Nompinte Chaithanyam

t\mns ssNX\yw 3
t\mns ssNX\yw
A_p lk Aen \Zv h n
hnh: Fw Fw \Zv h n
{hX-ns XXzw, Dt-iyw, t{ijvT-X, AXv hyn-bnepw

kaq- l - nepap- m- p kZv K pW- Fnh hfsc
`wKn-bmbn Bhn-jvI-cn-n-p Hcp al-Zv{K--w.
4 t\mns ssNX\yw
MALAYALAM
TITLE : NOMPINTE CHAITHANYAM
AUTHOR : ABUL HASSAN ALI NADVI
COVER : MUJEEB KOKKOOR
LAYOUT: MUJEEB KOKKOOR & K T JEMSHY
FIRST EDITION: MAY 2008
DTP: MICROPRINT, CALICUT-2
PRINTED AT: KAIRALI OFFSET PRINTS, CLT-2
PRICE: RS. 35 /-
YBH : 298
COPYRIGHT RESERVED WITH PUBLISHER
P.B NO: 524, R.M.ROAD, KOZHIKODE-2, PHONE: 2701812

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t\mns ssNX\yw 5
{]km-[I
-
- p-dnv
Ckvem-anse {hX-ns XXzw, Dt-
iyw, t{ijvT-X, AXv hyn-bnepw kaq-
l-nepap-m-p kZvKpW-
Fnh hfsc `wKn-bmbn Bhn-jvI-cn-n-
p, temI-{]-ikvX ]n-X A_p
lk Aen \Zvhn-bpsS Hcp al-Zv{K--
am-Wn-Xv. {hXw hyn-bp-sSbpw kaq-l-
n-sbpw Bo-b-hpw ùXn-I-hp-amb
]ptcm- K - X nv Imc- W - a m- I p- - s X- - s \-
sbv \Zv h n kmln_v Cu IrXn- b n
aqey-hn-Nmcw sNp-p. {hX-n\v C-
c- n- e p- s mcp thdn hmb\ ae- b m- f -
n BZy-t-Xm-bn-cn-pw.
tImgn-tmSv Ub- d - I v S
1805- 08 bphX
6 t\mns ssNX\yw
t\mns ssNX\yw 7
{K-Im-cs- \-p-dnv
auem\m \Zvhnsb ]cn-N-b-s-Spt Bh-iy-an-. B ]pcp-
jm-bp-ns\ {lkz-ambn Hp hc-p-Im-Wn-m t]mepw Hcp-]mSp
hmfy- - f p {Kw thnhcpw. Xs "Pohn- X - b m{X'bnse
{][m\ kw`- h - am{Xw tcJ- s - S p- n- b Fp hmfy- - f p
"Imhms\ knKn' Xs AXn-\p-Zm-l-c-W-am-Wv.
{]hm-NI]u{X lk (d)-hns kXn ]c--c-bn Cy-
bn Fn- s Aao IzpXp_pos ]nX- e - a p- d - b n lIow
knZv A_vZplv e-Iv\hn hp. Xs BZy `mcy-bpsS ac-W-
tijw dmbn- _ td- e n- b nse Hcp Zo\o- { ]- t _m- [ - I \pw ]n- X - \ p-
ambncp knbm- D - - _ n- b psS ]p{Xn ssJdp- n- k sb hnhmlw
sNbv X p. B ZmXyh- c n- b nse GI km- \ - a mbn ln: 1333
apldw 6\v (F Un 1914) Aen- an- b m F auem\m \Zv h n
PwsImp.
HXmw hb-n ]nXmhv ac-W-s-p. {]mY-anI hnZym-`ym-k-
n-\p-tijw 14-mw hb-n eIvt\m bqWn-th-gvkn-n-bn Ad_n
kmln-Xy-]-T-\-n\v tNp. AXp- I-gnv emtlm-dn t]mbn.
1929- hopw ZmdpDeqan(e-Ivt\m) Xncn-p-hv "lZokv' ]T-
\-n\p tNp. Am-ev Ahn-sS-bp-m-bn-cp Am-a-m X-Izn-
p-o lnem-en-bpsS injyXzw e`n-p. At-l-n \npw ssiJv
Jeo apl- Zv Ad- _ n- b n\npw Ad_n kmln- X y- n
{]tXyI in-Whpw Ah-Km-lhpw t\Sn. 1930, 31 hopw emtlm-
dn-tep t]mbn. 1932 Zbq-_-n-bn-se-n. auem\m lpssk
Alv a Zv aZ- \ n- b psS injyXzw t\Sn. ]nsbpw emtlm- d n- s e- n.
A- h nsS Adn- b - s {]ikv X aX- ] m- T - i m- e bmbn- c p
IzknapDeq-an \nv "IzpB hymJym-\-imkv{X'n _ncp-
Z-sa-Sp-p.
1934 apX 1945 hsc eIv t \m ZmdpDeq- a n A[ym- ] - I - \ m-
bn. ]noSv {K-c-N-\, ]{X-{]-h-\w, kwL-S\m {]h-\w,
{]t_m- [ - \ w, temI- ] cyS\w, temI- t \- X m- - f p- a mbn IqSn- m- g v N ,
8 t\mns ssNX\yw
hnZym- ` ym- k - - k mw- k v I m- c nI {]h\w XpS- nb Imcy- - f n

apgp-In. temI-ns Fm `mK-fnepw ]e {]mhiyw ]cy-S\w
\S-n. Ahn-Ss P\--sfbpw `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-sfbpw ]cn-N-b-
sv A`n-kw-t_m-[\sNbvXp. AXn-\n-S-bn tIc-f-nepw ]e
{]mhiyw hp. Cy P\-X-sbbpw cmjv{Sobkm-aqlykmw-
kv I m- c nI {]h- I - s cbpw kZm KpW- t Zm- j n- p- s Im- n- c p- p.
Ckv e m- a nI ]n- X - s cbpw {]t_m- [ - I - s cbpw kml- N - c y- - f pw
Npp-]m-Sp-I-sfbpw a\-n-em-n, Ime-L--ns `mj-bn X-
fpsS ZuXyw \nh-ln-m DZvt_m-[n-n-p. AXn At-l-ns
BmY-Xbpw AI-f--Xbpw AwKo-I-cn-p-sIm-p-Xs BZ-cn-
- s - p.
auem\m \Zvhnv Ad_n`mj-bn am{Xw sNdpXpw hep-Xp-
ambn GXmv Ccp-\q-tdmfw cN-\-I-fp-v. AXn-e-[n-Iw Ddp-Zp-hnepw
cNn-p. Cu IrXnIfn ]eXpw Cv temI-`m-j-I-fn-tev samgn-
amw sN-s-n-pv. {]t_m-[\ cwKv \nXy-{]-k--amb B
Aaqey krjv S n- I - f n anXpw Imes AXn- P o- h n- p- - h - b m-
Wv. B[p-\nI Ime-L--n Hcn-y-m-c-\mb bpK-{]-`mh Ad-
_n- ` mjv ]pXp- P o- h sImSp- - X n apkv e nw- I fpw Ad_v
temIhpw `mjm-t{]-an-Ifpw B Icp-p Xqen-Isb ap-IWvTw
{]iwkn- p.
1934 \hw- _ - d n {]ikv X ]n- X \pw Ihn- b p- a m- b n- c p
knZv A_vZpdm-Izv kzmln-_n-sbpw Xs amXr-k-tlm-Z-cn-bp-
sSbpw ]p{Xn- b m- b n- c p Xzn- _ - J m- X q- \ ns\ hnhmlwsNbv X p.
ZmXy Pohn- X - n km- \ - k u- ` m- K y- a p- m- b n- .
"A_plk' XqenIm \mahpw "Aen' hyn-\m-ahpw "lk\n'
kw_-nIm \mahpw "\Zvhn' _ncp-Z-\m-a-hp-am-Wv.
Ccp-]Xmw \qm-n-s Ah-km-\-Zn-h-k-amb 1999 Unkw-_
31 (1420 da-Zzm 22) shn-bmgvN Ppap-A-bpsS Aev]w apv At-
l-ns XymtKm-Pze Pohn-X-n\v "ZmC-d-tb- im-A-e-ap'bn
shv Xncoe hoWp. GXmv cp e-tmfw Bfp-I At-
l-n-s An-tam-]Nm-c-n-s\-n-b-Xmbn As hmm-
am- [ y- a - dntmpsNbv X p. Hdp Ad_n IhnX ChnsS Hma
hcpp:
""ssllmX ssllmX am-\p -_n-an-kn-enln
C--am\ _n anknenln e_-Jo-ep''
Ckvem-an\pw a\p-jy-cm-inpw Atlw sNbvX kZvIa
Amlp kzoI-cn--s. At-l-sbpw \-sfbpw Ah kzK-
n Hcp-anpIq-s.
6-6-1429 ln. Fw Fw aplvbn-o \Zvhn
12-05-2008 {In. "a^mkv' Ipp- FS-h
ae-pdw 676 541
t\mns ssNX\yw 9
BapJw
ln. 1397 ({In. 1977) ZmdpDeqw \Zvh-p De-a-bn \nv
]T\w ]qn-bm-n. da-Zzm-\nse Ah-km\ \mfpI dmbn-_-td-
en-bnse auem\m \Zvhn-bpsS Xmake-amb "ZmC-d-tb im Ae-
ap-' (XInb Iem) bn Ignp-Iq-n. Zmdp Deq-anse hnZymYn-
Iv ]nXr- X peyw kv t \lw sImSp B alm\p`mh- \ p- a mbn
]ncn-bm hnjaw tXmn. Fnepw cp sIm-mew XpSscbmbn
tIc- f - n \nv hnp- \ n hnc- l - t h- Z \ AI- m- \ p B{K- l -
m s]cp-m-fn-\p-tijw At-l-tmSp hnS tNmZnp. Atm
{]mYn- p- I bpw D]- t Z- i n- p- I bpw sNbv X p. Atlw ]dp:
""kzw \mnepw Npp-]m-Snepw t]mbn {]t_m-[\ {]h-\-
\S- p- I . Ckv e m- a n\pw apkv e nw- I pw a\p- j y- c m- i npw \-
bmbn hn-p-I...'' A\-cw ASp Imev {]kn-o-I-cn
Xs Nne IrXn-I F\np Xp. Ign-bp-sa-n Ah ae-bm-f-
n XPa sNp-hm\pw ]d-p. AXp tI-tm B hniz-a-
lm-]-nXs Nn-Iv ae-bmf `mjyw \evIm\p Xqen-Im-
in F\n- n- - t m- s b ZpxJ- a m- b n- c p- p. Fnepw {ian- p.
Amlp "XuôIzv' \evIn.
]noSp Ip- a p- nbtmgpw t]m hgnbpw Atlw
F\nv , Xs ]pXnb IrXn- I hopw Xp. AXn Hm- b n-
cpp Ckv e m- a nse NXpkv X w`- sf (\- a - k v I m- c w, kIm- v ,
t\mv, lv) pdn AIms\ A_A F IrXn. B _rl-
mb {K- nse "t\mv ' F A[ymb- ns hnh- \ -
1 0 t\mns ssNX\yw
amWnXv. 1984 "A-Ims\ A_A'bpsS XPa ]qn-bmn

ssIsb-gp-p-tIm-n-bp-ambn Rm auem-\sb Ip. Ap-Xs
AXnse Hmtcm A[ymbw kzX-{-Ir-Xn-I-fmbn {]kn-o-I-cn-p--
Xns\p-dnp kwkm-cn-p. {]Y-a-Lw Hmbn Cd-m\pw ]noSp
thW-sa-n Hmtcm A[ymbw kzX-{-ambn {]kn-o-I-cn-p-sIm-
m\pw Atlw \ntZ- i n- p- I bpw A\p- h - Z n- p- I bpw sNbv X p.
"AIms\ A_A' kmam\yw Hcp henb IrXn- b m- b - X n- \ m
{]kn-o-I-c-W-sN-ehv Hcp {]iv\-am-bn. A-s\-bn-cn-p-tmgmWv
bphX _pIv lukv B ZuXyw Gs- S p- Xv . 1987 Ipn- pdw
apPm-lnZv kt-f-\-tm-S-\p-_-nv bph-X AXp {]kn-o-I-cn-p.
Ctm hopw "bphX'Xs CXp ]pd- n- d - p- p. Ahp
\n tcJ-s-Sp-p-p.
hnh- I
t\mns ssNX\yw 1 1
D-Sw
a\pjys DtZym-Khpw eyhpw ................................................ 13
tZl--tZlo hSw-h-en-bpsS {]Xn-^-e-\w .................................... 18
{hXw PohnX km^-ey-n\pw kz`mh cq]o-I-c-W-n\pw .......... 21
{hXw ]ucm-WnI aX--fn ..................................................... 24
Biqdm- {hXw ........................................................................... 33
{hXw hn[n-kq-- ........................................................... 42
Ckvemanse {hX-ns {]tXy-I-Xbpw t{ijvT-Xbpw ........ 50
{hX-ns KpW-ssh-in-jvSy-fpw in-kzm-[o-\hpw ............ 54
{hX- ns Dt- i y- e - y- Nhn- n- s a- X n- - s - S p- p .... 63
1 2 t\mns ssNX\yw
t\mns ssNX\yw 1 3
a\pjys DtZym-Khpw eyhpw

