
n\np ktiw F \nb-a-ns \nh-N-\-n Ds-
Sp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cn-pp. \nb-a--fpsS Cu t{kmX-ns\ CPvam-Av
AYhm A`n-{]m-b--fpsS GIo-`mhw Fv hnfn-pp. Fm,
Xz--fpsS Ii-\-amb ASn-m-\-n Hcp k`-bn hn-
p \nb-a-]-n-X-m \nb-a-sf hni-Zo-I-cn-pI am{Xta sNp-
p-q-sh-nepw As\ Ah \nW-bn-p \nb-a-v Hp-
ap-mepw \nb-a-\nam-W-]-c-amb A[n-\n-b-a-ns kz`m-h--fpv.
Ah-bpsS km[yX tNmZyw sNm-hp--X. AXns\ ]np-W-p
Imc-W-- Ahsb Hcn-epw _m[n-p-p-an. {]kvXpX \nb-a-
Jp- B - s bpw lZo- k n- s bpw Xz- - \ p- k r- X - a mWv
Fp \nK-a\w \nWm-b-I-amWv. AXn-\m, Hcn-epw Ahsb
Ah-XoW \nb-a-v hncpw F ImcWw ]dv Akm-[p-
hm-m\pw km[y-a. apPvX-ln-Zp-I AwKo-I-cn Hcp \nb-as C-
c-samcp k`-bpsS \ntZi-{]-Imcw ]nm-ev amm-hp--XmWv.
AXm-bXv, apkvenw \nb-a-imkv{Xw C-c-samcp k`-bn hn-p
\nb-a-]-n-X-mp \nba\nam-Wm-[n-Im-cs hI-shp sImSp-
pp Fv ]d- b p- Xv icn- b m- b n- c npw. A- c - s am- c - [ n- I mcw,
ssZhnI \nam-Xm-hn \nv e`n--Xm-sW-ntmepw {]mtbm-KnI
Xe-n AXn-cn-m--XmWv. Ckvemw-aXw \_n-bpsS hntbm-Kt- ijw
hopw Znhy-sh-fn-]m-Sp-Ip km[y-X-Isf AwKo-I-cn-m--Xn-
\m apkvenw k{-Zm-b-n \nb-a-\nam-W-n\v Ccw CPvam-
C\v am{X-amWv Ctm A[n-Im-c-ap-Xv.
As\ Ckvemw Hcp Jp-B-\nI N-qSv A\p-h-Zn-p-X-cpp.
Cu N-q-n-\p-n nc-amb Ckvem-anI \nb-a-n\v a\p-jy-
\nanX \nb-a--fp-ambn kl-hnXzw km[y-amWv; ssZhnI \nba
\nam-Xmhv \nW-bn k{-Zm-b--fp-ambpw AXnh-c-p-I-fp-ambpw
Ah tbmPnpt]mI-W-sap am{Xw. kaqlw nchpw Ne-\m--I-
hp-amb s]cp-am coXn-I-fm cq]-s-Sp--Xm-I-bm Ckvemapw amdn-
sm-n-cn-p kmaqlnI ]cn-Xx-n-Xn-Ipw Jp-B-\nepw {]hm-
NINcy-bnepw Nqn-m-Wn-n-p am-an-m Xz-pw
AXns Pohn-X-co-Xn-bn m\w Iev]n-n-pv.
Ckvem-anI \nbaw Pohn-X-tmfw hnim-e-amWv. Pohn-X-sa ]Zw-
sImv hnh-n-p-Xv \mw ImWp-tXm A\p-`-hn-p-tXm Bb
shdpw Cs Pohn-X-a. Ckvem-ans A[ym-]-\--f-\p-k-cnv \ap-
a\p-jym-h-Im-i- Ckvem-an 11
p-thn ssZh-m \nW-bn--s Npa-X-e-I \nd-th-pI hgn
\nb-a-a-\p-k-cn-p-tm am{Xta ac-Wm-\-c PohnXw \p-tS-Xm-Ip-
pq. Cu PohnXw Jp-B hnh-cn-p--Xp-t]m-se-s \mw
Adn-bp Pohn-X-s-m D-ahpw imiz-X-hp-amWv. Cu Xc-n-
ep PohnX-s-qSn Pohn-X-sa ]Zw Dsm-pp.
Ckvemw hnhn[ am--fp Hcp aX-amWv. AXv \nb-a-amWv,
kwkvIm-c-amWv, AsXmcp A`u-anI knmw IqSn-bmWv . Cu
knmw a\p-jy\v thn Hcp ]cn-t{]yw krjvSn-pp. Cu
ImgvN-m-S-\p-k-cn-mWv Ah Ah-km-\w-hsc Xs krjvSn {]Xn-
^-en-n-p ssZhn-tIm-tiyw \nd-th--s-Sp-hm thn Xs Ia-
A\p-jvTn-t-Xv.
Ckvemw kwi-bm-Xo-X-ambpw hnizm-k-ns ASn--d-bn-emWv
sIn-sm-n-bn-p-Xv. ]t, AXns FSpv \nb-a-ns in
IqSn tNp-d-n--XmWv. Xo-bmbpw Ckvemw ssZhn-tIm-t-iy-n-
\p Iogvs-S-embn hymJym-\n--s-n-cn-pp. AXp-X-s-bmWv
ssZhnI\nb-ahpw. \nbaw ]Tn-t-Xv AXn-\m hnizm-kn-bpsS
{]mY-anI Npa-X-e-bmWv. ImcWw, Ckvem-anI \nbaw bm{n-I-ambn
A\p-k-cn-t H, adnv AY-]qW-ambn, AXm-bXv t_m[-
]qhw A\p-k-cn-t HmWv. Ckvem-an Iaw sNp BfpsS
a\-m-n-bpsS t_m[-]qh-amb Xocp-am-\tam Dt-iytam CmsX
Hcp Iahpw aX-Im-gvN-m-Sn kzoIm-cy-a. Fm {]h-\-fpw
Dt-iy-ns ASn-m-\-n ]cn-tim-[n--s-Sp-pv.
\nb-a-a-\p-k-cn-mt\m ssZthOv hg-mt\m D _m[yX Jp-
B-\n hnh-cn-n-p Hcp ]pcm-X-\-amb Icm-dn\nv Bcw-`n-pp.
(AXm-bXv, a\p-jys\ krjvSn-p--Xn\pw Ifn-a-n Ahv Poh-
\q-Xp--Xn\pw apv ssZhw tNmZnp: ""Rm \ns \mY-\-tbm?''
Atm Bmhv adp-]Sn ]dp: ""Xo-bmbpw AsX.'' t]mcm-
-Xn\v a\p-jy-{]-IrXn Jp-B A\p-k-cnv ssZhnI k{-Zm-b-
n A[n-jvTn-Xh - p-amWv.)* a\p-jy-{]-Ir-Xn-bpsS Ign-hp-I, `qan-bnse
PohnXw {]m]-nI aX-ns {]hm-NI -
- m-cpsS shfn-]m-Sp-If
- n\nv
e`n ssZhn-Im-\p-im-k-\-I-\p-k-cnv {Ia-s-Sp-n-bm am{Xta
]qW-ambpw k^-e-am-hp-I-bpq. Ckvem-anI \nb-a-ns {][m\
Dd-hnSw, Ah-XoW-amb ssZhnI hN-\-am-sW hkvXpX ]cn-K-Wn-
* ""AXp-sImv bmsXmcp h{I-X-bp-an-msX ip-a-\-kvI-\mbn aX-n-tev \ns
apJs ({isb) Xncnp\npI. a\p-jysc GXp {]Ir-Xn-tbm-Sp-IqSn Amlp
krjvSn-n-ptm B {]Ir-Xnsb A\p-k-cn-p-sImv Pohn-pI. Am-lp-hns
krjvSn-Ia-n\v (Ah \n-bn {]Ir-Xnv) bmsXmcp am-hp-an. AXs{X
h{I-X-bn-m aXw. ]t, a\p-jy-cn A[n-I-am-fp-Ifpw bmYmYyw {Kln-m-
-h-cm-Ipp.'' (Jp-B 30: 30)
12 a\p-jym-h-Im-i- Ckvem-an
p-tm X-fpsS \nb-a-ns Imcy-n apkvenw-I Dbn-
n-Sn-p Av Ncn-{X-n Xpey-X-bn-m--XmWv F-Xn
AZv`p-X-sam-p-an. apkvenw-I \nb-a-n\v \Ip _lp-am\w
asmcp P\-k-aq-lhpw \Ip-n. t\cn-p ssZhnI amK-Zi-\-
v Iogn Pohn-pp F-h-Im-i-s-Sp P\-v B \nb-
a--tfmSv A\p-k-cW ImWn-pI hgn-b-msX kpc-n-X-Xztam A`-
btam C. Npcp--n Ckvemw-a-X-ns bYmY-k nXn-
sN-p-Xv {]hm-N-I-\m \nW-bn--s \nb-a- A\p-k-cn-p-
-Xn-emWv. hnizm-kn-I-fpsS BmYX, kv{Xobm-bmepw ]pcp-j-\m-
bmepw, hmnepw AY-nepw Ah-km-\s Ah-ew-_-sa \ne-
bn ssZhn-I-\n-baw A\p-k-cn-m Ah F{X-am{Xw k--am-bn-
cn-pp F-Xn nXn-sN-pp.
Ah-km-\s Ah-ew-_-sa \nev Ckvemw Xs Hcp \nb-
a-am-sW-n AXns Ghpw henb eyw A-S--ap Hcp
kaqlw krjvSn- pI F- X mWv . \oXn- b psS Xz- - f n-
eqn\nmWv Cu eyw t\Sm Ckvemw ]cn-{i-an-p-Xv. hnkvX-
cn-m {]bm-k-ap H-\-h[n amK--fn-eqsS \oXn-bpsS Cu eyw
k^-e-am-m-\p kml-N-cy- krjvSn-m AXv {ian-pp.
Ah-i-s\bpw Xmgv-h-s\bpw Biz-kn-n-pI F-Xn-emWv ap aX-
-fnse Du. Fm, Ckvem-an-em-Is a\p-jyn-S-bn \oXn
\S-m-p--Xn-emWv Ftmgpw Du. hnizm-kn-I-tfmSv \oXnsNm-
\p Xmo-Xp-I-fm \n`-c-amWv Jp-B. \memw A[ymbw 58mw
kq-n \mw CXv ImWpp.** CtX AY-n {]hm-N-I\pw
XmoXv \In-b-Xmbn ImWmw.
ssZhnI hN-\-v ]pdta \_n ]d-tXm sNbvXtXm Bb
Imcy-sf kw_-nv lZo-kp-I-fp-apv. Hcp {]tXyI hnj-b-s-
p-dnv \_n-bpsS Ncy Fm-bn-cpp Fv a\-n-em-m CXv hnizm-
knsb klm-bn-p-p. Cu t{kmX-p-I Jp-B\v ]qc-I-amWv. Ch
cpw-IqSn HnptNv IW-n-se-Sp-p-tm hnizm-knv, hnizm-
kn-I-fpsS hyn-]-chpw kmaq-lnIhp-amb s]cp-am- {Ia-s-
Sp-t-Xv Fs\ F ASn-m-\-]-c-amb hkvXp-X-I hne-p-
I-fpsS cq]-n e`n-pp.
F.Un. 632 {]hm-N-I \ncym-X-\m-b-tXmsS ssZhnI shfn-]m-
Sp-Ifpw Ah-km-\np. Xm Jp-B\pw kppw hnizm-kn-Ip-
** ""Aam-\
- p-I Ah-bpsS Al-mv Gev]n-p-sIm-Sp-W
- s
- apw P\-n-
S-bn hn[nIev]n-p-tm \oXn-]qhw hn[nIev]n--W-sapw Amlp \n-
tfm-Sm-m-]n-pp. F{Xtbm \ D]-tZ-i-amWv Amlp \nv \Ip-Xv.
Xo-bmbpw Fmw tIp--h\pw ImWp--h-\p-amWv Amlp.''
a\p-jym-h-Im-i- Ckvem-an 13
thn _mn-sh-n-cn--bm-sWpw AXv apdp-sI-n-Sn-m Ah-cpsS
hgn- b n A]- I - S - - s fm- p- a p- m- h p- I - b n- s - p- a p \_n- b psS
hntbm-K-n\p sXmp-ap-p Xmo-Xp-I IW-n-se-Sp-m
Fm \_n-h-N-\-fpw tiJ-cnp shp-hm\pw Ah hcpw Xe-ap-
dI- p- I qSn ]IpsImSp- p- h m- \ p- a p hnizm- k n- I - f psS
BImw Xo-bmbpw a\-n-em-m-hp--tX-bpq. Jp-B hN-
\- Xo-bmbpw B[n-Im-cn-I-amWv; hn[n-bpsS Ah-km-\-\m-fp-
I hsc Ah amn-a-dn--s-SmsX kqn-p-sa Ddv Jp-B
Xs \In-bn-cn-p AY-n. CtX AY-n Nnn-m
lZokv kmlnXyw A{X B[n-Im-cn-I-a; {]hm-N-I-h-N-\- kam-
l-cn-p hyn a\p-jys Hma-i-nsb B{i-bn-pp F-
Xn- \ mepw Ah- b psS auen- I X sXfn- b n- m thn Ah
]dph-h-cpsS irwJe ]e-tmgpw \qdncw hcpp F-Xn-
\m-ep-samw. ]t, Hcn- Hcp \_n-h-N\w B[n-Im-cn-I-am-sWv
sXfn-bn--sp Ign-m ssZhn-I-h-N-\-n\v Xpey-amb m\w
Jp-B AXn\p \evIp-pv. (Jp-B 33:21; 53:3,4; 24:63; 4:152
Fnh t\mpI). {]hm-N-Is \ncym-W-n-\p-tijw hfsc Ime-
n\p tij-amWv \_n-h-N-\- kam-l-cn--s-Xv F ASp-
-Im-ew-hsc {]m_-ey-n-ep-m-bn-cp [mc-W-Iv hncp--ambn
\_n-bpsS Pohn-X-Im-ep Xs At-l-ns kl-Nm-cn-I
\_n-h-N-\- tcJ-s-Sp-n-bn-pv Fv ASp Imev \S
Kth-j-W- sXfn-bn-n-pv. lZokv hnZymYn-I CXp-h-tcbpw
hniz-kn-n-cp-Xv \_n-h-N-\--fpsS kam-l-c-Whpw enJn-X-cq-]-n-
ep tcJ-s-Sp-epw \_nv tijw \qn A]Xv hj-
Ign-n-mWv \S-Xv Fs{X. Fm, AJ-m\n, in_ven,
knZv kpsse-am \Zvhn, Dkvam-\nbm bq\n-th-gvkn-n-bnse a\m-
kn Alvkm XpS-nb ka-Im-enI apkvenw ]n-X-m Cu
Btcm-]-W-ns AY-iq-\yX XnIpw hy-am-n-bn-pv. (lao-
Zp-m-bpsS 'Muslim Contact of the State' t]Pv 23 t\mpI.)
kaq-l-Po-hnXw X-sf-s\ cq]-s-Spn F-Xn\pw `c-W-
Iq-S-n-s Imcy- Fs\ \S-nhcpn F-Xn\pw X-
hn-j-b-amb \nb-a-{]-iv\-v Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-p Imcy-n
\_n-N-cysb X Fs\ D]-tbm-K-s-Spn F-Xn\pw Jeo-
^-am-cpsS coXn-I sXfn-hmWv.
Ckvem-anI \nb-a--fpsS DZv`-h-ns Cu cv t{kmX-p-
Ip ]pdsa \mw aqv D]-t{km-X-p-I-sf-qSn ad-m ]mSp--
X. CPvam-Av, Jnbmkv, CPvXn-lmZv Fn-h-bm-Wh. Ch aqpw
Ckvem-anse ]gb \nb-a-]-n-X Jp-B-sbpw kp-n-sbpw
14 a\p-jym-h-Im-i- Ckvem-an
shfn--n Fs\ \nb-a-{]-iv\- ssIImcyw sNbvXp Fv
\apv ImWn-p-X-cpp.
Ch-bn {]Y-a-am-bXv CPvam-Av (kap-Zm-b-ns A`n-{]m-b-]-c-
amb GIX) BWv. "Fs P\X Hcn-epw sXn GIm-`n-{]m-b-
m-cm-bn-cn-p-I-bn' Fpw "kwbp--X-p-ta ssZh-ns Ic-
-fpv, AXn \nv hnp-am-dp--h \c-I-n-emWv' Fpw "Ah-
km\w apkvenw-Iv \-Xm-bn-tm-p-Xv ssZh-Zr-jvSn-bnepw \-
bmWv' Fp-ap {]hm-N-I-h-N-\--fn-emWv, CXv \nb-a-ns \nam-
Wm-I t{kmX-mbn kzoI-cn-p--Xn-\p ASn-m\w Is-p-
Xv . GsX- n- e p- s amcp \nb- a - { ]- i v \ - n Hcp Ime- L - - nse
apkvenw \nb-ai- m-kv{X- - m GIm-`n-{]mbw ]pep-Ib - m-sW-n
Ah-cpsS A`n-{]m-tb-IX B A`n-{]m-b-n {]mam-Wn-I-X-bpsS ap{Z
]Xn-n-p-Ibpw \nb-a-ns t{kmXv F \nebvv AXv Hcp
Jp-B-\nI hN-\-nt\m \_n-bpsS sXfn-bn--s Ncytm GXm-
v Xpey-am-bn-cn-p-Ibpw sNpp F-Xnepw Ckvem-anse \nb-a-
im-kv{X--m tbmPn-pp. \nb-a-ns t{kmXv F \nev
CPvam-C\v {]m[m-\y-apv Fn-cn-nepw, ZpxJm-Ip-e-amb BmY-
X-tbmSp IqSn-s ]d-bs, bpK--fmbn, kap-Zm-b-nse \nb-a-
im-kv{X--m-cpsS A`n-{]m-ssbIyw e`n-p-hm-\p Hcp kwhn-[m-
\hpw \nb-a-im-kv{X--m-cpsS CS-bn m]n-Xv kw_-nv Hcp
sXfnhpw \ap-n.
Hcp \nb-a-im-kv{X-s hyn-]-c-amb A`n-{]m-b-amWv Jnbmkv.
Hcp {]tXyI A`n-{]mbw cq]o-I-cn-p--Xn aX-\n-ba hnim-c-Z
]pen-b \oXn-t_m-[hpw \njv]--Xbpw Xmc-Xay Nnbpw ASn-
m-\-am-n-sb-Sp-p--Xs{X CXv.
Ah-km-\-ambn \apv CPvXn-lmZv Dv. Hcp {]iv\-n\v ]cn-
lmcw Is-p--Xn Jp-B-\n-I-kq-tam {]hm-NI hN-\tam
hy-ambpw klm-bn-msX hcp-tm kzX-{-Nn-sb B{i-bn-
p {]{In-b-sb-bmWv CPvXn-lmZv Fp ]d-bpI. \_n-bpsS PohnX-
n\np ]cs Adn-b-s Hcp kw`-h-n CXn-\p \oXo-
I-cWw {]Xn-^-en--s-n-cn-pp. apB-Zp_v\p P_-ens\ ba-\n-tev
KhW-dmbn Ab-p--Xn\v apv \_n At-l-tmSv Xs apmsI
hcp {]iv\--fn Fs\ hn[n-\nWbw \S-p-sav tNmZnp.
""ssZh-ns {K-a-\p-k-cnv'' Atlw adp-]Sn ]dp. ""Hcp {]iv-
\-n Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-p--Xn ssZh-{K--n\nv Xmv
amK-Zi-\-sampw e`n-n-s-ntem?'' \_n tNmZnp. ""{]hm-N-I-
Ncy-b-\p-k-cnv''- Atlw ]dp. ""AXn \npw amK-Zi-\-
sampw e`n-n-s-n?'' \_n tNmZnp. ""{]iv\ ]cn-lm-c-n-\p-
a\p-jym-h-Im-i- Ckvem-an 15
thn Hc-`n-{]m-b-n-se-m-\p Fs kzX-{-amb {ia--
\p-k-cnv.'' \_n Cu D-cw-tIv kwXr-]vX-\m-sbpw apB-Zp_v\p
P_-en-s\-tm-se-bp A\p-bm-bn-Isf Xs A\p-N-c-m-cn-eps-
Sp-n-b-Xn Am-lp-hns\ kvXpXnp-sh-p-amWv ]d-b-s-Sp-Xv.
Ckvem-ans {]hm-N-I\v apB-Zp_v\p P_ \evInb D-c--fn
Hcp apPvX-ln-Zns ]mWv ka-{K-ambn \nh-Nn--s-n-cn-p-Xv. B
]n-s\-p-dnv \apv Cu IY-bn\nv a\-n-em-Ipp.
apPvX-ln-Zns `mjmYw A[zm-\n-p B FmWv. Hcp \nb-
a-imkv{X kw F \ne-bn ^nJvlns Dkq-ep-I AYhm
\nb-a-s bpn-hn-Nm-cm-h-b-h- \nb-a-ns ASn-m\
t{kmX-p-I-fmb Jp-B-sbpw kp-n-sbpw ASn-m-\-n
D]-tbm-K-s-Sp-pI F-XmWv. Ah-bpsS hmN-I--fn Cmcyw
]d-n-n-s-mtmepw, ssIbn-ep {]iv\-n-s\mcp Xop-
I]n-p--Xn an-hmdpw AXv Jp-B-\npw kp-n\pw A\p-
tbm-Py-am-bn-o-cpI Xs sNpw. CPvXn-lm-Zns\ \nb-a-\nam-W-
n-\p krjvSn-]-c-amb Hcp t{kmX-mbn IW-m-p--Xn\p apv
Nne tbmKy-X-I ]qo-I-cn--s-tS--Xpv Fv ^nJvlns ]e
Nnm-k-c-Wn-Ifpw \njvIjn-pp. apPvX-lnZv \nb-a-n am{Xw
]mWvUnXyw t\Sn-bm t]mcm, DNn-X-amb \nb-a-]-c-amb Xocp-am-\-
-sf-Sp-m Ign-hp--h IqSn-bm-bn-cn-Ww Abm. Adn-b-s
Hcp `-\m-bn-cn-Ww. \nb-a-im-kv{X--m-cpsS kaq-l-ns Hcp
kwbp-m-`n-{]m-b-amWv CPvam-Av Fn, Nne {]tXyI kml-N-cy-
-fn Hcp \nb-a-{]iv\w ]cn-l-cn-m kzX-{-Nn D]-tbm-Kn-p-
I-bmWv CPvXn-lmZv. AX-\p-k-cnv \psS Ime-L--n CPvXn-
lm-Zns {]Xn-tcm[w Xmsg--d-bp Bi-b- Dsm-p
bpn-Nn--bpsS Iq-n-emWv ]Sp-p-bt-Xv. Ckvemw Bh-
iy-s-Sp-Xv ssZh-tm-Sp IqdmWv; knwlm-k-\--tfm-Sp--X.
Pohn-X-ns ]c-a-amb Bo-bm-Sn-m\w ssZh-am-I-bm ssZh-
n-t\m-Sp Iqdv Fp ]d-m a\p-jy\v a\p-jys amXr-Im-]-
c-amb {]Ir-Xn-tbm-Sp Iqdv Xs-bmWv. Ckvemw Dsm-n-p
Pohn-X-ns ]c-a-amb ASn-m\w imiz-X-am-sW-nepw AsXm-cn-
epw Ime-n sshhn-[yhpw ]cn-h-\hpw F Xe-n,
AXm-bXv ka-{K-ambn Ncn-{X-n, kw`-h-p AYw F
\nev {]I-Sn-n-p-n. Ah-km-\n-m ]cn-h\w {]I-Sn-n-
p Hcp temI-n Hcp ]nSnw Inp-hm-\p Nhn-p-]Sn e`n-
m-\p-h am{X-amWv imizX Xz-. ssZh-ns Jp-B-\nI
{]Xn-_nw_w Ahs dqlv a\p-jy-\n-tev ]Ip Fp kqNn-n-
pI hgn a\p-jy-\n Hcp imiz-Xn-I-Xz-ns `mK-apv F AY-
16 a\p-jym-h-Im-i- Ckvem-an
n a\p-jy Ncn-{Xs AXo-{-h-cn-pp. Ncn-{X-ns
amIvknv hymJym\w ]d-bp-Xpt]mse a\p-jy Ncn-{X-ns
D]-a. AXp-sIm-p-Xs \nb-a-n\v a\p-jy-{]-Ir-Xn-bnse amdn-
sm-n-cn-p-Xpw nc-ambn \np--Xp-amb Fm LS-I--
sfbpw ssIImcyw sNt-n-bn-cn-pp. auenI Imcy--fn Dup-
-Xn-\n-S-bn apkvenw-I amdn-sm-n-cn-p kml-N-cy- ad-
p-t]m-I-cpXv. Ckvem-anI \nbaw As\ Cem-kvXn-Ihpw Ne-\m-
-Ihpw ]ptcm-K-a-\--a-hp-amWv.
Ckvem-anI \nb-a--fpsS Dd-hn-S--sf-p-dn-p kqN\, Ckvem-
an \nb-a-\nam-W-n bpn-Nn--bpsS m\w kar-hpw {]m[m-
\y-ta-dn-b-Xp-am-sW-p GI Dtiyw hy-am-mth-n-bp--
XmWv. ]cn-ip- -Jp-B-\nse 6236* kq--fn Aq-dncw
kq-v, AXm-bXv ]{-n-semcp `mK-n Ipd-hm-b-hv
am{Xta \nb-a-]-c-amb kz`m-h-apq. Camw A_ql-\o-^-bpsS A`n-
{]m-b-a-\p-k-cnv {]hm-N-Is B[n-Im-cnI hN-\- ]Xn-aq-m-bn-c-
ncw am{X-amWv. ap Nnem-Is, Ch icm-icn cm-bn-c-n-
cw hcpw. Cu hkvXpX ]cn-K-Wn-p-tm \nb-a-im-kv{X-]-c-amb
Xz-, GIm-`n-{]mbw, hyn-]-c-amb {ia- Fnh X-fpsS
ap]m-sI-bp {]iv\--fn XopIn-p--Xn\v klm-b-I-amb
\nb-a- Is-p--Xn-\p-]-tbm-Kn-p-sImv t\cn-p hN-\--
tfmSv Iqn-tp--Xn ^pJ-lm-, AYhm \nb-a-im-kv{X--
m hln ]v Cm-bn-cp-p-sh-n {]mtbm-Kn-I-ambn Ckvem-anI
\nb-a-ns {Iam-\p-K-X-amb hf Is-pI Akm-[y-am-bn-cp-
ts\.
Ckvem-anI \nbaw AXm-bXv ico-Av, ^nJvlns Dkq-ep-I
AXm-bXv aX-]-c-amb \nb-a-imkv{Xw Fnh Hnv IW-n-se-Sp-
p-tm hnizm-kn-bpsS hyn-Po-hnXw {Ia-s-Sp-p kh-hym-
]n-bmb Nne \nb-a-{I-a-sf Ah ]hn-{Xo-I-cn-p-pv. kpo-^n-
Jv l ns kzX- { - a mb \mev Nnm- k - c - W n- I Hcp \qm- n- \ p-
ns \ne-hnhp F hkvXpX Ckvem-anI \nb-a-ns
Ne-\m--I-kz-`mhw hnfn-tm-Xpp. \apv l\-^o-^nJvlpv. 767
Znhw-K-X-\mb Camw A_q -l-\o^ CPvXn-lm-Zn-sbpw CkvXn-lvkm-
s(\nb-a-]-c-amb \njv]-X)bpw Xz- Bhn-jvI-cnp. Cu
Ime-L--n \nb-a-im-kv{X--m cv hn`m-K--fmbn Xncn-
plZo-kns\ Dbn-n-Sn--hcpw kzIm-cym-`n-{]m-b-sf Dbn-
n-Sn--hcpw. ]noSv \psS ap]n-ep-Xv 819- \ncym-X-\mb,
im^nCu ^nJvl-ns D]-m-Xm-hmWv. ]c-kv]cw t]mc-Sn-p-\n
* Jp-B kq--fpsS F-n ]n-Xamn-S-bn A`n-{]m-bm--c-apv.
a\p-jym-h-Im-i- Ckvem-an 17
Cu cp \ne-]m-Sp-Ip-an-Sv Atlw ka-Xp-en-Xm-h \ne-
\nn. \_n-h-N-\-p-t\sc {iml-amb Nmbvhv At-l-
ns `mK-p-m-bn-cp-p-sh-nepw, B hN-\- At-ls
kw_-n-n-Stm-fw B[n-Im-cn-I-ambn Dd-n--s-S-W-am-bn-cpp.