a\p-jy arK-n-sbpw amem-J-bp-sSbpw CS-bvp Pohn-bm-
Wv. Ah-\n Cu cv hncp krjvSnI-fp-sSbpw {]IrXn Ahy-
hpw AXn-tem-e-hp-amb cq]-n Ds-Sp-n-bn-cn-p-p. amem-
J-bp-sSbpw arK-n-sbpw KpW-K-W-fpw {]tXy-I-X-Ifpw IqSn
t Ap-X-I-chpw Akm-[m-c-W-hp-amb Hcp krjvSn-bmWv a\p-
jy. GXptZymKw \nh-ln-m-\pw Dt-iy-e-y- ]qo-I-
cn-m\pw thn-bmtWm Ah krjvSn--s-Xpw Bm-]n--
s-Xpw AXn-m-h-iy-amb KpW-fpw Ign-hp-Ifpw Ah\v \evIn-
bn-cn-p-p. {]kvXpX Dtiy\nh-l-W-n\pw ey k^-eo-I-
c-W-n\pw ae-p-Itfm arK-tfm ]cym-]vX-a-. Jnem-^-v, Aam-
\-v, C_m-Zv Fn-h-bmWv B DtZym-Khpw ey-hpw.
hnip Izp-B AXv hnti-jn-n-p--Xn--s\-bmWv: ""\ns
\mY ae- p- I - t fmSv ]d k`w; Rm `qan- b n Hcp
"Jeo^'sb \nb-an-p-hm t]mIp-p. Ah tNmZn-p: cw Nnp-
Ibpw Ipg--ap-m-p-Ibpw sNp--hsc \o AXn \nb-an-p-I-
bmtWm? \ns ]cn-ip-nsb hmgvm\pw kvtXm{Xw {]Io\w
sNm\pw R-fp--tm. Amlp ]dp: \n Adn-bm-Xv
Rm Adn-bp-p.'' (2:30)
asmcp ev Amlp ]d-bpp: ""BIm-i `qan-I-tfmSpw ]h-
X--tfmSpw "Aam-\v' hln-p-hm \mw Bh-iy-s-p. Atm
AXv hln-p-hm Ah hnk--Xn-p-Ibpw `b-s-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
a\p-jy AXp hln-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. \nbw, Ah hf-sc-b-
[nIw A{I-anbpw hnhcwsI-h-\p-am-bn.''(Alvkm_v 72)
asmcp Bb-n Amlp ]d-bpp: ""a\p-jys\bpw Pnn-
s\bpw F\nv am{Xw C_m-Zv sNp-hm-\-msX Rm krjvSn-
n-n-. Ah-cn \npw Rm Blmcw Dt-in-p-n-. Fs Ah
`n-n--W-sapw F\n-m-{K-lhp-an-.'' (Zm-cn-bmv 56,57)
1 4 t\mns ssNX\yw
Jnem-^-ns tX-
a\p-jy\v e`n "Jnem-^s' ]Z-hn, AXns ZmXm-hn-t\mSpw
AtX-s-Sp--h-tcmSpw i-amb Nne _- tXSp-p. ZmXm-
hn \nv Ahs KpWsshin-jvSy--fpsS {]Xn-mb "Jnem-^v'
ssIsm-p. Hu-Xyw, ]cn-ip-n, AZzn-Xo-b-Xzw, ]cm-{i-b-cm-ln-
Xyw, Icp-W, HuZm-cyw, B{ZX, ]pWyw, kl-\w, hnth-Iw, in,
kam-[m-\w Cs\ t]mIpp B KpW-ssh-in-jvSy-. a\p-jys
KX-Ime kw`h]c--c-I-fn-epw, Ncn-{X-ns \nJne Zi-I-fnepw
"Jnem- ^ v ' {]kv X pX alXv KpW- - f psS {]Xn- mb aptJ\
Av Ic--am-p-I-bp-m-bn.
B kZvKp-W--fpsS hm-pw hml-Ipw kvt\lm-Z-c-
-tfmsS AXv Iosgm-Xp-n-sm-Sp-p. tad alXv KpW-
-fpsm-m Ign-bm--hv AtX-s-Sp-m\pw Ign-n-.
Ah-cpsS a\--cpv "Jnem-^n's apn bn-p-t]m-bn.
Fm AtX- s - S p a\p- j y- c n \npw Ah- c p- t S- X mb
{]tXyI -X-Ifpw KpW-K-W-fpw "Jnem-^v' kzoI-cn-p. A-
s\-bmWv a\p-jys Zu_-ey--fn-epw thZ-\-I-fnepw B{K-l--
fnepw ]p-tN-cm-\pw, Ahs `cWw \m-n-om-\pw, Ah-
\n \neo-\-amb Hmtcm-n-s\bpw AXm-Xns m\v {]Xn-jvTn-
m\pw `qan-bn \nn-]vX-amb kpw \n[n-Ifpw D]-tbm-K-s-
Spm\pw "Jnem-^v' Xocp-am-\n--Xv. XZzmc a\p-jy-\n t`mK--
t`m-P\ Nn-bpw, ta X]-c-Xbpw kpJm-t\z-j-W-hpw, ]pXpa-
I-tfmSp B`n-ap-Jyhpw, \Kc hXvI-c-W-hm-k-\-bp-samw krjvSn-
-s-p.
tZlhpw tZlnbpw
Cu ASn-m-\-n tZlhpw tZlnbpw IqSn-b-XmWv a\p-jy.
AXp-sImv tZln AXns ey-n-tepw amK-n-tepw
Ahs\ Wn-p-p. AXns DtZym-Khpw tI{hpw Ahs\
Hmas-Sp-p-p. Ah h temI-ns IhmSw Xpd-p-sIm-
Sp-pp. B temI-ns hnim-e-Xbpw ku-cyhpw \na-e-Xbpw
]cn-ip-nbpw Ahs\ ]dv tIn-p-p. Ahs AIc-W-
n B temI-tmSp A\p-cm-Khpw A\p-`q-Xnbpw Dun-bp-d-
n-p-p. Xnn-bXpw `mcn--Xp-amb ùXn-I-Po-hn-X-n-s\-Xnsc Ah-
\n hn]vfhmn Pzen-n-p-p. Cu CSp-nb Iqn \nv AXv
Im-\-q-n-em-sW-n t]mepw tamN\w t\Sm Bm-]n-p-
p. A\--hn-im-e-amb A-co--n ]d-m in-bmbn t{]cn-
n-p-p.
t\mns ssNX\yw 1 5
AXv ]dbpp: ""tl a\p-jym, \o Pohn-X-nsetmsg-nepw

Znh-k-tfm amk-tfm sIm--tfm- -\ns ]cn-Nn-X-cmb A`n-cp-
Nn-I-fn \npw, A\n-hm-cy-amb Bh-iy--fn \npw, CW-n-
t amaq-ep-I-fn \npw, ioen BNm-c--fn \npw Hp
hnp-\nevq! \ns _n-n-cn-p N-e-I Adp-p-ap-dnq!''
`W ]m\o-b- apn Iqm-c-am-bn-cn-p-tm, kpe-`-ambn
AXp-]-tbm-Kn-m km[n-p-tm, tZln D]-tZ-in-p-I-bmWv: "\o
]nWn InS--Ww. \n\v Zmln--Ww.'
B hni-nepw Zml-n-epw, hn`-h-k-ar--amb Blm-c--fn
\np e`n-m Hcp {]tXyI Xc-n-ep A\p-`qXn Ah-\p e`n-
p-p. Atm ssIh-cp Aev]-k-a-bs a\-m-n-[yw, lrZ-
b-im-n, B-ip-n, Bam-i-b-hn-{i-aw, B-km-bq-Pyw, tZtlm
tamN-\w, PohnX Nn-I-sf N-q-Sn-t\m-Sp hnS XpS-nb Imcy-
-sfmw Hcp henb ku`m-Kyhpw km^-ey-hp-ambn Ah ImWp-
p. AXn-e-h Xs kqW-Xbpw B-im-nbpw Is-p-
p. A, Pohn-X-ns Imnbpw am[p-cyhpw AXn am{X-am-
sWv hnNm-cn-p-p. Hcp ]n tNt-dp--Xp-t]mse, Hcp ayw
sh-n-tev FSp-p-Nm-Sp--Xp-t]mse, AXn Ah A`bw
tXSp-p. CsXmw Ah-\n \nn-]vX-amb, AeuInI temI-p-
\nv e`y-amb Bm-hns {]h-\--fm-Wv. Fm ""Bm-
hns\ kw_-nv Ah \ntmSp tNmZn-pp; ]d-bpI: Bmhv
Fs \mYs Iev]\bn s]-Xp-am-Wv.'' (hn.Izp CkvdmAv 85)
""Ah- \ n Rm Fn\np Bm- h ns\ DuXp- I bpw
sNbvXp.'' (hn.Izp lnPv 29)
adp-h-iv tZl-am-Wv. AXv AXns tI{-n-tepw ey-
n-tepw Ahs\ Wn-p-p. GXmWm tI{w? X\n-a-v, AXm-
Is ]cp-]-cpv XWp-p-d Xd. thsdbpw KpW- AXn-\p-
v. `mchpw A[-a-Xzhpw AXns apJ-ap-{Z-I-fm-Wv.
Amlp ]d-bpp: ""kXy-ambpw ]mI-s-Sp-nb sNfn DWn
Ddpmb, apn-bm apg-p Ifn-a-p-sImp a\p-jys\ \mw
krjvSn-p.'' (hn.-Izp. lnPv 26)
asmcp ev Amlp ]d-bpp: ""Atm Ah-cmtWm
AX (a-e-p-I, BImi, `qan XpS-n) \mw krjvSn-h-
cmtWm krjvSn-bn Ghpw in-bp--h-scv Ah-tcmSv At\z-
jn-pI. \nbw, \ma-hsc Hn-n-Sn-p Ifn-a-n \nv krjvSn-
p''(hn.-Izp. kzm^v^mv 11).
C\nbpw Amlp ]d-bp-Xp ImWpI: ""HmSp-t]mse apn-bm
apg-p Ifn-a-p-sImv a\p-jys\ Ah krjvSn-p.'' (hn.-Izp.
Adlvam 14)
1 6 t\mns ssNX\yw
tZln-bpsS A[n-Imcw ay-\n Zp_-e-am-Ip-tm, As-

n A[n-Im-c-ns ISn-m tZl-ns Ic--fn ]qW-
ambn Aap Ign-bp-tm, Ah kpJ-t`m-K--fp-sSbpw ico-tc-
-I-fp-sSbpw ASn-a-bm-bn-o-cp-p. AtXmsS Ah arK--sf-
tmse hnl-cn-p-p. kzt_m[w \jvS-sv Ae-y-ambn Ae-bp-
p. "Ah-\nse arKw' Dbns-gp-t-evp-p. tZlm-`n-emj k^-
eo-I-c-WmYw Npn\S-p--h Npp-]m-Sp-Isf ]qW-ambn hnkva-
cn-pw. Ah Xs [njWmhym]mcw aptJ\ _pn-bp-sS-bpw, kZm-
Nm-c-n-sbpw \oXn-bp-sSbpw \nb-Xn-bp-sSbpw Btcm-Ky-n-sbpw
sshZy-im-kv{X-n-sbpw AXnh-cp-p-I-sf-sbmw ewLnp apt-
dm ]p kc-Wn-I Ip-]n-Sn-pw. Ahs a\--cppw _pn-
Iqa-Xbpw Fp-th kh Ign-hp-Ifpw `-W-]m-\o-b- hn`-
h-k-ar--am-p--Xn HXp-pw. AanX t`mP-\-n\v klm-b-I-amb
km[-\- Fv? hnipw Zl-\hpw \evIp acp-p-I-sf-smw?
`-W-tmSv B`n-apJyw krjvSn-p hkvXp--sf-smw? DSs\
Zl\{]{In-b-p-]-bp--amb ê--sf-smw? Cs\ t]mIpp
Ahs Nn-I.
Npcp--n ay Cv A_vZp_mcn \Zvhn ]d--Xp-
t]mse ""imkv{X-ns Z-tKm-]p-c-n-emWv. \mK-cn-I-X-bpsS
Dn-bn-emWv; kwkvIm-c-nsbpw ]cn-jvIm-c-n-sbpw sImSp-ap-
Sn-bn-em-Wv; Fnpw Ah Nm-p Igp-Xtbm, \new Dgp-Xp-a-dn-
p Imftbm BWv. Ah ssU\nwKv lmfn \npw em{Sn-\n-
te-pw, em{Sn-\n \nv ssU\nwKv lmfn-tepw Idn PohnXw
Ign-p-p. B Id--ns Npcp--t-cm-Wnv Pohn-Xw. `-W-
-fn-I-bp-sSbpw Agp-p-Nm-en-sbpw at[y-bp Zqcw. B XpS-
hpw HSp--hp-a-msX asmpw Ah-\-dn-bn-. AXns CS-bn-ep
Id--a-msX asmcp al-mb PnlmZpw tPmenbpw Ah-\n-. Xn-
Ww, IpSn-Ww, kpJn--Ww, Xnm thn km-Zn-Ww F
hnNmcw am{Xw.''
Cu Ah-sb Ghpw `wKn-bmbn Izp-B Nn{Xo-I-cn-n-cn-
pp! ""kXy-\n-tj-[n-I `pPn-p-Ibpw t`mKn-p-Ibpw sNpp;
arK--sf-tmse Ahbpw `pPn-p-p. \c-I-amWv Ahp
ktXw''(ap-l-Zv 12). hnip Izp-B-\-msX asmcp {Khpw
C{Xbpw `wKn-bmbn Cu Ah Nn{Xo-I-cn-n-n-. tZlw {]Xn-\n-
[m\wsNp {]Ir-Xn-bpsS ê-am-WXv. tZln-bpsS A[n-Im-c-ko-
abn \np ]pd-p-t]m-b-Xp-sIm-pw; {]hm-N-IXz \ntZ-i-fpw
\nb-a-fpw XS-b-s--Xn-\m-epw ico-c-n\pw AXns Cpw
t\mns ssNX\yw 1 7
]qW-ambn Iogvs-Xp aqehp-amWv. As\ h-tm Atlw

AXns Dh tI{-n-tev aS-n.
Izp-B ]d-bpp: ""\mw \psS ey- sImSp-p. Fnv
Ah-bn \nv Ducn-m-Sn, Atm ]nimNv Ahs\ Xs A\p-
bm-bn-bm-n, As\ hgn-]n-g--h-cns-h-\mbno-hs
hrmw Ahv HmXn-sm-Sp-pI: \mw Dt-in-n-cp-p-sh-n
B ZrjvSm-- aptJ\ Ahs\ \mw Dbp-am-bn-cp-p. ]s,
Ah Cl-tem-Itv(a-n-te-v) Nmbp-Ibpw Csb ssI-p-
Ibpw sNbvXp. Atm Ahs amXrI \mb-bp-tS-Xp-t]m-se-bmWv,
AXns\ \o FXnmepw \mv \opw, AXn-s\ hn-b-mepw \mv
\opw. \psS ZrjvSm-- If-hm-n-b-h-cpsS D]-a-bm-Wn-Xv. AXp-
sImv Ah Nnn-m Cu IY Ahv ]d-p-sIm-Spp-I.''
(AAvdm^v 175, 176)
1 8 t\mns ssNX\yw
tZl-t- Zlo hSw-he

- n-bpsS {]Xn-ê
- \
- w
am\-h-X-bpsS aX-[manI Ncn{Xw bYmY-n Cu cv tNcn-
I-fp-sSbpw hSwhen-bpsS IY-bm-Wv. Nne-tm tZln hnP-bn-p-
p. A[n-Im-c-ns sNtm AXns Ic--fn \nn-]vX-am-
Ip-p. AtXmsS ]utcm-ln-Xyhpw kym-k-Pohn-Xhpw DS-se-Sp-p-
p. PohnXw ]mcp-jy-X-bp-sSbpw sshcm-K-n-sbpw ]cym-b-am-
Ip-p. ico-c-]o-U-\-hpw ti-_m-[bpw ]nWn ]cn-h--hp-amWv Pohn-
X-hn-P-b-sav KWn--s-Sp-p. As\ h\-hm-khpw GIm--
Xbpw sXc-sSp-p. \n{Zm-hn-lo-\-Xbpw kzbw XmV-\-hp-sams
kIahpw ku`m-Ky-hp-ambn Ip. a[y-\q-m-p-I-fnse bqtdm-
]y ]mXn- c n- a m- c p- s Sbpw aX- ] p- t cm- l n- X - m- c p- s Sbpw kw`- h - I Y
Bpw Am-X-a-. CXns\ kw_-n-v W.E.H Lecky Xs His-
tory of European Morals F IrXn-bn hni-Z-ambn hnh-cn-n-p-v.
Izp-B ]d-bpp: ""kymk Pohn-Xs Ah ]pXp-Xm-bp-
m-n. \mw AX-hv \nb-an-n-n-. Fm Am-lp-hns Xr]vXn
tXSnsmv (A-X-h ]pXp-Xm-bp-m-n). Fnv A\p-jvTn-t
apd-{]-Imcw Ah-cXv A\p-jvTn-n-.'' (hn.-Izp. lZoZv 27)
CXns ê-ambn a\pjy ico-chpw [nj-Wbpw ac-hn-p-Ibpw
Zp_-e-am-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp. c-_-- sIgnp. am\h
kaq-lw, òI-c-amb hn\m-i-n\v hnt[-b-am-bn. Ahs inc-n
ssZhw An Jnem-^-ns D-chm-ZnXzw ]msS hen-s-dn-p.
Xs I-hyhpw {]h-\-a--ehpw hen-s-dnv amem-J-
amsc amXrIm]pcp-j-m-cmbn kzoI-cn-p. Fp am{X-a, Ah-cn-
tev Akq-bm-P-\y-amb t\m-amWv t\mn-b-Xv. Fm amem-J-
am kmjvSmwKw sNp-Ibpw Akqb {]I-Sn-n-p-Ibpw sNbvX
a\p-jy-\mWv Xms\ hmkvXhw Ah hnkva-cn-p.
Nne-tm hSwhen-bn tZlw hnP-bn-p-p. Atm ico-c-
ns B{K-l-fpw arKob hmk-\-Ifpw `cWw Gs-Sp-p-p.
t\mns ssNX\yw 1 9
AtXmsS _pn-bp-sSbpw aX-n-sbpw kkz-`m-h--fp-sSbpw

AXnhc-p-I ewLn-p-sImv, Bo-b-X-bpsS kh-k-c-Wn-
Ifpw apdnpIS-v, kh-X{ kzX-{-\m-bn, ùXn-I-Xz-ns ]qP-
I\pw Bam-i-b-ns ASn-a-bp-ambn a\p-jy A[Xn-p-p.
Xs kpJ-t`m-K-fp-sSbpw, ku`m-Ky-kw-h[ amK--fp-sSbpw
k^-eo-I-cWw am{X-am-W-hs tamlw. AXn\v Fv amKhpw kzoI-
cnpw; Fv XymKhpw kln-pw. AhnsS AXnhcp-p-Ifpw hne-
p-Ifpw C. As\ tZln-bp-sSbpw a\-m-n-bp-sSbpw ip`
\mf sI-S-p-p. ico-c-n-sbpw _pn-bp-sSbpw Ign-hp-
I\p-k-cnv Bam-ibw sImgp-Xpw XSn--Xp-am-Ip-p. Hcp
IpSpw-_-n\pw tKm{X-n\pw aXnbmb `Ww Ah\v XnI-bmsX
hcp-p. XXv^-e-ambn Ah-\n Hcp `mh\m Bam-i-bhpw h
hbdpw cq]-sa-Sp-p-p. Hcp Xcw A[-ahpw arKo-b-hp-amb hniv
Ahs\ ]nSn-Iq-Sp-p. Cu hbdv \nd-bvmt\m hniv ammt\m `-
W-]m-\o-b- GXv òam-Im-c-amb ]m{X-n Afp sImSp-
mepw km[y-a-. GXv tKmUuWpw JP-\mhpw hkvXp-h-I-Ifpw
AXns apn Xp-am-bn-cn-pw. Bn Gdn hcn-Ibpw AXym-
{Klw AW-s]mn Hgp-Ip-Ibpw sNp-p. AtXmsS B{I-aW-fpw
A\m-im-ky-{]-h-W-X-Ifpw DS-se-Sp-p-p. a\p-jy h\y-ar-Ka-- mbn
cq]w {]m]n-p-p. As\ kzhKs Xs th-bm-Sp-Ibpw
`pPn-p-Ibpw sNp-p. kzw IpSpw-_-nse AwK-sf ISnp
Iodn `pPn-p arK-ambn amdp-p. Acw Nne bp- ChnsS
\S-n-p-v. Ah-sbm-gn-p kakvX kwL--\-fpw ka-c-fpw
Ipg--fpw bp-fpw hnP-b--fpsamw Cu hyn-bpsS, As-
n kaq-lns \nd-bm Hcp Nm hb-dn\v thn-bpw, ian-
m hni-n\v thn-bp-am-bn-cp-p. A[n-Imc hSw-h-en-bpsSbpw
t\Xr-Xz-tam-l-n-sbpw t]cn-em-bn-cp-p. Npcp--n an Ie-
l--fp-sSbpw IY I\-I-ns IY-bm-bn-cp-p.
APoW-Xbpw A\-c ê-fpw
a\p-jy-\nse Cu arKo-b-amb Bkn hnP-bn-p. Pohn-X-ns
ISn-m AXv Gs-Sp-p. ]t-{n-b--sfbpw t_m[-a--e-
-sfbpw AXv Iogvs-Sp-n. As\ am\h kaq-l-ns AJne
{]iv\-fpw "Bam-ib'amIp Ap-X-ns\ hebwsNm\pw
XpSn Fn-cn-s. Fm ChnsS kw`-hn-m t]mIp
Zpcw AXn-ò-I-c-am-bn-cn-pw. a\p-jy-sbpw Ahs A`n-emj
k^-eo-I-c-W-n-sbpw CS-bn bmsXmcp hne-p-Ifpw {]Xn-_-
-fpw Cm-Xm-Ip-p. Xs B{K-l- Fp Xs-bm-bmepw
2 0 t\mns ssNX\yw
kmm-XvI-cn--s-S-Ww. Xs DXv`-h-s-p-dntm ]cn-W-Xn-sb-

p-dntm Hman-n-p Fn-s\bpw Ah shdp-p-p. cm-
in--Ifpw {]Xn-^-e-Imw--bpw IWv t\m-hp-samw Ds
DZv t _m- [ \w Ah\v Zp- l - a m- W v . kpZoL- a mb Pohn- X - n
t]mepw Hgn ka-b-tam, DW akvXn-jvItam, ssNX-\yap
a\tm Is-m Ign-bmsXhcp-p. AtXmsS C_m-Z-p-I-fpw
ssZh-kva-c-W-bpw AXn-t\mSv _-s av Imcy-fpw Xmm-\m-
hm Hcp `mc-ambn A\p-`-h-s-Sp-p. Acw Imcy--fn A`n-
cp-Nnbpw hmk-\bpw \jvS-s-Sp-p.
Amlp ]d-bpp: ""X-fpsS cn-Xm-hns\ Ip-ap-p-I-bpw,
Ahs kmn-[y-n-tep aS-p-Ibpw sNtnhcp-sa t_m[-
ap `-P-\--m--hv B \a-kvImcw henb `mc-am-bn-
cn-pw.'' (A_-Izd 45,46)
""Acw Bfp-I \a-kvI-cn-m \nm Ae-k-m-cm-bn-
cnpw, tIhew P\- ImWpI F Dtiyw am{Xw. Am-lp-
hns\ Ch Aev]-a-msX kvacn--bn-.'' (hn.Izp. \nkmAv 142)
t\mns ssNX\yw 2 1
{hXw PohnX km^-ey-n\pw

kz`mh cq]o-Ic- W
-
- n\pw
hyXykvX Ime--fn, hnhn[ \mSp-I-fn ssZh-\n-bp--cmb
{]hm-N-I-m hp. aZn--s a\p-jy-Xzw As\ c {]m]n-
p. ùXn-I-X-bpsS AXn-{]-kcw IS-m-{I-aWw \S-nb am\-hn-I-
Xsb Ah ssI]n-Snp IcpIb-n "Bam-ib'ns Icmf
lkvX--fn \nv cn-p. ico-tc--bpsS Zp`K he-b-n
\npw a\p-jys Nn-sb, tZln-sb, [nj-Ws - b, lrZ-bs Fmw
Ah tamNn-n-p. Pohn-X-ns Fm a-e--sfbpw kwip--
am-n. a\p-jys\ GXv ey-n-mtWm krjvSn-Xv B eyw
]qo-I-cn-m Ah-\n \h-ssN-X\yhpw \nXy-bu-h-\hpw \ne-
\nn. AsX, Ahs\ krjvSn-Xv Am-lp-hn\p am{Xw "C_m-
Zv' sNp-hm\pw Ah Fn-t-tc-Xv ]qW "hnem-b-n'epw
BWv; `qanbnte--h \ntbm-Kn-X-\m-bXv "Jnem-^n' \p thn-
bpw.
Cu tPmen amem-J-am-cpsS B[ym-n-IX sNbvXpXot--X;
arK--fpsS ùXn-I-Xbvpw AXn\p km[y-a-. AXn-\m Amlp
{hXw \n_-am-n. Bam-ib kw_--amb D]-{Z-h-n \nv
AXp a\p-jy-s\ cn-pw. ico-c-n\v hn\-jvS-amb DWhpw Dt-
jhpw ssNX-\yhpw AXp aS-n-sm-Sp-pw. Ifn-bn \np Imcy-
n-tepw, Ai-n-bn \np in-bn-tepw AXp \bn-pw.
Pohn-X-n anX-ioehpw aqey-ti-jnbpw kwc-n-pw. APoW-
X-bpsS Akz--Xbpw, ico-tc--bpsS A]Y km-chpw l\np
If-bpw. As\ ssZh-Z--amb KpW- a\p-jy-\n hf-cp-p.
Ah ku`m-Ky-k--\pw kZm-Nmc aqn-bp-ambn ]cn-ek-n-p-
p. amem-J-am-tcmSpw Bo-b-tem-I-tmSpw _w m]n-p-p.
lrZ-bhpw Bmhpw aehm-Sn-I-fn tkmmkw Xn--d-p-p.
2 2 t\mns ssNX\yw
BIm-i-`q-an-I-fpsS A[n-Im-c-tKm-]p-c--fn Ah ]mdn--d-p-p.

hn`-h-k-ar--amb Blmc ]m\o-b--fn \npw, Aan-X-t`m-P-\-
n \npw e`n-m Hcp A\p-`qXn Ah\p ssIh-cp-p. B
A\p-`qXn Ahym-tJy-bhpw AhW-\o-b-hp-am-Wv. {hX-n\v am{Xta
AXp kw`m-h\ sNm Ignbq! AXv A\-iz-c-am-Wv.
{hX-ns Dt-iyhpw {]Xn-^-e-\hpw
alm-\mb Camw Kmen Nqn-m-Wn-pp: ""ssZh-ns kz`m-
h-Kp-W--fn NneXp t\cnp a\-n-em-pI F-XmWv {hXw-sIm-
p Hcp-t-iyw. AXn s]-XmWv ]cm-{i-b-cm-ln-Xyw. tZtl--
Isf ]c-am-h[n ssIsh-Sn-bp--Xn amem-J-amsc A\p-I-cn-pI;
Ah ]qW-ambpw tZtl--I-fn \nv ap-cm-Wv. a\p-jy-cmIs
arK--fpsS ]Z-hn-bn \npw Db-h-cp-am-Wv. Xs _pn-bm-
Ip {]Im-i-Zo]w aptJ\ tZtl-sb DS-p-hm Ah\p Ign-bp-
p. ]t, Ah ae-p-I-fpsS ]Z-hn-bn-tev Dbn-p-an-.
ImcW w tZtl--I-tfmSv Aenp tNcpwtXmdpw A[xIr-X-cn
A[x-Ir-X-\mbn A[x]-Xn-p-p. Fm arKob kz`m-h--Sn-
a-s a\p-jy Xs tZtl--Isf ASn--ap-I-bm-sW-n D-
X-cn D-X-\mbn Db-cp-p. AXv amem-J-am-cpsS ]Z-hn-tbmfw Db-
cp-hm\pw km[y-X-bp-v.'' (Clvbm Deq-an-o, hm 1, t]Pv: 212) CXv
IqSp-X hni-Zo-I-cnv Amam C_v\pIznw(d) Fgp-Xp--Xn--
s\-bmWv: ""ioe--fn \npw tZtl--I-fn \npw ico-cs
XS-bp-I-bmWv {hXw sImp Dt-iyw. Ah-\n \neo-\-amb
sshIm-cn-I-i-nsb thhn[w \nb-{n-p-I, Fn am{Xta
imizX ku`m- K yhpw hnP- b hpw Ic- - a m- m\pw A\- - a mb
PohnXw AXypIr-jvS-am-m\pw Ign-bq. AXn\p ico-cs ipo-
I-cn- A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. ]n-Wnbpw ss]Zm-lhpw aptJ\ AXns
aqsb ]mI- s - S p- p- I bpw hnIm- c s ISn- m- W n- S p- I bpw
sNmw. Zmcn-{Zy-ns D{K{]lctav ]nS-bp ]n-Wn-m-h-sf
B {hXw Hmas-Sp-pw. Blm-c-]m-\o-b--fpsS km-c-]m-Xsb
XSp-pI hgn ]nim-Nns km-c-]m-X-sbbpw XSp-p-hm Ign-
bpw. Cl-]-c-hn-P-b-n\v tImw krjvSnp kIe hkvXp--fn-
te-p-ap ico-cm-h-b-h--fpsS BIj-Ws {hXw XS-bp-Ibpw
\nb-{n-p-Ibpw sNp-p. AXp-sImv t\mv `-m-cpsS ISn-
m-Wpw, [a-`-S-m-cpsS ]cn-N-bpw, k-\--fpsS ]qm-h-\-hp-
am-Wv.'' (kmZp aBZv, hm: 1, t]:152)
Atlw hopw IqSpX shfnw \evIpp: ""_mlym-h-b-h-
-sfbpw B-cnI in-I-sfbpw ]m]-n \npw cn-p--
t\mns ssNX\yw 2 3
Xn {hXw al-mb ]phln-p-p. tami-amb tNjvS-Ifpw