795 \ncym-X-\mb Camw amen-ns Nnm-k-cWn aZo-\-bn \ne-
hn-ep BNm-c--fn Dun-\np. Atlw CPvam-Cs {]m_eyw
Dd-np. Ah-km-\-ambn Camw C_v\p -lw-_en(\ncymWw 855)s
Nnm-k-c-Wn-bn-em-Is, lZo-kp-I-fpsS `mjm-]-c-amb hymJym-\-
p-thn \ne-\n Hcp Nnm-amKw Dcp-n-cn-p-h-cp-Xv
\mw ImWpp. CPvam-C\pw Jnbm-kn\pw Atlw \ma-am-{X-amb ]t
A\p-h-Zn-pq. B Nnm-[m-csb kw_-n-n-S-tmfw Jp-B\pw
kppw Xs Ckvem-anI \nb-a-ns aXn-bmb Dd-hn-S--fm-bn-
cpp.
ico-Av AXm-bXv icn-bmb \nbaw, kzlolv AYhm \nb-a-
hn-t[-b-am-bXv, _mXzn AYhm hne--s-Xv Fnh Xn thXn-
cn-pp. Nne Ia- \n_--amb \ne-bn \ntZ-in--s-n-cn-
pp. ssZh-ns Ah-Im-i--tfmSv (lpJq-Jp-mlv) _lp-am\w
{]I-Sn-n-m ap NneXv a\p-jy-cpsS Npa-X-e-I-fmbn (lpJq-Jp
A_vZv) Nn{Xo-I-cn--s-n-cn-pp. ssZh-ns Ah-Im-i-
hnizmkw AYhm Cuam, Av hyXykvX ka-b--fnse {]mY-
\-I, da-Zm {hXw, Zm\w AYhm kImv, XoY-bm{X, Jpwkv
AYhm bp-n i{Xp-hn\nv t\Snb apX-en\ntm J\n-I-
fn\nv t\Snb apX-en\ntm An-semv \evI, h[-n-
\nv Hgn-p-\n, aZy-]m-\-n\npw ap ab-p-a-cp-p-I-
fpsS D]-tbm-K - n\npw Hgn-p-\n-ev, ]c-kv{Xo-Ka - \w, NqXmw
XpS-n-bh Hgn-hm- Fn-hb - mWv. Ch ]qWm-hI - m-i
- f- mbn Adn-
b-s-Spp. `mKn-Im-h-Im-i--fm-b-dn-b-s-Sp ap Nne-Xpv. Ah
hyn-I Xn _-s-p-In-S-p-p-sh-nepw tamjWw XpS-n-
b-h-t]mse tns tat\m--nIo-gn-ep--h-bmWv. hyn-I-fpsS
Ah-Im-i--fn \nb-a-im-kv{X--m Is-pXv a\p-jys
kpc-n-XXzw, A-ns `{ZX, DS-a-m-h-Im-i-ns kpc,
sshhm-lnI Pohn-X-ns kpc-n-XXzw, cm-Ir-Xz-ns
Ddv, ]np-Sm-h-Im-i-ns kpc, Fm \nba hnt[b Ia-
p-ap kzmX-{y-ns kpc-n-XXzw Fn-h-bmWv. hyn-
bp-sSbpw `c-W-Iq-S-n-sbpw `mKn-Im-h-Im-i- ap--h-cpsS A-
n-t-ep B{I-a-W-sf {]Xn-tcm-[n-p--Xp-ambpw asm-cm-fpsS
Nmcn-{Xys ssItbw sNp--h-tcm-Sp s]cp-am--hp-ambpw _-
s-p-\npp. Ah-p-]p-dta Cu Ia- kwkm-cn-pI, ImWp-
18 a\p-jym-h-Im-i- Ckvem-an
I, kv]in-pI, ]pn-cn-pI, ssIItfm a-h-b-h-tfm D]-
tbmKn-pI XpS-nb ico-c-ns Ia-sf am{X-a Dsm-
p-Xv. adnv Nnn-pI, hniz-kn-pI, B{K-ln-pI XpS-nb
J_n-(am\-knI)bmb hym]m-c--sfbpw Dsm-pp. Xo-
bmbpw ico-Av _mly-Iasf am{Xta _m[n-p-pq.
Ia--fpsS kZm-Nm-c-\n-b-a-]-c-amb kz`mhw hnim-e-amb Hcp
kvs]-Iv{S-n (hWcm-Pn-bn) ]c-n-bn-cn-pp. Ah Xmsg--d-
bp--h-bmWv.
(F) \nb-am\p-im-knX Ia-: {]mY\, {hXw apX-emb {]mY-
anI Xe-ns \n_--amb Ia-. im^nCu aZvl_v
A\p- k - c nv ^Zv I n- ^ mb F Hpv . Ah {]mY- a n- I - X - e -
ns \n_--amWv. ]t, Bsc-nepw Ah \nh-ln-m
ap--h AXv sNt Bhiyw ]cn-l-cn--s-Spp. arX-tZlw
ad-hp-sN-pI, i{Xp-hn-t\mSv s]mcp-XpI XpS-n-bh DZm-lc - W
-
- f- mWv.
(_n) hmPn_pI: Xs `mcy-sbbpw Ipn-I-sfbpw ]pepI -
F--Xp-t]mse cm-as L-n \n_--amb Imcy--fm-Wh.
(kn) kpv: \_n sNp-Itbm AwKo-I-cn-p-Itbm sNbvX
Ia-. apkvX-lv, AYhm Zm\w t]mse FSp-p-]-d-b-s Imcy-
. ns Ah-km\ L--fn-emWv Ckvemw Hcp \nb-a-hy-h--bmbn
(Un) ap_mlv: sNbvtXm sNbvXnt F-Xn\v {]k-n-bn-m-
{X sNdp-Xmb s]mdp--s-Sm-hp Imcy-.
\nb-a-hn-cp Ia-, CtX-t]mse ^kmZv AYhm {Iqc-Ir-Xy-
, ldmw AYhm hne--s-h, aIvdqlv AYhm A\-`n-e-j-Wo-b-
am-bh Cu sNbvXn-I sNp--Xn \nv hynsb XS-bm \nba-
n\v A[n-Im-c-an-s-nepw Xk-abw Ah-bn \nsm-gnp-
\np-Xv A`n-Im-ay-ambn Icp-X-s-Spp.
hnizm-k-, kZm-Nmcw, Bcm-[\, hnhmlw apX-emb ]uc-Po-
hn-X-nse sIm-sm-Sp--I, a\p-jy-i-co-c-n\pw kzn\pw
A-n\pw t_m[-]qhw A]-ISw hcp-pI, s]mXp-ka - m-[m-\
`wKw hcp-p elf, s]cp-hgn ]nSn-p-]dn Fn-h-p in-
I, kImv \evIm-Xn-cn-p--Xp-t]mse aX-n-s\-Xn-cmb {]h-
\w, ]c-kv{Xo-K-a\w, elcn ]ZmY--fpsS D]-tbmKw, NqXmw
apX-em-b-h-t]mse a\p-jys A-n-s-Xn-cmb kacw, hyh-m-
]nX Khsap-Is-Xn-cmbn ka-c- kwL-Sn-n-pI XpS-nb
bXv\- Fn-h-sbmw Ckvem-an-I-\n-baw ssIImcyw sNpp.
ssZh-n-s-Xn-cmb \mep-Xcw Ip-(lpZq-Zp-I)v Jp-B-\n
in hy-am-n-bn-pv. tamjWw (kcn-Jv), sIme-]m-XIw
a\p-jym-h-Im-i- Ckvem-an 19
(JnXm), hy`n-Nmcw (kn\m), el-cn-]m-\o-b--fpsS D]-tbmKw Fn-
h-bm-Wh.
D]-cn-kq-Nn-Xhpw hnim-e-amb ]m-ew Dsm-p--Xp-amb
Ckvem-ans \nb-a-im-kv{X-n\p ]pdta apkvenw Fgp-p-Im
^nJvlv Ftm Dkq-ep-o AYhm hnizm-k-ns thcp-I Ftm
hnfn-p Hpv. imtJm-]-im-J-I-fm-bn-n-cn-bp thcp-I (Xz-
) BWh. Hcp \nb-a-im-kv{X-sa \ne-bn ^nJvlv Xz-
ssIImcyw sNpp. ]ucm-WnI \nba imkv{X--m Dkzq-
ep^n-Jvln Ign Bbn-c - n-\m-\qdv hj-f- mbn hf-sc-b[
- nIw
{i ]Xn-n-n-pv. {]tXy-Inpw BZy-L- fn AtZiob \nb-
a-ns taJ-e-I-fn. (s{]m^. lao-Zp-m-bpsS "Muslim Contact of the
State', p.47). apkvenw cmjv{S-ns hnIm-k-tmsS {]Xo-n--t]m-
se-s, (apIm-ev tdma \nb-a- {]m_-ey-n-ep-m-bn-
cp {]tZ-i--fn hnti-jnpw) tdma \nb-a-X-z-fpw Ckvem-
anI \nb-a-ns BZy-Ime {]tbm-m- Jp-B\pw kp-pw
hymJym-\n-p-m-nb \nb-a - fpw Xn ]c-kv]c - _- w hp-s]p.
Ckvem-anI \nbaw AXns hf-bn \nWm-b-Iamw hn[-n
tdma \nb-a--fm kzm[o-\n--sp F {]iv\w hf-sc-sbmpw
DZn-p-n. Nne ]d-bp--Xp-t]mse {]hm-N-Is aZo\m Pohn-X-
hfp-h-Xv FXpw icn-b. Ckvemw-aX {]hm-N-Is am Pohn-
X-Imew \apv ImWn-p-X-Xv shdpw kZm-Nm-c-]-ctam {]t_m-[-\-
]-ctam Bb Hcp {]{In-b-bmWv. B {]{In-b-bn Ckvem-anI {]Nm-c-
Ww apJy- a mbpw BZy- L - - n At- l - ns _p- - f nepw
]nm-ev kplr-p--fp-sSbpw IpSpw-_-m-cp-sSbpw ASp
hr--fnepw HXp-n-\np FXv icn-bmWv. Fm, BZy-Ime
ao hN-\--fn hnizm-kn-I A\m-YIsf Xon-tm--W-sapw
Al-cm-b-h-scbpw hgn-bm-{X-m-scbpw ]cn-c-n--W-sapw apw
]d-Xv, hnizm-kn-Ip, \nb-a-sa ASn-m-\-n {]mtbm-
- n\p Kn-I-am-m Icppw km[y-X-bp-ap B-X-s-bmWv. ]nm-
ev {]hm-N-I lnPvd F-dn-b-s-Sp al-mb {]bm-W-n\v
a-bn\nv Xncn-m \n_-n-X-\m-b-tm Ckvem-ans cmw
Jeo-^-bmb lZvdv Da-dn\v Ckvem-anI Ie--dns XpSw Ipdn-
m e`n \ntZ-i--fn t]mepw \nb-a-{]-iv\--fp--m-bn-cpp.
Am-e-p-Xs BZys Ckvem-anI cm-jv{Sw sIn--Sp--s-n-
cpp F-Xp-sIm-mWv CXm-h-iy-ambn hXv. {]hm-N-I-\m aZo-
\-bnse `c-W-Im-cy- Xocp-am-\n--s-n-cp DS--Sn-bpsS Xz-
-fnepw CXv {]Xn-^-enp ImWmw. Xmsg--d-bp aZo-\m-kq-dx-I
20 a\p-jym-h-Im-i- Ckvem-an
[mcm-f--W-n Ckvem-anI \nb-a- Dsm-pp: A_-
Jd, Bep-Cw-dm, An-km-Av.
\nb-a-im-kv{X--m \S-nb A]-{K-Y-\--sfmw Xs Jp-
Bs hN-\--fnepw {]hm-NI hN-\--fnepw kaq-l-ns GIm-
`n-{]m-b--fnepw hyn-]-c-amb \nb-a-im-kv{Xm-`n-{]m-b--fnepw sXfn-
p-\n B-I Is-p--Xnepw hyh-m-]n-X-ambn kam-
l-cn-p--Xnepw Ckvem-anI \nba imkv{X--m ]penb \nc-
c {ibpw AoW ]cn-{i-ahpw ]n-tXm-Nn-Xm-[zm-\hpw _lp-
am-\-]qh-amb \ne-]mSpw F{X-tm-f-am-bn-cpp Fv hnfn-tm-Xpp.
Xo-bmbpw Ckvem-anse \nba-imkv{Xw Ah-km\ hni-I-e-\-n
Hcp hnim-e-amb kulr-Z-ns k-Xn-bmWv. hymJym-\n-m\pw
hnI-kn-n-m\pw {]tbm-Kn-m\pw Hcp `c-W-Iq-S-n Ipd Hn-
sbpw ]c-am-[n-Imcw Bh-iy-an-m aX-]-n-X-m-cpsS kulr-Z-
ns kXn. Ckvem-an Hcp Ia-ns \nb-a-]-cX B Ia-
ns \nWm-bI kz`mhw Xs-bmWv. AXns \nam-Wm--Ihpw
\ntj-[m--I-hp-amb hi--fn, Hcp \nb-a-hy-h--bpsS aqi-bn
hmp-ho-gm Hcp Iahpw C-Xs.
a\p-jym-h-Im-i- Ckvem-an 21
Ckvem-ans kw`m-h\
]mmXy ]fin-X-m-cpsS ImgvN-m-Sn
Ckvem-anI \nb-a-ns ASn-m\ Xz--fpsS hni-I-e-\-n-
\nv, AXm-bXv AXns ASn-m\ t{kmX-p-I-fmb Jp-B-sbpw
lZokv kmln-Xy-n-sbpw ]T-\-n\nv Hcp hkvXpX \mw ]cn-
K-Wn-t--Xmbn hcpp. a\p-jy-kw-kvIm-c-n\v s]mXp-hmbpw
Ckvem-anI \nb-a-n\v {]tXy-I-ambpw Ckvemw \Inb kw`m-h-\-
Isf ]mmXy ]n-X-m (Hmdn-b-en-p-I-fp-sStbm Ad-_n-p-
I-sfv hnfn--s-Sp--h-cp-sStbm cN-\-I-sf-bmWv Rm\n-Xp-sImv
AYam-p-Xv) Fs\ hne-bn-cp-pp F-Xm-WXv. Cwojv,
{^v, Pa, djy XpS-nb {]apJ `mj-I-fn-ep Cu cN-\-I
]qW-ambpw \ntj-[m--I-amb Hcp kao-]\w kzoI-cn-p-n-s-n
t]mepw, temI kml-N-cy--fn Ckvem-an-\p m\-s-p-dnv,
hnai-\m--I-amb \ne-]mSv ]pep--h-bmWv. \nba k{-Zm-b-
n\v Ckvemw \Inb kw`m-h-\-I Fs\ hni-I-e\w sN-
sp F-Xn\pw hne-bn-Snp ImWn--sp F-Xn\pw tPmk^v
jmjv- n-stbm (At-l- ns "apl-Z- \nb-aX- zimkv{X-ns
DZv`hw' F ]pkvXIw t\mpI) Fkv.kn. tKmbn-n-stbm (Ckvem-
anI Ncn-{X-s-p-dnpw m]-\--sf-p-dn-p-ap ]T-\- F
]pkvXIw t\mpI.) s{]m^. tamv tKmadn hmn-stbm t]mepw
]pkvX-I- aXn-bmb DZm-l-c-W--fmWv. (s{]m^. tamv tKmadn
hmns cp `mK--fn-embn cNn--s-n-p \_n-bpsS Poh-N-cn-
{Xtam "apl-Zv a-bn', "apl-Zv aZo-\-bn' "Ckvem-ans
cmjv{Sob Nn'tbm t\mpI.) Rm GXm\pw B[p-\nI ]n-X-
cpsS t]cp-I ]dp Fv am{Xw. Cs\ Fn--d-bm XpS-n-
bm [mcmfw ]pkvX-I--fpv. Ch-bn Ghpw {][m\w ]m{So-jy-
t{Im, ssa Ipv Fn-h tNs-gp-Xnb 'Hagarism the making
22 a\p-jym-h-Im-i- Ckvem-an
of Islamic World'F ]pkvX-I-am-sW-s-\np tXmpp. cN-bn-
Xm- Xs Cu IrXn-sb-n ]d-bp-Xv, GXp apkvenw ]cn-t{]-
y-n-eqsS t\mn-bmepw Ahn-izm-kn-I Ahn-izm-kn-Ip
thn Ahn-izm-kn-I-fpsS tI{--fn\nv {]h-ln hkvXp-X-
Iv Aan- X - a mb ]cn- K - W \ \ev I n- s mv cNn Hcp IrXn
FmWv. {K-Im- \njvI-]-S-ambpw Cs\ ]d-bpp:
""R-fpsS hnh-c-W- Hcp apkven-an\v Akzo-Im-cy-am-hpI am{X-
a sNp--Xv, Hcp ISpIv aWn-tbmfw hnizm-k-ap Hcp apkven-an-
\p-t]mepw Ah \ntj[n-p--Xn bm-sXmcp hnj-a-hp-a-\p-`-h-s-
Sp-I-bn.'' Ckvem-anI temI-ns \nan-Xn-sb-p-dnv Ah-sc-n-
t kmam-\y-\n-K-a\w Xmsg--d-bp hcn-I-fn-epv:
kXy-n Ckvem-ans BZy-Ime hnIm-k--fpsS Ncn-{X--
f-{Xbpw AXns\ kzbwkn-am-pp. Ckvem-anI t{kmX-p-I-
fn \nv Cu {]{In-b-bpsS cq]-tc-J-I-sf-nepw \apv ]pd-p-
sIm-p-h-cm-hp--XmWv. Fm-bmepw Cu Dd-hn-S- {]I-S-amw-hn-
[-n t\c-s-bp--h-b Fv ]cs Adn-b-s-n-cn-pp.
Ggmw \qm-ns Ah-km\ Zi-I-n\p apv Jp-B GsX-
nepw cq]-n \ne-\n-n-cpp F-Xn\v hy-amb sXfn-shm-
p-an. CXns\ Ncn{X ]m--e-n, C{nb hnt[-b-a-m
Znhy-sh-fn-]m-Smbn Nn{Xo-I-cn lZo-kp-I-fm-Is Fmw \qm-ns
a[y-n\p apv kXy-sa-p-d-n--s-n-p-an. AXn-\m, Ckvem-
anI ]mc--cy-ns Ncn-{X-bm-YmYyw Hc-f-thmfw kn-Kv[-amWv.
AXns\ \ntj-[n-m-\p _e-h-mb B-cnI Imc-W--sfm-
p-an-m--tm Xs kzoI-cn-m-\p Xpey-amb _mly-Im-c-
W--fp-an. C-c-samcp kml-N-cy-n hnth-I-]qhw FUnv
sN-s lZo-kp-Isf Ncn-{X-k-Xy-sa \nev AwKo-I-cn-p-sImv
apt]mp t]mIp ]Xn-hp-h-gw Hcn-epw Abp-n-I-am-bn-cn-p-
I-bn. Fm, Xpey-amb AY-ns, lZo-kns\ \nWn-
X-amb Ncn{X bmYmYy-a-m-Xm-n--W-m-p--Xnepw Ahsb
Fmw \qm-p-I-fnse aXm-i-b--fmWv Fp-d-n-p--Xnepw ASn-
m-\-ap-sv ]d-tb-n-hcpw. Ckvem-an-I-amb t{kmX-p-I Cu
cv hyXykv X Imgv N - m- S p- I - s fbpw {]mhn- I - a m- p- - X n\v
[mcmfw Ah-kcw \Ipp. ]t, Xn a[y kao-]\w
ssIsmv hn[n-\nWbw \S-p--Xn-\p \nWm-bI amK-
n D]-tbm-Kn-m-hp Hpw AXv hmKv-Zm\w sNp-n. Cu
[a-k--S-n GI-amKw Ckvem-anI ]mc-cy-n\nv ]pd-
p-I-S-p-Ibpw hopw ]T-\-am-cw-`n-p-I-bp-amWv.
XpS--nXs Hcp Imcyw {in-t--Xpv. Jp-B enJn-
a\p-jym-h-Im-i- Ckvem-an 23
X-cq-]-ntem a\p-jy-lr-Z-b-n Hma-I-fpsS cq]-ntem B[n-
Im-cn-I-ambn kqn--s-n-n-m-bn-cp-p-sh-nJp-B {]hm-N-
I\v Ah-X-cn-s-Sp-Ibpw AX-tlw Xs A\p-bm-bn-Iv ]d-
p-sIm-Sp-p-Ibpw sNbvX AtX \nan-j-nXs GsX-nepw
cq]-n \ne-\nn-sb-n am{Xta As\ kqn-p-hm
IgnbqaX-hn-izm-k-ns ASn--d-Xs kqn--s-n-n-m-bn-
cp-p-sh-n F-s\-bmWv Jp-B lZvdv Dkvams Imev
kam-l-cn-m Ign-bpI? Ggmw \qm-ns Ah-km-\w-hsc Jp-
B kam-l-cn--s-n-n-m-bn-cpp F \nK-a-\-n-emWv ]Sn-m-
d ]n-X-m Fn-t-cp-Xv. Fn Ah \ap-smcp Imcyw
]d-p-Xt aXn-bmIq: Fnns Fs\ AXv kam-l-cn--
sp? AXpw C-gn ]Xn-aqp \qm-p-I-fmbn AXns auen-I-
Xsb Bcpw tNmZyw sNm-Xn-cn----hw A{Xpw GI-I-WvT-
am-bn-s. {]hm-N-Is Pohn-X-Im-e-n-\p-tijw Bsc-nepw sIn-
-a--XmWv Jp-B F-h-scmv Dd-np ]d-bp-p-an.
Cu Fgp-p-Im-scmw Xs {]hm-N-Is Znhy shfn-]m-Sp-I-
p ]ns\ sNdp-Xm-n-m-Wm-\p _men-i-amb {iaw \S-p
Hcp-Xcw tcmKm-Xp-c-ho--W-amWv ]pep-Xv. Ckvem-anI \nba-
ns DZv`-h-s-p-dnv Ah {]Xn-]m-Zn-p-Xv kmaq-ly-im-kv{X-
]-c-sav hnfn--s-Sp Hcp-Xcw kao-]-\-tm-sS-bmWv. AXm-bXv,
Ckvemw kmam-\y-ambpw AXns \nb-a- {]tXy-I-ambpw Jp-B-
\nse Ah-XoW-h-N-\--fp-sSbpw Ncn-{X-n {]hm-N-I \ne-\n-
nb hyn-Xz-n-sbpw kzm[o\w Df-hm-nb ^e- F-Xn-
s\-m-fp-tasd Am-es km-nIcmjv{SobkmaqlnI kmw-
kvIm-cnI LS-I--fpsS {]h-\-^-e--fm-sW kao-]-\-am-W-Xv.
Ckvem-anI \nb-a-imkv{Xw Jp-B-\n \ntm kp-n-\ntm
{]hm-N-I-\n\ntm t\cnv kzoI-cn--Xn-s\-m-f-[nIw Daho k{-
Zm-b--fn\nv Dcp-n-cnp h-XmWv Fv m]n-m s{]m^.
jmjvv ]mSp-s]-n-pv. At-ls kw_-n-n-S-tmfw Jp-B-
\n\np am\-Z-- Ckvem-anI \nb-a-n kzoI-cn-m
XpS-n-bXv cmw L-n am{X-amWv. {]hm-N-Is kp-v F
kev]w BZy-ambn Ckvem-an Bhn`-hn-Xv aqmw Jeo-^-bm-
bn-cp Dkvam Hcp cmjv{Sob InS-a--c-n h[n--s--Xp-ambn
_-s-p-sIm-m-sWv Atlw Icp-Xpp. ]noSv AXv a\x-im-
kv{X-]-c-amb HcYw {]I-Sn-n-p-Ibpw Ah-km\w Hcp apgp-h \qm-
n-\p-tijw CdmJn \nb-a-im-kv{X--m-cn-eqsS Ckvem-anI \nb-a-
n m\w t\Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp-hs{X. AXn-\p-]p-dta Ckvem-ans
{]hm-N-Is kpv Ckvem-an\p app-m-bn-cp Ad-_n-I-fpsS
24 a\p-jym-h-Im-i- Ckvem-an
kp-ns asmcp t]cm-sWp IqSn Atlw A\p-am-\n-p-
pv. BZy-Ime apkvenw-I-fpsS kPoh k{-Zm-b- {]hm-N-I-
\p-ambn _-s-Spn Fv m]n-m Atlw {ian-pp.
AXp-sIm-p-Xs lZokv apgp-h\pw A{]m-am-Wn-I-am-sW ho-
W-am-W-tlw Dbn-n-Sn-p-Xv. {]hm-N-I-s\-p-dnpw BZy-Im-
es B[n-Im-cnI {K--sf-p-dnpw Btcm-]n--s \nb-am-`n-
{]m- b - sf tI{o- I - c np \npp At- l - ns Xnkokv .
"Jnbmkv' At-ls kw_-n-n-S-tmfw PqX-a-X-n\nv
FSp--XmWv. "CPvam-Av' tdma \nb-a-n\nv ]Tn-Xpw.
jmjvns \nK-a-\-sf AlvaZv lpssk F ]mn-m\n
]n-X hni-I-e\w sNp-pv. jmjvns ho-W--fpsS ASn-
m-\-an-mbva hy-am-p-hm-\-t-l-n\v Ign-n-p-apv. Ckvem-
anI \nb-a-im-kv{X-ns D-S--a-{Xbpw XpSw apXp-Xs
Jp-B-\n-s\bpw {]hm-N-Is kp-n-s\bpw ASn-m-\-am-n-b-
Xm-sW \nK-a\ -
- n {K-Imhv Fn-t-cpp. Fm, CXn-
\p sao-cn-bkv {][m-\-ambpw kmh-{Xn-I-amb Daho k{-Zm-b-
fpw `c-W-Iq-Shpw kw`m-h\ sNbvX-Xm-sW hkvXpX Atlw
Hgn-p-\np-n. auenI hkvXp-X-I-fpsS ASn-m-\-n At-
lw Ckvem-anI \nb-a-im-kv{X-X-z--fmb Jp-B, kpv, Jnbm-
kv XpS-n-b-h-bpsS Ncn-{X-]-c-amb ]cn-Wmaw N-sN-p-Ibpw Cm-
cy-n Camw im^nC-bpsS kw`m-h-\-I {]tXyIw ]cm-ain-p-
Ibpw sNbvXn-pv.
apI-fn]-d as-gp-p-Im-sc--nbpw CsXm-s--s-bmWv
]cm-ain-m-\p-Xv. Xo-bmbpw Znhy-sh-fn-]m-Sp-I-fpsS ]ns\ hne-
bn-Snp ImWp--Xn Nne ap Nnesc AXn-i-bn-pp. \nb-a-
n\v Jp-B \Inb GXv {][m\ kw`m-h-\-sbbpw ]v \ne-
\n-n-cp Ahn-izm-kn-I-fmb Ad-_n-I-fpsS k{-Zm-b--fp-amtbm
]nm-e-p-m-bXpw Jp-B FSp-p \ne-]m-Sn-t\mSv _-
sam-p-an-m--Xp-amb BI-kvan-Im-]-bm-\--fp-amtbm _-s-Sp-
p Hcp kq{Xhpw Ahpv. Rm Hcp-Zm-l-cWw am{Xw Nqn-
m-Wn-p-I-bmWv. Cu hnai-I-cn-e-[n-Iw-t]cpw ]Sn-m-d am\-Z-
- shp t\mn-bm t\cs kqNn-n Hmdn-b-en-p-I-
sf-mfpwRm t]cp ]d-n-n-m ]e-sc-mfpw t]mepw]mn-
Xy-ap--h-cmWv. Ah Ckvemw Fn\v \ne-\npp F hkv-
XpX hnh-cn-pI am{X-a sNp-Xv. Ncn-{X-ns KXn \nW-bn-
p--Xn {]hm-N-Ip-m-bn-cp ]ns {]k-n-bn-m-bva-sb-p-
dnv hmZn-p--Xn-\p Hcp {]tXy-I-Xcw X-hn-Nmcw D]-tbm-K-
s-Sp-m\pw A-c-n-ep Hcp-Xcw bpn-Nn {]Zin-n-m\pw
a\p-jym-h-Im-i- Ckvem-an 25
Ah {ian-pp. a\p-jys ss\kKnI in-I-fpsS ]qh-Wn-
b-en\v Ckvemw bmsXmcp kw`m-h-\bpw \evIp-n-s{X. Xm\p-ambn
_-s-Sp GsXm-cm-sfbpw hgn-sX-n-m-\p Xs hnI-e-amb
Bi- b - sf Hfn- p- s h- m- \ p {]hm- N - I s kq{X- - W n- I - f m-
Wvt]mepw Znhy-sh-fn-]m-Sp-I! Ccw ]n-tXm-Nn-X-amb {]kvXm-
h- hmbn-p Bcpw Xs {]tNm-Z-\-n-sbpw amK-Zi-\-
n-sbpw ASn-m-\-{]-amWw apdp-sI-n-Sn-m Hcp hnizm-knv
Ckvem-ans A[ym-]-\--fn Fs-n-ep-aptm Ftmv Aw-
hn-p-t]m-hp-I-Xs sNpw.