taml-fpw hyn-bn tafn-p-tm Dm-Ip ZpKp-W--
sfbpw A[a hnNm-c--sfbpw AXp Zqco-I-cn-p-p. Btcm-Ky-n\v
lm\nhcp- p kIe hkv X p- - s fbw AXp ]pdwXp- p.
tZltZ-ln-I-fn \npw hnjbmkn Xn-sb-Sp kZm-Nm-c-t_m-
[s aS-n-hm-p-p. "XIzvhv'v C{Xbpw {]tbm-P-\-{]-Z-amb
asmcp hgn-bp-an-.
Amlp Iev]n-pp: ""kXy-hn-izm-kn-I-tf, \n-fpsS apKm-
an-I-fn {hXw \n_--am-n-b-Xp-t]mse \n-fnepw {hXw \n_-
-am-n-bn-cn-p-p. \n "XIzvh'bp-h-cm-Im'' (2:183).
\_n(k) ]d-bp-p: L dG ""{hXw ]cnNbmIp-p.'' AXp-sIm-
mWv sshhm-lnI Pohn-X-n-\m-{K-l-apsnepw AXn\p Ign-
hn-m hyn {ha-\p-jvTn--s-sbp \ntZ-i-ap-m-b-Xv. Atm
{hXw Hcp {]Xyu-j-[-am-Wv. t\mns KpW-fpw ê-fpw ip
{]Ir-Xn-bp-sSbpw _pn-bp-sSbpw AwKo-Ir-X-k-Xy--fm-Wv. AXp-
sIm-p-X-s-bmWv Amlp Ahs Zmk-mv t\mns\ A\p-
{K-l-hpw Bth-i-hpw ]cn-N-bp-ambn \nW-bn--Xv.'' (kmZpaB-Zv,
hm: 1, t]: 152)
Amam C_v\p Iznw XpS-cpp: ""lrZ-b-ns \bpw Am-
lp-hn-te-p AXns ]mX-bp-samw B-ip-o-I-c-W-n
am{Xw {i tI{o-I-cn- sImp ey-am-Ip-p. A-cmY-
n Am-lp-hn-tev aS-p--Xn-\m-emWv Bcp-sSbpw hnPbw
IpSn-sIm-p--Xv. {hXw B-cn-I-ambn a\p-jys\ kwip--\m-p-
p. Aan-X-t`m-P\w, AanX`mj-Ww, AanX kw, AanX \n{Z
XpS-n-bh lrZ-b-km-n-[y-n\pw Bob ipnpw FXn-cm-Wv.
am{X-a-, Am-lp-hns amK-n \nv sXn Ae-y-ambn I-d-
m\pw AXv Imc-W-am-Ip-p. CsXmw apn Ip-sIm-mWv
Amlp Ahs A]m-c-amb A\p-{K-l-m {hXw \n_--am-
n-b-Xv. `-W-]m-\o-b--fn Aan-Xhpw A\m-h-iyhp-am-b-Xns\
AXp XSp-p-p. Am-lp-hns amK-n-tep t]mIm hnLmXw
krjvSn-p Fm tZtl--I-fn \npw AXv lrZ-bs cn-
p-p. Cl-]-c-\--b-msX bmsXmcp Xnbpw Cm cq]-n-
emWv Amlp AXv I\n--cp-fn-b-Xv.'' (km-Zpa-BZv, hmfyw 1,
t]Pv 168)
2 4 t\mns ssNX\yw
{hXw ]ucm-WnI aX-f- n

Fm aX--fnepw thZ--fnepw {hXw \nb-a-a-bn-cp-p. ]pcm-X\
aX--fns Hm-Wtm lnp-a-Xw.
a{Zmkv bqWn-th-gvkn-n-bnse ^ntem-k^n hIpv Xe-h\
- mb s{]m.
n Fw ]n alm-tZ-h lnp-a-X-n BN-cn--s-Sp {hX-s-
p-dnv Fgp-Xpp: ""DXvk-h--fnepw hmjn-Im-tLm-j--fnepw Nne
Znh-k- {hX-n-\m-bp-v. B-ip-nbpw lrZb ]cn-t]m-j-W-
hp-am-W-Xp-sImv Dt-in--s-Sp--Xv. {]mY-\pw Bcm-[-\-p-
ambn sslh kap-Zm-b-nse Fm hn`m-K-pw Nne {]tXyI
Znh-k--fpv. Av A[n-I-t]cpw t\m-\p-jvTn-p-p. Blm-c-
]m-\o-b shSn-bp-Ibpw \nim-th-f-I-fn \n{Zm-hn-lo-\-cmbn
{]mY\bn apgp-Ip-Ibpw sNp-p. ssZh Nnbnepw hnip
{K-]m-cm-bW-nepw hym]r-X-cm-Ip-p. lnp--fn A[n-I-am-
fp-Ifpw ""sshIpWvT GIm-Z-in'' sImm-Sp-p. hnjvWphpambn
_-s--Xm-sW-nepw hnjvWphns\ Bcm-[n-p--h am{X-a-,
ap ]ecpw Av {hX-a-\p-jvTn-p-Ibw cm{Xn Dd--sam-gn-p-Ibpw
sNp-p.
kv{XoI am{Xw {hX-a-\p-jvTn-p Nne Znh-k--fp-v. Av
Ah sFiz-cy-ns tZh-X-sb hnfnp {]mYn-p-p. Cu Znh-
k--fpsS {]tXy-IX ]cn-K-Wnv "_mcX' As-n Icm Fv
]d-bp-p. B-kw-kvIcWw am{X-am-Wn-Xp-sIm--h Dt-in-p--
Xv. Bm-hn-\p `-W-ambn CXns\ Ah ImWpp'' (out lines
of Hinduism. Chapter 4, Section 6)
Fm lnn-am-k--fp-sSbpw ]Xn-s\mpw ]{pw Xn-Xn-I-
fn {_m-W t\m-\p-jvTn-p-p-v. CX-\p-k-cnv IrXy-ambn
t\m-\p-jvTn-p Hcp {_mlva-W hj-n 24 Znhkw AXn\p
\on-sh-p-p.
I-i-amb {hXm-\p-jvTm-\aXamWv ssP\aXhn-izm-kn-I-fp-tS-
Xv. XpS-bmbn \mev]Xv Znh-k-amWv Ah {hX-a-\p-jvTn-p--Xv.
t\mns ssNX\yw 2 5
knZv kpsse-am \Zvhn kodXp_n-bpsS Amw hmfy-n

Fssk-tm-]o-Unbm {_nm-Wn--bn \npw D-cn `mKw IqSn
{in-pI: ""]ucm-WnI CuPn-]vXp-Im Dh Zn\--tfm-S-\p-_-
nv {hX-a-\p-jvTn-n-cp--Xmbn ImWm Ign-bp-p. {Kov amk-
- f n Hmb ""Xnkv a q- ^ o- c nb''bpsS aqm- a s Znhkw
kv{XoIv am{X-ap {hX-Zn-\--fm-bn-cp-p. ]mgvknI km[m-
c-W-bmbn {hXw A\p-jvTm-n-dn-s-nepw Ah-cpsS thZ-{K--n
{hXm\p-jvTm\w \ntZ-in-n-p-v. aX-t\-Xm-v ]-h-c {hXw
\n_--am-bn-cp-p-shv Ah-cpsS hnip {K-n h Hcp
kqw sXfn-bn-p-p.'' (kod-Xp--_n, t]: 212 hm: 5)
PqX-m-cpsS {hXm-\p-jvTm\w
_m_n-tem-Wn-b kw`-h-n\v tijw blq-Zn-I-fn {hXw ZpxJ-
kq-N-I-am-bn-mWv BN-cn-p-t]m--Xv. Fs-nepw hnj-a-k-n-Itfm
ti-tfm Dmbm Ah {hX-a-\p-jvTn-n-cp-p. shfn-]m-Sn\v
Hcp-p tPmky-\pw B`n-Nm-c-I\pw {hXm-\p-jvTm\w \n_--
am-Wv. ssZh-tIm]w `b-s-Sp k`--fnepw blq-Zn-I {hXw
\n_--am-n-bn-cp-p. cmPyw XovW ]co--W-n-eqsS \op-
tm, kmw{I-anI tcmK-fpw _pn-ap-p-I-fpw _m[n-p-tm,
hcbpw Zmcn-{Zyhpw ]nSn-Iq-Sp-tm cmPmhv Fs-nepw {][m\
Imcy-n\v Cd-n-n-cn-p-tm Fmw Xs Ah {hXw A\p-
jvTn-p-t]m-p.
tamsi aX- n {]mb- n- mY- a p {hXw IqSmsX ap
[mcmfw {hX- Dv. Acw {hX- blqZIe- \ndsb
ImWmw. _m_n-tem-Wn-b kw`-h-ns \mfp-I-fnse Pbnhm-
k-n-sbpw ]oU-\-n-sbpw kvac-W-bvmbn Nne {]tXyI
Zn\--fn Ah ZpxJ-am-N-cn-p-Ibpw {hXw A\p-jvTn-pIbpw
sNp-p. sabv, Pq, Pqem-bv, Xn_v (Tebet) Fo amk--
fmWv AXn\p \on-sh-n-p--Xv. Nne "XnaqZv' ]n-X-m-cpsS
A`n-{]mbn Cu t\mv Ckvdm-Cu-en-Xc Khsap-Ip
Iogn Ign-p-Iq-Sp-tm \n_--am-hpw; kzw `c-W-n
sFn-I-hp-am-Wv.
CXn\p ]pdsa thsdbpw Nne {]iv\- IqSn-bp-v. AXv Ah-
cpsS hnhn[ Ncn{X kw`-h--fn-tep kqN\ \evIp--Xm-Wv. \n_-
n-X-a-m--Xn-\m Ahbvp {]Nmcw Ipd-hm-Wv. GXmv Ccp-]-
n-b-tmfw hcpw Ah.
Nne {hX- {]mtZ-in-Ihpw hn`m-Ko-b-hp-am-Wv. ZoLIm-e-ambn
hnhn[ cmPy--fn ]mp blq-Z-cn e-Ime hyXym-k-
n--\p-k-cnv B {hX--fnepw am-ap-v. AXpw hnhn[ `c-W-
2 6 t\mns ssNX\yw
Iq-S--fn \nv Ahv kln-tnh bmX-\-I-tfbpw thZ-

\- I - t fbpw A\p- k v a - c n- n- p- s Im- p- - X m- W v . PqX- c n Nne
Xv t\cn ]oU- \ - - t fbpw aZ- \ - - t fbpw kv a cn- m
aphsc Hgn-p-\nn t\m-\p-jvTn-m-dp-v. Acw {hX--
fn hyn-K-X-amb ktm-j-fpw km-]-fpw ]cn-K-Wn-p--
Xmbn ImWmw. hjm-cw-`-nse BZy Znh-ks {hXw an hn`m-
K-fpw A\p-jvTn-p-p. ]ptcm-ln-X-m-cpsS hI-bmbn \n_-
am-n-b-hbpapv. kap-Zmbw tLmc-amb ]co--W t\cn-Sp-I-
tbm, ag e`n-msX IjvS-s-Sp-Itbm, Zmcn{Zyw ]Sp]nSn-p-I-
tbm, aX-hn-Im-cs tNmZywsNp \nb-a- `c-W-IqSw sImp-
h-cn-Itbm sNp k`-n-emWv ]ptcm-ln-X-m Ccw {hX-
n-\p Iev]-\-I ]pd-s-Sp-hn-p--Xv.
Nne X- f psS hyn- ] - c - a mb Bh- i y- pw Ah- -
Ip-a-\p-k-cnv \nh-ln-n-p {hXhpw AXn s]Spw. Ccw
{hX- hyn-]-c-amb {]iv\--sf-tbm, {]mb-n--stbm Dt-
in- p- s Im- pXmWv . As- n ssZh- ns IcpWmISm-
stbm, A]-IStamN-\-stbm eywshp-sIm-pXv.
]t, Cu {hXw Btcm-Ky-n-t\m Hma-i-ntm h tImhpw
hcp-sav Im ]n-Xcpw aXm[ym-]-Icpw AX-\p-jvTn--cp-
sXv imkn--s-Sp-p. PqX-k-aq-l-n asmcp hn`mKw Zpkz-
]v\- Zin-m {hX-a-\p-jvTn-n-cp-p. s]cp-m kpZn-\fn
{hX- a - \ p- j v T n- p- Xv \ymb{]am- W - XS- b p- p- v . ]t,
"XaqZv' AX-\p-h-ZnpsImSp-p-p. Fm CsXmcp \n_--\-
tbm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bmWv A\p-h-Zn-n-cn-p--Xv. AXm-bXv ap Zn\--fn
CXns {]mb-n--ambn hopw t\mp-Xs A\p-jvTn--Ww.
blq-Zn-I X-fpsS {hXw {]`mXw apX Bcw-`n-p-Ibpw
AkvX-ab ky-bpsS BZy \{Xw DZn-p--tXmsS Ah-km-\n-
n-p-Ibpw sNp-p. Fm {]mb-n--nv \ntZ-in--s
{hXhpw* Pq HXmw \mfnse {hX-hpw, ** CXn \nsm-gn-hm-
Wv. AXp cpw {]tZmjw apX ASp {]tZmjw hsc \op
\nevpw. ap km[m-cW {hX-v {]tXyI \nb-a- C.
{hX-ns \mfp-I-fn Zm\-[a-fpw Zcn{Z P\-m-lmcw
\evIepw \ntZ-in--s-n-p-v. cm{Xn `-W-n\v Zcn-{Zsc Wn-
* (Ggmw amk-amb "Xnivcn' (Thishiri) bnse {hX-amWXv. blq-Z-hn-m-
\tIm- iw, Ab-lq-Zn-bp ^n Ckvemw, Judaism in Islmam by
Abraham 1- Katish - Newyork 1954 t]mep IrXn t\mp-I.)
** (ssl N{I-hn-bpsS An-in--bpsS kvac-WmY-ap--Xv)
t\mns ssNX\yw 2 7
p-Xv ]Xnhpw \n_-hpw BWv. CXv i-amb Hcp \ntZ-

ihpw IqSn-bm-Wv.
"BKkvXv' Hv apX HXv hsc-bpw, "Pqsse' ]Xn-t\gv apX
BKkvXv ]p-h-sc-bp-ap Nne Zn\- `mKnI {hX-n\v \nW-
bn--s--h-bm-Wv. Av amwkhpw aZyhpw D]-tbm-Kn-p-hm ]mSn
FsXmgn-m asmpw hntcm-[n--s-n-n-.''
(Jewish Encyclopeedia Vol-5)
{hXw ss{IkvX-h-cn
ss{IkvX-h-cpsS t\mn-s\-n Aev]w hni-Z-amb N A\n-
hm-cy-am-Wv, ImcWw Pohn-X-ns Fm a-e--sfbpw Nqgvv
\nevp Ia-im-kv{X-ns Imcy-n {InkvXp-aXw av aX-
sf At]-nv hfsc ]nn-em-Wv. am{X-a {InkvXp-a-X-nse
Hmtcm \nbahpw Imem-\p-Im-e--fn ]cn-Wm-a-n\v hnt[-b-am-bn-
p-v. cmjv{Sob kmaqly km-nI am-\p-k-cnv AXv
Ia-im-kv{X-nepw hy-amb am-- hcp-n. AXp-sImv
ss{IkvXh Ia-im-kv{Xs ssZh-Zw Fv hnti-jn-n-m
hnj-a-ap-v. Ncn-{X-ns hnhn[ Zim-k-n-I-fn AXn-ep-mb
amn-n-c--ep-I a\-n-em-m Hcp eLp hnh-cWw D]-I-cnpw:
""tbip {]hm-N-I-Xz-e-_v[np apv \mev]Xv Znhkw t\m-\p-
jvTn-p. B t\mv tamk-kn Iev]-\-I-fns {]mb-n {hX-
am- b n- c pp FXmWv IqSp- X icn. Hcp \njv I - f blq-
Znsbt]mse-bm-bn-cpp At-lhpw t\m-\p-jvTn--Xv. tbip kz-
ambn Hcp {hX-im-k\ ]pd-sSphnn-n-. ImcWw ]gb \nb-a--
fpsS ]p\-cp-m-c-I am{X-am-bn-cpp tbip. AXns ASn-m-\m-
i-b-fpw auenI knm--fpw hni-Zo-I-cn-p-Ibpw hymJym-\n-
p-IbpamWv Atlw sNbvX-Xv. CXp am{X-amWv I\o-k-Iv
Atlw kw`m-h\ \evIn-b-Xpw. AXp-sImv Xs-bmWv {hX-
ns \nb-a- tbip \ntZ-in--Xm-sWv Bcpw ]d-bm-Xn-cp-
-Xv. Fm ss{IkvXh aX-{K---fn "t]mkn's {hX-s-
p-dnpw, BZy-Im-ev blq-Zn-I-fm-bn-cp Nne {IkvXym-\n-I-fpsS
{]mb-n {hX-s-p-dnpw ]cm-ai- ImWmw. ^mZ eqv
{]kvXpX {hX-n\v hfsc {]m[m\yw \evIn-bn-cp-p. ]t, CXc
\nb-a-sf kmwi-oI-cn-p {InkvXym-\n-I Cu {hX-n\v Imcy-
amb {]m[m\yw Iev]n-p-n-.
""t]mkv'' acnv Hc \qmv Ign--tXmSp IqSn {hX-n\v
\nba kwc-Ww sImSp-m ss{IkvXh temIw AXn-bmbn B{K-
ln- p. As\ hyn- I - f psS Aò- j v S - n- \ - \ p- k - c nv A\p- h -
ZnpsIm-Sp-p. AtXmsS imco-cn-Ihpw sshIm-cn-I-hp-amb in-
2 8 t\mns ssNX\yw
-b-n\v [mcmfw ]mXn-cn-amcpw I\okm kwc--Icpw t\mv