Ckvem-anI Ncn-{Xhpw m]-\-fpw F {K-n "Ckvem-
ans \mep apJ-' F t]cn Fkv.kn. tKmbvn Ds-Sp-
n-bn-p {]Ya teJ-\-n Xmsg--d-bp Imcy- {]Xn-]m-Zn-
n-pv. AXn Hm-a-tXv CXmWv: aZo-\-bn IpSn-tb-dn-m
tijw, ap--h-h-X-cn-n--s Hcp ssZhnI {K-ns Ad_n
`mjm-cw \IpI am{X-amWv Xm FmWv acp-`q-an-bnse hmWn-
Py-tI-{-amb am-\-K-c-n \np h apl--sZ {]hm-N-I
XpS--n Ah-Im-i-s-Xv. aZo-\-bn-se-n-bnpw Atlw Xs
P-\-K-c-nse {]mIrX aX-ns ]cn-ip tKl-amb IA-v_bp-
am-bp _w hntO-Zn-n; adnv {]mIr-X-a-X-ns A\p-jvTm-\-
{I-a- Xs ]pXnb aX-n Dsm-n-p-I-bmWv sNbvXXv.
AXp-hgn, Xs P-\-K-c-aps-sS-bp ]pWy--e- Iog-S-p-
-Xp-hsc ]S-s]m-cp-Xp-I Xs A\p-bm-bn-I-fpsS Hcp IS-a-bm-n-
opIbpw sNbvXp Atlw. ]pXnb hnizm-k-ns khn-ti-
j-amb Ad-_n-kz-`m-h-n i-am-bq-pI F ^e-ap-f-hm-m-
thn, kwi-bm-Xo-X-ambpw BmYamb aX-hn-Im-c-sf cmjv{So-
b-amb Ah-k-tcm-NnX Imcy-km-[y-X-I-fp-ambn _-s-Spn. {Kw
\I-s--h-cpsS aX-kn-m--fpw [manI k-ev]-fpw ss__n-
fns ASn-m\ {]am-W--tfm-sSmw Jp-B-\n Dsm-n-m
a-bnshv At-ls t{]cn-n AtX Imc-W--fm Xs
aZo-\-bnshv PqXm-\p-jvTm-\-fpw \nba-fpw At-ls kzm[o-
\n-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. lnPvd-p-tijw aZo-\-bn Ign-bp Ah-k-c-
n am{X-amWv {]hm-N-I Hcp \nb-tam-]-tZ-i-I-\mbn amdn-bXv.
Am-ev Xs GI-ssZh hnizm-k-n-e-[n-jvTn-X-amb Fm aX-
fpw ASn-m-\-]-c-ambn Hm-sWpw Ah Hcp ssZhnI {K-
ns hn`n ]Xn-p-I-fm-sW-p-ap auen-Im-ibw, {]hm-N-I
{]tXy-I-amb {]mtZ-inI kz`m-h-ap Hcp ]pXn-b ]n ]Wn-X-tXmsS
Ah-km-\n-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Cu {K-Imhv Ckvem-ans\ t\mn-
m-Wp-Xv hmNm-e-X-bnepw Ihn-X-bnepw ap P\-hn-`m-K-sf AXn-
26 a\p-jym-h-Im-i- Ckvem-an
i-bn-p Ad-_n-I-fpsS, `mjm-]-chpw kmln-Xy-]-c-hp-amb AZv`p-
X-I-c-amb hf-bpsS {]tXyI shfn--n-emWv. Ad-_n-cmjv{Sw
\ne-hn h AZv`p-Xm-h-l-amb AtX `mjm-]-c-amb {]{In-b-bpsS
Hcp `mK-amWv Ckvemw Xsbpw F-tlw hniz-kn-pp. Npcp-
-n Cu Fgp-p-Im-cs\ kw_-n-n-S-tmfw Ad_n cmjv{S-
cq-]o-I-c-W-ns kzb-ap-d-n--en-sbpw kzw a\-n-em--en-
sbpw Hcp cq]-a-msX asm-p-a Ckvemw!
\psS Fgp-p-Im-cs\ kw_-n-n-S-tmfw Ckvem-ans
{]hm-N-I-\m Dun-bp-d-n--s-Xpw {]Y-a-ZrjvSym Ad_n tZio-
b-X-bpsS kphn-tijw {]N-cn-n-p--Xp-amb Ckvem-ans kmh-
{XnI kz`m- h - n\pw Imgv N - m- S n- \ p- a p hni- Z o- I - c Ww hnhn[
Ctm bqtdm- ] y `mj- I kwkm- c n- p Cdm- \ n- I ,
A^vKmIm, Cy-bn-sebpw ]mn-m-\n-sebpw apkvenw-I,
Ctm- t \- j y- m, ate- j y- m, Xpn- I , hnhn[ hK- -
fns] Idp B{^n--m, No\-m Fn-h-sc-sbms BI-
kvan-I-amb Iog-S--en-eqsS Ckvem-an-tev sImp-hp F-XmWv.
Cu hnIm-k-{]-{Inb apJy-ambpw Ckvem-an-Im-Zi--fm kzm[o-
\n--s A\-d-_n-I-fm kw`-hn--XmWv F hy-amb Ncn-{X-
kXyw ImcWw {K-Im-c Xs `mh-\sb C{]-Imcw Ae-bm
hnSpp. Atlw ]d-bpp: apl--Zns ac-W-ns sXmp-tijw
Ad-_n-I \S-nb ssk\n-I-kw-cw-`- hnP-b-I-c-am-bn Fpw
Ahsc FXnp-\nm-\pw Atd-_y D]-`q-J--nXs
HXpn\nm\pw am{Xw i-cm-bn-cpp ss_kmn-b cmPm-
-mcpw km-ss\v cmPm--mcpw Fv \mw Hcp \nanjw k-
ev]n-pI. A-s\-bm-bn-cp-s-n Ckvemw, kz`m-h-n tIhew
tZio-bhpw {]mtZ-inIhpw {]mIr-X-hp-amb Hcp ]cp- aX-ambn
\ne-\np-Ibpw ap P\-hn-`m-K--fpsS ta AXns kzm[o\w
]cn-an-X-am-bn-o-cp-Ibpw sNbvtXs\. Jp-B-\n kmh-{Xn-I-X-
bpsS [mc Zi-\o-b-amWv Fpw AXv FSp-p-Im-Wn-p hyn-
bpsS D-c-hm-ZnXzw F kev]w asmcp kmh-{Xn-Im-i-b-am-
sWpw {K-Imhv Hcp-hn[w k-Xn-pp. Fm {K-
Im-cs\ kw_-n-n-S-tmfw, apl-Zv Xs {]hm-NI k]-cy-bpsS
BZy-Im-e-L--n kzbw Icp-Xn-bXv Xm Xs ASp IpSpw-
_-mpw ]noSv am-\n-hm-kn-Ipw a-v Npp-ap--hpw
thn Ab--s Hcm-fmWv Fs{X. kmheu-In-I-X-bn-ep
Dum-Is PqZm-bn-k-ns kzm[o\w am{X-amWv. a\p-jy\v a\p-
jy-s\ \ne-p D-c-hm-Zn-Xz-ns {]m[m-\y-s-p-dnv apl-
Zv A\-h-cXw, AXn-i-tbm-n-]-c-ambn ]d--X-{Xbpw Adn-b-s
a\p-jym-h-Im-i- Ckvem-an 27
Hcp PqX-{]-hm-N-I-\mb Fsk-n-tb-ens\ Hman-n-p-p-s{X.
Fn-cp-mepw {]hm-N-Is hmbn\nv \mw tI BZy-h-N-\-
n\np-Xs Ad-_n-{]iv\w ]cn-l-cn-mthn Ad-_n-Iv
Ah-X-cn {]hm-N-I-\ At-l-sapw ]Icw apIm-e--fn a\p-
jy-k-ap-Zm-b-n\v amK-Zi\w sN-s AtX coXn-bn a\p-jy-
k-ap-Zm-b-n\v amK-Zi\w \Im Ah-X-cn Bfm-W-t-l-sapw
k-Xn-m {K-Imhv \n_-n-X-\m-bn-o-cpp. "AXn-\m
apl--Zns ktiw AXns Bhn`m-hw apXp-Xs kmh-
eu-In-I-am-bn-cpp Fp ]d-bp-Xp- i-cn-bm-bn-cnp'sav Atlw
]d-bpp. Fm {]mIrX Atd-_y-bn P\n Hc-d-_nv X\n-p-
m-bn-cp tIh-e-amb Ad_v _w (Arab Affiliation) Fs\ a\p-
jy-cm-in-bpsS {]h-N-\-amn amm Ignp F tNmZyw {K-
Imhv {in-p-t-bn. adnv Atlw XpS-cpp: hnZqc hym]vX-
amb AtZiob hmWnPy _--fn-tes Hcp kmY-hm-lI
\K-c-n-s ]p{X-s\ \nev Xo-bmbpw apl--Zn\v ]e aX--
fp-sSbpw \ne-\nn-s\-p-dnv hnh-c-ap-m-bn-cpp; Ah Xn-ep
sshPm-Xy--sf-p-dnv Akv]-jvS-amb Hcm-i-bta Dm-bn-cp-p-q-
sh-nepw, Cu sshtZ-inI kzm[o-\--fn Hcp {]Im-c-n Is-
m-hp At-l-ns Znhy-sh-fn-]m-Sp-I-fpsS Xz-ns DZv`hw
Cs\ hni-Z-am-m-hp--XmWv. At-l-ns hmp-I-fn: ""hntZin-
I-fmb aX-{]-t_m-[-Isc {in-p--Xn-\n-S-bn Xs ka-Im-en-I-cmb
Nne Ad-_n-I-sf-tmse apl--Zn\pw tXmn Xs IpSpw-_-mv
ssZh-hn-[n-bpsS kt-i-sa-n-m \nbp--\mWv Xms\v; aX-{]-
`m-j-W--fnse ap kt-i-hm-l-I ap P\-hn-`m-K--fn-tev Ab-
-s--t]m-se-s.'' {K-Im-cs\ kw_-n-n-S-tmfw Ad-_n-
`m-j-bpsS AZv`p-Xm-h-l-amb Ignhv Imc-W-amWv Xs D]-tZ-jvSm--
fn\nv hnNn-{X-amb ]Z-L-S-\-bn tI-dn Imcy--sfmw kc-
f-amb Ad-_n-bn hnfw-_cw sNp Imcy-n hnP-bn-m At-
l-n\v Ign-Xv. AXm-Is icnpw Imcy- ]dp a\-n-
em-n--cm Ign-bm B hntZ-in-I-f. kmm ssZhw-X-s-
bmWv Xn-eqsS kwkm-cn-p-Xv Fv apl--Zns\ kzbw tXmn-
n-p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
Jp-B ssZh-n\n-p-Zv`-hn--XmWv Fv sXfn-bn-p
]qW-amb Hc-Zv`p-X-amWv, apkvenw ]n-Xamsc kw_-n-n-S-
tmfw, Jp-Bs `mj. Fm Jp-Bs Aam-\p-jnI his
{K-Imhv asmcp coXn-bn-emWv t\mnm-Wp-Xv. Atlw
]d-bpp: Cu kmy-s-Sp--ens KpW--sf-p-dnv \msav hnNm-
cn-mX-sbpw (Cu L-n {K-Imhv Xnb-tUm t\m-
28 a\p-jym-h-Im-i- Ckvem-an
tkmIv Nqn-m-Wn Jp-B-\nse `mjm-]-c-amb \yq\-X-I-fpsS
Hcp \o-]-nI ^pvt\m-mbn Fgp-Xn-tn-pv.) AXv `mjm-a-\-
kvI-amb Hcp kwkvIm-c-ns k{-Zm-b-amWv. AXv Xs Ia-
s-p-dn-p apl--Zns k-ev]--sf-p-dnv \mbn {]Xn-
]m-Zn-pp. Xs \mp-Imv ]pWy-h-N-\- shfn-s-Sp-p-hm
\nbp--\mWv Xm Fv kzbw [cn-p-h-im-b-Xn\v tijw kzm`m-
hn-I-ambpw AXns cN-\v th Icp- Is-t--Xmbn
hp At-l-n\v Fv {K-Im-c XpSp ]d-bpp. Cm-c-
W-m Atlw, ""]n-X-m-cp-ambpw C{km-tb-ens a-fp-
ambpw Iqp-tNcp-Ibpw Xs ]-Xnv Bh-iy-am-bXv Fsm-s-
bm- t Wm Ah- b n\n- s mw kzoI- c n- p- I bpw sNbvXp.
ss{IkvXhPqX ]mc--cy-hp-ambn apl--Zn-\p-m-bn-cp ]cn-Nbw
hep-Xm-bn-cpp. Jp-Bs aX-]-c-amb ]Z-L-S\ PqXss{IkvXh
kmln- X y- n D]- t bm- K n hmp- I - f p- a m- b p A- c - n- p
kmZriyw hnfn-tm-Xpp. Ckvem-an\p app Ad-_n-I-fn aX-
{]-t_m-[\ {]h-\--fn-eqsS sNep--s DX kzm[o-\-hp-
am-bp \oXpw ASp--Xp-amb hyn-_--n\np am{Xta
C-c-sam-p-m-hp-I-bpq. Fsm-s-bm-bmepw \ap-n--s\-
sbmcp \nK- a - \ - n- s emw: Xs i{Xp- - f mtem A\p- b m- b n- I -
fmtem As-n Xs Nn-bntem Hcp {]iv\w Hcn- D-bn-
-s-m ]pXnb hnh-c- e`n-m apl-Zv i-ambn {ian-
n-pv. ]gb GI-ssZh hnizm-km-[n-jvTn-X-amb aX--fn-ep apl-
-Zns Nnc-hn-kvar-X-amb hnm-\-n-ep Du ]Sn-]-Sn-bmbn
\mw Jp-B-\n Is-pp. Cu ]cn-{i-a- kar--amb ^e-
-fp]m-Zn-n-n-pv. Ah apl--Zns ASn-m-\-]-c-amb kmh-
eu- I n- I - X sb ]qW- a m- p- I bpw At- l - ns krjv S n- b mb
Ckvem-an\v AXns aq ktlm-Z-cn-am-cp-am-bp sshIm-cn-I-amb
ASp-s ]qo-I-cn-p-Ibpw sNpp. CXns ^ew Zqc-hym-
]-I-am-bn-cpp.''
ssZh-\n-bp--\mb Hcp {]hm-N-I-s\ \ne-p apl--Zns
]n-s\ \nn-p-Ibpw Jp-B-\nse apgp-h Znhy-kq---sfbpw
Xs Ime-v \ne-hn-ep-m-bn-cp [man-Ihpw _pn-]-chpw kmaq-
ln-I-hp-amb in-I-fp-am-bp apl--Zns B-\n-jvT-amb {]Xn-I-
c-W--fp-ambn _-s-Sp-p-Ibpw sNbvXn-p-s-nt]mepw Xs
hmZ-ns Ay-L--n Hcp `mKnI kXy-sa-nepw {K-Im-
hv k-Xn-tnhcp-pv. Atlw ]d-bpp: ""Fm-t]mepw
AsXmcp ASn-d sIn-bp-m-n-bn-pv. Cu ASn--d-ta-emWv apl-
-Zns ac-W-n-\p-tijw (632 F.Un.) \qm-p-I aX-hn-m-\-
a\p-jym-h-Im-i- Ckvem-an 29
n-sbpw \nb-a-n-sbpw Nn-bp-sSbpw ancw ]Sp-p-bn-
bXv. Cu ]Xn AXns BZy-]m-T- apl--Zn\v GXmv Ccp-
\qdv sIm-v tijw ]qn-bmn. 1111- A-cn- Ckvem-
anI ]cn-jvImhpw B[ym-n-I\pw aX-]-n-X-\p-amb Km-en-
bpsS Imev AXv AXns Hu-Xy-n-se-n-t-cp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
hnizm-kn-I-fmb apkvenw-I-fp-t-S-tmfw Imew Ckvemw hf
{]m]n-pp. AXn-\m, \psS Ime-L--nepw Ckvem-ans
]pXnb Ah-m--c- Zi-\o-b-amWv. F-s\-bm-bmepw hnI-
kn-X-amb Ckvem-an\v Bh-iy-amb Fm khn-ti-j-X-Ifpw, As-
n Hp-ap-mepw khn-ti-j-X-Ifpw Jp-B Dsm-p-pv
Fv ]d-bp-Xv icn-bm-bn-cnpw.''
]Sn-m-d Hmdn-b-en-p-I-fpsS cN-\-I-fn Hcm hopw
hop-a-`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-p hnNn--\-ns {]mXn-\n[y kz`m-h-ap
Hcp amXrI tKmbn-nbs hmp-I-fn\n-p-Xs \apv e`n-pp.
GsXm-cmpw Ffp--n Ah-K-Wn-m-\m-hm Hc-Sn-m-\-
n\np e`n hnh-c-W-sf, \nb-a-sf B{i-bn-p-\np
B[p-\nI ]mn-Xy-ns am\-Z---fp-ambn kao-I-cn-m-\mWv
CX-{Xbpw {]Jym-]n-X-am-bn-s sNbvXXv; Ah-bpsS {]k-n-sb-
p-dnv Gsd-sbmpw \apv a\-n-em-hp-n-s-nepw Jp-B Hcp
ssZhnI {K-a F {]kvXmhw \psS apn-epv. ssZhnI hN-
\ambn {]Jym-]n--s Hv apIm-e--fn-ep-m-bn-cp aX-km-l-
N-cy--fn\n-p-Zv`hn Nne \qX-\-amb Bi-b-_o-P--fpsS K`-
[m-c-W-n-stbm AS-bn-cn-n-stbm ^e-am-bp-m-b-XmWv Fpw,
Cu {]{Inb {]Xy--n Hcp km[m-cW a\p-jy-Po-hn-bn-eq-sS-b,
adnv a\p-jy-hK-nse hnNn-{X-am-Xr-I-bmb Hcp D]-t_m-[-a-\-n
kw`-hn--Xm-sW-p-amWv Cu {]kvXmhw ]d-bp-Xv. B hmZw kzoI-
cn-p--Xn-\p-apv Hcm \n-b-ambpw GXv \ne-hm-c-ns ASn-
m-\-n hn[n-\nWbw \S-n-bmepw cN-\-bnepw ]Z-L-S-\-bnepw
ssien-bnepw Aam-\p-jnI kz`mhw ]pep Hcp Ah-XoW
{K-s X\nv ]n]n hnt-p-t]mb Hscm apl-Zv am{Xta
Ncn-{X-n-ep-m-bn-pq Fv a\-n-em-t--Xpv. Ad_n kmln-
Xy-n-ep-mb BZys enJn-X-{K--amWv Jp-B Fpw C-
gn Bbn-cn \m\qdv hj--fmbn AXv Ad_n kmln-Xy-ns
hf-bp-sS-ta B[n-]Xyw ]pepp Fp-ap Imcyw ad-m-
hp-X. Ad_n `mj kwkm-cn-p Hcp hyn, As-n Hcp
shdpw hnizmkn {]kvXpX {K-n-s kmlnXy sshin-jvSy-n-
sbpw Kmw`o-cy-n-sbpw Hu-Xy-n-sbpw ambnI kzm[o-\-n
BIr-jvS-\m-bn-s hn-pp FXv Xo-bmbpw Hc-Zv`p-X-
30 a\p-jym-h-Im-i- Ckvem-an
at?
Jp-B ssZhnI {K-amWv F hy-amb kXys \ntj-
[n-m tUm. tKmbn-n ]e Ir{Xn-a-amb \nK-a-\--fnepw Fn-
t-cp-pv. Jp-B-\nI shfn-]m-Sp-I e`np F-h-Im-i-s a\p-
jy, Aan-X-amb hnIm-c-hn-p-_v[-X-bp Bfm-sWv Icp-Xm\pw
As-n, Jp-B, kq{X-im-enbpw ]n-X-s\ \mSyw ]pep-
-h-\p-amb Hcmtfm aXn hn{`-a-ns ASn-atbm X\nv \nb-{-W-
an-m Nne in-Iv hnt[-b-amb a\-ns DS-a-bmb Hcmtfm
apsm-cpw IqSmsX cNn--Xm-sWv Icp-Xm\pw, Cu {Kw ssZh-
n\nv {]hm-N-I\v e`n--Xm-sW tIh-e-kXyw k-Xn-p-Xv
Hgn-hm-m\pw Hcmv Fm k`y-amb kXy-fpw Dt]-n-t-n-
hcpw. C-cw- hm-Z--sfmw Cu Ccp-]Xmw \qm-ns D-cm[n-
\ap-p-]-tbm-Kn-m thn s]dp-n-sb-dn-p-X-cp-Xv ]mn-
Xy-n-sbpw hnm-\-n-sbpw DXv_p--X-bp-sSbpw t]cn-em-
Ws{X!
a\p-jy-cm-in-bpsS Ah-km-\s aX-ambn Ckvem-ans\ kzoI-cn-
t--Xpv F Ckvem-ans Ah-Im-i-hmZw, ssZh-\nWn-X-amb
Hcp Xz-im-kv{X-amWv Jp-B Fpw, Jp-B Dsm-p
\ntZ-i- ssZh-n\np ssZhn-I-ambn \n-bn-Xpw hnizmkn
kzw Xm]-cy-m A\p-k-cn-m _m[y--hp-amb ssZhn-I-
\n-b-a--fm-sW-p-ap hkvXp-X-Isf hy-ambpw ASn-m-\-s-Sp-
n-bX - mWv. Ah-sb-m-sfmw {][m\w {]hm-NI - \
- mb apl-Zv kzbw
Hcp apkvenw F-h-Im-i-s-n-cpp F-XmWv. Ckvem-anI \nb-a-
v D]m-[n-I-sfm-pw-Iq-SmsX Atlw hnt[-b-\m-hp-Ibpw Xs
ac-W-n\v hf-sc-sm--v tijw apl--Zns PohnXw F-
s\-bm-bn-cpp F tNmZy-n\v AXv Ia-cq-]-n-ep Jp-B
Bbn-cpp Fv Xs `mcy-bm-bn-cp BCi(d)sb ]d-bm t{]cn-
n-p-amdv Znhy-{K--ns ]mT-sf `mjmY-nepw ssNX-\y-
nepw Atlw A\p-k-cn-p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cpp. \psS {K-Im-
c ]d-bp--Xpt]m-se-bp Hcp a\p-jy-a-\-ns k-Xn-bm-bn-cpp
Jp-B Fn AXv C-gn Bbn-cn \m\qdv sIm--fmbn
e--W-n\v Bfp-I-fpsS a\-n sNep-n-h kzm[o-\s
hni-Zo-I-cn-m Ign-bp-am-bn-cp-n. At-l-ns hmp-I-fn apl-
-Zns Nn-Iv kw`-hn-Xv CXmWv: ""A\p-{Kl imen-bmb ssZh-
n\v F-s\-bmWv F-n Hcp-]m-Sp Ad-_n-Iv am{Xw
ssZh-h-N\w Fn-m-Xn-cn-p-Ibpw AXp-hgn Ahsc A-X-bn-
tepw kh\m-i-n-tepw Xn-hn-Sp-Ibpw sNm km[n-pI?
Cu {]iv\-s-p-dnv [ym\nv [ym\nv ssZh-k-tiw Hcp Znhkw
a\p-jym-h-Im-i- Ckvem-an 31
Ad_n `mj-bnepw Ah-X-cn-n--s-S-W-sa ZrV-hn-izm-k-n-e-
tlw Fn-tp. AXm-bn-cn-s Xn-eq-sS-Xs - -bm-bn-cn-p-Ibpw
thWw. Cu "[ym\-{]-{Inb'bneqsS am{X-amWv Jp-B Dm-bXpw
apl-Zv Ay-{]-hm-N-I-\m-bXpw.'' Fm \psS ap]n-ep
Jp-B, {K-Im-c Nqn-m-Wn-p {]mY-an-Im-i-b-ns
hr-]-cn-[nv ]pdpt]mIpp. AXv hnizm-kn-I-tfmSv Fm Ah-
XoW aX-{K---sfbpw {]hm-N-Iam-scbpw kzoI-cn--W-sa-m-
h-iy-s-Sp-Ibpw PqXampw {InkvXym-\n-Ip-ap ]mT--fn
hcp-n-sh Zphym-Jym-\- Nqn-m-Wn-p-Ibpw sNpp.
hnip hN-\-s-p-dnv CtX coXn-bn-ep hnaiw Fm
]Sn-m-d Hmdn-b-en-p-I-fp-sSbpw at\m-`mhw hnfn-tm-Xpp.
ss{IkvX-h-X-bpsS t]cn Ckvem-an-t\mtSp-ap-nb X-fpsS ]nKm-
an-I-fpsS Ipcn-ip-bp-- _pn-]-c-amb Xe-n XpS-cp-I-bm-W-
h Fv tXmpp. a-t\Iw aX--sf-tmse {InkvXp-a-X-sbpw
PqX-a-X-sbpw apkvenw-I kzoI-cn-pp. Ah A{I-am-k-cpw
aX- Xn kam-[m-\hpw cay-Xbpw ]pem-\p Ckvem-
ans ]Xn kzoI-cn-m-Xn-cn-p--h-cp-am-Ip-tm am{Xw Ahs-
Xnsc Bbp-[-sa-Sp-m \n_-n-X-cm-hpp. Fn-p-t]mepw ]Sn-
m-d Hmdn-b-en-p-I Cs\ sNpp F-XmWv hntcm-[m-
`mkw. Jp-B apkvenw-Isf Cs\ ]d-bm ]Tn-np: ""\n-
fpsS ssZhhpw R-fpsS ssZhhpw Hp Xs-bmWv, \n-v
\n-fpsS Ia--fpv, Rv R-fpsS Ia-fpw.'' CsXmpw
Xs i{XpX Ah- k m- \ n- n- p- n- s - n Ckv e mw ]dp:
""\nv \n-fpsS aXw, Rv R-fpsS aXw.'' Ckvem-an-
t\mSv Ahp GI FXnv AXv kh hym]nbpw Fmw
Dsm-p--Xp-amb Hcp aX-amWv F-XmWv. AXv Fm aX-Nn--
I-tfbpw Fm {]hm-N-Iam-tcbpw {K--tfbpw BZ-c-]qhw kzoI-
cn-pp. Fm-n-\p-ap-]-cn-bmbn, a\p-jy-cmin Bsc Bcm-[n-m\pw
tkhn-m-\p-amtWm krjvSn--s-Xv B ]c-a-{k-jvSm-hmb bYmY
ssZhs kzoI-cn-pp. GXm\pw Nne A]-hm-Z- Hgn-p-\nn-
bm Ckvem-an-s\-p-dnv ]mmXy ]n-Xam \S-nb hnai-
\-v Imc-W-am-bn-p, XnIpw \ntj-[m--I-a-s-nt]mepw
tZmssjI ZrjvSn-]qh-ap Nnm-co-Xn-I-sf-p-dnv hni-Z-ambn ]cn-
tim-[n-p--Xn-\p Ah-k-c-a CXv.