t\mp. ImcWw Av P\-n-S-bn Cs\ Hcp [mc-W-bp-
m-bn-cp-p. ico-c-tmSv {]Xn-I-cnmsX hnp-\n-evp {hXw Hcp
{hX-a. Hcp Znhkw, cp Znh-kw, XpS-bmbn \mev]Xp aWn-
q Cs\ hnhn[ Xcw {hX-s-p-dnv sF\okv ]ptcm-ln-
Xs hmp-I-fn \nv a\-n-em-mw. CXp Ipsd-mew XpSp-
t]m-p. tijw "Ipcniv kw`-h-ns kvac-W' ap\nn-bp
{hXw s]mXp-P\{]oXn ]nSn-p-]-n. Fm hmc-n-epw _p[, shn
Fo Znh-k--fn {hX-a-\p-jvTn-m XpS-n-bXv F Un cmw
\qm-n-em-Wv. amtam-Zok \S-m Dt-in-p--h Htm ctm
Znhkw {hX-a-\p-jvTn-n-cp-p. amtam-Zok sNp--hcpw AXv \S-
n-sm-Sp-p-h - cpw Cu {hX-n ]v tNcm-dp-m-bn-cp-p. (IqSp-
X hnh-c-n\v Encyclopedia of Religions and Ethics t\mp-I)
ss{IkvX-h-cnse hyXykvX hn`m-K-n-S-bn t\mns \nb-
a-sf kw_-npw coXnsb kw_-npw imJm-]-c-amb A`n-
{]m-b-`n--X-I-fp-v. FUn cpw Apw \qm-p-Iv a[y-n-
emWv {hX-n\v Imcy-amb ASppw Nnbpw hyh--bp-samw
ssIh--Xv. Av I\o-k-I {hXs kw_-np ]e \nb-a-
fpw \ntZ-i--fpw ]pd-s-Sp-hn-p. F Un \memw \qm-n
{hXw ITn-\hpw ]cp-j-hp-am-bn. Bizm-k--tem-e--hn-im-em-h--I
AXn \nv Dq-e\w sN-s-p. Cudn\p sXmp app cp
Znh-ks {hXw Cu Ime-L--n-emWv \n_--am-n-b-Xv. AXv
]mXn-cm-{Xn-bn-emWv Ah-km-\n-n-cp--Xpw. cv Znh-k--fnse t\mv
Ap-Xs A\p-jvTn-m Ign-bm tcmKn-Iv "i\n'bmgvN
Znhkw t\mphop-hm A\p-hmZw \evI-s-n-cpp. F Un aqmw
\qm-n-emWv {hX-Zn-\ - f
- psS Fw IrXy-ambn Xocp-am-\n-X
- v. {hXw
Ah-km-\n-n-t ka-bs kw_-nv `n-hn-`m-K-v A`n-
{]m-ssb-Iy-an-. {]`m-X-n tImgn Iqhp--tXmsS t\mv apdn-n-
cp-p; ap Nne AXn\p tij-ap Iqcn-cpv \mbn hym]n-p
ka-b-pw.
F Un \memw \qm-p-hsc \mev]Xp Znh-ks {hX-n\p
bmsXmcp sXfnhpw Is-pI km[y-a-. ss{IkvX-h Xma-kn-
p hyXykvX \mSp-Ifnse BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\-\pk-cnv
{hXm-\p-jvTm-\-nepw hyXymkw ImWmw. "e_\m' \nhmkn-I-
fpsS {hX-n \npw hyXy-kvX-amb coXn-bmWp tdma-m-cp-sSbpw
Ae-Ivkm-{Sn-b-mcp-sSbpw {hX-n-\pXv. Nne amwk-`-Ww
shSn-bp-p. Nne ayhpw ]n-amw-khpw XyPn-p-p. ap Nne
apbpw ]g-hK-fpw Dt]-n-p-p. thsd Nne DW--sdmn
am{Xw Ign-p-p. Fm `-W-]m-\o-b-fpw shSnv {hX-a-\p-
t\mns ssNX\yw 2 9
jvTn-p--hcpw Dv. {InkvXm-_vZ-tmSpw {InkvXp-hns Pohn-X-

nse Nne {][m\ kw`-h--tfmSpw _-s-Sp-n, Ah-bpsS
kvacW \ne-\nm Imem--c-n thsdbpw Ipsd {hX-
DS-se-Sp-p. CXn s]-XmWv Znh-k-n aqtm \mtem aWn-
q Blmc ]m\ob Dt]-n-. Ime-N{Iw Id-p--Xn-
-\p-k-cnv {hX-nepw am- hp-sIm-n-cp-p. AXn\p ]pdsa
Hmtcm \mn- s ebpw N- I {]mtZ- i n- I m- S n- m- \ - n cq]w
sImSp {hXw thsd-bp-v.
{InkvXp-a-X-n-ep-mb ]cn-jvI-cW kwcw-`-v tijw Cw-
nse Np-I-fpw I\o-k-Ifpw {hX-ns \mfp-Iv Hcp GI-
Xm-\-Xbpw sFIyhpw \ntZ-in-p. ]t, AXns acym-Z-Ifpw
sFIyhpw \ntZ-in-p. ]t, AXns acym-Z-I-fpw N-fpw AZ-
_p-I-fp-samw {hXm-\p-jvTm--fpsS Aò-jvS-n\p hnp-sIm-Sp-p.
Fm FUzmUv Bdm-a-\pw Pnokv Hm-a-\pw Fen-k-_pw
`cn Ime--fn Cw-nse ]me-san Hcp \nbaw ]mkm-n.
"{hX-n-s \mfp-I-fn amwkw `pPn-m-Xn-cn-p-I, ]Icw aXvkyw
`pPn-p-I. ImcWw ay_-\hpw AXn\p thn-bp kap-
{Zkm-chpw at\m-ss[-cyn\pw I-h-S-em-`-n\pw AXyp--a-
am-Wv.'' (-Encyclopedia of Religions and Ethics {InkvXo-b-cpsS {hXw
Fasting Christian t\mpI)
CXp-sIm-s-m-amWv Ckvem-an {hXw \n_--am-p-Ibpw
apkvenw-I-tfmSv A\p-jvTn-m Iev]n-p-Ibpw sNbvX k`-
n Amlp ]d-Xv: ""kXy-hn-izm-kn-I-tf, \n-fpsS apKm-
an-Ip {hXw \n_--am--s--Xp-t]mse \npw {hXw
\n_--am-n-bn-cn-p-p; \n `-P-\--fm-Im.'' (_Izd:183)
\m--k-a-bF \nWbw
Nne {]mIvX\ aX--fnepw ico-A-p-I-fnepw {hX-\m-fp-I
F{X-sb-tm, F-s\-sbtm Is-pI km[y-a-. Acw
aX--fpsS A\p-bm-bn-I-sfmw {hXw Fs\ thW-sav kz-
ambn Xocp-am-\n-p-I-bm-bn-cpp ]Xn-hv. Ah-cp-t-in-p Znh-k-
-fn Ahp t\m-\p-jvTn-m-am-bn-cp-p. Dt-in-p `-
W- ] m- \ o- b - {hX- ns t]cn Xp- I bpw sImp- I bpw
sNm-am-bn-cp-p. AXp-sIm-mWv Ah-cpsS Ncn{Xw ]cn-tim-[n-p-
tm Nne-cpsS {hXw `Ww ]msS Dt]-npw, ap Nne-cp-tSXv
`mKn-I-ambn Dt]-npw, thsd Nne-cp-tSXv `-W-n Ipdhv hcp-
nbpw hnhn[ cq]-n ImWm km[n-p--Xv. CXn\v Ghpw
anI DZm-l-c-W-amWv Cy-bnse ]e aXm-\p-bm-bn-Ifpw A\p-jvTn-
p-hcp {hXw. Cu {]iv\-n hy-amb Hcp am\-Z-tam
3 0 t\mns ssNX\yw
amK-Zi-\tam kzoI-cn-m--Xns êw Fm-bn- Ft? Hcp

hn`mKw {hX-ns t]cn amwkw \njn--am-n-b-tm asmcp
hn`mKw Xobn ]mIwsNbvXXv am{Xw ]mSn-sp ]d-p. thsd
Nne-cm-Is Dp tNXpw apw \njn--sap Ip. (Km-nPnbpw
At- l - ns `- mcpw Cu hIp- n s]Sp- p. Ah- c psS
"_dv' Acw Hm-Wv.)
Cu {]h-W-X-I-fmWv bYmY-n {hX-ns BobXv
t]md- t e- e v ] n- - X v . AXp- a p- t J\ a\p- j y\v ssIh- t c- n- b n- c p
inbpw {]Xn-^-e\ tijnbpw Zp_-e-am-bn-tm-bn. Fp-sIm--
s\ kw`-hnp? {][m\ ImcWw asm-p-a-. {hXkw_--amb
]qWm-[n-Im-chpw kzmX-{yhpw AXns A\p-jvTm-hn\v hnp-sIm-
Sp-p. {hXw F{X, Fv, Fn-semw, Fs\, F{X kabw?
CsXmw \nW-bn-m-\p "^p]-h' t\mp-Im-cs ssIbn-
emWv. Imcyw Cs\ h-tm kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw AXn aSnbpw
A{i-bpw \nXykw`-h-am-bn. Bfp-I AXns AXn-cp-I AXn-
ew-Ln-m XpS-n. t\mns ]hn-{X-Xbpw ]cn-ip-nbpw \jvS-
s-Sp-Ibpw AXns\ tNmZywsNp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Bpw BtcmSpw
Iev]n-m ]m Hc-h kwPm-X-am-bn. t\mn-m--h-t\mSv
Cs\ tNmZnp Fp Icp-XpI: ""CXv t\mns Znh-k-am-Wtm?
\o Fp-sIm-v t\m-\p-jvTn-p-n'' Atm ""Fs t\mv
Ah-km-\np'' Fv A]-c\v adp-]-Snbpw ]d-bmw. AXp-t]mse t\mv
Xpd-p kabw "\o Fp-sImv t\mv Xpd-p-n' Fv Hcm-
tfmSv tNmZn-p-sh-n-cn--s. "Fs t\mv Ctm XpS-n-b-tX-
bp-q' Fv Ah\pw adp-]Sn ]d-bmw. CXn-s-sbmw ]cn-W-X-êw
FmWv? {]m\ aX--fn-semw {hX-s-p-dn-p aXnpw
_lp-am-\hpw Bo-b-Xbpw \jvS-s-p. AXp-sIm-p-t-in--s
ê-fpw t\-fpw Cm-Xm-bn. {hX-ns bYmY eyhpw
Dt-iyhpw Fs-t-p-ambn \jvS-s-p. {hX-ns Znh-k-fpw
ka-bhpw \nW-bn--Xn-epw, AXns \nb-a--tfm-tcmpw hy-
ambn hni-Zo-I-cn-p--Xn-ep-ap- bpnbpw cl-kyhpw CsX-m-am-
Wv.
]n-X-h-cy-\mb im hen-p-m-ln-Z-lvehn Xs "lpXpm-
ln _menK'bn CXn-s\-p-dnv FgpXn: ""{hX\nb-{W Imcy-
n Amlp krjvSn-Iv A[n-Imcw hnp-sIm-Sp-n-cp-p-sh-
n hymJym\fp-sSbpw Ducn-m-S-ep-I-fp-sSbpw IhmSw aes
Xpd--s-Sp-am-bn-cp-p. \ Iev]n-epw Xn XSbepw AtXmsS
\ne-bvp-Ibpw sNp-am-bn-cp-p. As\ Ckvem-ans ]c-a-{]-[m-
\-amb, Am-lp-hn-\p Cu A\p-k-cWw ]pI-a-dp ]nn-e-I-s-
t\mns ssNX\yw 3 1
Sp-Ibpw sNp-am-bn-cp-p.''
t\mns Imehpw Fhpw IrXy-ambn \nWbnp IW-m-
n-b-Xns XXzw Atlw hnh-cn-pp: ""AsX-tm? F{X? Fp
IqSn \nW-bn- A\n-hm-cy-am-bn-cp-p. Imc-Ww, AXp-ap-tJ\
AanX {hXw XS-b-s-p. {]tbm-P-\-c-ln-X-hpw A\m-h-iy-hp-amb
{hX--fn \nv P\- c {]m]n-p. aX-n AXncpIhn-
b Cm-Xm-bn. Cu AXn-cp-I-hn-b aqe-am-Wtm Nne BtcmKyw
\jvS-sp Zp_-e-cmbn A[Xn-p-Xpw DWhpw Dt-jhpw
CmsX arX-{]m-b-cm-bn-o-cp--Xpw.
Npcp--n a\p-jys tZln-bn Aeo-\-amb p{Z-IoS-
sf ]qW-ambpw \in-n-p Hcp acp-mbn {hXs Amlp
\n-bn-p. AXp-sIm-p-Xs AXns Fm Awi-n\pw IrXy-
amb Afhpw IWpw Bh-iy-ambnhp.'' (hm: 2 t]: 37)
`W\nb-{Whpw hP\hpw
P\-k-ap-Zm-b-n-S-bn s]mXpsh Adn-b-s-Sp cp Xcw
{hX--fp-v. Hv, \nnX ka-btv `-W-]m-\o-b- Dt]-
n-. cv, `Ww Ipd-bvp-I-tbm, Nne `y-h-kvXp-
am{Xw shSn-bp-I-tbm, ]cn-N-bn GXm\pw B{K-l--sfbpw Ncy-
I-sfbpw ssIsbmgn-bp-Itbm sN. CXn Hcp Xmc-Xay ]T-\-
n-eqsS ]cn-N-b-n-sbpw, Kth-j-W-\n-co--W-n-s-bpw, a\-
mkv{X knm--n-sbpw ASn-m-\-n H m - a - t - X n \ v
{]mapJyw \evIn-smv im hen-bpm Fgp-Xp-p: ""`W ]m\o-
b- Ipd-bvp-Xv cv cq]-n-emWv: Hv Ign-p Blm-c-
ns Afhv Ipd-bvp-I. cv, t`mP-\-ns CS-th-f-I \op-
I. CXn cm-a-t-XmWv ico-A-n ]cn-K-Wn--s-n-cn-p--
Xv. ]n-Wn-bp-sSbpw ss]Zm-l-n-sbpw ]qW-amb cpNn Bkz-Zn-
m\pw a\p-jy-\nse arKo-bm-k-nv ia\w Is-m\pw AXm-
Wp--aw. t\sc adn-v, BZyw ]d cq]-am-sW-n, `Ww XpS-
sc-p-Ssc sNp-sIm-n-cn-p--Xn-\m, {hX-n\v apv t\mp-
Im-c-\n Dm-bn-cp AtX nXn Xs {hX-n\p tijhpw
ImWm Ign-bpw. am{X-a-, AXn s]mXpsh kh kzoIm-cy-ambn
AwKo-I-cn-m ]p Hcp \nbaw sImp-h-cnI km[y-hp-a-. Imc-
Ww, a\p-jy-scmw hyXykvX cq]-n Blmcw Ign-p--h-cm-
Wv. Nne Hcp Intem `n-p-p-sh-n av Nne cp-Intem
`n-p-p. Atm GsX-nepw Hcp Xc-n-ep Afhv Hcmv
IqSp-X kpJhpw ktm-jhpw {]Zm\w sNp-tm ap Nnev
IqSp-X _pn-appw tihpw krjvSn-pw.''
]t, Cu t`mP\ ka-b-ns CS-thf Hcp ]cn-[n-bn-tesd
3 2 t\mns ssNX\yw
\op-Xpw `wKn-b-. AXn Hcp anX-Xzhpw a[y \ne-hm-chpw A\n-

hm-cy-am-Wv. im hen-p-mlnlve-hn-bpsS A`n-{]m-b-n ""{hX-
n\v \nW-bn-s - -Sp kabw a\p-jys\ \in-n-p-tXm _pn-
ap-n-p-tXm BIm ]mSn; DZm-l-c-W-ambn CS-ap-dn-bmsX aqp
Znhkw {hX-a-\p-jvTn--W-sav Iev]n-p--Xp-t]mse! AXv id-
Cs Dt-iy-e-y-s-Xncpw A[n-I-am-fp-Ipw hln-m
Ign-bm--Xp-am-Wv.'' (lp--Xp-m-ln _menK, hm:2, t]: 31-37)
XpS-sc-p-Ssc As-n CS-hn-n-S-hnv
]ucm-WnI aX--fn-se-m-ap-m-bn-cp {hXw A[nIhpw CS-hnv
]e Ime--fn-em-bn-cp-p. Hcp sIm-n hnhn[ k`--fn-embn
AXv hn`-Pn--s-n-cp-p. cp {hX-ns CS-bn-ep \mfp-I
Nnetm B {hXw aptJ\ Dt-in--s t\-fpw {]Xn-^-e-
fpw \jvS-s-Sp-{X \op-t]m-Im-dp-m-bn-cp-p. As\ P\-
-fpsS A`n-cp-Nnbpw Xmev]-cyhpw \in-v, {hXw aptJ\ bmsXmcp
]cn-h-\hpw Cm-Xmbno-cp-p. ImcWw CS-ap-dn-bmsX XpS-
sc-p-S-sc-bmbncnWw {hXw; Fn am{Xta AXp aptJ\ Dm-
tI \bpw t\hpw Dm-hp-I-bp-q.
im h-en-p-bpsS hmp-I {in-pI: ""`W ]m\o-b--
fn \np hnp-\n-evm-\p kuIcyw ]e {]mhiyw Dm-hpI;
Fnv Atm-sgmw AXn \nv AIp \nevp-Ibpw sNpI;
Atm am{Xta ]qWmY-n-ep A\p-k-c-W-am-hp-I-bp-q.
AmsX Hscm hni-p-sImv am{Xw AsX{X Xs \oXpw
i-hp-am-sW-nepw bmsXmcp {]tbm-P-\-hp-an--.'' (lp--Xp-m-
ln _menK, hm:2, t]: 37)
Hcp {hX-n\p th KpW-s - f-p-dn-v Nnn-p-tm Ckvemw
A\p-im-kn-p {hX-n am{Xta AXv ImWm Ign-bp-I-bp-
q. Bob ipn, kz`mh kwkvI-c-Ww, imco-cnI \, kmaq-
lnI Nn XpSn {hX-n-m-h-iy-amb AJne \-Ifpw Ckvemw
\ntZ-in-p {hX-nemWv AS-n-bn-p--Xv; AXmWv "da-fzm'
Cu "da-fzm\n'\p apv "Biq-dm-' {hXw A\p-jvTn-m\pw Ckvemw
Iev]n-p-p. PpX-cpw lnPm-knse A[nI Ad-_n-Ifpw Biq-dm-'
A\p-jvTn-n-cp-p.
t\mns ssNX\yw 3 3
Biqdm- {hXw
Camw _pJmcn D-cn-p Hcp lZo-kn ImWmw: ....-\-_n(-k)
aZo-\-bn h-tm blq-Zn-I Bipdm {hX-a-\p-jvTn-p--h-cmbn
Ip. CsX-m-sWv \_n(-k) tNmZnp: Ah ]dp: ""_\q
Ckvdm-Cueysc Ah-cpsS i{Xp--fn \nv Amlp cn Zn\-
am-Wn-Xv. AXns kvac-WmYw ssZhtmSp \nkqN-I-ambn
aqkm(-A) t\m-\p-jvTn-p.'' Atm \_n ]dp: ""\n-sf-m
IqSp-X aqk-tbmSv IS-m-Sp-h Rm\m-Wv. A\-cw Ahn-Spv
kzbw {hX-a-\p-jvTn-p-Ibpw ap--h-tcmSv {hX-a-\p-jvTn-m Iev]n-
p-Ibpw sNbvXp. (_pJm-cn--In-Xm-_p-zuw)
apkven-ans dntmv C{]-Im-c-amWv: ""CsXmcp al-mb Znh-
k-amWv. Cu Znhkw Amlp aqkm(-A) an\pw At-l-ns A\p-
bm-bn-Ipw hnPbw \evIn. ^n-Hu-\n-s\bpw Ahs P\-X-
sbbpw apn-sm-p. B ktm-j-n Av aqkm(-A) {hX-a-
\-jvTn-p. _pJm-cn-bn lnPvd-bpsS A[ym-b-n ""At-l-ns
_lp-am-\mYw \appw {hX-a-\p-jvTn-mw'' Fp IqSn ImWmw.
Camw apkvenw C_v\pAm-kn \nv D-cn-p-Xv ImWpI:
""\_n(-k) aZo-\-bn hp; Atm blq-Zn-I Bipdm {hX-a-
\p-jvTn-p--Xmbn Ahn-Spv Ip. AXns\ kw_-nv Atlw
tNmZn-p. adp-]Sn CXm-bn-cpp: ""Amlp aqkm-\-_npw _\q
Ckvdm-Cu-eypw ^n-Hu-\n-sXn-cn hnPbw \evInb Znh-k-am-
WnXv; AXns _lp-am-\mYw R {hX-a-\p-jvTn-p-p.'' DSs\
{]hm-N-I(k) ]dp: ""aqk-tbmSv \nsfm IqSp-X _-
s-Xv R-fmWv.' A\-cw Av {hX-a-\p-jvTn-m Ahn-Spv
D-c-hn-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. (apkvenw, InXm-_p-u-w)
Xz_vdm\n apA-vP-an D-cn lZokp IqSn ChnsS tNmw:
""\_n(-k) aZo-\-bn h-tm Bipdm\mfn blq-Zn-I {hX-a-
\p-jvTn-p-Xp Ip. CsXv kwK-Xn-sbv DSs\ \_n(-k) Ah-
tcmSv Xnc-n. Ah-scmw ]dp: "CXv Biqdm' Znh-k-am-Wv.
3 4 t\mns ssNX\yw
CmWv aqkm(A) ^n-Hu-\n \nv tamN\w t\Sn-b-Xv. "DSs\

\_n(-k) {]Xn-h-Nnp: "aqksb ]n]-m IqSp-X Ah-Im-i-s-
-h R-fm-Wv.''
lnPvd 440- \ncym-X-\mb {]i KWnX imkv{X-\pw Nn-
I-\p-amb A_p-ssd-lm-\p ss_dq\n CXv AwKo-I-cn-p-n-. Ad-
_o--b-lqZn Ie--dp-I Hp-t\m-nb tijw {]kvXpX lZo-kp-
I-fpsS hniz-k-\o-b-X-bn Atlw kwibw tcJ-s-Sp-n-bn-cn-p-
p. ""ABkm-dp _mIznb A\n Izpdq-\n Jmenb'' F
IrXn-bn Atlw tcJ-s-Sp-n-bXv C{]-Im-c-amWv: ""Biqdm
FXv Imem--c-n Ad-_o-I-cn--s Hcp A_vdm\n ]Z-am-
sWv ]d-b-s-Sp-p.
(C_v \ p akzq enkm- \ p Ad- _ n ]d- b pp: "Bipdm
Fpw Aiqdm Fpw ]dbmw. apldw amk-nse ]mw \mfm-
W-Xv. H]-Xm-sWpw A`n-{]m-b-ap-v. AXp-sIm-p-t-in-p-Xv
blq-Z-am-k-amb "Xnivcn'bnse ]m-as Znh-k-am-Wv. A-\p-jvTn-
-s-Sp {hX-n-\mWv Inp (Yom kippur) Fv ]d-bp--Xv. CXv
Ad-_n-amk IW--\p-k-cnv AXns BZy-am-k-nse ]mw Znh-
k-ambn hcpw. Cu {hXw lnPvd Hmw hj-amWv Ckvemw \n_-
-am-nbXv. XpSv h da-fzm-\n B Iev]\ Zp_-s-Sp-p-
Ibpw sNbvXp.
Hcp dntmv C- s \- b mWv : ""\_n(- k ) aZo- \ - b n sNp.
Atm blq-Zn-I Biqdm {hX-a-\p-jvTn-p-Xv Atlw Ip.
CsXp {hX-am-sWv {]hm-N-I Ah-tcmSv Bcm-p. "aqkm(A)-
an-s\bpw A\p-bm-bn-I-sfbpw cn-p-Ibpw, ^n-Hu-\n-s\bpw A\p-
bm-bn-I-sfbpw Amlp apn \in-n-p-Ibpw sNbvX Znh-k-am-
WXv Fv Ah ]d-p. CXp tI-tm \_n(-k) ]d-p: ""\n-
sf-m aqk-tbmSv Ghpw IS-s-Xv R-fm-Wv.'' As\ {]hm-
N-I {hX-a-\p-jvTn-p-Ibpw A\p-N-c-m-tcmSv {hX-a-\p-jvTn-m
Iev]n-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]noSv da-fzm-\nse {hXw \n-_--am-
s--tm Biqdm-{hXw A\p-jvT-n-m Iev]n-n-, A\p-jvTn-
t--Xn Fpw ]d-n-.
Cu lZokv kzoIm-cy-a-. kqva Kth-jWw \Sn \ap-nXp
a\-n-em-mw. Hmw lnPvdm_vZns BZy-amkw apld-anse
{]Ya Znh-k-amb shn-bmgvN hcp-Xv Ae-Ivkm-{Uo-b hjw
933 Pqsse ]Xn-aqmw Xn-Xn-bm-Wv. Av PqX-hj--W--\p-k-
cnv AXnse BZy Znhkw G{]n ]{v Rmb-dm-gvN-bm-Wv. Ad-
_n-amkw kz^ Ccp-]-sm-]Xmw XobXn CXn-t\mSv Hp-h-cp-
p. Cu IW--\p-k-cnv {]kvXpX Bipdm {hXw d_oD A
H-Xn\v sNmm-gvN-bm-tI--Xm-Wv. \_n(-k)-bpsS lnPvdbpw d_o-
t\mns ssNX\yw 3 5
D A-ens BZy]-Ip-Xn-bn-em-bn-cpp F Imcyw Ncn{XkXy-

am-Wtm. AXn-\m \_n(-k)bpsS aZo\m ]em-b-\hpw apldw
]pw Hphp Fp ]d-bp-Xv hmkvXhhncp--am-Wv.'' XpSv
Atlw ]d-bp-p: ""am{X-a-, Amlp ^n-Hu-\n-s\bpw A\p-bm-
bn-I-sfbpw apn \in-n-Xv {]kvXpX Znh-k-am-sWXv Xudm-n\v
FXn-cp-am-Wv. Xudm-ns hnh-c-W-a-\p-kcnv AXv G{]n Ccp-]-
smmw Xn-Xn-bm-Wv. Am-ap ^pssX-dns Ggmw Znhkw
\_n(k) aZo-\-bn h-ti-jw, blq-Zn-I-fpsS Cudns BZy
Znhkw Ae-Ivkm-{Un-b hjw 933 amv Ccp-]ncmw
XnXn sNmm-gvN-bm-bn-cp-p. AXn-t\mSp tbmPn-p Ad_v amk-
n-Xn da-fzm ]Xn-t\-gm-Wv. AXn-\m ta lZo-kn\v bmsXm-c-
Sn- m- \ - h p- a n.'' (ABkm- d p _mIznb A\n Izpdq- \ n
Jmenb, t]Pv: 331)
]n-X\pw Nn-I\pw KWn-X-imkv{X hnim-c-Z-\p-amb ss_dq\n
Xs Cu \ncq-]Ww ]e kev]-fpsS ASn-m-\-n ]Sp-
p-bnbXm-Wv.
Hm-as kev]w C_v\p Amkpw apw D-cn Cu lZo-
kn Dmb kwhmZw \_n(-k) aZo-\-bn BK-X-amb BZy-Zn-h-
k-am-bn-cpp F-Xm-Wv. AXn-\-tlw sXfn-hmbn Ah-ew-_n-Xv
""em JZna_n-p... Aa-Zo-\-- '' ""\_n(-k) aZo-\-bn {]th-in-
-tm.'' As-n ""em-J-e aZo\'' ""aZo-\-bn BK-X-\m-b-
tm'' F ]Z-{]-tbm-K-am-Wv. \_n(-k) aZo-\-bn {]th-in-Xv
d_o-D A BZy-]-Ip-Xn-bn-em-bn-cp-p. Cu hmIyw sXn--cn-
Xv, lZokv imkv{X-hp-ambn IqSp-X _-tam, klm-_n-I-fpsS
kwkm-c-ssi-en-bn Ah-Km-ltam Cm--XpsIm-m-Wv. lZo-kp-
I sam-n ]cn-tim-[n-p-tm Ccw ssien-I [mcmfw
ImWm Ign-bpw.
DZm-l-c-W-n\v A\kv_v\p amenv(d)-hn \nv A_q-Zm-hqZv
D- c n- p Hcp hmIyw ChnsS sImSpmw: "JZo- a - - _ n- p...
AaZo-\...' Fp XpS-p lZo-kns hnh\w C-s\-
bmWv: ""\_n(-k) aZo-\-bn BK-X-\m-bn. Av Ahp Ipfn-
m\pw D-kn-m\pw cp Znh-k-ap-m-bn-cp-p. Atm \_n(k)
tNmZnp: "Cu cv Znh- k - smWv {]tXy- I X? Ah
]dp: Pmlnenm Imev B Znh-k-n R ]e Ifn-
Ifpw kwL-Sn-n-m-dp-m-bn-cp-p. CXv tI {]hm-N-I ]dp:
Fm AXn- t \- m D- a - a mb cp Znh- k - Amlp
\np ]Icw \evIn-bn-cn-p-p. CuZp Afzvlm, CuZp
^nXzv Fo cp s]cp-m kpZn-\--fm-Wv.'' ta lZo-kn
\nv "\_n(-k)-bpsS aZo\m BK-a-\-hpw Ah-cpsS Ifn-I-fp-ap-m-
3 6 t\mns ssNX\yw
bXv Htc Znh-k-am-bn-cp-p' Fp a\-n-em-m km[n-ptam?