Ckvemw hnizm-kn-Is - fbpw Ahn-izm-kn-Is
- fbpw thXn-cnp ImWn-
pp. hnizm-kn-bpsS am{Xw lrZ-bs Dbp-Ibpw t{ijvT-am-
p- I - b p- a mWv Jp- B s eyw F- X n- \ m ssZhw a\p- j y-
hKs ]Tn-n-m {]hm-N-Iamsc {]tNm-Zn-n-pp Fv hniz-
32 a\p-jym-h-Im-i- Ckvem-an
kn-m Hcmv Jp-B ]d-bp-Xv henb Imcy-am-bn-tm-
m- \ n- S - b n. Jp- B (17: 82) ]d- b pp: ""hnizm- k n- I v Hcp
ia\(Huj[)hpw Imcp-Wyhpw Bb NneXv Jp-B-\n \mw Cd-n-
bn-cn-pp. A{I-an-Iv AXv \jvS-a-msX h[n-n-p-p-an.''
Bt]-n-I-ambn aZo-\-bnse Ay-Im-e-L---fn-emWv apl-Zv
\_n \nb- a - I m- c y- aX- ] - c - a mb {]k- n- b p- - h - b m- s Wpw
ssZhnI shfn-]m-Sp-I-fpsS Hgn-p-Iq-Sm ]m `mK--fm-sWpw
Icp-Xm XpS-n-bXv F A`n-{]mbw Rm\p--cn {K-Im-c-\mb
tUm. tKmbn-n Xs "apkvenw \nb-a-ns P-\n-anjw' (The Birth
hour of Muslim Law ) F D]- \ ym- k - n ]pepp. CXn\v
Atlw B{i-bn-p-Xv kqd-Xp amC-Z-bpsS 42 apX 51 hsc-
bp kq--fmWv. ]cn-tim-[-\-bpsS Bh-iy-n-\mbn Ah Xmsg
D-cn-n-pv. kwhm-Z-n\v thn {K-Im-c D-cn kq--
fpsS {]tXyI `mK- Rm ASn-h-c-bnnpv. hmb-\-m-c\v D-
cn--s `mK--fpsS k`- icnpw a\-n-em-m thn
Rm kq- ]qW-ambpw \In-bn-cn--bmWv.
kqw 42: ""hymPs ({inv) tIp--h, hne--s-Xv
(Fpw) hngp-p--h! Fm Ah \ns ASp-p-h-m
Ah-cpsS CS-bn (Xw tIv) hn[n Iev]n-pI, As-n
Ah-cn\np hnp-am-dpI. Ah-cn\npw \o hnp-am-dp-sa-n
Ah \ns Aev]hpw t{Zmln-p-I-bn. \o hn[n ]d-m
Ahn-S-bn \o \oXn-]qhw hn[n Iev]n-pI. Xo-bmbpw
\oXn-amamsc Amlp kvt\ln-pp.''
kqw 43: ""X-fpsS ] Xudmv Ccns Fs\ Ah
\ns Hcp hn[n-Im-hm-n-smv hcpp? AXn (Xudm-
n) Am-lp-hns hn[nbpw Dv. Fnv AXn-\p-ti-jhpw
Ah ]nn-cn-p-t]m-Ipp. Ah hnizm-kn-I A.''
kqw 44: ""Xo-bmbpw \mw Xs Xudmv Cdn; AXn amK-
Zi-\hpw shfn-hpw Dv. (Am-lp-hn\v) A\p-k-c-W-an
{]hm-N-Iam AXp-aqew bl-qZamp thn hn[n I]np.
(Ah-sc-tmse blq-Zam-cpsS) dn-Ifpw \nb-a-]-n-Xamcpw
Am-lp-hns {Ks Ah Imp-kq-n-p-hm Iev]n-
-s-n-cp--Xp-Im-cWw (hn[n Iev]n-n-cpp.). AXn-t Ah
kmn-I-fp-am-bn-cpp. AXp-sImv P\-tf \n `b-s-S-
cpXv; Fs `b-s-Sp-hn! Fs kt-i--sf-smv Hcp \nm-
c-hne \n (]Icw) hmp-Ibpw AcpXv. Amlp Cd-n--
n-pXv ({Kw) aqew GsXmcp P\w hn[n I]n-p--Xn-
tbm, AhX-s-bs{X Ahn-izm-kn-I.''
a\p-jym-h-Im-i- Ckvem-an 33
kqw 45: ""Poh\p Poh, In\p Iv, aqn\p aqv, ImXn\v
ImXv, ]n\v ]v, apdn-hp-Iv Xpey inbpw Fv AXn
Ahv \mw hn[n-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Fm Bcv CXv [a-
ambn sImSp-p-pthm Atm AXv Ah\v (]m]-v) Hcp
{]mb-n--am-bn-cnpw. Amlp Cd-n-n-pXv ({Kw)
aqew Bcv hn[n Iev]n-p-n-tbm, Atm Ah Xs-bs{X
sXp-Im.''
kqw 46: ""Xudm-n\npw Xs apn-ep--Xns\ icn-sh-p-
-Xmbn adn-b-ans aI Cukmsb \mw Ah-cpsS Ime-Sn-I-fn
]np-Sv Abp. Ah\v \mw CPo (thZs) sImSpp.
AXn amK-Zi-\hpw shfn-hpw Dv. Xudm-n\npw
AXns apn-ep--Xns\ icn-sh-p--Xmbn, (tZmj-_m-[sb)
kqn-p--hv Hcp amK-Zi-\hpw Xtzm-]-tZ-i-hp-ambn.''
kqw 47: ""CPo (thZ)m, Amlp AXn shfn-s-Sp-n-b-
X-\p-k-cnv hn[n Iev]n-s! Amlp Cd-n-bn-p-Xv aqew Bcv
hn[n Iev]n-p-n-tbm Atm Ah-cs{X \nb-a-ew-L-I.''
kqw 48: ""({]hm-N-Itc) \n\v \mw kXy-tm-Sp-IqSn {Ks
Cd-n-p, {K-n\npw AXns apn-ep--Xns\ icn-
sh-p--Xmbpw AXn-s\ Imp-kq-n-p--Xmbpw (HmWv Cu
Jp-B), AXp-sImv Amlp Cd-n--Xv A\p-k-cnv Ah-
cpsS CS-bn \o hn[n I]n-pI. kXy-ns-Xv \n\v
hp (Innbn)p-Xn \np(amdn) Ah-cpsS tkz-Isf \o
]np-S-cp-Ibpw AcpXv. \n-fns Hmtcm-cp-pw \nb-a-
kw-ln-Xbpw sXfn ]mXbpw \mw shp. Amlp \n-bn-n-
cp-pshn, \nsf Xo-bmbpw Hscm P\-X-bm-m-am-bn-
cpp. Fm \nv Ah \In-bn-p--Xn \nsf
Ah ]co-n-p--Xn-\p-thn (bt{X CXv). AXp-sImv \
{]hr-n-I-fn (kXzcw) apt-dp-hn! Am-lp-hn-te-s{X \n-
fpsS Fm-h-cp-sSbpw aSw. Atm \n (At\ym\yw) `nn-
n-cp--Xn-s\-p-dnv Ah \nsf Adn-bn-p--XmWv.''
kqw 49: ""(Am-lp-hns I]-\-sb-s-m) Amlp Cd-n-
bn-p--Xp-aqew Ah-cpsS CS-bn ({]hm-N-Itc) \o hn[n-I-ev]n-
pI. Ah-cpsS tkz-Isf \o ]np-S-cp-Ibpw AcpXv. Amlp
\nn-tev Cd-n- - X
- ns (GsX-nepw) Hcp `mK-n\npw
Ah \ns sXnp amm-Xn-cn-p--Xn\v Ahsc \o (Icp-X-
temsS) kqn-n-cn-pI. Fm Ah (Cu kt-is kzoI-
cn-msX) ]nn-cn-p-t]m-Ip-p-sh-n, Ah-cpsS ]m]--fn
Nne-Xp-Im-cWw Ahsc inn--W-sav Amlp Dt-in-pI
34 a\p-jym-h-Im-i- Ckvem-an
am{X-am-sWv Adn-bpI. Xo-bmbpw a\p-jy-cn A[n-Ihpw
(ssZh-\n-b-as) AXn-ew-Ln-p--h Xs-bmWv.''
kqw 50: ""Fm Pmln-en-ns hn[n-bmtWm Ah tXSp-
Xv? ZrV-hn-izm-k-ap Hcp P\-X-p-thn hn[n I]n-m
Am-lp-hn-s\-m A[nIw \Xv BcmWv?''
kqw 51: ""Atbm hnizm-kn-Itf! blq-Zam-scbpw {InkvXym-\n-
I-sfbpw \n an{X--fmbpw cm-[n-Im-cn-I-fmbpw FSp--cpXv.
Ah ]c-kv]cw an{X--fs{X. \n-fns Bcv Ahsc an{X-
-fmbn FSp-p-pthm Atm Xo-bmbpw Ah Ah-
cns--h-\mWv. A{I-an-I-fmb P\-Xsb Amlp t\h-gn-bn-em-
p-I-bn.''
kqw 52: ""Fm X-fpsS lrZ-b--fn tcmK-ap--h, Ah-
cn _-s-tm-Sn-s-p--Xmbn \o Ahsc ImWpw. Ah ]d-
bpp: "Hcp `mKy-n-cn-n (B]v) Rsf _m[n-p-sav
R `b-s-Spp.' Fm Hcp ]t, Amlp hnP-b-
stbm As- n Ah- \npw (ap h) \S- ] - S ntbm
sImp-h-tmw. Atm Ah-cpsS A-cw-K--fn Ah
Hfn-p-sh-n-cp--Xn-t Ah a\-kvXm-]-m-cm-bn-ocpw.''
tUm: tKmbn-n D-cn-n-n-m Xmsg--d-bp \mep kq-
AtX Jn-I-bpsS `mK--fmWv. Ah Cu hmZs kw_-
n-t-S-tmfw {]k--amWv. Ah Xmsg sImSp-pp:
kqw 53: ""hnizm-kn-I ]dbpw: "Xo-bmbpw Ah \n-fpsS
IqsS--s-bm-sWv. X-fpsS Ghpw ZrV-amb {]Xn--I-
fm Am-lp-hn-s\-smv BW-bn--h Ch-cmtWm? Ah-cpsS
{]hr-n-I ]mgm-bn-tmbn. AXp-sImv Ah \jvS-m-cm-bn-
op.''
kqw 54: ""Atbm hnizm-kn-Itf! \n-fns] Bcv Xs aXs
hnv (CXc aX- n- t ev ) Xncn- p- t ]m- I p- pthm Atm
Amlp (thsd) Hcp P\-Xsb sImp-hcpw. Ahsc Ah
kvt\ln-p-Ibpw Ah Ahs\ kvt\ln-p-Ibpw (sNpw).
hnizm-kn-I-fpsS t\sc Ffn-a-bp--h-cmbn, Ahn-izm-kn-Is-
Xnsc AXn-i--m-cmbn, Am-lp-hns amK-n t]mcm-Sn-
smv, Bt-]-Is A[n-t-]-s `b-s-Sp-m-sXbpw
(D-h). AXt{X Am-lp-hns HuZmcyw. Ah \n-bn-p-
-hv, AX-h \Ipp. Amlp hnim-e-amb (HuZm-cy-
ap)h\pw Adn-hp--h-\p-am-Ipp.''
kqw 55: ""Xo-bmbpw \n-fpsS an{Xw Am-lphpw Ahs
dkqepw kXy-hn-izm-kn-Ifpw am{X-amWv. (B kXy-hn-izm-kn-I-fm-
a\p-jym-h-Im-i- Ckvem-an 35
Is) \a-kvIm-cw (IrXy-ambn) \ne-\np-Ibpw kImv sImSp-
p-Ibpw sNp--h-cs{X. Ah (Am-lp-hns\) \an-p--h-cp-
as{X.''
kqw 56: ""Am-lp-hn-s\bpw Ahs ZqX-s\bpw hnizm-kn-I-
sfbpw Bcv an{X--fm-sb-Sp-p-pthm, Fm Xo-bmbpw
Am-lp-hns In-bs{X hnP-bn-p--h.''
Xmsg ]d-bp Imcy-p Hcp {]am-W-]-{X-am-bmWv D]-
cn-kqNnX hN-\--fpsS `mK- tKmbn-n D-cn-p-Xv. "Cu
hcn-I-fpsS s]mcp hfsc hy-amWv. PqX-k-ap-Zm-b-nse Nne
AwK- apl--Zns tImS-Xn-bn Bh-em-Xn-I-fp--bnp. ]t,
AhnsS {]iv\--fp-mbn. Hcp-]t, Hcp In At-l-ns
Xocp-am-\- kzoI-cn-m hnk--Xn-n-cnmw. Cu A[ym-b-ns
Ah-km-\-n\npw Jp-B-\nse ap hN-\--fn\npw {]tXy-
I-ambpw Fmw kqd-bn\npw lZo-kn {]kvXm-hn-n-p \nc-
h[n IY-I-fn\npw a\-n-em-m Ign-bp--Xpt]mse apkvenw-
I-fpsS CS-bnt]mepw Nne tZtl-v ASns-n-cpp. Ah \_n-
bpsS hn[n-sb-gp-p-I-tfmSv hnai-\m--I-amb Hcp \ne-]m-sS-Spp.
Bob t\Xr-Xzhpw Hcp hn[n-Im-sh \ne-p Npa-X-e-Ifpw
Xn-ep ASp _w ImcWw A-c-samcp \ne-]mSv A]-I-S-
I-c-am-bn-cpp. Cu Lw-hsc \psS knm--a-\p-k-cnv, apl-Zv
Xs Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-pI F {]h-\s {]hm-N-I-]-Z-hn-bpsS
`mK- a m- b n- - n- c p- n, AXv amt- n- h p. B kabw apX
"lpIvap Pmln-enm' AYhm A-Im-c-Im-es hn[n-\nW-b
coXn Dt]-n-t-n-hp. \nba {]iv\--fpsS Xocp-am\w ssZh-
nepw Dbns-gp-t]nepw apl--Zns {]hm-N-I-Xz-n-epap
hnizm-k- t]mse-s Hmtcm-cp--cp-sSbpw aX-Im-cy-am-bn-cpp.
AXp-sIm-mWv Cu Jn-Iv tijw asmcp `mKv Hmtcm kap-
Zm-bhpw ]qW-ambpw hyXy-kvX-amb Ah--I-fn-em-sW--Xn-\m
bYmY hnizm-kn-I app-m-bn-cp PqX-m-sctbm {InkvXym-\n-
I-sftbm X-fpsS cm-[n-Im-cn-I-fm--cp-sXv ]d-bp-Xv. CXp-hsc
\njv]--am-bn-cp \nb-a-ns hnhn[ hi--f-Sw Pohn-X-ns
Fm a-e--sfbpw Dsm-p GI-im-k-I-amb Hm-bn-
op aXw. apl-Zv Cm-cy-n ZpxJn-pp. ""ssZhw B{K-
ln-n-cp-p-sh-n Ah a\p-jy-cm-insb Hcp kap-Zm-b-am-p-am-bn-
cpp'' (Jp-B 5 :48). ]t, Xmew ssZh-ns C CXmWv.
a\p-jy-cmin AX-\p-k-cn-p-Itb \nhr-n-bpq.
Cu A`n-{]m-b-ns KpW-]mTw, Cu shfn-]mSv {]hm-N-I\v e`n-
p--Xp-hsc Ckvem-an \nb-a-n\v aX-]-c-amb {]k-n-bn-m-bn-
36 a\p-jym-h-Im-i- Ckvem-an a\p-jym-h-Im-i- Ckvem-an 37

cpp FmWv. kqd-p amCZ \_nv Ah-X-cn Ah-km-\s thn kqn--s--XmWv. GXmv Fm ]mm-Xy ]n-Xcpw
kq--fm-sW-mWv kmam\y hnizmkw. \n-b-ambpw Cu A[ym- CXv kzoI-cn-n-p-apv. Cu tcJv Ftm, GXp L-n A`n-
b-nse aqmw kq-n, ""Cu Zn\w \n-fpsS aXs Rm {]m-b]- c - a - mb GI-Xb
- p-mbn Fp tNmZn-m AXv _Zvbp- - n\p
\nv ]qW-am-n--cn-Ibpw Fs A\p-{K-ls \n-fn apmWv Fp ]dbmw. AXp-t]m-ses AtX DS--Sn-bpsS Ccp-
Rm ]qn-bm-p-Ibpw Ckvemw \nv aX-ambn Rm Xnc- ]-n-aqmw Jn-I-bn \nn-S-bn A`n-{]m-b-hy-Xym-k-ap-
s-Sp-p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cn-pp'' Fv ]d-bp--Xn\nv, Ah-X- m-bm AXv ssZh-n\pw apl--Zn\pw hntS--XmWv Fv ]d-
cn--s Ah-km-\s kq-am-Wn-sXv IcpXmw. Jp-B Hcn- n-cn-pp. AXn-\m, Cu kml-N-cy--fn \n-b-ambpw {]iv\-
epw ss{IkvXhPqX-aX Zi-\--fnse \-Isf \ntj-[n-n-n-. Cu kwhn-[m-\-a-\p-k-cnv ssZh-n\pw {]hm-N-Ipw hntS-
Ah-bpsS sXp-Isf AwKo-I-cn-n-p-an. Cu hkvXpX ]cn-K-Wn-m, -h-bmWv. ssZh-n\pw {]hm-N-Ipw F {]tbmKw Cu Jn-
Ah-cp-am-bp cmjv{Sob _- \ntcm-[n--s-n-cp Hcp Ime- I-bn t_m[-]qhw D]-tbm-Kn-Xv Xs Hcp Znhy-sh-fn-]mSv Cu
L--ns ]m--e-n PqX-m-scbpw {InkvXym-\n-I-sfbpw Ip- kwhn-[m\ {Ia-sf Akm-[p-hmpw Fv kqNn-n-m-\mWv F-
s-Sp-n-sm-n-d-nb kq-sf ASn-m-\-s-Spn, {InkvXym- Xn kwi-b-an. Npcp--n 42 apX 50 hsc-bp kq-
\n-Ifpw PqX-mcpw Znhy-kq---fn hniz-kn-m--hcpw, Jp-Bs\ Ah-X-cn-n--tm CXv Xs-bmWv kw`-hn-Xv. Atm PqXam
hne-bn-cp-p coXn Hcn-epw Hcp \ k{-Zm-b-a. DZm-l-c-W- X\nv apmsI D-bn {]iv\--fn \_nv Xov Iev]n-m-
n\v, Hcm-Zy-Ime ao shfn-]m-Sn tbip-hns ]p{X-Xz-sp-dn- am-bn-cpp. AXn\v app-t]mepw Ftm-sgmw Xudm-nse \nb-a-
p {InkvXo-b knm-s ISp--`m-j-bn hnain-p-Xv _m[-I-am-hp-pthm Atm-sgmw PqX-am-cpsS {]iv\--fn
\apv ImWmw. (A[ym-bw 19, kq- 88 apX 92 hsc). Fm \_n Xocp-am-\--sf-Sp-n-cpp. ""Hmtcm P\-Xpw Hcp kt-i-hm-
]nm-ev aZo-\-bn Ah-X-cn-n--s kqd-p amC-Z-bn l-I-\pv'' (10:47) F Hcp ao-kqw Jp-B-\n-epv. AXn-
{InkvXym-\n-Isf Ah-cpsS kuay-ioew ImcWw {]iw-kn-p-Xpw \m, Ah-cpsS {]hm-N-I hcp-tm Ahn-S-bn \oXn-]qhw
ImWpp. X-fpsS {]iv\--fn Xop-I-ev]n-m-\p A[n-Imcw hn[n-\nWbw \S-pp; Ah-tcmSv sXp-I sNm-Xn-cn-p-Ibpw
X\nv \evIn-smv BZy-ambn Xm\p-ambn Hcp-S - S- n-bn-se-n-t sNp-p. 42-mw A[ymbw ]mw kq-n ]d-bpp: ""\n
(AXv aZo-\-bpsS `c-W-L-S\ Fp-a-dn-b-s-Spp) hnhn[ aX-hn-`m-K- At\ym\yw hntbm-Pn-p Imcy-ns- -bm-sXmv (BIs)-
n-S-bn Hcp hne-bn-cp- \S-t-n-bn-cpp apl--Zn\v F Am-lp-hn--emWv AXns hn[n-Xov. Ah-\mWv Ahs cn-
hkvXpX \apv ]cn-K-Wn-m-Xn-cn-m h. Cu tcJ hnizm-kn- Xm-hmb Amlp. Rm Ahs\ `c-ta]n-pp; Ah--tev
Ifpw bYvcn-_nse Jpssdin apkvenw-Ifpw Ahsc ]np-S-cp--hcpw Xncn-bp-Ibpw sNpp.'' \memw A[ymbw A-sm-Xmw kq-
Ah-cp-ambn _-s--hcpw Ah-tcm-sSmw Ipcn-ip-bpw \S-p-- n Cs\ ]d-bpp: ""A-tbm hnizm-kn-Itf! Am-lp-hns\
hcpw Xn-em-bn-cpp. IpSn-tb-dn-m-hcpw Akm-dp-Ifpw Xn- A\p-k-cn-p-Ibpw dkq-en-s\bpw \n-fns A[n-Im-c--m-
ep Hcp-S--Sn-bm-bn-cpp AXv. PqXamsc, Ah-cpsS aX-nXs scbpw A\p-k-cn-p-Ibpw sNp-hn. Fm (GsX-nepw) Hcp
Dd-n-p-\nn-smpw Ah-cpsS Nne {]tXy-Im-h-Im-i-fpw Npa- Imcy-n \n At\ym\yw `nn-m Atm AXv Am-
X-e-Ifpw AwKo-I-cn-p-sIm-pap Hcp kn {]hm-N-I CXn- lp-hn-tepw dkq-en-tepw Xncnv Bcm-bpI. \n Am-lp-
eps-Spn. DS--Sn-bpsS \mev]-n-cmw JnI, Cu tcJ-bp- hnepw Ay-Zn-\-nepw hniz-kn-p-p-s-n! AXmWv Ghpw
ambn _-s In-In-S-bn Zpc--v Imc-W-am-tb-m- \Xv; Ay-^-e-n AXyp--ahpw.'' AtX A[ym-b-nse
hp Fs-nepw kw`-h--fp-m-bm (X-tfm hg-p-Itfm) Adp-]Xmw kqw t\mpI: ""\n\v Cd--s Jp-B-\nepw
Ah ssZh-n\pw ssZh-ns kt-i-hm-l-I-\mb apl--Zn\pw \n\v apv Cd--s {K--fnepw X hniz-kn-p-p-shv
kan-t--XmWv Fv hy-ambpw A\p-im-kn-p-pv. ssZh- Ddv ]d-bp--hsc \o Int? (X-fpsS X--fn) ]nim-Nn-
amWv Cu tcJ-bn ]d-n-p Imcy-sf G-hp-a-[nIw Xz-Zo- t\mSv hn[nXom-cm-bm Ah B{K-ln-pp. Fm Ahs\
-tbm-sSbpw kXy-k--X-tbm-sSbpw ]qo-I-cn-p-XvCu tcJ \ntj-[n-p-hm Ah-tcmSv I]n--s-n-cn-p-I-bp-amWv! hnZq-c-amb
B[n-Im-cn-I-amWv; am-n-cp--ep-I-sfmpw IqSm-sX-s \apv hgn- ] n- g - n Ahsc ]ng- n- p- - X n\v ]nimNv Dt- i n- p- I bpw
38 a\p-jym-h-Im-i- Ckvem-an
sNpp.'' Adp- ] smmw kq- n Cs\ ]d- b pp:
""Amlp Cd-n---Xn-tepw dkq-en-tepw hcp-hn Fv Ah-
tcmSv ]d-b-s-Sp-tm \ns hnv ]s Xncn-p-am-dp--Xmbn I]-
S-hn-izm-kn-Isf \o ImWpp.'' 24:47- Cs\ ]d-bpp: ""Ah
]d-bpp: "R Am-lp-hnepw dkq-enepw hniz-knp. (Ccp-h-
scbpw) R A\p-k-cn-p-papv.' Fnv Ah-cns Hcp
In, AXn-\p-tijw ]nn-cnp If-bpp. Ah kXy-hn-izm-
kn-I A-Xs.'' AtX A[ym-b-n XpSp-h-cp \ms-
mw kq-n Cs\ ImWmw: ""Ahn-S-bn hn[n In-
p--Xn-\p-thn, Am-lp-hn-tepw Ahs dkq-en-tepw Ah
hnfn--s-Sp-tm, t\mpI! Ah-cn\npw Hcp In Xncn-p-
am-dpp.''
tUm. tKmbn-n ]cm-ain-p Znhy-sh-fn-]m-Sp-ambn Ckvem-
anI \nb-a-n\v Ime-sm-cp--sam-p-an-spw {K-n-ep-S-\ofw
]pep-Im-Wp Hcp N-h--amWv AsX-p-amWv CsXmw ImWn-
p-Xv. \nbaw FXv aX-ns AY-nepw, Ckvem-ans Fm-
epw kh-hym-]n-bmb aqe-X-z-am-sWv CXv ImWn-pp. ]cn-
ip Jp-B Ah-XoW-{K--amWv. h-tmgpw Hcp hnizm-kn-tbmSv
Hcp Imcyw sN-W-satm sN-cp-sXtm Bm-]n--s-Sp-tm
AXv Abmsf kw_-n-n-S-tmfw \nb-a-am-bn-o-cpp. X--
fp-m-hp-tm Hcm Hcp Xocp-am-\-n-\p-thn \nb-a-tIm-S-Xn-Isf
kao-]n-pp FXv icn-bmWv. ]t, AsXm-p-am-{X-a \nbaw
\np--Xns Dtiyw. ]cn-ip-n-bpsS Hcp kz`m-h-co-Xn-bmWv
\nbaw. Cu AY-n Ckvemw Xs-bmWv \nbaw. {]hm-N-Is
Pohn-X-nse Ah-km-\-L--n-sem-cn- {InkvXym-\n-Ifpw PqX-
mcpw Hcp hipw apkvenw-I adp-h-ipw \n-tm Dmb
kwLjm-h-v hnai-\m--I-amb {]kn e`n--tm-gmWv AXv
\nb-a-am-bp-cp-n-cn-Xv Fv ]dv tUm. tKmbn-n-s\-tmse
Xn-pI FXv, Npcp-n--d-m apkvenw \nb-a-ns P-
k-abw \nW-bn-p--Xn-\p Hc-km-[m-cW k{-Zm-b-am-bn-cnpw.
t\cs kqNn-n--Xp-t]mse Jp-B \nb-a-s-m-tfsd ap
Imcy--sf-p-dnv Iptd-qSn hni-Z-ambn {]Xn-]m-Zn-p-pv FXv
t\cmWv. IpSpw_ \nbaw, hnhmlw, GsXms `-W--fmWv Ign-
t--sXpw Hgn-hm-t--sX-p-ap Imcy-, AtZ-iob
\nb-a-ns Nne hi- Fnh Hgn-p-\nn-bm, Jp-Bs
CX-c-`m-K- ap Imcy--sf-bmWv {]Xn-]m-Zn-p-Xv. Cu k`-
n AsX-p-dnv hnkvX-cnp ]d-tb--Xn. Jp-B {]Xn-]m-Zn-
p Imcy- Fsm-s-bm-sWv a\-n-em-m Xmsg--d-bp
a\p-jym-h-Im-i- Ckvem-an 39
Xcw-Xn-cn- aXn-bmhpw.