C- c - n- e p {]tbm- K - thsdbpw ImWmw. AXns]
HmWv Cu-\n-bpsS ]cm-K-Ws kw_-n h lZo-kpw.
Amam C_v\p-l-P AkvIzem-\n Cu hnj-b-n-tev shfnw
\evIp-Xv ImWpI: ""ta lZo-kn kwibw P\n-n-m-\p
Imc-Ww, \_n(-k) aZo-\-bn {]th-in--tm blq-Zn-I t\m-
\p-jvTn-p-Xv Ip; \_n(-k) aZo-\-bn h-Xm-Is d_o-D
A-en-ep-amWv F-Xm-Wv. ({hXw apldw ]n-\v; \_n(-k)-bpsS
BK-a\w d_o-D A-en. Atm cv amkw apv Ign
kw`hw \_n Fs\ Ip?) AXn-\p adp-]Sn \mw a\-n-em-
t--Xm-Wv. alm-\mb ss_dq\n a\-n-em-n-bXv t]mseb lZo-
kns Bibw. \_n(-k)v {]kvXpX t\mv aZo-\-bnse PqXcpw
A\p-jvTn-p-Xns\-p-dnv BZy-ambn Adnhv e`n-Xv AhnsS
Fnb tij-am-sWv am{Xw. AXm-bXv \_n(-k) aZo-\-bn {]th-
in-p. ASp Biqdm hsc AhnsS Ign-p. Atm blq-Zn-
I Av {hX-a-\p-jvTn-p-Xv Ahn-Spv Ip.'' (^Xvlp _mcn,
hm: 4, t]: 214-216)
lZo- k ns icn- b mb hnh CXm- b n- c ns ss_dq- \ n- b psS
KWnX Kth-j-Whpw lZokpw Xn bmsXmcp sshcp-[y-hp-an-.
At-l-ns asmcp \nK-a\w lZo-kn {]Xn-]m-Zn Biqdm
{hXw, blqZ amk-amb "Xnivcn'bnse ]mw Znh-k-amWv Fm-W-
tm. AXm- b Xv Ah Fm Znh- t - mfpw, {hX- t - mfpw
{]m[m\yw sImSp-n-cp "{]kn--amb {]mb-n {hXw' F
t]cn Adn-b-s "InqZnhkw'. Cwo-jn AXv Day of Atone-
ment F-dn-bn-s-Sp-p. Fm Cu \nK-a\w lZo-kns ]Z-
s-Xn-cm-Wv. "Xudm-pw' AXns\ AwKo-I-cn-p-n-. CXv
GtXm Hcp alm-]m-X-I-n-sbpw Ncn-{X-]-c-amb kmaq-lnI hyXn-
bm-\-n-sbpw {]mb-n--am-Wv.''*
* Hcp]t aqkm\_n-bpsS Akm-n-[y-n aqcnp-n-sb Bcm-[n-
Xm-bn-cn-mw. Izp-B-\n AXn-s\-n ]d-bp-Xv ImWpI: ""aqkm-tbmSv
\mw apXv Znhkw Icm sNbvXp. ]ns ]p-sIm-X - ns\ \mw ]qn-
bm-n. As\ \mev]Xv cm{Xn-I-fmbn Xs \mY-\p-am-bp ""aoIzmv''
Atlw ]qo-I-cn-p.'' ]ip-hns Ip-nsb Bcm-[n--Xn\v Amlp
Ahsc inn--Xv, Ah-cn \nv Xs-bp \nc-]-cm-[n-I-sf-smv
A]-cm-[n-Isf h[n-n-p-sIm-m-Wv, hnip Izp-B ]d-bpp: ""aqkm
Xs P\-X-tbmSv ]d k`w kvacn-p-I. tl kap-Zm-bta, Hcp
]iphns -Ip-nsb ssZh-ambn kzoI-cn- aptJ\ \n \n-tfmSv
Xs A{Iaw {]hn-n-cn-p-p. AXn\m \n \n-fpsS cn-
t\mns ssNX\yw 3 7
tehy-]p-kvX-I-n {]mb-n Zn\-s-p-dnv (Ggmw amk-
amb "Xnivcn'bpsS ]mw Znh-ks {hXw) Cs\ ImWmw:
""CXp \np Ft-p-ap Nw Bbn-cn-tWw: Ggmw amkw
]mw XnXn \n B-X-]\w sNtWw; kztZ-inbpw \n-
fpsS CS-bn ]mp ]c-tZ-inbpw bmsXmcp thebpw sN-cp-
Xv. B Znh-k-n Atm btlm-h-bpsS kn-[n-bn \nsf
ipo-I-cn-t--Xn\p \np-thn {]mb-nw Ign-bpw
\n-fpsS kIe ]m]-fpw \on \nsf ipo-I-cn-p-Ibpw
sNp-Xv. AXp \nv hnip kz-X-bp iv Bbn-
cn-t-Ww. \n B-]-X\w sNt-Ww; AXp \nv Ft-
p-ap N-am-Ip-p.'' (tehy ]pkvX-Iw, A: 16 kq: 2931 kXy-
thZ ]pkvXIw {_nojv B v t^mdn ss__n skmsskn,
emtlm)
asmcp ev hn-cn-pp: ""btlmh ]nsbpw tamsi-
tbmSv Acp-fn-sbvXp: Ggmw amkw ]mw XnXn ]m]]cn-lmc
Znh-k-am-Ip-p. Ap \nv hnipk`m-tbmKw Dm-tIWw.
\n B--X]\w sNbvI-bpw btlm-hp Zl-\-bmKw An-
bpw thWw. Ap \n bmsXmcp thebpw sN-cp-Xv. AXp
\n-fpsS ssZh-amb btlm-h-bpsS kn-[n-bn \np-thn
{]mb-nw Ign-t--Xn-p ]m]]cn-lmc Znhkw.'' (tehy
]pkvXIw, 23:2628) kXy-thZ ]pkvXIw {_nojv B v t^mdn
ss__n skmssk-n, emtlm)
C\nbpw \apv kwJym]pkvX-I-n hmbnmw: ""Ggmw amkw
]mw XnXn hnipk`m-tbmKw IqtSWw; Ap \n B-
X-]\w sNtWw; the-sbmpw sN-cp-Xv.'' (kwJym ]pkvX-Iw,
29:7)
t\sc adnv (ap-kvenw-I {hX-a-\p-jvTn-p apldw ]n-\v)
blq-Zn-Iv s]cp-mfpw Blvfm-Z-n-ap-am-bn-cp-sv lZo-kp-
I hy- a m- p- p. A_q- a q- k Aiv - A - c nbn \nv Camw
_pJmcn D-cn-pp: "Biqdm Znhkw blq-Zn-I s]cp-m-fm-
sWv a\-n-em-p-Ibpw Blvfm-Z-tmsS BtLm-jn-p-Ibpw
sNbvXn-cpp; Atm \_n(-k) R-tfmSv Av t\m-\p-jvTn-
Xm-hn-tev ]m--]np aS-pI.'' {]kvXpX kw`hw aptJ\ Xe-apd
Xe-ap-d-I-fn-eqsS Ah-cn {hXw \n_--am-n. "Judaism in Islam' F
]pkvX-I-n "aqkm \mev]Xv Znhkw ]hX inJ-c-n Ign-p-Iq-
n, {]mb-n \mfn Cd-n-hp'' Fp ImWmw. As\ AXv
ZpxJn-sbpw thZ-\-bp-sSbpw imco-cnI ]oU-\-n-s-bpw \mfp-I-
fm-bn-op. ("AIms\ Adv_A' bpsS Ad_n ]Xn-n \nv)
3 8 t\mns ssNX\yw
m ]d-p.'
Camw apkvenw ssIzkv_v\p apkven-an \np--cn-p lZokv
C{]-Im-c-amWv: ""ssJ_-dn-ep blq-Zn-I Biqdm {hXw A\p-
jvTn-p-Ibpw Hcp s]cp-m-fmbn BtLm-jn-p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-
p. Av Ah-cpsS kv{XoI B`-c-W--fpw, ]p ]pS-h-Ifpw
AWnv BlvfmZw {]I-Sn-n-p. Atm \_n(-k) ]dp:
""\n Av {hX-a-\p-jvTnpsIm-p-I.''
Da-dp-_v\p Jzm-_n \nv Ipssd_p_v\p kAZv D-cn-
pp: ""Ay-\m-fn cp Znh-ks {hX-s-p-dnp am{Xta
\n- t fmSp tNmZn- p- I - b p- q. da- f zm {hX- h pw, Ae- mc
Znhks (B-iq-dm-A-v) {hX-hpw.'' (C_v\pakvZsshln, Ikp
Dm hm: 4, t]: 34)
CsXmw apn shp Nnn-p-tm {]kvXpX {hXw B-
X-]\ \mfn-em-bn-cppshv ]d-bm ]n-. ImcWw AXv ZpxJ-
n-sbpw hyk-\-n-sbpw \mfp-I-fm-Wv; \ny-X-bp-sSbpw in-
bp-sSbpw Znh-k--fpam-Wv. lZo-kn {]Xn-]m-Zn Biq-dm- Zn\-am-
Is ktm-j-n-sbpw Blvfm-Z-n-sbpw Zn\-am-Wv; Ag-In-
sbpw Ae-m-c-n-sbpw Zn\hpw.
ss_dq-\nv ]pdsa Nne ]mmXy ]uckvXy ]n-Xcpw Cu
A_--n IpSp-n-bn-p-v. B[p\n-I-cmb Nne lZokv ]n-
X-mcpw CXp icn-sh-n-cn-p-p. Judaism in Islam F ]pkvX-I-
n ]m]]cn-lmc Znh-k-s-p-dn-s-gp-XpXv C-s\-bmWv:
""{]mcw` L-n AXv apkvenw-I-fp-sSbpw Hcp {hX Znh-k-ambn
apl-Zv AwKo-I-cnp:'' (Judaism in Islam by Abrham 1. Katish Newyork
1954)
"_\q Ckvdm-bo-eysc X-fpsS i{Xp--fn \nv Amlp
cn Hcp Znh-k-as{X CXv' F Ah-cpsS Xs hmv Cu
hnj-b-n am\-Z--am-sb-Sp-mw. ImcWw B hnti-jWw ^n-
Hu-\n \npw Ahs In-c-m-cn \npw _\o Ckvdm-Cu-eysc
Amlp cn Znh-k-n\p am{Xw tbmPn--Xm-Wv. {]kvXpX Znh-
k-n\v B_olv F \maw ss__n ]g-b \nb-a-n ]e
epw hn-cn-p-p. ]nevm-ev "ss\km' F t]cn-e-dn-
b-s-Xpw AXpXs-bm-Wv.
""Abib''s\ kw_-nv _pkvXm\n hnm\ tImi-n C{]-
Imcw Fgp-Xpp: ""CsXmcp lo{_p ]Z-am-Wv. AXns AYw
"lcnXw' Fm-Wv. AXv ln{_p-am-k--fpsS BZys amk-ns
t]cm-Wv. aqkm(-A)bns hI-bmWv {]kvXpX \ma-I-c-Ww. GI-
tZiw "ss\km' (G-{]n) amk-tmSv AXv Hp-h-cp-p. Ckvdm-
Cu-eysc _m_n-tem-Wn-b-bn-tep \mSpIS-n-b-tm Ah Cu
t\mns ssNX\yw 3 9
amk-n-s t] ss\km Fm-n. ]pjv]--fpsS amkw Fm-

W-Xns AYw. AXns aZy-n Xs-bmWv Ah-cpsS s]k-
l-bm-Khpw (]p-d-mSv 12:18)
CXpXs ss_dq-\nbpw Gp-]-d-p. At-l-ns hmIyw
C-s\-bmWv: ""At Znhkw ^n-Hu-\ns\ Amlp apn \in-
np F Ah- c psS hnizmkw Xudm- n- s \- X n- c m- W v . ImcWw
s]kl bmK-ns Ggmw \mfn "ss\km' Ccp-]nHn-
\mbncpp B apn-\-in-n- \S--Xv. ]pd-mSv 12:18 ]d-bp-
Xv "Hmw amkw ]Xn-\memw XnXn sshIp-tcw apX B
amkw Ccp-]-smmw XnXn sshIp-tcw hsc \n ]pfn-n-
m Aw XntWw' Fm-Wv.
Ccw hy-amb sXfn-hp-Ifpw blqZ ico-Apw Ah-cpsS
Ncn-{Xhpw BNm-c-fpsamw ]Tn tijw \ap-s-n-t-cm Ign-
bp \nK-a\w CXmWv: C_v\p Am-kn \npw apw Dt-in--
s lZo-kp-I-fn h-Xpw, da-fzm {hXw \n_--am-p--Xn\v
apv Ckvemw A\p-jvTn-m Bm-]n--Xp-amb Biqdm {hXw
]pcm-X\ "B_o_v' (ss\-km) amk-ns a[y-nep Znh-k-
am-Wv. Av blq-Zn-Iv BtLmj Znh-k-am-bn-cp-p. _men-tem-
Wbbn \nv \mSp-I-S--s tijw PqX AXns t]cn amw
hcp-n.* _\q Ckvdm-Cu-ey CuPn-]vXn \np ]pd-s--Xpw, ^n-
Hu\pw A\p-bm-bn-Ifpw apn-sm-sXpw CtX Znhkw Xs-
bm-Wv.
Akn-lmlv 34- C{]-Imcw ImWmw: ""Atm tamsi P\-
tmSp ]d-p: \n ASnahoSmb an{kboan \np ]pd-s-
p-t]m Cu Znh-ks Hmp-sImhn; btlmh _e-ap
ssIsImv \nsf AhnsS \np ]pd-s-Sp-hnp; AXp-sImp
]pfn-p Aw Xn-cp-Xv. B_o_v amkw Cu XnXn \n
]pd-s-p-t]m-p.'' Atm GXp \nepw lnPvd cmwhjw
apldw ]n-\mWv Ah {hX-a-\p-jvTn-p--Xmbn \_n I-Xv.
AtX hjw da-fzm {hX-tm-Sp-IqSn {hXw \n_--am-sW
\nbaw H-gn-hm-p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
blqZ Ie--dn-t\mSpw kqcy-am-k--tfmSpw, Ad_n Ie-dpw
* ChnsS Nnev kwi-b-ap-m-tbmw: {hXhpw s]cp-mfpw Htc
Znhkw Fs\ Hcp-anp IqSpw? blq-Z-cp-sSbpw {InkvXym-\n-I-fp-sSbpw
s]cp-m-{hX-sf Ckvem-an-te-Xn-t\mSv kack-ambn ImWp--Xn
\np-m-Ip kwi-bam-W-Xv. Jewish Encyclopedia -- bn Ggmw amk-
nse BZy-\m-fp-I ""{hX-nsbpw s]cp-m-fn-sbpw Zn\--
fmbncpp''shv hy-am-n-bn-p-v.)
4 0 t\mns ssNX\yw
N{-am-khpw tbmPn-n-p--Xn asmcp hiw IqSn Nnn-t--