(F) `uXn-ImXoXhpw Aaqhpw.
(_n) aX-]cw.
(kn) ss\Xn-Ihpw B[ym-n-Ihpw.
(Un) A\p-jvTm-\-]-chpw \nb-a-]-chpw.
BZy- t Xv Xz- N n- - I - m Gs- S p- p. cm- a - t Xv
"Ieman's\-p-dn-p ]n-X-m-cmWv Gs-Sp--Xv. aqm-a-tXv
kq^n-I-fmepw \mem-a-tXv aX-]-n-X-m-cmepw \nb-a-im-kv{X--
m-cm-ep-amWv ssIImcyw sN-s--Xv.
`c- W - L - S - \ m- \ n- b - a - - s f- p- d ntm {]hm- N - I s ac- W - t ijw
Ckvem-anse Hcp \nWm-bI m\-am-bn-o-cp-Ibpw Ckvem-anI Ncn-
{X- n- s Zqc- h ym- ] - I - a mb {]Xym- L m- X - - f p- f - h m- p- I bpw
sNbvX "Jnem-^v' k{-Zm-b-s-p-dnv t]meptam Jp-B-\n
bmsXmcp ]cm-ai-hp-an-sv Jp-Bs aqe-]-T\w \S-p-tm
a\-n-em-Ipp. Ckvem-ans `c-W-L-S\m \nb-a-s-p-dnv Jp-
Bs ]cm-ai--fmbn Fgp-p-Im D-cn-p Xmsg--d-bp kqN-
\-I Ckvem-anI `cW kwhn-[m-\-nt\m `c-W-]-c-amb LS-\tm
hy-amb \ntZ-i- \Im-{X kmam-\y-amWv.
(i) ""X-fpsS Imcy- IqSn-bm-tem-N-\-bm (At\ym\yw)
\nhn-p--h.'' (42: 38)
(ii) ""Aam-\-p-I Ah-bpsS Ah-Im-in-Iv Xncn-t-ev]n--
W-sapw \n P\--fpsS CS-bn hn[nIev]n-p-tm \oXn-
]qhw hn[nIev]n--W-sapw Xo-bmbpw Amlp \n-tfmSv
Iev]n-pp.'' (4: 58).
(iii) ""Atbm Zmhq-Zv, Xo-bmbpw \ns \mw `qan-bn `c-W-
Im-hm-n. AXp-sImv a\p-jy-cpsS CS-bn kXy-tmsS hn[n
Iev]n-p-I. tkzsb \o ]np-S-cp-Ibpw Acp-Xv.''(38: 26)
(iv) ""Am-lp-hns\ A\p-k-cn-p-Ibpw dkq-en-s\bpw \n-fn-
s A[n-Im-c-am-scbpw A\p-k-cn-p-Ibpw sNp-hn! Fm
GsX-nepw Hcp Imcy-n \n At\ym\yw `nn-m Atm
AXv Am-lp-hn-tepw dkq-en-tepw Xncnv Bcm-bpI.'' (4: 59)
(v) ""`qan-bn Ahp \mw A[n-Imcw sImSp-p-sa-n \a-
kvImcw \njvT-tbmsS \ne-\n-dp-p-Ibpw kImv sImSp-p-Ibpw
\Xv Iev]n-p-Ibpw \njn--Imcyw hntcm-[n-p-Ibpw sNp--h-
cm-bn-cnpw (Ah). Imcy--fpsS (Fmw) Ayw Am-lp-hn-\p--
Xs{X.'' (22: 41)
cmjv{So-b-amb `c-W-hy-h--sb-p-dnv Jp-B t\cnv {]tXy-
40 a\p-jym-h-Im-i- Ckvem-an
I-ambn Hpw ]d-bp-n. Jnem-^v, \n_--amb Hcn-kvem-anI
hyh-b - m-sWv AXn \ntZ-in-n-p-an. tn-stbm `cW k{-
Zm-b-n-stbm bmsXmcp cq]hpw Jp-B-\n Nqn-m-Wn-n-p-an.
CXn\v hfsc \sm-cp -Im-c-W-apv. `c-W-Iq-S--fpsS k{-Zm-b-,
Ah-bpsS B-cnI hyh-I - , ]c-am-[n-Imcw \ne-\np hnhn[
Ah-b-h--fpsS LS\, ]c-kv]-c-_w apX-em-b-h-sbmw Ime-
L--ns amdn-sm-n-cn-p kml-N-cy--\p-k-cnv ]cn-
h\ hnt[-b-amWv. Fm P\-hn-`m-K-pw, Fm- Im-e-tpw
{]k--amb, Ckvem-an-s\-tm-ep Hcp kmh-eu-InI aXw, Hcp
`c-W-Iq-S-ns Ah-km-\-cq]w \nW-bn-pI FXpw AXns
km-nIcmjv{Sob {Ia--fpsS cq]-tc-J-I cNn-pI FXpw
AXns\ {]tXyIh-cn-p-I-bm-hpw. km-n-I--cm-jv{Sob LS-
\-I-fpsS khn-ti-j-amb hni-Zmw-i- e`n-p-sav Hcm {]Xo-
n-p AtX kabw Xs asm-cm kmh-eu-InI aX-ns
kz`m-hs sXn--cn-p-Ibpw sNpw. Ncn-{X-n\nv Dsm-
t Hcp-Iqw aqey--fmWv Hcp kmh-eu-InI aXw \ntZ-in-p-
X-tc-Xv. B aX-n\v, Gdn-h-m Xz- \ntZinmw. B
Xz--fpsS ASn-m-\-n {]h\ ]-Xn-I \nW-bn-m-
hp--XmWv. Cu coXn-bn-emWv Jp-B\pw hgn-Im-Wn-p-X-cp-Xv. Jp-
B ImWn-p-X-cp amK--fn \nv {]h\ ]-Xn-I Bhn-
jvI-cn-m-hp--XmWv. s{]m^. akq-dp-o -A-lvaZv ]ucm-WnI
apkvenw cmjv{S-s-p-dn-p Xs D]-\ym-k-n (Islamic Studies
for the year 1962, 3rd Volume pages 83 to 204) "Jnem-^v' Jp-B-\nse
GsX-nepw A\p-im-k-\-a-\p-k-cntm \_n-bpsS Xncp-hmbv samgn-bn-
eq-sS-bp \ntZi-{]-Im-ctam Dm-b-X-s \nK-a-\-amWv ]pep-
Xv. Xm ac-W-n\p hnt[-b-\m-sWpw Hcp Znhkw acn-p-sapw
Jp-B Xs XtmSv ]d--dn-n-p-t]mepw {]hm-N-I X\n-
smcp ]nKm-ansb \ma-\ntZiw sNbvXn FXv Xm hyn-]-
c-ambn Fm-{K-ln-n-cpp F ]cn-K-W-\-bm kzm[o-\n--s-Sm-
sX-s Xs D-ns\ X-fpsS t\Xm-hns\ Xnc-s-Sp-m
{]hm-N-I-\\p-h-Znp FXv sXfn-bn-pp. Jp-B Ckvem-ans
BK-a-\s a\p-jys [man-Ihpw Bo-b-hp-amb A`yp--Xn-p-
th-n-bp Hcm-tKmf kwcw-`-ambn IW-m-pp. Cu Ah
{]hm-N-Is Pohn-X-Im-epw AXn-\p-tijw Ah-km\ hnNm-c-W-
bpsS Znhkw hscbpw \ne-\n-p-t]m-tc--Xpv. Hcp temI-hym-]-I-
amb {]m-\-ambn aptm-p-t]m-I-W-sa-n ]S--e-hs m\-
ta-s-Sp-m\pw KXn \nW-bn-m\pw Ign-hp Hcp t\Xmhv \np-
m-bn-cn-t--Xpv. {]hm-N-Is A`m-h-n Ime-L--ns
shp-hn-fn-I t\cn-Sp--Xn\v, t\Xm-hns\ Xnc-s-Sp-m-\p Ah-
a\p-jym-h-Im-i- Ckvem-an 41
Imiw D-n\v hnp-sIm-Sp--Xn AZv`p-X-sam-p-an. AXn-\m
kap-Zm-b-am-bn-cpp t\Xm-hns\ Xnc-s-Sp-t-n-bn-cp-Xv. {]k--
amb GsX-n-ep-samcp amK-n B Xnc-s-Spv \S-t-n-bp-an-
cpp. A-s\-bmWv lZvdv A_q-_-, \_n-bpsS Hcp hn`mKw
A\p-N-c-m-cm Xnc-s-Sp--s-Xv. lZvdv Da-dns\ A_q-_-
\ma-\ntZiw sNp-I-bm-Wp-m-bXv. lZvdv Da \nb-an Hcp
Imcym-tem-N-\m-k-an-Xn-bm lZvdv Dkvam Xnc-s-Sp--sp.
lZvdv Aen Camtam Jeo-^tbm Bbn Ic-tLm-j-m kzoI-cn-
-s-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
Hcp {]tXyI Jeo-^sb sXc-s-Sp--Xnse sXn-s\-p-dnpw
icn-sb-p-dnpw ]nm-e-p-mb Ah-km-\-an-m hmZ-tIm-em-
l-e- Fs A`n-{]m-b-n AY-c-ln-X-amWv. t\Xm-hns\ sXc-
s-Sp-m-\p AlX Am-es D-ns {]tXy-I-amb Ah-
Im-i-am-bn-cp-p-sh-n Xo-bmbpw Hcp Xnc-s-Spv \S-t-n-
bn-cpp. Xn-jvS-ap GsX-n-ep-samcp amK-n B Xnc-
s-Spv \Sn t\Xm-hns\ \n-bn-t-Xv B kaq-l-amWv. AXp-
t]m-ses \psS Ime-L--n `c-W-L-S-\-I Ckvem-an-I-
ambn km[p-hmtWm F hmZ-tIm-em-l-ehpw Ig-n-m--XmWv. Jp-
B\pw {]hm-N-Is kppw AsX-p-dnv Hpw ]d-bp-n F
hkvXpX ]cn-K-Wn-p-tm, X-fpsS cmjv{Sobkm-nIkmaq-
lnI-Im-cy- ssIImcyw sNp--Xn-\p hyh--I cq]o-I-cn-
p-hm hnizm-kn-I-fpsS kwLw AYhm kzmen-lo (\-I sNp-
-h) Hcp-an-p-Iq-Sp-tm X-fpsS Imcy- Xocp-am-\n-p--Xn
Ah ssIsm-p coXn-I Ckvem-an-I-amtb aXn-bmhq. Cu
hnizm-kn-Iv X-fpsS amK-Zi-\-n\v Jp-B-\n ]d
Xz--fpv. hyn-bp-sSbpw kaq-l-n-sbpw hf t\Sn-sb-Sp-
p--Xn\v AXp-bn-nSn aqey-fpw Cu Xz--tfm-sSmn
\np-Ibpw Ah \nW-bn AXn hc-p-Ip-n-sem-Xp-n-
\n-p-sImv kaq-l-ns {]iv\- ssIImcyw sNp-Ibpw
sNp Ime-tmfw Ahv X-fpsS Imcy- Ckvem-anI `c-
W-LS- \- b
- m \nb-{n-s - -Spp F-hI
- m-is
- -Sm Ignbpw. ]t,
Jp-B {]Xy--amtbm ]tcm--amtbm Ckvem-anI tns cq]-
stbm LS-\-sbtbm Ip-dnv Hpw ]d-bp-n. AXn-\m `c-W-
Iq-S-ns cq]w \nW-bn-p {ia-n-tev Jp-Bs\ hen-n-g-
t--Xp-an. Ckvem-an ]d-n-cn-p Xz- hnizm-kn-I-fpsS
kaq-l-ns Imcy- ssIImcyw sNm-\p D-c-hm-Zn-Xz-ta-
s-Sp--h-cpsS s]cp-am--p amK-tc-J-I-fm-hp-t-S-tmfw
Imew `c-W-Iq-S--fpsS Fm Adn-b-s cq]-fpw Ckvem-an\v A\p-
42 a\p-jym-h-Im-i- Ckvem-an
tbm-Py-amWv. BZys \mev Jeo-^-am-cpsS `cWw Ah-cpsS ]mZ-
ap-{Z-I ]np-S-cm-\m-{K-ln-p--hv AXyp-z-e--fmb amXr-I-
I-fs{X. Cu AY-n-emWv Ckvem-anI \nb-a- \nc--c-ambn
hfp-sIm-n-cn-p Hcp LS-\-bm-bn-o-cp-Xv. AXv Hcn-epw
\n-e-a. CJv_m ]cm-ain Ne-\-ns Xzhpw Ckvem-
ans cmjv{Sob ico-c-ns hfbpw AXpsm-pp.
apIm-e--fn-ep PqX-kw-kvIm-c-tmSv Ckvem-an-\p IS-
m-Sn-s\-p-dn-p tUm. tKmbn-ns Xokn-kn-t-ep Cu Ah-
tem-I\w Ah-km-\n-n-p--Xn-\p-apv, PqXm-bn-k-tmSv Ckvem-
an-\p IS-m-Sn-s\-p-dn-p At-l-ns aXn-n-s\-p-dnv ]cm-
ain-t-n-bn-cn-pp. Atlw Fgp-Xnb "Ckvem-ans \mep apJ-
-fn' \np (t]Pv 22) Xmsg ]d-bp `mK- ]c-kv]-c-hn-cp-
-am-bn-tm-pp. {]tXy-Inpw Rm ASn-h-c-bn Ah-km-\s
hcn-I-fnse "ssZh-ns cl-ky--fn Hcp clkyw' F `mKw
t\mp-I. At-l-ns kmaq-ly-im-kv{X-]-camb hni-Zo-I-c-W-
t]mepw \nKq-V-X-I-fp-ambn G-pap-p--h-bmWv. Ckvemapw PqX-
a- X hpw cpw ssZh- n\n- - h - X - c n- - h - b m- s W efn- X - a mb
knmw \nKq-V-X-Isf th{X IW-n-se-Sp-p-p-s-nepw
Pohn- X - nse \Xpw al- p- a mb Fs- n- e p- s am- n- s - t a
ssZh-n-t\m-Sp IXr-Xz-]-c-amb Xs {]Xn-m-]-c-Xsb k-
Xn-m-Xn-cn-mam{Xw B[p-\n-I-\mb Hcp ]n-X-\mWv Cu {K-
Im-c. CXm At-l-ns hmp-I:
""Ckvemapw PqX-a-Xhpw Xn-ep Cu A-c-n-p cq]-km-
Zriyw F-s\-bmWv hnh-cn-pI. Jp-Bs aX-X-z-pw aX-
`m-jpw hnm-\o-b-n\pw \nb-a-p-sams Ah-km-\-cq]w
\evI-s {]tZ-i-amb aZo\, hn PqX-k-aq-l-ns Bhm-k-tI-
{-am-bn-cpp Fv C\nbpw ]d-tb Bh-iy-an. aZo-\-bn-e-h-X-cn
kqd-I-fpsS Hmtcm `mKhpw PqX-m-cpsS Imcy--fp-am-bp kmZr-
iys kmy-s-Sp-pp. Xs am-Po-hn-X-ns BZy-L---
fn apl-Zv kqNn-n "C{km-tb a-fnse m\n-Ifn' Nne,
As-n Hcm-sf-nepw PqX-\m-bn-cn--W-sapw \mw kqNn-n-n-pv.
F-s\-bm-bmepw Hcp aX-ns k, kz`mhw Fnh t]mep
Ncn-{X-]-c-amb hen-sbmcp {]Xn-`mkw kzm[o-\--fm am{Xw hni-Zo-
I-cn--s-S-cpXv. ImcWw, Hcp-Zm-l-c-W-ns \ne-\n]p-sImv
am{Xw AXv ]np-S-c-W-sav hcp-n. GsXmcp kzm[o-\hpw {]tbm-
P-\-{]-Z-amh-Wsa-n kzoIm-cy-X-e-n apIq-n-bp Hcp am\-knI
Nmbvhpw k--Xbpw Bh-iy-amWv. AXn-\m Ckvem-an-s\bpw PqX-
a-X-sbpw a\-n-em-p--Xn\v Ah Xn-ep k-s-p-
dnv ]Tn-p-Xv t{]c-Ihpw {]tbm-P-\-I-c-hp-am-bn-cn-p-tm Ah-
a\p-jym-h-Im-i- Ckvem-an 43
bpsS ]qhn-I-amb ASp--s-p-dn-p henb tNmZyw Dcw
]d-bmsX hnSp--Xm-bn-cnpw \apv Daw. AXv alm-\mb Hcp
apkvenw Ncn-{X-Im-c ]d--t]mse "ssZh-ns cl-ky--fn
Hcp cl-ky-am-bn-cn-p-Ibpw sNpw.'
Ckvem-ans \oXn-Zi\w
a\p-jym-h-Imi k-ev]--sf-p-dn-p Ckvem-anI \nb-a-kw-ln-
X-bpsS k-sb-p-dnv Rms\p Icp-Xpp FXv Cu {]`m-j-
W-ns Ah-km-\-n-tev hcp-tm hy-am-m Rm\m-{K-
ln-pp. Ckvem-anI \nb-a-ns kz`m-h-s-p-dnpw B[p-\n-
I-tem-Iv Ah-bpsS {]k-n-sb-p-dnpw ]Tn-m Rm sNe-
h- g n ap- t Xmfw hj- - f n- e qsS hym]n- p- \ np ]cn- K - W -
\ml-amb Nn-I-fpsS ^e-am-WnXv. a\p-jys kzmy-n\pw
tamN-\-n\pw \psS \nb-a-kw-lnX \Inb Xpey-X-bn-m
kw`m-h-\-Isf Ckvem-anI ho-W-tIm-Wn-eqsS Ah-X-cn-n-m
AXp-sIm-p-Xs F\nv Ign-tb--XmWv. Fm Cu Npa-Xe
^e- { ]- Z - a mbn \nd- t h- - W sa- n \nb- a - i m- k v { X- ns Ghpw
{][m\ k-ev]-amb \oXn-sb Ckvemw Fs\ a\-n-em-pp
Fv hy-am-t--Xpv.
""`qan-bn Ftm-gmWv \oXn ]pep-Im-WpI?'' \_n-tbmSv Hcn-
Cs\ tNmZn--sp. ""Hcm-tfmSv asm-cm A\oXn sNp-
Xv ImWm-\n-S-bm-hp Hcp hyn, A\o-Xn-n-c-bmb hyn-p-
m-hp A{X-Xs thZ\ A\p-`-hn-m-Xn-cn-p Ime-tmfw
\oXn ]pep Fv ]d-bpI h'' CXm-bn-cpp {]hm-N-Is adp-
]Sn. "Ip^v' (Ahn-izmkw) Ipd-p-Im-e-tv Hcp \mn `cWw
\Sn Fv hcmw, Fm A\o-Xnv A[n-I-Imew As\
44 a\p-jym-h-Im-i- Ckvem-an
sNm km[y-a Fv Ckvem-ans \memw Jeo-^-bm-bn-cp
lZvdv Aen A`n-{]m-b-s-n-pv.
\oXn-]qh-I-amb PohnX k{-Zm-b-ns kwm-]-\-n-\p
Ckvem-ans D]m[n A\o-Xnsb Xpd-p-Im-p-Ibpw AXn-s\-Xn-cmbn
hnp-ho-gvN-bn-m kacw \S-p-Ibpw AXn-\n-c-bm-b-hv \jvS-]-
cn-lmcw \Ip-Ibpw sNpI Fp--XmWv. Xt-Xmb Xe-n
Xn bYmY-amWv Fv Ckvemw Icp-Xpp. Xn sNp--Xn-s\-
p-dnv Ckvemw Kuc-h-]qh-amb hoWw shp-]p-ep-pv.
AXn-\m \ Dbn-n-Sn-p-Ibpw Xn XS-bp-Ibpw sNp-Xv
X-fpsS Npa-X-e-bm-sWp Icp-Xp Hcp hn`mKw Bfp-I kaq-
l-n \ne-\n-ev-W-sav Ckvemw Dun--d-bpp.
An-a-ambn al-mb Fm aX--fp-sSbpw kw`m-h\, Ah ]Tn-
n-p DZm--amb [manI t_m[hpw B [man-I-t_m[w \S-
n hcp-m Ah \Ip A\p-hm-Z--fp-amWv. ""[man-I-X-sb-
pdnv ]d-bm-s\-fp--amWv F-Xn kwi-b-an. ]t, aXw
IqSmsX \n-Xns\ ^e-{]-Z-am-m Ign-bp-I-bn'' Fv tjm-
t\m-h ]d-bm-dp-m-bn-cpp. Ah-km-\-ssv [manI kZm-Nm-c-
ns bYmY AwKo-Imcw aX-n am{X-amWv; [manI aqey-
]c-tam--X-amWv Fpw Ah ap bmsXm-cp-hn[ aqey-pw A[o-
\-a Fp-ap AY-n, [man-Im-Sn-m-\-n am{Xta GXv
inbpw CuSp-\np-pq. A[manI amK-sf B{i-bn-p-
t\-Snb Hn-s\bpw ZoL-Imew \ne-\np-hm Ign-bp-I-bn. AXn-
\m [manI \nb-a-kw-ln-Xv hncp--ambn {]hn-p Hcm
a\p-jy-]-cn-Wm-a-ns \nb-a-s-Xn-cm-bmWv {]hn-p-Xv.
CXv Xs-bmWv ka-{K-ambn ]d-bp-I-bm-sW-n, Bi-b--fpsS
t{iWn-bn \ F Bi-b-n\v G-hp-ap-b m\w \Ip-
tm mtm Dt-in-Xpw. At-ls kw_-n-n-S-tmfw AXm-
bn-cpp Ghpw D-X-amb aqeyw. FmWv icn Fpw Fv sNp-
-XmWv DNnXw Fpw \tmSv ]d-bpI F-XmWv [man-I-X-bpsS
Npa-Xe. \nb-a-kw-ln-X-bpsS Npa-X-e-bm-Is, a\p-jy-Po-hn-Xs kl-
Po-hn-I-fp-am-bp _-ns ASn-m-\-n {Iao-I-cn-p--Xn
t\cnp ]p-h-ln-m {]m]vX-amb Xc-n Acw kZm-Nmc Imcy-
\S-n hcp-p-I-bmWv. \nb-a- aX \nc-t]--am-sW-n
Xo-bmbpw Ah aX-\n-c-t]--amb Xe-n am{Xta \S-n-em-m
Ign-bp-I-bpq. Fm Ah aX-]-c-am-sW-n Cu Pohn-X-n
am{X-a, hcm-\n-cn-p Pohn-X-nepw \psS sNbvXn-Ip-m-
tb-m-hp hn\m-i-I-c-amb {]Xym-Lm-X-IqSn Ah \S-n-em-
p-tm IW-n-se-Sp--s-Spp.
a\p-jym-h-Im-i- Ckvem-an 45
Fm L--fnepw, a\p-jys [manI ]ptcm-KXn bpn-Nn--
bpsS hf-bn AS-n-bn-cn-pp. ss\Xn-I-amb hf-bpsS
apKm-an-bmWv bpn-]-c-amb hf. _pn-]-c-amb hfbpw kZm-
Nm-c-]-c-amb hfbpw Hsm-cp-an-p-t]m-Ipp. temIv \-h-\m-
bn-cn-p--Xn-ep--\ FmWv F tNmZyw tSmtmbn apX
\psS Ime-L--nse Nn-I hsc-bp Hcp henb hn`mKw Bfp-
I-tfmSv tNmZn-p-t]m Hcp tNmZy-amWv. Hcp A[manI kaq-l-n
kzbw c-{]m-]n-m kZm-Nmc \nc-X-\mb Hcp a\p-jy\v Fv
sNm Ignbpw FXv ]e-tmgpw tNmZn--s-n-p asmcp
tNmZy-amWv. [man-I-amb Hcp ]m--e-n shdpw hyn-bpsS
Ah-Imi-hm-Z--sf-m a\p-jy-cm-in-bpsS Ah-Im-i-hm-Z-v
Db hne-bpv Fv \mw Icp-Xp-p-sh-n am{Xta Cu tNmZy-
v Dcw ]d-bp-hm Ign-bp-I-bpq. kZm-Nm-c-ns Imcy-
n bqWnv shdpw kv{Xotbm ]pcp-jt\m A. a\p-jy-cmin H-
S--amWv. _pn-]-c-amb hf-bpsS Imcy-n hyn am{X-amWv
aqey-hm-l-I. Abm-fn-eq-sS-bmWv a\p-jy-cmin H-Sw KpW-a-\p-
`-hn-p-Xv, Cu hkvXpX Hcm a\-n-em-ntb aXn-bmhq. kZm-
Nmc Nn ]qW-amb a\p-jym-h--bp-ambn _-s-p-In-S-pp.
A\n-hm-cy-am-b-sX-nepw, \mw Cu Ah--bpsS Hcp `mKw am{X-
amWv. Hcn- {i-bpsS tI{ _np a\p-jys ssPh-L-S-\-
bn\np tImi-n-tev am-sp Ign-m, AXm-bXv a\p-
jy-cm-in-bn\nv hyn-bn-tev As-n kmaqlnI {]iv\-
fpsm-p kmam-\y-amb hyn-_--fn-\nv XnIpw
hyn-]-c-amb kz`m-h-ns aqey--fpsS am{Xw ]cn-K-W-\-I-fn-
tev am-s-p-I-gn-m [man-IX AXns Npa-X-e-I-tfm-Sp
kXy-k-X Ah-km-\n-npI Xs sNpp. As\ AXv
hyhpw {]tbm-P-\-c-ln-X-hp-am-bn-o-cpp.
bpn-Nn--bpsS AXyp-X tkm]m-\--fn-se-n-t {Kov
Nn-I, Xv Fsms km[y-amtWm Ah-tbm-sSms BIm-
hp-{X Iqdv ]pep--h-cm-bn-cn-s-s, icn-bmb s]cp-amw
F {]iv\s \oXn-bpsS ASn-m-\-n-emWv ]cn-K-Wn-Xv. Ah-
cpsS eyw \oXn-am-\mb a\p-jy Bbn-cpp. \oXn-am-\mb a\p-
jy FXv Hc-aq k-ev]-ambn ImWm \nv Ign-bp-I-
bn. ImcWw, \oXn FXv AXn- s Ghpw sNdnb cq]-
nt]mepw a\p-jy\pw a\p-jy\pw Xn-ep ]c-kv]-c-_--amWv.
\oXn-am-\mb Hcp a\p-jy\v \oXn-bpsS Cu eys IqSp-X
hym]vX-am-m ]mI-n a\p-jy-_--v hnim-e-amb {]k-
n-bp-m-th--Xpv. Xo-bmbpw Cu Zni-bn Jp-B Iptd-
qSn apt]mp t]mIpp. ap--h-tcmSv A\oXn {]hnp
46 a\p-jym-h-Im-i- Ckvem-an
a\p-jys\, Xtm-Sp-Xs A\oXn sNp--h-\m-bmWv Jp-B
KWn-p-Xv. \mw Pohn-p-Ibpw Nen-p-Ibpw \ne-\np-Ibpw
sNp hnim-e-amb Hcp ka-\z-b-n, A\o-Xn-]qhw {]hn-
p Hcm bYmY-n X\nv Xs A]-ISw hcp-n-sh-p-
I-bmWv sNp-Xv F-XmWv CXn\v ImcWw. Abm kzbwXs
Cu hyh--bpsS Hc-hn-`m-Py-L-S-I-am-Wtm. a\p-jy-cmin H-Sw,
Jp-B A\p-k-cnv H hyn-sb-tmse\^vkphm-lnZbmWv
krjvSn--s-n-p-Xv. Hcp a\p-jys\ h[n-p-tm \n a\p-
jy-cm-insb apgp-h-\p-amWv arX-s-Sp-p-Xv.
]nm- e v saUn- - t d- \ n- b temIv {Kov Nn- b psS
kmy-th-f-I-fn {Kov bpn-hn-Nmcw Hcp Xncn--Snsb t\cn-Sp-
Ibpw sshtZ-inI kzm[o-\--fm hnIr-X-am--s-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
XZv^-e-ambn \oXn-am-\mb a\p-jy-s\ Bibw tmbn-p-I-fp-
sSbpw Fn-Iyq-dn-bam-cp-sSbpw (B-kw-b-an-I-fp-sSbpw kpJm-
k--cp-sSbpw) Iogn m\n-bmb a\p-jy F Bi-b-n\v
hgn-am-dn-sm-Spp. Pohn-X-n A\p-`-hn-t-n-h-cp thZ-\-I-
fn\npw IjvS-m-Sp-I-fn\npw Fm kzm[o-\--fp-ap-]-tbm-Knv
kzbw c-s-Sm-\p D]m-b- apgp-h Adn-bp Hcm F-
XmWv Cu k-ev]-ns AYw. {Kovtdma temI--fpsS
cv aX- tmbn-kn-khpw F]n-Iyq-dn-b-\n-k-hp-amWv Fv Hcp
{]apJ \c-hw-i-im-kv{X- ]d-bpp. Pohn-X-ns `mKy-hn-]-
cyb--fp-sSbpw ]co--W--fp-sSbpw ^e--fn\nv Xmc-X-ay-X-
e-n-ep hnap-n-sb-nepw hyn-p-m-bn-cn-p Xc-n in-bpsS bYmY \sb hfn-sb-Sp-p Ah Cm-Xmbn.
hyn-kz-`m-hs cq]-s-Sp-p-amdv a\p-jy\pw a\p-jy\pw Xn-
ep _-ns {Iao-I-c-W-amWv X-fpsS eyw F \ne-
Cu cp aX-fpw Nnn-Xv. As\ [man-IX AXns
{i a\p-jy\pw a\p-jy\pw Xn-ep _--fpsS {Iao-I-c-W-
n tI{o-I-cn-m-Xmbn. ]Icw a\p-jys\ kzbw krjvSn Hcp
temI-ns DS-a-bm-bn-m-Wm\pw Ahs\ Biz-kn-n-m\pw kpJ-
s-Sp-m\pw XpSn. Cu {]{Inb ]noSv Hcp-]-Sn-IqSn aptmv
t]mbn, \ne-hn-ep-m-bn-cp XzNnm-[n-jvTnX aX--fpsS eyw
m\n-bmb a\p-jy F-Xm-bn-cpp. AXv ]pWy-hm-f F-
Xn-tev Fn-tp. AXm-bXv, GsX-nepw Zpcn-X- A\y-
sctbm Xs-X-stbm hnj-an-n-p-tm, AXn kpJw Is-
p-Ibpw A-cw-K--fn imn A\p-`-hn-p-Ibpw sNp Hcp
a\p-jy Zpcn-X--fpsS Imc-W-sf Cm-Xm-p--Xm-bn-cp-n Cu
k{-Zmbw, adnv \nXy-im-n-bpsS temI-tv {]th-in--W-sa-
n Cu temIv Zpcn-X--f-\p-`-hn-pI Xs thW-sa anYym-
Zi-\-m a\p-jy \bn--s-Sp-I-bm-bn-cpp. As\ a\p-jy-
a\p-jym-h-Im-i- Ckvem-an 47
Zp-cn-X-, Fn\v aZ-\-fpw `oI-c-hm-gvN-I-fpw-t]mepw, th{X
FXn-s-Sm Hc-h hp. a\p-jy Ah-bpsS ]nSn--n
\nv tamNn-n--s-n-n. ]Icw Ah-bp-ambn tbmPn-p-t]m-hm-\mWv,
H-hm-n ]d-m Ah-bn kpJw Is-m-\mWv \ntZin-
-s-Xv. Abmv aX-ns [mcmfw Bizmk hN-\- \evI-
sp. Fv kw`-hn-mepw AsXms \ _pn-tbmsS kzoI-cn-
m \ntZ-in--sp. ImcWw, AXm-Wtm hn[n. hn\-bm-\zn-X\pw
A\p-k-c-W-io-e-\p-am-Wtm Ah-km\w kzK-km-{am-Py-n {]th-
in-pI. As\, a\p-jy Xn-ep _--fpsS N-h--,
Xn-bpsS Dm-S\w, \-bpsS kwm-]\w XpS-nb [man-I-X-bpsS
ey- ImWm-a-d-bv \jvS-s-Sp-Ibpw ad--s-Sp-I-bp-am-Wp-
m-bXv. \oXn-am-\mb a\p-jy F kev]w m\n-bmb a\p-
jy F k-ev]-n\pw ]noSv ]pWy-hm-f F k-ev]-
n\pw hgn-am-dn-sm-Sp--Xn-\m Xn Ip-Ir-Xy-n\v Xpey-am-
sWpw AXn- \ m \oXn- p- t h- n- b p Zmlw [man- I - a mb
\bpw kZm-Nm-c-]-c-amb t{ijvT-X-bp-am-sWv AXp-hsc \ne-\n-
n-cp [mcW Nne t{ijvT kml-N-cy--fpsSbpw tXm-ep-I-fp-
sSbpw hnIm-c--fp-sSbpw [mc-W-I-fp-ambn Iqn-p-g-bm XpSn.
B [mc-W-I-fpsS DS-a-m-h-Im-i-am-Is, Pohn-X-ns ey-ambn
Icp-X-s-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
Bi-b--fpsS Cu hyXn-bm-\-ns ^e-ambn kZm-Nmcw, icn-
bmb s]cp-am coXn, a\p-jyn-S-bn-ep \oXn Fnh a\p-jy-cm-
hyn-bpsS am{Xw \-bp-ambn XmZmyw {]m]n-p--X, adnv \ne-
\n]ns asmcp Xe-n kw`-hn-t, hyn-bpsS tam-hp-
ambn XmZmyw {]m]n-p AXns bYmY Npa-X-esb AXv hPn-
t--Xmbpw hp.
a\p-jy GsXmcp hn]p-e-amb am\p-jnI LS-\-bpsS Ahn-`m-Py-
L-S-I-am-bn-cn-p-pthm B ssPhLS-\-bp-ambn icn-bmbn _w
]pepI F-XmWv kZm-Nm-c-ns Npa-Xe. Cu [man-I Npa-
Xe-bpsS AXy-m-t]-n-X-amb ASn--d-bm-Is, \oXn-bmWv. Rm
apI-fnep-cn \c-hwi imkv{X- Cs\ Iqn-tpp: \oXn
FXv Hcp kzKob ey-a, AsXmcp \nam-Wm-I k-ev]-hp-
a. Nne DZm ho-W- \nan Hcp]--hp-a AXv. AXv
Xn-bpsS, A\o-Xn-bpsS \ntj-[w am{X-amWv. bmsXmcp hn[-n-ep
tkzm-]-c-amb aZ-\-hp-ap-m-bn-cn--cp-sXpw a\p-jy a\p-jy-t\mSv
sNp tkzOm-]-c-amb lnwk-I-fp-m-h-cp-sXpw AIm-c-W-amb
A[n-t-]-fpw {Iqc-X-Ifpw Dm-bn-cn--cp-sXpw AXm-h-iy-s-
Spp. AXn-\m, A[n-Im-c-n-stbm Ah-Im-i-n-stbm Ir{Xn-
48 a\p-jym-h-Im-i- Ckvem-an
ahpw hymP-hp-amb B[n-]-Xy-ns t]cn Pohn-X-nepw Nn-
bnepw Ia--fn-ep-sampw a\p-jy a\p-jy-\m aZn--s-S-cpXv.
sXv F hmn\v \mw Fsn-ep-sam-cYw \Ip Ime-tmfw,
\mw GXv coXn-bn t\mn--mepw Acw Imcy- sXp-I
Xs-bm-bn-cnpw. Acw Xn-I-fn\np apn Bh-iy-s-SpI
hgn, a\p-jy Ahs Ah-Im-i-ap-d-n-pI am{X-amWv sNp-Xv.
Cu Ah-Imiw bmsXmcp hn[ DS--Sn-bp-sSbpw hyh--bmbn Dd-n-
-s-X, Hcp \nb-a-kq-{X-nepw hy-ambn FSp-p-Im-Wn-m-
hp--Xp-a. Fm-epw AXv ASn-m-\-]-c-amb Hcm-hiyw Dsm-
pp. kZm-Nm-c-ns {]k-n-bpsS ASn-thcpw k-bp-am-WXv.
sXn\nv Xncn--dnp ImWm-hp icn-bm-WXv. sXns\ Cm-
Xm-pI F-XmWv [man-I-X-bpsS Ipd-m-\m-hm an\naw. B
Ipd-m-\m-hm an\n-a-n-t GXv amXr-Im-]-c-amb [manI
hnIm-c-ns Dpw-K-ku[w sIn-sm-n-bmepw icn-bpsS {]mY-
an-I-amb aqe-Xz- kp`-{Z-am-hm Ime-tmfw, Xn Xe-bp-
bn-\np Ime-tmfw, AXn\v bmsXmcp ^e-hp-ap-m-hp-
I-bn, A-c-sam-sc-Spv [man-Ita Bbn-cn-p-I-bn. Hcp a\p-
jy\v, As-n kaq-l-n\v, kzbw kZm-Nm-c-\n-c-X-ambn IW-
m- - s - S - W - s a GsX- n- e p- s am- c - h - I m- i - a p- - b n- W- s a- n
Ah Xn sNp-Xv \nntb Xocq. sXp sNp-Xv Hgn-hm-
p, A\oXn Ah-km-\n-n-p ASn-m-\-]-c-amb kml-Ncyw
krjvSn-m\-hv Ign-bp-n-s-n Ah F{X DZm--amb hnIm-
c- ]pen-bnpw, DX hnNm-c--fpsS A`w-Kp-c-amb B\
\nhr-Xn-bn F{X-am{Xw Bdm-Sn-bnpw AXp-sImv bmsXmcp ^e-
hp-ap-m-Im t]mIp-n.
Xn-bp-ambn Gp-ap-pI FXv [man-I-X-bn \nn-]vX-a,
]Icw A\o-Xn-n-c-bmb lrZ-b-nepw Bm-hnepw Nne DZm
`mh-\-I Ac-n-p-d-n-pI F-Xm-sW hmZw A-c-n-p
^e-v Imc-W-ambn. AX-\p-k-cnv a\p-jy-cmin Hcp bpK-ns
Bcw-`-n\v kmyw hlnp. Cu bpK-n kZm-Nm-c-ns
Dtiyw Xnsb sNdp-p-\n-evp-I-b. ]Icw AXn\v Iosgm-Xp-
p-I-bm-bn-cpp. \oXn hym]-I-am-p-I-b-, A\o-Xnv ap]n
XeIp\n-p-Ibpw AXns\ Ah-K-Wn-p-I-bp-am-bn-cpp [man-I-X-
bpsS eyw. Cu PmXn hmZ--sf-bmWv Rm t\cs D-cn
\c-hwi imkv{X- ]pn-p-X-n-bXv. ChnsS kZm-Nm-c-ns
Fm Npa-Xe - I - fpw Iogvta adn-s - -n-cn-pp. hmkvXh
Xnsb sNdp-p-\n-evm-Xn-cn-pI F Bi-b-s-bmWv ]np-
W-p-Xv. hK-hn-Im-ks t{]mm-ln-n-p--Xn\v ]Icw A-
c-samcp ss\XnI hnIm-c - ns hyXn-Ne - nX ^e-f
a\p-jym-h-Im-i- Ckvem-an 49
FXncp sNpp. AXn\v a\p-jys `mhn-sb-p-dn-p-m-bn-cp
Fm DXvI-WvT-Ifpw \jvS-s-Spp. kwL-Sn-X-ambn Ifhv ]d-p-
sIm-p-t]mepw Nhn-n-m-gv-s--h-s\- Biz-kn-n-m-\p-Zy-an-p
Hcp- X cw Xe- X n- c n Nnm- K - X n- b m- W Xv . Xe- X n- c n- - X m- s W\v
kzbw tXmn-n-p Xc-n Imcy- t\mn-m-Wp Cu
coXnsb ]pn-m tUm. ^mm Un {Kmjymsb t{]cn-n-Xv Cu
Nnm-K-Xn-bm-bn-cn-Ww. Atlw ]d-bpp: ""\oXn-bpsS kev]w
ss{IkvX-h-Xv Xopw A]-cn-Nn-X-amWv, _pn-]-c-amb kXy-
k--X-sb-tm-se-s. ss{IkvX-h-X-bpsS ss\XnI ImgvN-m-
Sns aen\v ]pd-mWv AXv nXn-sN-p-Xv. ss{IkvX-
hX sshIr-X-tfm Nm]-ey-n-sbpw sXp-I-fp-sSbpw ^e-am-
bp-mb {]tbm-K-tfm Bbn Xn--f hymJym-\--f Rm
kqNn-n-p-Xv, adnv AX-Xns k-bn Ghpw BZim--
I- - f mb k]- fpw ssNX- \ y- ns Ghpw DZm- - a mb
{]mZp`m-h--fp-amWvA\o-Xnv hnt[-b-cmb a\p-jyv kam-izm-
khpw kpJhpw hmKvZm\w sNbvXXv. Fm, A\o-Xnsb Xncn--
dn-bm t]mepw ]m hn[-n AXv \ne-\np-Ibpw sNbvXp.
AXv `mcw hlnp Xf- h pw ZpxJn- X pw ]oUn- X pw
kvt\l-ns \nb-a- {]Jym-]np. amp \evI-en-sbpw A\p-
I- - b p- s Sbpw Npa- X - e - I {]Jym- ] np. ssZh- ns ]nXrXzw
hmKvZm\w sNbvXp. Fm DZm--X-bpsS D-tImSn F \nev
a\p-jys\ kzm[o-\n-p-Ibpw asm ss\Xn-Im-i-b--sfbpw {]k-
cn-n-p-Ibpw sNbvX aX-]-chpw ss\Xn-I-hp-amb hnIm-c--fpsS
Ipn-sbm-gp-n kmam-\y-\oXn, kmam-\y-amb kXy-k-X Fn-
hv m\-an-m-bn-cpp. a\p-jys ZpxJ-n-S-bn-tev, Xz-
Zo--bn-m aZ-\-n-sbpw A\o-Xn-bp-sSbpw CS-bn-tev ZpxJ-
ns aX-ns A\p-bm-bn-Iv kpJhpw klm-\p-`q-Xnbpw
\In-smv amXr-Im-{In-kvXym\n, AYhm ]pWy-hm-f, Hcp amem-
J-sb-tmse BIm-i--fn\nv Cd-n-h-cp-Xv \mw ImWpp.
]t, Cu ZpxJ-ns ImcWw nXn-sN-p-Xv XnIpw, Abm-
fpsS t_m[-ns ]cn-[nv ]pd-mWv. icn-sbbpw sXn-s\bpw
Ipdn-p GsX-nepw [mc-W-I-fpsS anb {]Im-iw-t]mepw CXn-
s\-p-dn-p Abm-fpsS ImgvN-m-Sn-tev {]th-in-pt C. AXv
hkvXp-X-I-fpsS hyh-m-]n-X-amb Hcp {Ia-amWv; temIv ssZh-
m \nbp--amb Hcp `c-W-k-{-Zm-b-amWv; ssZhnI imk\w
-
- n AXv ]m]n-I-fp-sS-ta Npa-nb hnNm-c-W-bmWv.''
Ckv e m- a n A\p- I ssZhnI KpW- a m- s W- nepw \oXn
{]hn-p-hm-\p Bh-iy-I-X-bn-ep Du, "BImiw CSn-
- n-eqsS AXv t\sc p-ho-Wmepw' F {]tbmKw kqNn-n-p--Xp-t]mse ]c-a-{]-[m-
50 a\p-jym-h-Im-i- Ckvem-an
\-amWv. Ckvem-anI ss\XnI hyh--bpsS ku[w i-am-bp-d-n-
n-p {]ew-_-I-ambn IW-m-p kev]w \oXn-bmWv. Jp-
B-\n kqNn-n-n-p A{I-a--fpsS Imcy-n \oXn sNt
Bh-iy-I-X-bne-p Jp-B-\n-I-amb Du ]cs Adn-b-s--
XmWv. Rm\-h-bn-tev IS-p-n. \memw A[ymbw 105mw kq-
n \_n-tbmSv, P\-n-S-bn, X\nv e`n Znhy-{]-t_m-[-
\-ns ASn-m-\-n hn[n I]n-m-\m-h-iy-s-n-cn-pp.
h- I amv thn hmZn- p- - h - c ns- S - c p- s Xv Atlw
XmoXv sN-s-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cn-pp. AtX A[ym-b-nse
135mw kq-n \apv Cs\ ImWmw: ""Atbm hnizm-kn-
Itf! Am-lp-hn\v thn kmywhln-p--h-cmbn \n \oXn-
bpsS ]cn-]m-e-Iam Bbn-cn-p-hn. AXv \nv Xstbm
amXm- ] n- X m- tm ASp _p- tm FXn- c m- b n- m- s W-
nepw icn, Abm [\n-It\m Zcn-{Zt\m Bhs (\n-sf-m)
Amlp Ccp-h-tcmSpw Gsd ASp-s{X.'' Bdmw A[ym-b-ns
152mw hmIy-n \oXn-sb-p-dn-p DXvIWvT AXns Ghpw
Db Xe-n-se-pp: ""A\m-Y-p-n-bpsS apX-ens\ Ghpw
D-a-amb hn[-n-e-msX Ah {]mb-]qn Fn-t-cp-Xv
htcv \n kao-]n--cpXv. Afhpw Xqhpw \oXn-tbmSv IqSn
\nd-th-pI. \n kwkm-cn-p-tm AXv _p-v FXnsc
BsW- nX- s bpw \oXn]pe- pI. Am- l p- h ns {]Xn-
bpw \nd-th-pI..'' ssZh-im-kn-X-amb in-I Npa-t--Xp-
-Xn-\m lp-I Npa-m hn[n-Im-hn\v hf-sc-p-d
hnth-N-\m-[n-Im-cta Dq. {]kvXpX lv in Npa-p--Xn\v hnk-
-Xn-p Xc-n AXn-ew-Ln--s-n-p-s hkvXp-X-Ifpw
kml-N-cy-fpw m]n--s-Sp-I-bm-sW-n a\p-jym-h-Im-i-fpw
Npa-X-e-Ifpw Ii-\-ambn \nhln--s-n-pv. Ah-bpsS {Iam-
\p-K-X-amb kwm-]\w kwL-SnX kap-Zm-b-ns apgp-h Npa-
X-e-bmWv. Cu Npa-Xe tns \nbaw \S-n hcp-p LS-I-
-fn An--s-n-cn-pp. kmaqlnI LS-\-bpsS Poh cn-
-s-Sm AXym-h-iy-am-sW-n hyn _en-bn--st aXn-
bmhq. Ckvem-an Iqmb {]h--\-n\v {]tXy-I-amb ]hn-{X-X-
bpv. Fm Jp-B-\nI {]mY-\-Ifpw _lp-h-N-\-n-emWv. Xs
ktlm-Z-c-m kaq-l-{]mY-\-bn Gs-n-cn-p-tm AXn
]s-Sp-mthn Hcm t]mhp-I-bm-sW-n Abmsf kw_-n-
n-S-tmfw B {]mY-\-bpsS aqeyw Ckvem-an hep-XmWv.
kl-Po-hn-Iv Fm-X-c-n-ep-ap ZpjvIon-Ifpw A]-am-
\-fpw Gev]n-p [mcmfw Bfp-I-fpv. Fm, Pohn-n-cn-p
Imev Ah-cpsS Xn-Ism-n\pw bmsXmcp hn[-n-epap
a\p-jym-h-Im-i- Ckvem-an 51
{]Xym- L m- X - fpw A\p- ` - h s- S m- X n- c n- p- Xv \apv ImWm
Ignbpw. C-s\-sbm-s-bm-sW-nepw Xn {]hn-p B
kl-Po-hn-I-fpsS ta ]cn-p-I-tf-ev]n--tijw Pohn-p-t]m-cp-p-
sh-nepw Abm Hcp `mK-am-bn-p kaqlw, Abm Hcp tImi-am-
bn-p ssPh-L-S\, A\n-hm-cy-ambpw tbm-p-J-am-bn-o-cpp.
AXns hfbvv hnLm-X- t\cn-Spp. A\n-hm-cy-ambpw AXv
Cm-Xm-bn-o-cpp. ]m]-ns ifw Ftmgpw ac-W-amWv. aX-
\n-b-a- sXn-s\-p-dnv KpW-tZm-jn-p--h-bmWv. AXn-\m,
\ Btcm-sS-nepw sXv sNbvXn-p-s-n Zbm-cl - n-Xa
- m-bn-s
AXns IW-p-I Fhn-sS-sb-nepw shv ]d-bn-n--sSpw.
Ckvem-anI kwkvIm-c-ns [man-Ihpw _pn-]-c-hp-amb hf
km[n-X-am-p X{-]-c-amb Xz- GXv apkvenw Ncn-{X-ns
KXn-bpsS ASn-m-\-n-emtWm hni-Z-am-p-Xv, B Ncn-{X-K-Xnsb
CXp-t]m-se-bp Hcp {]`m-j-W-n hne-bn-cp-m Rm Xp\n-
m AXv hfsc \op- t ]m- t bpw. Fm, Ckv e m- a nI
kwkvIm-c-ns krjvSn-]-c-amb DuP-kz-e-X-sb-p-dnpw _pn-
]-c-amb auen-I-X-sb-p-dnpw [man-I-amb al-Xz-s-p-dn-p-
ap Xs ho-W-s-p-dnv \n-tfmSv ]d-bm Rm [mcmfw
D-cn-n-p Fs \c-hwi imkv{X--\mb kplrv tUm.
tdm_v {_nt^msb A\p-h-Zn-pI. ""A-c-samcp \nan-j-ns
{]Xym- L m- X - Dsm- n- p Ckv e m- a ns _pn- ] - c - a mb
kwkvImcw AXv sNep-nb kzm[o-\-n {]I-S-am-hp Hcp-Xcw
ss\XnI hf-tbmSv A\p-Kp-W-ambn `hnp. {InkvXym-\n-Ipw
PqXampw Hcp-t]mse _lp-am-\hpw m\hpw \Ip-Ibpw
PmXn-]-cn-K-W-\-I ]pem-Xn-cn-p-Ibpw sNbvX hnim-e-amb aX-
k-ln-jvWp-X-bm ss{IkvXh bqtdmv A]-am-\n--s-Sp-I-b,
tIm]m-Ip-e-am-bn-o-cp-I-bm-Wp-m-bXv. F-s\-sbm-s-bm-bn-cp-
mepw aqdnjv kwkvIm-c-hp-ambn kw ]pem-\n-S-bmb
Nnn-p a\-p-I-fpsS Zqc-hym-]I kzm[o\w IqSm-sX-bm-bn-cp-
n AXv. Incm-X-amb bqtdmv Hcp-Imcyw k-Xnp: kvs]bn-\nse
{]`p-amcpw cW-iq-c-\mb, ]S-bm-fnbmb A akq-dn-s\-tm-
ep am\yamcpw Xv \Inb [otcm-Nn-X-amb _lp-am-\-
mepw D-X-amb alm-a-\-kvI-X-bmepw X-f-Xn-i-bn-p-t]m-
sbpw kzm[o-\n--s-p-t]m-sb-p-ap Imcyw. bp-n Xms\m-
cp-]mSv i{Xp-sf sImn-p-spw Fm Hcm-tfm-Svt]mepw A]-
a-cym-Z-bmbn s]cp-am-dn-bn-n-spw akq Ah-Im-i-s-n-cpp. Ccp-
]Xmw \qm- nse Cwv t]mepw BZ- c - ] qhw kv a cn- p,
Av Xpfp-p cmtPm-Nn-X-amb s]cp-am--am-WnXv. {]mIr-X-m-
cmb Ipcniv bp-m kem-lp-os DZm-c-a-\-kvI-Xbpw kz`m-h-a-
52 a\p-jym-h-Im-i- Ckvem-an
ln-abpw [oc-Xbpw Ip \mWnp. cmP-Iob \ F Bibw
kzoI-cn--sp. Nobless Oblige s ]mc-cyw kwm-]n--s-Sp-Ibpw
sNbvXp. Ad_n Bi-b--fp-ambn AKm-[-ambn _-s Ihn-Xbpw
t{]a IY-Ifpw P\-Iob `mh-\-I am{Xw cq]-s-Spn. a\p-jys
ktm-j--fnepw _pn-]-c-amb Xm]-cy--fnepw kv{Xov IqSn
]v hln-m Ign-bp aqdnjv temI-ns cmP-ho-Yn-I-fn-eqsS
h\n-X-I-fpsS m\-s-p-dnpw A-n-s\-p-dn-p-ap ]pXn-
sbmcp kev ] w bqtdm- n- t epw IS- p- h - c n- I - b mbn.'' (At-l-
ns am\- h - X - b psS \nanXn [Making of Humanity] F IrXn
t\mpI.)
[man-I-X-bp-sSbpw \oXn-bp-sSbpw kz`m-h-s-p-dnv Chn-sS--
d Bi-b--fn\nv hy-am-hp-Xv {]kvXpX \-I hfp-
h-cp--Xn-\p av _pn-]-c-amb kXy-k-X BsW-mWv. Cu
Bi-b- Hcp Imcyw IqSn hy-am-n--cpp: a\p-jy-h-fsb
kzm[o-\n-p--Xn ssZhnI kmn-[y-n\pw Xz-pw Dt-
iy-pw bmsXmcp ]pw hln-m-\p-m-bn-cp-n F a\p-
jys Ncn-{X-s-p-dn-p hoWw Ah-X-cn-n-p--Xnepw Pohn-
X-nse ]hn{X Imcy--sf-sbmw ]pnpX-p--Xnepw X-fpsS
_pn-]-c-amb Al-bpw IpX-{-fpw ImcWw ]mWvUn-Xy-n-
sbpw hnm-\-n-sbpw t]cn bqtdm-]y _pn-Po-hn-I
hninjym, Hmdn-b-en-p-Ifpw Ad-_n-p-Ifpw, F{X-am{Xw _-s-
n-cpp F Imcyw. Hcp ssZhn-I-aXw F \ne-p Ckvem-ans
Ah-Im-i-hm-Z-n\v hen-sbmcp hnai-\-sam-p-a CXv. a\p-jys\
kw_-n-n-S-tmfw Ata-b-amb Hcp tI{-n\nv {]Im-ihpw
A\p-{K-l-hp-samw Ah-km\w a\p-jy-cq-]-n-tev Hgp-In-h-cpp.
Ckvem-ans A[ym-]\w CXmWv. ssZhnI kv]i-amWv ap-sIm-
p Hcp cq]s a\p-jy-\m-n-bXv. a\p-jys krjvSn-Ipw
\nb-a-pw kwkvIm-c-n-\p-samw Hcp kzKob am\w \In-
bXv Cu ssZhnI kv]i-amWv. an-tev Cu ssNX\yw DuXp-
tm am{Xw a\p-jy ]nd-hn-sb-Sp-pp. knss Nm-en
ssa-em--tem-hns The Creation of man F Hcp NphNn-{X-apv.
Cu NphNn-{X-n an\np a\p-jys\ \nan-p ssZhn-I-
kv]i-ns AZv`pXw {]Xn-^-en-p-Im-Wpp. Cu AZv`pXw Ipd-
p-Im-e-tv bqtdmv AwKo-I-cn--XmWv. Hcp ssZhn-I-{]-tbm-K-ambn
amdp Xc-n a\p-jy-s\mcp ]cn-Wmaw ssIh-cp-p-Xv ssZh-
ns kv]i-amWv. a\p-jy-\n-ep ssZhn-Imw-i-ns kmn-[y-
tmSv F{Xbpw Imew A\p-k-c-Wbpw hniz-kvX-Xbpw ]pentbm
A{Xbpw Ime-tmfw bqtdm-p-Im-c a\p-jy-t\---fpsS D-X-ta-
J-e-I-fn hnp. Fm, ]Xn-s\mw \qm-n Uobnv Xz-
a\p-jym-h-Im-i- Ckvem-an 53
Nn--I-m bpn-hn-Nm-c-sa t]cn {]N-cn-n Zi\-tmsS
bqtdmv BZy-ambn a\p-jys Xe-p-ap-I-fn Ahs\ Imp-kq-
n-n-cp ssZhn-I-km-n-[ys \ntj-[np. ]noSv ]sm-Xmw
\qm-n am\-kn-Im-]-{K-Y-\-hp-ambn t{^mbnUpw A\p-bm-bn-Ifpw
hp. At_m-[-a-\-ns Imcyw ]d-p-sImv Atlw \c-I-n-
s hmXn-ep-I Xpd-p-shp. AXp-hsc ssZhn-I-\n-b-{-W-m
Xf-n-S-s-n-cp A]-I-S-Im-cn-I-fmb Ccp in-Isf kzX-{-amp-
I-bmWv CXp-hgn Atlw sNbvXXv. XZv^-e-ambn bqtdm-]y Ncn-
{X-nse amIvkn-m-\--c-Im-e-Lw iq\yhpw hy-hp-am-bn-o-
p. a\p-jy-cmin Ctm ]-c-hn-UvVn--ns Nfn-p-n-tev
]Xn-p-sIm-n-cn-p-I-bmWv F-Xn AZv`p-Xsamp-an. a\p-jys\
kzbw X\nv apI-fn-tev, IqSp-X Hu-Xy--fn-tev Dbp-
hm ]cym-]vX-amb auen-I-amb A`n-em-j-ap-tm, AXv Cs
I]-S-im-kv{X-am-cm A]-l-kn--s-p-sIm-n-cn-pp. a\p-jy-
]p-{X\v C\n ]nSn-p-\nm-s\m-p-an-m Hcp-Imew hn-cn-pp
F-Xn AZv`p-X-sam-p-an. Ah Npm-\n-m Hcp Nm-S-amWv.
Cu alm-{]-]--n XpW-bn-m Hc-\mY _me-\mWv.
am\-hn-I-X-sb-s H-Sw hne-Ip-dp ImWn-p-{X Ckvem-
ans\ hne Ipd-p-Im-Wn-m bqtdm-]y ]mWvUnXyw B{K-ln-p-
n. F-m, Cu ss]im-Nn-I-bp-K-n [mcmfw {]Xn-Iq-e-i-n-
I Xe-s]m-p-pv. Xn-bpsS Cu in-I-tfmSv AS-cm-Sm-\p
{ia- t]mepw a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-ns kam-[m-\m--co--n\v
tZmjw sNp--Xm-bn-mWv \mw ImWp-Xv. AXv Ccw {ia--
tfmSv hnai-\m--I-amb \ne-]m-Sp-I Dm-hm Imc-W-am-hpp.
ssZh-\n-tj[w, aX-\n-c-t]-X, \nln-enkw XpS-n-b-h-bpsS kwL-
Sn-X-i-n-I hfphcpp. Cu ]m--e-n-emWv, a\p-jy
a\p-jys\ hne-Ip-d-p-Im-Wm A\p-h-Zn-m Hcp ssZhn-Imw-is
hnfn- t m- X p Xc- n Bbn- c - n- \ m- \ qdv sIm- p- a pv
Ckvemw \Inb kw`m-h-\-Isf \mw t\mn-m-tW-Xv.
Hp-ap-m-epw -]-Sn-m-d {]Nm-c-W-m-cp-sS-sbmw cN-\-I-fn
Hcm ImWp \nKq-Vm--Ihpw iq\yhpw kz]v\-k-Zr-i-hp-amb Zi-
\--fn\nv hn`n--ambn \oXnk]ns ]c-a-amb {]m[m-\y-
n\pw bYmY cq]-n AXns AY-n\pw Du\Inb
tijw Xmsg--d-bp \nco--W-n Dsm-n-p HcY-n
\oXn \S-m-p--Xn\p hf-sc-tbsd {]m[m-\y-apv. Cu k`-n
\mw ]cm-ain-p _rlpw hnim-e-hp-amb \oXn-k-]-ns
Hcp hiw am{X-amWv a\p-jym-h-Im-i-. a\p-jym-h-Im-i--sf-p-
dnv kKu-chw N sNp-tm Hcp-]mSv Imcy- IW-n-se-Sp-
t--Xpv. a\p-jym-h-Im-i--tfmfw Aaq-ambn asm-p-an.
54 a\p-jym-h-Im-i- Ckvem-an
{]mY-an-I-ambn a\p-jys\ Hcp \nnX kmaq-lnI-{]-]--n \mw
Is-Ww. Ahs Ah-Im-i--sf-p-dnv ]d-bp--Xn-\p-apv
Ahs\ Hcp {]tXyI km-n-I-cm-jv{Sob kmaq-lnI kmwkvIm-
cnI ]m--e-n \nn \mw t\mn-m-WWw.
Ckvem-an Fm Ah-Im-i-fpw ssZhnI \nb-a--fm A\p-
h-Zn--s--XmWv. \psS kl-Po-hn-I-fpsS Ah-Im-i- t\cn--s-
nepw ssZh-ns \nb-a-kw-ln-X-bn-eqsS DZv`-hn--XmWv. Cu {]`m-
j-W-ns asmcp JWvU-n \mw {]kvXm-hn lpJq-Jp-mln,
lpJq-Jp-mkn Fo Bi-b- apkvenw kaq-l-nse AwK-amb
at-sXmcp hnizm-kn-p-sa--t]mse Jeo-^-ampw _m[-I-amWv.
Jeo^ ssZh-tmSv t\cnv IWp]d-tb BfmWv. Abmv
{]tXy-Im-h-Im-i-tfm {]tXyI ]Z-hntbm C. tImS-Xn-I-fn
Atlw IW-p-]-d-tb--Xpv. GsXmcp km[m-c-W-m-c-s\-bp-sa-
-t]mse At-l-sbpw AhnsS hnfn--sSmw. ssZh-ns {K-
n\pw {]hm-N-I-N-cypw A\p-kr-X-am-bn-cn-p-tm am{Xta At-
l-ns A[n-Imcw ap--h AwKo-I-cn-t--Xpq. Fm A[n-
Im-c--fp-tSbpw Dd-hn-S-amb {kjvSm-hn-t\m-SmWv At-l-n\v D-
c-hm-Zn--ap-Xv. Hmtcm hnizm-kn-p-a-dnbmw, Jeo-^-bpsS B
[n-cn-p-Ibpw Acw A\p-k-c-W-t-Sp-Ip `qan-bnse
in-I-fn\nv c-s-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXmepw hn[n-Zn-\-n Xs
IW-p-I ]cn-tim-[n--s-Sp-tm B [nm-c-v, hninjym,
A\y-cpsS Ah-Im-i-sf A]-I-S-s-Sp-p-am-dp kz`m-h-ns
hnhn[ hi-v, Zbm-c-ln-X-amb ImTn-\y-tmsS in-I-f\p-
`-hn-t-n-h-cp-sav. Cu ]d--Xn-\Yw aX-n tI{o-Ir-X-
am-bn-p Hcp ImgvN-m-Sn a\p-jy\v kz-amb bmsXm-c-h-Im-i-
-fp-an-s-mWv. GI bmYm-Yy-amb ssZh-amWv AhnsS tI{-
_np. Ah\v Xs {kjvSm-hn-t\mSv Npa-X-e-I am{X-ta-bpq. Cu
Npa-X-e-I Ah-bpsS hgnv Fm Ah-Im-i-pw Ah-kcw
\Ipp; Ah- I m- i - F- X p- s Imv B[p- \ n- I - t emIw
Fsms Ah-Im-i- AY-am-p-pthm Acw Fm a\p-
jym-h-Im-i-pw. hnizm-knv kzoI-cn-m-\p Htsd amK-
\ntZ- i - - f m \n`- c - a mWv Jp- B . Jp- B s DZm- - a mb
[man-I-t_m-[hpw \nb-a-]-c-amb ImgvN-m-Sp-Ifpw hy-am-m-\p
DZm- l - c - W - - s f \nev _\o- C - { km- C u kqd- b n\n- p
Xmsg--d-bp kq- D-cn-n-cn-pp.
kqw 23: ""Ahs\ am{X-a-msX (am-scbpw) \n hW--cp-
sXpw amXm-]n-Xm--tfmSv \ sN-W-sapw \ns \mY
Iev]np. Ah-cn Hcm As-n Ah-cn-cp-hcpw \ns Pohn-
X-Im-ev hm[Iyw {]m]n-p-p-sh-n Ah-tcmSv (]p-ambn)
a\p-jym-h-Im-i- Ckvem-an 55
"sO' Fp (t]mepw) \o ]d-b-cpXv. Ahsc \o iIm-cn-p-hn-Sp-
Ibpw AcpXv. Ccp-h-tcmSpw am\y-amb h-am\w \o ]d-bpI.''
kqw 24: ""Imcp-Wy-ns NndIv Ccp-hpw \o Xmgvn-sm-Sp-
pI. ]d-bpI: "Fs cn-Xmth! sNdp--n Fs Ah-cn-
cp-hcpw t]mn hfn-b-Xp-t]mse Ccp-hpw \o IcpW sNt-
Wta!''
kqw 25: ""\n-fpsS A-cw-K--fn-ep--Xn-s\-p-dnv \n-fpsS
cn-Xmhv Ghpw \mbn Adn-bp--h-\mWv. \n kZvhr--
m Bbn-cp-mXo-bmbpw Ah--tev (]m--]np aS-
p--hv Ah s]mdp-p-sIm-Sp-p--h-\mWv.''
kqw 26: ""ASp _p-hn\v Ahs Ah-Imiw \evIpI; Zcn-
{Zpw hgn (bm{X)mcpw (\ev I pI). [q- S nv ([\w)
Zphybw sN-cpXv.''
kqw 27: ""Xo-bmbpw Zphy-b-m ]nim-Np--fpsS ktlm-Z-cam-
cmWv. ]nimNv Ahs cn-Xm-hn-t\mSv \n-bn-m--h-\p-as{X.''
kqw 28: ""\ns \mY- \ n\npw \o {]Xo- n- p Imcp-
WystSn \o Ahsc hnp-]n-cnv t]mIp-s-n (Xs)
Ah-tcmSv \o kuay-amb (Bizmk)hmp ]d-bpI.''
kqw 29: ""(Hcp ]nip--s\-tmse) \ns ssI \ns Igp-tmSv
Xf- - s - - X m- - c pXv . apgp- h \on- s mv (Zphy- b - n)
AXns\ Xpd-n-Sp-Ibpw AcpXv. Atm Ah-tl-fn--sv
(s]mn) Xfp \o Ccp-p-t]mIpw.''
kqw 30: ""Xo-bmbpw \ns \mY COn-p--hv (PohnX)
hn`-hs hn]p-e-am-n-sm-Sp-p-Ibpw, Ah\v (AXv) \nb-{np
If-bp-Ibpw sNpp. Xs Zmkam-sc-p-dnv Xo-bmbpw
t\m-ap--h\pw t_m[-hm-\p-amWv Ah.''
kqw 31 : ""Zmcn{Zy-`-b-m \n-fpsS km-\-sf \n sIm-
cpXv . \mw Ahv Blmcw \Ip- pv ; (AXp- t ]mse)
\npw. Xo-bmbpw Ahsc sImesNp-Xv Hcp alm-
]m]w BWv.''
kqw 32: ""hy`n-Nm-c-tmSv \n (ASp-pI) t]mepw AcpXv.
Xo-bmbpw AXv Hcp \oN {]hr-nbpw No-h-gn-bp-as{X.''
kqw 33: ""\oXn (\S-p-hm) Bbn--msX Amlp hne-n-bn-
p Hcp Pohs\ \n sImesN-cpXv. A{Ia hnt[-b-\mbn
Bcv sIm-s-pthm, Atm Ah-Im-inv (\jvS-]-cn-lm-c-n\v)
Xo-bmbpw A[n-Imcw \mw \evIn-bn-pv. Fm, sIme-bn
(IqSn ]cn-lmcw tXSp-tmgpw) Ah AXn-cp-I-hn-bm-Xn-cn-s!
Xo-bmbpw Ah (\nb-ta\) klm-bn--s-Sp--h-\s{X.''
kqw 34: ""Ghpw D-a-amb hn[-n-e-msX A\m-Y-p-n-bpsS
56 a\p-jym-h-Im-i- Ckvem-an
apX-ens\ \n kao-]n--cpXvAhs {]mb-]qn Fn-
t-cp-Xv hsc \n Icmdv ]men-p-Ibpw sNp-hn. Xo-
bmbpw Icmdp(Isf-p-dnp hn[n-Zn-\-n) tNmZn--s-Sp--
XmWv.''
kqw 35: ""\n Af-p-tm Afhv \nd-p-sIm-Sp-p-Ibpw t\sc-
bp {Xmkp-sImv Xqp-Ibpw sNp-hn! AXv Ghpw D-
ahpw Ay-^-en Ghpw \-Xp-as{X.''
kqw 36: ""bmsXm-n-s\-p-dnv \n\v Adn-hn-tbm, AXns\ \o
]np-Sp-t]m-I-cpXv. Xo-bmbpw tIhn, ImgvN, lrZbw Ch-
sb-m-n-s\-p-dnpw tNmZyw sN-s-Sp--XmWv.''
kqw 37: ""s]mw (Imn)smv \o `qan-bn \S--cpXv. Fs-
m, \ns \Sw sImv `qansb \o ]nfp-I-bn. Db-c-
n ]h-X--tfmSv (Hw) \o Fp-I-bp-an.''
kqw 38: ""Cu kwKXn-I-fn-tem-tcm-n-sbpw Zqjyw \ns cn-
Xm-hn- shdp--s--Xs{X.''
kqw 39: ""hnm\ (Xz)fn \np \n\v \ns \mY
{]tNm-Z-\-a-cp-fn-b-Xns]--XmWv CXv. Am-lp-hns IqsS asmcp
ssZhs \o (Iev]np)hbvp-Ibpw AcpXv. Fn \o Ah-
a-Xn--sv, ]cn-Xy-Pn--sv, \c-I-n-tev Fdn-b-sSpw.''
kqw 40: ""Fm (tl! _lp-ssZh hnizm-kn-Itf), \n-fp-sS-
\m-Y \nv Ba-sf Xnc-s-SppXcn-Ibpw, ae-p-
I-fn\np s]a-sf Ah kzoI-cnpsImp-I-bp-amtWm?
Xo-bmbpw \n Kpcp-X-c-amb hmp-X-s-bmWv ]d-bp-Xv!''
\_n-bpsS Ah-km-\s {]kw-K-ambn hnti-jn-n--s-Sp,
hnS]d-bp lns Ah-k-c-n Atlw \S-nb {]kw-K-
n a\p-jym-hI - m-i- s
- f-p-dn-p Ghpw \ ]cm-ai- IqSn
ImWm-hp--XmWv. s{]m^. F. Knmw Xs Life of Mohamed F
IrXn-bn a\p-jym-h-Im-i-sf ]cm-ain-p {]k `mKw XPa
sNbvXp-sIm-Sp--XmWv Xmsg tNn-p-Xv.
""XZ-\-cw ssZh-Zq-X Xs XoYm-S\w XpS-cp-Ibpw P\-v
A\p-jvTm-\- ImWn-p-sIm-Sp-p-Ibpw Ahsc ln-s k{-
Zm-b- ]Tn-n-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]no-S-tlw sNbvX {]kw-K-n
GXm-\pw Imcy- hy-amn. Atlw ssZhs ]pI-gvp-Ibpw
hmgvp-Ibpw sNbvX-tijw ]dp: "a\p-jytc, Fs hmp-I
{in-pI. Cu sIm-n-\p-tijw hopw Cu ev shv Rm
\nsf Ftm-sg-nepw Ip-ap-ptam Fs-\nv \n-ba - n. \n
\n-fpsS cn-Xm-hp-ambn kn-p--Xp-hsc \n-fpsS chpw
kpw ]hn-{X-amWv. Cu Znh-khpw Cu amkhpw ]pWy-am--s-
n-cn-pp. \n Xo-bmbpw \n-fpsS \mY-\p-ambn Ip-ap-p-
a\p-jym-h-Im-i- Ckvem-an 57
Ibpw Atm Ah \n-tfmSv \n-fpsS Ia--sf-p-dnv Bcm-
bp-Ibpw sNpw. Bcp-sS-sb-nepw ] Hcp kqnv [\-ap-s-
n, AXv Xs Gev]n Bp-Xs Abm Xncn-p-sIm-Sp-s.
Fm ]en-i-Ifpw dm--s-n-cn-pp. Fmepw \n-fpsS apX
\n-tfm-Sp Iq-sS-bpv. A{Iaw sNm-Xn-cn-pI, Fm \n
A{I-an--s-Sp-I-bn. ]eni ]mSn Fv ssZhw hn[n-n-cn-pp.
Am-kp_v\p A_vZn ap-en-_ns ]eni dm-n-bn-cn-pp.
{]mIrX Ime-L--nse c-sm-cn-n-ep-I-sfmw Xs {]Xn-Im-c-
an-msX hntS-n-bn-cn-pp. Rm dm-p tNmc-bpsS taep
BZys Ah- I miw Ban- d p- _ v \ p - d - _ oAX_v \ n- l m- c n- k n_v \ n
A_vZn ap-en-_ns Ah-Im-i-amWv. (_nte-b-p-I-tfmSv IqsS
t]mn hf- s Abmsf lpZmbn sImp- I - b m- W p- m- b Xv ) .
{]mIrX Ime-L--nse BZys c-sm-cn-n-em-WXv. Rm\m-Zy-
ambn ssIImcyw sNp-Xpw AXp Xs-bs{X.
"\nv \n-fpsS `mcy-am-cpsS t]cnepw Ahv \n-fpsS
t]cn-epw Nne Ah-Im-i--fpv. Ah \n-fpsS InS--d-I Ahn-
ip--am-m-Xn-cn-p-Ibpw Xpd Ah-e--W-tmsS s]cp-am-dm-Xn-
cn-p-Ibpw sNs. As\ sNbvXm, Ahsc {]tXyI apdn-I-
fn ]mn-m\pw ImTn-\y-tm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b-msX Ahsc ASn-m\pw
ssZhw \nsf A\p-h-Zn-pp. Ah Am-cy--fn\nv Hgn-p-
\n-m Ahv Ah-cpsS km[-\--fp-sSbpw hkv{X--fp-sSbpw
ta A\p-`mh]qhamb Ah-Im-i--fpv. kv{XoI-fpsS ta hn[n-
hn-e-p-I-tfs-Sp-p-Xv A\p-Xm-]-tm-sS-bm-hWw. ImcWw,
kzw Bfp-I-fp-sS-ta bmsXmcp \nb-{-W-hp-an-m, \n-fpsS
B{in-X-cm-W-h. ssZh-n-\n-p Hcp kqn-m-bmWv \n-
f-hsc Gs-Sp-Xv. ssZhnI hN-\-a-\p-k-cnp Xs-bmWv Ah-cpsS
ico-c--fn\nv \n B\w Is-t-Xpw. AXn-\m P\-
tf, \nv thn Rm\n--d Imcy- a\-n-em-pI.
Rm\n-hnsS \nv thn Nne-sXmw hnt-p-t]m-Ipp. ssZh-
ns {Khpw {]hm-N-Is Ncybpw Hcp Xpd kqN-\-bmbn \n-
fpsS apn shn-cn-pp. \n Ah cpw apdpsI]nSn-p-I-
bm-sW-n Hcn-epw \n sXn-tev hgp-Xn-ho-gp-I-bn. AXn-
\m, Rm ]d-bp-Xv \mbn {in-pI.
Hmtcm apkvenapw asmcp apkven-ans ktlm-Z-c-\mWv. AXn-\m,
apkvenw-I apgp-h ktlm-Z-c-mcmWv. Hcp ktlm-Z-c \nv
k-X-tmsS Xcp--Xn\nv FSp-m am{Xta AXv \nb-a-hn-
t[-b-am-hp-I-bpq. AXn-\m, \n X-n A{Iaw sNm-Xn-cn-
pI.''
1948-se a\p-jym-h-Im-i--sf-p-dn-p Am-cmjv{S {]Jym-]\-
58 a\p-jym-h-Im-i- Ckvem-an
n Dsm-n-n-p a\p-jym-h-Im-i--fpsSbpw auenI kzmX-
{y--fp-sSbpw kmcmw-i-s-p-dnv ]d-bp--Xn-\n-S-bn knZv
A_vZp eo^v nXn-K-Xn-I Cs\ kam-l-cn-n-pv:
""Cu {]Jym-]-\-n\v cv ey--fm-Wp-Xv. Hcp hiv AXv
hynsb `uXnI LS\, [manI hynXzw, sXmgn-emfn, _pnbp
Hc-kvXnXzw, kaq-l-n-sebpw cmjv{Sob hyh-n-Xn-bn-sebpw AwKw
Fo \ne-I-fn hnP-b-I-c-am-hp-sav ]d-bm-hp kzX-{amb
PohnXw \bn-m k-am-pp. adp-h-iv AtZiob kulrZ-
n\pw temI-k-am-[m-\-n\pw Xs kw`m-h-\-I An-m ]mI-
n hynsb Hcp-n-sb-Sp-p--Xn klm-bn-p-Ibpw sNpp.''
]no-S-tlw Cs\ A`n-{]m-b-s-Spp: ""Jp-B ]Tn-p
Hcmv Cu {]Jym-]-\-ns apJ-hp-c-bntem BZi ey--
fntem D Hcp hmp-t]m-eptam {]Jym-]-\-nse Hscm Jn-I-
t]m-eptam ]pXn-b-Xmbn tXmp-I-bn. a\p-jys\ ssZh-ns sXmp-
Xm-sg-bmbn {]Xn-jvTn-p-Ibpw hK-n-sbpw hW-n-sbpw P\-
\-n-sbpw Fm thXn-cn--ep-I-sfbpw Dq-e\w sNp-Ibpw a\p-
jy-k-ap-Zm-b-tmSv ssZh-ns Htc IpSpw-_-sa \nev, As-
n Hmtcm AwKhpw ap Hmtcm-cp-s\ kw_-npw CS-b-s\-
tm-se-bmbpw kap-Zm-b-ns ta-ns Imcy-n Hmtcm-cp-
\pw IW-p-]-d-tb hn[-nepw, Pohn-p Hcp kaq-l-s-
tmse Hn-p-Po-hn-m-\m-lzm\w sNp-Ibpw sNbvX Hcp kaq-l-
n a\p-jym-h-Im-i--sf-p-dn-p Am-cmjv{S {]Jym-]\w ASn-
m-\-]-c-amb Hc-\p-kn-m-tam Jp-B-\nI ]-Xn-I-fpsS hym]vX-
h-c-Wtam Bhmt\ Xc-apq. Hcp {]Jym-]\w sImv am{Xw
a\p-jy-cm-insb hfsc Zqc-t-smpw \bn-m Ign-bp-I-bn. Jp-
B-\nI ho-W-n t\mp-tm XZvkw_--ambn [mcmfw
tNmZy- \psS {iv hnj-bo-`-hn-t--Xm-bpv.'' XpS-
tlw Xmsg--d-bp tNmZy- D-bn-pp:
BZy-ambn sFIy-cm-jv{S--cm-dn-sbpw AX-\p-k-cnv AwKo-I-cn
a\p-jym-h-Imi {]Jym-]-\--sf-p-dn-p Am-cmjv{S {]Jym-]-\-
n-sbpw ]nn-ep- -tNm-Z\w FmWv? asmcp Xc-n ]d-
m a\p-jy-cm-in-bpsS BsI-bp \tm Xm]-cy-nt\m
thn-bp Hcp ]-Xn-bmtWm AXv? AtXm GsX-nepw cmPy-n-
stbm, As-n Hcp {]tXyI hn`m-K-ns cmPy--fp-sStbm
Xm]-cy- cn-m-\p HtcmtSm?
cm-a-Xmbn Am-cmjv{S {]Jym-]-\-ns ]cn-[n-bn hcp
Ah-Im-i-sf kw_-n-n-S-tmfw Cv kwkvIr-X-sa--h-Im-i-
s-Sp GsX-n-ep-samcp cmjv{S-n\v Fm Ah-Im-i-fpw ]cn-c-
a\p-jym-h-Im-i- Ckvem-an 59
n--s-n-p-v Ftm _mn-bp--hp-thn Fs-n-ep-
samcp kwhn-[m\w Dm-n-bn-pv Ftm B-hn-izm-k-tm-Sp-
IqSn Dd-n-p-]-d-bm Ign-bptam? Ah \S-n-em-m-\p {]mcw`
\S-]-Sn-I Hmtcm cmPy-n-sbpw `c-W-Iq-S-n\ntm \nb-a-
\namW k`-I-fn\ntm htc--XmWv Fv hy-w. Cu {]Jym-
]-\s BZ-cn-p-Ibpw CXnse hyh--Isf \S-n hcp-p-
Ibpw sNm-\p Xm]-cyhpw DZm--a-\-pap Bfp-Isf DX
m\--fn-te-p HmtWm Hmtcm cmPy-n-tebpw cmjv{Sob
cwKw?
Ah-km-\-ambn Cu cp tcJ-Ifpw ey-am-p temI-{Iaw
temI-nse Fm cmjv{S-pw kzoIm-cy-amb, s]mXp-hmb Dt-
iy-n-\p-thn hmZn-pp. ]t, Cs Ah--bn temIw
tkmhn-bv djy-bp-tSbpw Ata-cn--bp-tSbpw cp Iymp-I-fn-embn
hn`-Pn--s-n-cn-pp F-XmWv ]c-amYw. BtKm-fm-Sn-m-\-n-
ep Hcp {Iaw, AXns cq]-sa-p-am-hs, BZy-ambn ]c-kv]cw
kv][ ]pep Cu cp Bi-b-fpw Xn s]mcp--s-Sp-
n-sm-p -am-{Xta, As-n ]c-kv]cw kl-I-cn-m-\p Hcp
kwhn-[m\w krjvSn-p-sImv am{Xta km[n-p-I-bpq. C-c-samcp
cmPn-bm-h km[y-amtWm? (The mind that Al-Quran builds, page- 83
ImWpI).
Cu hnjaw ]nSn tNmZy-v knZv A_vZpe-o^v
Dcw Is-p-Ibpw Am-cmjv{S {]Jym-]-\--fn Dsm-
n-n-p Ah-Im-i--fpsS hyh--Ifpw B[p-\nI ]mmXy
temI-p P\--fp-sS bYmY k{-Zm-b-fpw Xn [mcmfw
sshcp- [ y- - f p- s Xs A`n- { ]mbw tcJ- s - S p- p- I bpw
sNpp. s{]m^. lnn-bpsS hmp-I-fn:
""\n`m-Ky-h-im C-gn Htm ctm Zim-_vZ--fn-ep-m-
bn-p ]mmXy temI-ns kzm[o-\- apgp-h\pw \-Xn-\p-
-X. ]Sn-m-d aX-{]-Nm-c-Icpw A[ym-]-I-mcpw anj-\-dn-amcpw
apw {]N-cn-n am\-hn-Im-i-b-fpw Ata-cn--bn-sebpw bqtdm-n-
sebpw cmjv { So- b - mcpw tbmm- fpw am\- h nI aqey- - t fmSv
]penb A\m-Z-chpw Xn {i-t-b-amb sshcp-[y-apv. hmpw
{]hrnbpw Xn-ep sshPm-Xy-am-WXv. km-n-Ihpw tZio-b-
hp-amb aqey-v AanX {]m[m\yw \evI-em-WXv. C-gn cv
bp--fn hnI-kn-X-sap hnfn--s-Sp cmjv{S--fpsS s]cp-amw
Ncn-{X-n\v Ctmfw A]-cn-Nn-X-amb Hcp am\-Zw krjvSnp.
Xs imkv{X-n-sbpw b{-hn-Zy-bp-sSbpw ^e-am-bp-m-n-bXpw
temI-n-s-ta apgp-h\pw kwlm-c-`o-j-Wn-bp-bp--Xp-amb `oI-
c-i-n-Isf Xpd-p-hn-Sm-\p ]mmXy a\p-jys Ignhv, Ata-cn,
60 a\p-jym-h-Im-i- Ckvem-an
Cwv, {^mkv XpS-nb cmjv{S- ssIImcyw sNp coXn
Ch-sbmw ]uckvXy cmjv{S--fnse P\--fn Hcp-Xcw taml-`wKw
krjvSn-n-cn-p-I-bmWv. Ah-\m-sW-n ]Sn-m-dp-ambn Hcp-Xcw
_pn-]-c-amb hntcm[w m]n-s-Sp-m {ian-pp. ]mm-Xy-tem-
I-ns Cu \S-]-Sn-I-fmWv Ahsc ]uc-kvXy-\n\nv A\y-\mn
amn-\np-Xpw ]mmXy a\p-jys kz`m-h-nepw kzIm-cy-Po-
hn-X-nepw s]mXp-Po-hn-X-nepw kZm-Nm-c-nepw ]uc-kvXy-p
hnizm-ks ]nSn-p-e-p-Xpw.''
a\p-jys Cs Npp-]m-Sp-I-fn a\p-jym-h-Im-i--sf-p-dn-
p Am-cmjv{S {]Jym-]-\-n-\p kzm[o-\-s-p-dnv knZv
A_vZpe-o^v \S-nb hnai-\m--I-amb hne-bn-cp--ens
]m- - e - n, a\p- j ym- h - I m- i - sf AwKo- I - c n- p- I bpw \S-
nhcp-p-Ibpw sNp--Xn-\p Npa-X-e-I-sf-p-dnv Ckvem-ans
A\p-bm-bn-I-tfmSv Ckvemw Bm-]n \b--fpsS t{ijvTX {]I-
S-am-p Nne hnti-jm Imcy- IqSn {]kvXm-hn-t-Xv AXym-
h-iy-amWv.
tn-stbm AXp-t]m-se-bp at-sX-nepw AtXm-dn-n-bp-sStbm
\nb-a--fn \ntZ-in-n-p s]cp-am k{-Zm-b--tfm-Sp bm{n-
I- a mb A\p- h rn am{Xw aXn {Ia- k - a m- [ m- \ hpw kmh- { XnI
imnbpw ]pe-cm Fv ]mmXy temIw hniz-kn-pp. asmcp
coXn-bn ]d-m Ah-cpsS k{-Zmbw a\p-jys B-cnI kml-
N-cy-sf _mly-ambn kzm[o-\n-p-I-bmWv. kmaq-lnIhpw km-
n-Ihpw cmjv{So-bhpw ap-amb m]-\-v hyn-kz-`m-hs
kzm[o-\n-p--Xn ]pv F-h hniz-kn-pp. CsXmcp sXmb
kao-]-\-amWv. ASn-a-Isf am{Xta As\ ssIImcyw sNm km[n-
p-I-bpq. kzX-{-cmb a\p-jysc Hcn-epw h. adnv, Ckvemw
ssZh-ns in-bpsS ]mc-ayhpw, {]]--ns ]c-am-[n-Im-cn-bmb
Xs \mY-t\mSv X\n-p IS-mSpw hnt[-b-Xzhpw AwKo-I-cn-m
a\p-jy-t\m-Sm-h-iy-s-p-sImv Bcw-`n-pp; Ah-km-\-ambn Xs
Pohn-Xs kzbw \nb-{n-m-\m-h-iy-amb s]cp-am coXn-I \ntZ-
in-pI hgn Ahs\ c-s-Sp-p-Ibpw sNpp.
s{]m^. Un. sUkmn-em-\n-bpsS hmp-I-fn:
""\nb-a-kw-ln-X-bpsS ASn-m-\-Xzw ka-Xz-amWv Fv ]Tn-n-
p-tm apkvenw \oXn-im-kv{X--tcmSv \apv tbmPnmw. Fm-
hpw km[y-amb, \ymb-bp--amb kaXzw krjvSn-m-\p a\p-
jy{]b-Xv\-n\v ssZhw Hc-Xnn \nW-bn-n-pv. ssZh-ns
Cu AXnh-c-p-I-fn-msX hcp-tm kaXzw shdpw A\p-hm-Z-ambn
A[x-]-Xnpw. Cu A\p-hmZw sNp Bfn-s\bpw kmaq-ly-hy-h-
-sbbpw Hcp-anv \in-n-tpw. a\p-jy-Ias, Nne {]h-
a\p-jym-h-Im-i- Ckvem-an 61
\- A\p-h-Zn-p-sImpw ap NneXv \ntcm-[n-p-sImpw AXp-
hgn a\p-jys {]mIrX kzmX-{ys hyntm kap-Zm-b-nt\m
Ign-bp-{X D]-Im-c-{]-Z-amb coXn-bn cq]-s-Sp-m ]mI-n,
Nne AXnh-c-p-I-fn-sem-Xpn \np \nb-a--sf-bmWv Cu
AXnn F hmp-sImv AY-am-p-Xv. cq]-sa-m-bmepw
Cu \nb-a- Htc ey-n-tev \op-p. s]mXp-hmb t{ibv
(akvel) F-XmWv Cu eyw. AX-\p-k-cnv auen-I-ambn ssZhn-
Ihpw hkvXp-Xm-]-c-ambn am\-hn-I-hp-amb \nb-a-v a\p-jy-]p-tcm-
K-Xn-b-msX asmcp ey-an; Cu eyw H t\m-n Hcp-]t
hy-a-s-mtmepw. ImcWw, Xm GsXmcp m\-n-sbpw
Zbm-hm-bv]n-sbpw ]c-a-t{km-X-mbn hn-p-pthm Ah-b-{Xbpw
{]I-S-am-m Hcp Imcyhpw sNm\pw ssZh-n\v h.'' (Legacy of
Islam F IrXn-bn Law and Society F {]_w t\mpI.)
Cu ImgvN-m-Sns kmcmwiw A_-eZv kqd-bpsS ASn-m-\-
n \apv hy-am-mw. AXns Cwojv `mjm--c-amWv Xmsg
tNp-Xv (A-[ymbw 90).
""]ca Imcp-Wn-I\pw Icp-Wm-\n-[n-bp-amb Am-lp-hns Xncp-\m-
a-n.
A! Cu ]-W-s-smv Rm kXyw sNpp. \o Cu ]-
W-n (\nb-{Ww \S-m) A\p-h-Zn--s-Sp-Xs{X. P\-I\pw
Ah P\n-n (k-Xn-Ifpw) kXyw. a\p-jys\ Xo-bmbpw
A[zm\ ti-n-tev \mw krjvSnp. Ahs ta Hcp-hpw (\nb-
{W) in-bn-sv Ah hnNm-cn-p-ptm? Ah ]d-bpp:
"(tap-ta-embn) A[nIw [\w Rm \in-np'. Ahs\ Hcp-h\pw
ImWp-n-sv Ah hnNm-cn-p-ptm! cv Ip-I Ah\v
\mw Dm-n-bn-nt! Hcp \mhpw cp Npp-Ifpw. cp s]cp-h-gn-I-
sfbpw \mw Ah\v ImWnp sImSpp. Fm (Db-c-n-te-p)
ae-m-X-bn Ah kml-k-sp Ib-dp-n. (Db-c-n-te-p)
ae-mX Fm-sWv \n\v a\-n-em-bn-ptm? ASn-asb tamNn-
n-p-Xv, As-n hni-ns Hcp Zn\-n\v Blmcw sImSp-p-
Xm-WXv. ASp _-ap A\m-Y-p-nv, As-n (Zmcn-{Zy-n-
s) s]mSn Cgp-In-n-Sn ]mh-s--h\v, Fnv hniz-kn-p-Ibpw a-
sb At\ym\yw A\p-im-kn-p-Ibpw Icp-Wsb At\ym\yw sNp-
h-cns Hcp-h-\m-bn-cn-pI (F-Xp-amWv). Ch heXp (ssIbpsS)
Iq- c mWv . \psS kt- i - - f n Ahn- i z- k n- p- - h CSXp
(ssIbpsS) Iq-cmWv Ah. Ahp-aosX aqS-s An-bm-Ipp.''
"A_- e Zv ' AYhm \Kcw FmWv Cu A[ym- b - ns
iojIw. Cu Fgp-p-Im-cs A`n-{]m-b-n, GI-ssZh hnizm-
k-n-e-[n-jvTn-X-amb Hcp aX-ns hf-bpsS ]m--e-n
62 a\p-jym-h-Im-i- Ckvem-an
s]mXp-P-\m-h-Im-i- F hnj-b-n-t-ep hnm-\-ns
A- apgp-h\pw CXp-sm-pp. A[ymbw Bcw-`n-p
\Kcw F hmp-sIm-p-t-in-p-Xv a FmWv. Ckvem-ans
{]hm-N-Is BK-a-\-n\v Bbncw sIm-p-apv lZvdv
C_vdmlow (A) Xm Xs ]np-S-m-cn Hcp hn`m-Ks hnt-
p-t]mb B acp-`q-an-bn Hcp \Kcw krjvSn--s-StW Fpw
(A[ymbw 14, kqw 37) Ah-cpsS CS-bn-eqsS Hcp {]hm-N-Is\
DbtW Fpw (A[ymbw 12, kqw 129) {]mYn-p-I-bp-mbn.
At-l-ns ]nKm-an-I-fn-sem-cm-fmb Ckvem-ans {]hm-N-I-\n-eqsS
Cu {]mY-\v Dcw \evI-s--tijw a\p-jy\v \evI-s Ah-
Imi {]Jym-]-\-ns kz`m-h-apsm-p HmWv Cu kqw.
CXv \K-c-ns {kjvSm-hn-\p Hcp kqN-\-bmWv. AtX \K-c-
n-s-bp Bi--I-fn\npw \ncm-i-I-fn\npw \K-cs
cn-m Hcp {]hm-N-I {]Xy--s-Sp--Xp-hsc At-l-ns
km-\-]-c-c ITn-\m-[zm-\-ns GsXmcp ]mX-bn-eq-sS-bmtWm
ISpt]mtc-Xv B ]mX-bm-WnXv. skan-nIv kwkvIm-c-ns P\n-
]qW-X-I-fpsS {]tZ-i-amb a-bn AXn\v BI-m-sS-bp Ime-
L--n-tev, A{_-lm-an\nv apl--Zn-te-p a\p-jy-sbpw
aX-n-sbpw ]cn-Wm-a-n-tev, AXv {iXncn-pp.
a\p-jy _pn-ap-p-Isf A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-m thn krjvSn-
-s-n-cn-pp. Cu _pn-ap-p-Isf AXn-P-bn-m\pw Pohn-X-n
A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-p ]co--W-sf kl-\-i-n-tbm-Sp-IqSn t\cn-
Sm\pw Ahs\ klm-bn-m Ahs sNbvXn-Isf apI-fn \np
t\mn-m-Wp GtXm Hcp in-bpv Fv Ah Fpw Hman-
n--s-Spp. Fm-bvtmgpw Ahs\ \nco-n-p-sIm-n-cn-p
Ahs \mY\pw cn-Xm-hp-amWv Cu in. a\p-jy\v ImgvN-in
\In-bn-pv. kwkm-c-in (\mhv) \In-bn-pv. cp Npp-I-
fm B \mhns\ \nb-{n-m-\p tijn \In-bn-pv. \mhn\v
D-cn-m ]m ]e Nnm-K-Xn-I-fp-ap-mIpw. Hcn--e-Xp--cnp
Ign-m, AXns {]Xym-Lm-X--fn\nv c-s-Sm bmsXmcp
hgn-bp-an. Ch-bn-eq-sS-sbmw a\p-jy\v \evI-s-n-p ssZhm-\p-
{K-l-s-n Cu A[ymbw hopw hopw Fn--d-bpp. a\p-
jy\v hy-amb cp hgn-I Nqn-m-Wnp sImSp--s-n-pv.
kXy-n-stbm Ak-Xy-n-stbm amKw Xnc-s-Sp-m-\p
kzmX{yw Ah-t-XmWv. Ah\v \-sN-p Btfm Xn-sN-p
Btfm Bbn-ocmw. km[y-amb Cu Xnc-s-Sp-n \-bpsS ]mX
kXy-tmSv tNp\np-Ibpw ka- sNp-Ibpw sNpI
F Imcyw Dsm-pp. CXmWv Ghpw DZm--amb Iaw.
Hcp hnizm-knv sNm-hp Ghpw DIr-jvS-amb Iaw Hc-Sn-asb
a\p-jym-h-Im-i- Ckvem-an 63
tamNn-n-pI F-XmWv. imco-cn-I-amb kzmX{yw am{X-a CXp-
sIm-Y-am-p-Xv. ap a\p-jy-cn \np -am-{X-a, kzw A[-a-
Xz-n \np-t]m-ep-ap [man-Ihpw am\-kn-Ihpw Bo-b-hp-amb
kzmX-{y-am-WXv. ASn-asb tamNn-n-pI F Cu {]tbmKw
Dsm-p-Xv A\n-hm-cy-am-b-Xn\np Cu kzmX-{y-amWv.
Fm Xc- n- e p- a p hnt[- b - X z- - f n \npw a\p- j y\v CXv
kzmX{yw t\Sn-sm-Sp-pp. hni-n \np tamNn-n-p-sImv
Ah hnip A\m-Y\v `Ww \IWw, an InS-p--h-
\mbn hnti-jn-n--s Zcn-{Zs\ klm-bn-Ww. ASn-asb tamNn-
n-pI, A\m-Y-scbpw, Bcmepw {in--s-Sm--h-scbpw Ac-n-
X-scbpw klm-bn-pI, km-n-I-ambn t\mp-tm \n[-\-scp
tXmp--h-scbpw Ghpw Xmgv ]Sn-bn \np--h-scbpw klm-
bn-pI. CsXmw kmaqly _m[y-X-I-fmWv. CXn-s\-m-n\pw ]pdta
hniz-kn-p-Xpw ap--hsc a-sb-p-dnpw Imcp-Wy-s-p-dnpw
DZvt_m-[n-n-p-Xpw _m[y-X-bmWv. AtKm-N-c-am-b-Xn a\p-jy
hniz-kn-t--Xpv. Fm {]hm-N-I-m-cnepw Ah hniz-kn-Ww.
Fm ssZh-Zq-X-m-cnepw hniz-kn-Ww. Jp-B-\n\p app-m-bn-cp-
-X-Sw Fm Ah-XoW {K--fnepw hniz-kn-Ww. Xs
{kjvSm-hmb ssZh-n-te-mWv a\p-jys Ah-km-\s aS-n-
tmv. IWv t_m[n-n-m-\p Ahs _m[yX ]c-a-amWv.
Pohn-X-nse ]co--W-fpw hnNm-c-W-Ifpw A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-p-
tm Hcp hnizmkn am-io-e\pw A\y-tcmSv Imcp-Wyhpw A\p-
Xm-]hpw ImWn-m {]mYn-p--h-\p-am-bn-cn--W-sav A\p-im-
kn--s-n-pv. Cu Pohn-X-coXn kzoI-cn-p-Ibpw Xnc-s-Sp-m-
\p X-fpsS A[n-Imcw ssZhnI \nb-a-nse hyh--I-
\p-k-cnv D]-tbm-K-s-Sp-p-Ibpw sNp--h-cmWv he-Xp-ssI-bpsS
Bfp-I-fmbn {]Jym-]n--s--h. Ahn-izm-kn-I CS-Xp-ssI-bpsS
Bfp-I-fmbn hnti-jn-n--s-n-cn-pp. Cu thXn-cn- aa-{]-
[m-\-amWv.
Ckvemw a\p-jy\v a\p-jy-kzm-X-{y-s-p-dnp Hc-h-Imi
{]Jym-]\w \evIpp. AtX-k-a-bw-Xs Xs D-c-hm-Zn t_m[-
s-p-dnpw hnt[-b-Xz-s-p-dnpw t_m[-hm-\m-tI Bh-iy-I-
X-bn Du \evIp-Ibpw sNpp. aX-hn-izm-k-n-sbpw BNm-
c--fp-sSbpw BZn-cq-]--fn a\p-jy-kz-`m-hs {Ia-s-Sp-m-\p
A\p-im-k-\- ]c-a-amb Iev]-\-I-fm-bn-cpp. DZm: tamsi-bpsS
\nb-a-nse ]p Iev]-\-I. Acw Ah-k-c--fn, \nb-am-\p-
kr-X-ambn Hcp hnizmkn s]cp-am-dp-I-bm-sW-n, hnizm-kn-bpsS B
A\p-k-cWw ]cn-]qWam-bn-cpp. \nb-a-tm-Sp bm{n-I-amb
A\p-k-c-Ww-t]mepw aXn-bm-bn-cpp. ]t, Jp-B ^pJm IqSn-
64 a\p-jym-h-Im-i- Ckvem-an a\p-jym-h-Im-i- Ckvem-an 65

bmWv. AXm-bXv, a\p-jy\v km[y-amb hnth-N-\m-[n-Im-chpw hI- m klm-b-I-amb amK- kzbw Is-m Ah\v km[y-
Xn-cnhpw \Ip Hcp {K-amWv. B {K-n Hcp kzX{ a Xs. Xm GsXmcp D-X-amb Ah--bn Fn-t-cm
GP v F \ne-bn X\np apn Xpd-n kz`m-h-co-Xn-I-fpsS hn[n--s-n-cn-p-pthm B ]c-a-amb Ah--sb-p-dn-p hy-
cq]-tcJ hc-p-Ibpw Hu-Xy-n-tev hnj-aw-]n-Sn ]mX Xnc- amb Hcm-ibw amdn-sm-n-cn-p Hcp ssPh-L-S-\pw Dm-hm
s-Sp-m-\m-lzm\w sNp-Ibpw sNpp. kXy-tmSp tNp km[y-a. Aip--amb hfw hen-s-Spp hf-cp-Xpw hf-bpsS
\np- icn-bpsS ]mX Ah sXc-s-Sp-t--Xpv. Fm Hcp L-n Ce-Ifpw Imhpw appw am{X-am-bp--Xp-amb
Ak-a-Xz--p-sa-Xn-cmbn Ah Dd-p-\nt--Xpv. Ckvemw tdmkm-s-Sn-bn Hcp Znhkw Hcp Nph tdmkmq hncn-bp-sav
hnizm-knsb Xs ktlm-Z-cs kqn-p-Im-c-\m-n-bn-cn-pp; Bpw [mc-Wm-h-l-ambn {]h-Nn-pI h. Hc-h--bnepw sNSnv
hnti-jnpw B ktlm-Z-c \ncm-{i-b\pw Bcmepw {in--s- CX-dn-bp-hm Ign-bp-I-bn. hnNn-{X-amb hkvXpX Fm-sW-m
Sm--h\pw Ac-n-X-\p-am-bn-cn-p-tm. icn-bmb hnizmk-an-m- Aip--amb hfw hen-s-Spp hf-cp Hv Ah-km\w ]cn-Wma
-Xn-\m icn-bmb kz`m-h-co-Xn-I-fp-m-hp-I-bn. F-Xp-sImv {]{In-b-bn Xs ]q-fn-eqsS {]k-cn-p kpK--m ]cn-afw
hniz-kn-m Npa-X-e-s-Sp-pI hgn AX-hs D-c-hm-ZnXz a- krjvSn-pp. sNSn an thcp-d-n-n-p-Xpw A\-m Ign-bm-
es hnkvXr-X-am-pp. Jp-B-\n Ah-XoW-amb ssZhnI -Xp-am-sW-nepw, Cu AZv`pXw kw`-hn-p-tm Xs tI{-m-
hN-\-n-eqsS Ah\v ]Tn-n icn-bmb hnizm-k-n Xs kz`m- \-p-\nv ^tem-p-I Zqc-s-p kpKw krjvSn-p-Ibpw
h-ns ASn-d m]n-p-hm Ah-t\m-Sm-h-iy-s-n-cn-pp. hfsc AI-ev \np a\p-jy-sc-tmepw ]qhns AkvXnXzw
`qan-bn X\n-p PohnXw Ah-km-\n-p--Xp-hsc Xs kl- Adn-bn-p-Ibpw sNpp. A\m-h-iy-ambn hf-cp Ce-Ifpw sImp-
Po-hn-Isf kl-\-i-nbpw A\p-I-bpw ]pen-smv a- Ifpw apw shn-am-p tXm-m-c Ce-I-fpsS Fw Ipd-m\pw
bpsS amK-n-tev Wn-p Dm-l-im-en-bmb Hcp Ipcn-ip- IqSp-X \ ]pjv]- hncn-bn-m\pw sNSn-bn Aeo-\-am-bn-
bp--m-c-\m-hpI hgn Ckvem-ans amK-n Hcp {]t_m-[-I- p in h[n-n-m-\p-amWv {ian-p-Xv. hnizm-kn-bpsS Pohn-X-
\m-hm Ah-t\m-Sm-lzm\w sN-s-n-cn-pp. C-s\-sbms n Cu shn-am- {]{In-bsb XJvh-tbm-Sp-]-anmw. Xn-ep
Abm sNbvXp-sh-n Abm icn-bmb coXn-bn amK-Zi\w ssPh-hm-k-\-Isf apgp-h-\pap-t]-n-m Ah-t\m-Sm-h-iy-s-Sp-
sN-s--h-\mWv. CXn\v At-l-n\v ]c-tem-I-Po-hn-X-n aXn- n. adnv, Ah-s\mcp B-\n-b-{Ww km-Zn-t--Xm-bpv.
bmb {]Xn-^-ew e`n-p-Ibpw sNpw. B Pohn-X-amWv Cl-temI As\ hcp-tm Ah-\n-ep DuPw Hcn-epw Ahs AkvXn-
Pohn-X-hp-ambn Xn-p-t\m-p-tm bYmYw. Cu PohnXw hcm-\n- Xz-ns arKo-b-X-e-n sNe-h-gn--s-Sp-I-bn. adnv, ac-W-
cn-p Pohn-X-n\p thn hnsm-cp-p ew am{X-amWv. ns sISp-Xn-Isf AXn-P-bn-m\pw IqSp-X DIr-jvShpw IqSp-
hcm-\n-cn-p Pohn-X-amWv IqSp-X sahpw imiz-Xhpw. Cu Pohn- X sa-s--Xp-amb \nXm Pohn-X-ns {]Xn-^-e-sf B{i-
X-am-Is, B Pohn-X-n {]Xn-^ew e`n-p--Xn-\p Hc-h-kcw bn-m\pw Ah\v Ignhv \Ip AkvXn-Xz-ns DX cq]--
\apv \evIpI am{X-amWv sNp-Xv. `qan-bnse PohnXw \Ip fn-tev cq]m--c-s-Sp-p-Ibpw sNpw. a\p-jys\ tI{-am-n-
Cu Ah-k-c-sf icn-bmbn D]-tbm-K-s-Sp-p-I-bm-sW-n Hcp bnp Hcp ]cn-t{]-y-n-eqsS t\mp-tm ]mm-Xy-Nn--I
hnizm-knv Cu Pohn-X-n hnPbw t\Sm\pw HwXs hcm-\n- a\p-jym-h-Im-i- hynsb tns `oj-W-amb A[n-Im-c-i-
cn-p imiz-X-amb Pohn-X-n aXn-bmb {]Xn-^-e-\- Ic- n-bpsS AXn-{I-a--fn \nv cn-p--Xn-\p A\p-tbm-Py-
-am-m\pw Ignbpw. amb amK--fn Ihnv asm-p-a-sv Icp-Xpp. Cu AXn-
Jp-B kqva-ambn ]Tn-p-tm e`n-p Bi-bm-[n-jvTn- {I-a- arKob `qcn-]--ns \nb-a-\nam-Wm-[n-Im-c- D]-
X-amb Hcp kwhn-[m-\-n a\p-jys\ tI{o-I-cn-p-tm, a\p- tbm-Kn-p-sImv a\p-jys hyn-hn-Im-k-n-\p km[y-X-Isf
jys m\w t\mn-m-tW-Xv Hcp ]qo-I-cn-t Dw \ntj-[n-p \oXn-bn-m \nb-a- ASn-t]n-p--h-bmWv.
F \ne-. amdn-sm-n-cn-p AkvXnXzw F \ne-mWv. adp-h-iv Ckvemw Cu Ah-Im-i- {Ia-s-Sp-pp; \nh-Nn-
Hcp ]cn-h\ Zi-bn-em-W-h Fp-thWw IW-m-m. Hcp p-Ibpw kwc-n-p-Ibpw sNpp. ssZh-ns \nb-a-fpw
Znhkw Fm-a-h-km-\n-np-sImv Ahs acWw kw`-hn-pp. Ah-km\ {]hm-N-Is Ncy-Ifpw A\p-k-cn-m-\p Hcp am\-kn-
Cu CS-me ka-bv, Xs k-bpsS DIrjvS taJ-e-I-fn-se- Im-h hnizm-kn-I-fn krjvSn-p-sImpw ssZh-\n-b-a-fpw {]hm-
66 a\p-jym-h-Im-i- Ckvem-an

NI Ncybpw kzbw A\p-k-cn-m \n_-n-X-amb krjvSn--

s A[n-Im-c-tI-{-sf A\p-k-cnp ImWn-p-sIm-p-am-WnXv
km[n-p-Xv. Ckvemw a\p-jys Imcy- ssZh-{K-hpw {]hm-
N-I-N-cy-bp-a-\p-k-cnv \S-pp. Cu Ah-Im-i-sf Dd-n-p-Xv
a\p-jy\v `qan-bn Pohn-p Hcp hyn F \ne-p hfv
km[y-amb kml-N-cy- krjvSn-p--Xn Ahs\ klm-bn-
m thn am{X-a. adnv, _mly-ambpw B-cn-I-ambpw ssZhnI
\nb-a-sf, AXm-bXv, {kjvSm-hn\v am{Xw a\p-jys ta Npa-
m tbmKy- X - b p \nb- a - sf A\p- k - c n- m ]mI- n
Ahs kz`mhw cq]-s-Sp-m IqSn Ahs\ klm-bn-m-\mWv.
Cu ssZhn-I-\n-b-a--f\pkcnv Pohn-p-tm a\p-jy kzX-{-
\m-hm ]Tn-pp. Ckvemw Ah-XoW aX--fpsS Ime-Lw Ah-
km-\n-n-pp. C\n-sbmcp {]hm-N-I hcm-\n-spw C\n a\p-jy\v
Xc-Ww-sN-m-\p ]mX t\sc-bm-sWpw Cu ]mX Xnc-s-Sp-
p--Xn-\p aXn-bmb amK-Zi\w hnip--{Kw Dsm-p-
p-shpw {]kvXm-hn-p-sImv Ckvemw a\p-jys\ kzX-{-\mbn
{]Jym-]n-pp. AXn-\m, C\n-sbmcp Xnc-s-Spv \S-t-Xv
Ah-\mWv. Xs Xnc-s-Spv A\p-k-cnv B ]mX Hp-In
Ahs\ kzK-n-tev \bnpw; As-n \c-I-n-tev..........