Xp-v. AXm-bXv "\koC' s {]iv\w (F-s-nepw Bh-iytam
B{K-ltam ]cn-KWnv GsX-nepw Hcp amks ctm aqtm
amk-n\v tij-ap asmcp Xn-Xn-bn-tev amnshp-I) Ckvem-
an\v appw AXn\v tijhpw Ad-_n-I-fn kh-km-[m-c-W-am-bn-
cpp. ]noSv hnip Izp-B AXv \ntcm-[n-p:
""amk-sf AXn\nv sXn- kXy\ntj-[-ns B[n-
Iy- a m- I pp; AXv aptJ\ kXy- \ n- t j- [ n- I ZpamK- n- e m-
Ipp''(Au_x 37).
l-p hZm-C \_n(-kz) ]dp: ""BImi `qan-Isf
Amlp krjvSn Ah-k-c-n Imew F-s\-bm-bn-cptm
AtX cq]-n Xs AXv Id-n-sm-t-bn-cn-pp''. Am-
lp-hns t_m[\w aptJ-\-bmWv {]hm-N-I CXv {]Jym-]n--Xv.
Ad-_n--e- aptJ\ GsX-n-ep-sam-n Ah-ew-_n-m km[y-
a- m hn[- n AXv ]e am- pw hnt[- b - a m- b n- c p- p.
tIhew IW-ns ASn-m-\-n IrXy-amb KX-Ime _w
m]n-m km[y-a-m cq]-n Imew Ign-p-t]m-bn-cp-p.
AXn-\m Apw Cpw Ah-ew-_-I-am-m ]m-, hnI-e-amb
Ie--dp-I-fpsS ASn-m-\-n, kzlolpw apX-hm-Xn-dp-amb lZo-
kp-I Xm XpS-n-bm AXv Kpcp-X-c-amb {]iv\- krjvSn-
pw.
As- n C- s \- b p- a mImw: aZo- \ - b n- e p blq- Z n- I
Biqdm {hX- ns {]iv\- n ap blq- Z n- I - f n\nv
`namb Hcp \bw kzoI- c n- n- c nmw; Fnv ap {hXs
At]- nv AXn\v IqSp- X {]m[m- \ yhpw sImSp- n- c nmw;
Av Ncn{X{]kn- - a mb ]e kw`- h - fpw \S- n- p- s v a\-
n- e m- nb ap Ad- _ n- I Cu {]iv\- n\v sImSp
{]m[m\yw blq- Z n- I fpw sImSp- p- I bpw As\ Ahcpw {hX-
a- \ p- j v T n- p- I bpw sNbv X n- c n- mw.
BC- i (- d )- b n\nv D- c n- p Hcp lZo- k n C{]- I mcw
ImWmw: ""Biqdm Znhkw Izpssd- i n- I {hX- a - \ p- j v T n- n- c p- p.
\_n(- k z)bpw AtX Znhkw {hX- a - \ p- j v T n- n- c pp'' (ap- k v e nw).
PqX- m ]e \mnepw ]e hn[- n- e mWv {hXw A\p- j v T n- n-
cp- - X v . Nne {hXa\p- j v T n- p Znhkw ap Nne {hX- a - \ p-
jv T n- n- c p- n. CXv kw_- nv jewish encyclopedia bn hXv
\mw apv D- c n- p- I - g n- p. AhnsS {]Xn- ] m- Z n Aev ] w hnh-
c- W w- I qSn ChnsS tNmw: ""cmjv { S- - f p- s Sbpw {]tZ- i - - f p-
sSbpw hyXym- k - - \ p- k - c nv Ah A\p- j v T n- n- c p {]mtZ-
in- I hpw kmap- Z m- b n- I - h p- a mb Nne {hX- - f p- m- b n- c p- p. ]pcm-
t\mns ssNX\yw 4 1
X- \ - I mew apXXs PqX- m Fhn- s S- s bmw Ign- n- c p-

pthm Ahn- s S- s bmw BNm- c m- \ p- j v T m- \ fn sshcp- [ y- -
fp- m- b n- c p- p. Nne {hX- a - \ p- j v T n- p- t m ap Nne AXn
\nsm- g n- p- \ n- p. Ncn- { X- k w- ` - h - sf B[m- c - a m- n- b p
[mcmfw {hX- thsd- b p- a p- m- b n- c pp''. Atm Hcp- ] - t ,
apldw ]nse {hXw Atd- _ y \nhm- k n- I - f mb PqX- m- c psS
am{Xw {]tXy- I - X - I - f n s]- X m- b n- c n- m\pw km[y- X - b p- v .
AXp- s Im- m- b n- c nmw PqX- c psS {]mam- W nI {K-
AXns\ kw_- nv au\w Zon- p- - X v . an Ncn- { X- I m- c - m-
cp- s Sbpw A`n- { ]mbw AXv blq- Z - a - X - m tZi- - ` mj hyXym- k -
sat\y A\p- j v T n- p Ah- c psS kp{]- k n- - a mb ]m]]cn- l mc
\mfnse {hX- a m- s W- m- W v . Biqdm {hXw ]m]]- c n- l mc \mfnse
{hX- a m- s W A`n- { ]m- b - m- c m- W v AXv kw_- nv h lZo-
kp- I Zp_- e - a m- n- - m [rXn- I m- W n- - X v . hnhn[ \mSp- I -
fnepw hyXykv X Ime- L - - - f nep- a p- m- b n- c p PqX- c psS BNm-
cm- \ p- j v T m- \ - - s f- p- d n- p Adn- h n- m- b v a - b n \np- - h n
hn[n Iev ] n- - e m- W n- X v . Xe- a p- d - I - f mbn Atd- _ y- b nepw lnPm-
knepw Pohn- p- t ]m blq- Z n- I v aX- { ]- k n- o- I - c - W - - f psS
Zue`yX A\p- ` - h - s - Xpw AXn\v Imc- W - a m- b n- p- v . CXv PqX-
cpsS am{Xw {]tXy- I - X - b - . temI- p Fm aXm- \ p- b m- b n- I -
fp- s Sbpw kap- Z m- b - - f p- s Sbpw BNm- c w, A\p- j v T m- \ w, kz`m- h w,
kwkv I m- c w, `mj, \mK- c n- I - X , hnizmk kwlnX XpS- n- b - h sb
Cs\ Npp- ] m- S p- I kzm[o- \ n- n- p- v .
4 2 t\mns ssNX\yw
{hXw hn[n-kq-
-
]c- t amIr- j vS- a mb tam- n\v thn, imkv{X- -
mpw _pn- c m- - k - mpw Ip- ] n- S n- m Ign- b m
sFln- I hpw ]mc- { Xn- I - h p- a mb ey- ] qo- I - c - W - n\v thn,
APoW- h pw BUw- _ - c - P o- h n- X hpw AXn- { I- a hpw aptJ\ tcmKm-
Xp- c - a mb tZln- b psS tamN- \ - n\v thn, a, kl- \ w, anXXzw
apX- e mb alXv KpW- - f n- e qsS am{Xw Iogv s - S p- m Ign- b p-
- - J n- e m- ^ - v F {]tXy- I - a mb ZuXy \nh- l - W - n\v
thn Amlp apkv e nw- I v dafzm {hXw \n_- - a m- n.
Fm \_nbpw Ahn- S ps kX kl- N m- c n- I fpw aZo- \ -
bn- t ev lnPv d t]mb tij- a mWv Amlp {hXw \n_- - a m- n-
b- X v . ]co- - W - n- s bpw ]n- W n- b p- s Sbpw BZy \mfp- I Ign-
v , aZo- \ - b n- s en Bizm- k - ns s\Sp- h op- I ptijw
PohnXw im- a mbn HgpIm XpS- n. Cu k`- n {hXw
\n_- - a m- n- b - X n- \ m kml- N - c y- ns Npp- ] m- S n\v hgn
km- nI ti- - f m hop- a pnbtm Iev]n- - s
Hm- W Xv Fv Bpw ]d- b m Ign- b p- I - b n- . lnPv d v apv
a- b n apkvenw- I - f psS PohnXw ti- ] qW- a m- b n- c p- p.
As\ Am- b n- c p- p- s h- n AXv GXm\pw Zcn- { Zpw ti
_m[n- X pap- X m- W v. AK- X n- I pw ]nWnmh-
pap- X m- W v . [\n- I cpw PohnX kuI- c y- a p- - h cpw t\m-
\p- j v T n- t - - X n; Fn- - s \- b p \ymb- ]epw ]d-
bm- a m- b n- c p- p. (a- Z o- \ - b n Akzm- d p- I hfsc kpJ- n- e m- b n-
cpp; Ahv Irjnbpw tXm- h - c p- a m- \ - - f p- a p- m- b n- c p- p.
apPm- l n- d p- I fpw AhnsS Fn- b - t ijw Pohn- m I- h Sw
XpS- nb amK- Is- n.)
AXp- t ]mse hnizm- k hpw BZihpw Ah- c n cqV- a q- e - a mbn.
\a- k v I m- c - n IrXy- \ n- j v T - b p- - h - c mbn. AXv Ah- c psS lrZ-
bm- - c m- f - n Ae- s bm- e n- I krjv S np. aX- h n- [ n- I pw
t\mns ssNX\yw 4 3
B- I pw kaql a[y- n kzoIm- c yX e`np. AXn- \ p-

thn Ah Fm cq]- nepw Hcp- n- - g np. Hcp Icm
]me-\-ns t_m[w Ah-cn DZbwsNbvXp. Amam C_v\p
Iznw CXv hnh- c npXcp- Xv ImWpI: ""km[m- c - W - b mbn a\p-
jy- i - c o- c - v CW- n- t Aò- j v S - sfbpw B{K- l - -
sfbpw Ah- k m- \ n- npI FXv hfsc {ia- I - c - a mb Imcy- a m-
Wv . AXp- s Im- mWv {hX- a - \ p- j v T n- - W - s a Am- l p- h ns
B lnPv d - b psS tijw {]hm- N I {]t_m- [ - \ - ns a[ym-
- n- t ev \on- b - X v . P\- l r- Z - b - - f n XuloZpw \a- k v I m-
chpw AXln- p m\w ]nSn- p- ] n; Izp- B - \ ns Dt_m-
[- \ - - t fmSv Ah ]qWambpw CW- n- t p. {ItaW
{hXhpw \n_- - a m- n. lnPv d cmw hjw {hX- a - \ p- j v T n- -
W- s a Iev ] \ hp. ]qW- a mb H]Xv dafzm {hX-
A\p- j v T np sImmWv {]hm- N I ]pwK- h Ay- i zmkw hcn-
- X v . '' (kmZp aBZv hm:1, t]: 152)
CXp- t ]mse GXp \nebv pw P\- t\m- \ p- j v T n- m
]mI- a mbn F Ah h- t m Amlp Iev ] n- p: ""hniz-
kn- - h tc, \n- f psS apKm- a n- I v t\mv \n_- - a m- n- b -
Xp- t ]mse \npw \n_- - a m- n- b n- c n- p- p. \n
àm- t c- t b- mw. GXm\pw Znh- k - - f n- e mWv t\m- \ p- j v T n-
t- - X v . \n- f n Bsc- nepw tcmKn- b m- h p- I tbm bm{X- b n- e m-
hp- I tbm sNbv X m ap Znh- k - - f n Fw ]qn- b m- t - -
Xm- W v . t\mn\v hfsc {]bm- k - s - p am{Xw Ign- b p- - h v Hcp
AK- X n- b psS `Ww {]mb- nw sImSp- \n_- - a m- W v . *
* Hcp Imcy-n\v Ign-bp-I, km[n-pI F-Xn\v Ad_n `mj-bn
]e ]Z--fp-ap-v. tPmen sNbvXpXom-\p _pn-ap-ns IW-
-\p-k-cnv ]Z-{]-tbm-K-n am--fp-m-Ipw. AXns BZy-]Sn
"CkvXn-Xzm-A:' F ]Zhpw Ah-km\ ]Sn "CXzm-Iz:'F ]Z-hp-am-
Wv. \nh-ln-p Imcyw AXntiIchpw _pn-ap-p--Xp-am-sW-
n am{Xta cm-aXv ]d ]Zw B{i-bn-m-dp-q. Hcp ]nSn tNmdp
Xnp- I , Hcp t]\- s b- S p- s - g p- X pI XpS- nb sNdnb Imcy-
F\np Ign-bp-sav ]d-bm {]kvXpX ]Zw D]-tbm-Kn-m-dn. t\sc
adnv `mc-ap Hcp Icn-v Dbm-t\m, XpS-bmbn Ipsd Znhkw
t\m-\p-jvTn-mt\m cm{Xn apgp-h\pw Dd--an-fv \np \a-kvI-cn-
mt\m "Ignbpw' F-Xn\v "CXzm-I:' F [mXp-hn \np {Inb-
sb-bmWv D]-tbm-Kn-t--Xv. Ad_n `mjm hnim-c-Z-m CXv hni-
Z-ambn N sNbvXn-p-v. C_v\p akzq enkm-\p Ad-_n-
]d-bpp: ""Au-Izp, -A-zm-Iz'' Fo ]Z- D]-tbm-Kn-p-Xv
4 4 t\mns ssNX\yw
Bsc- nepw kza- \ - mse \ sNp- p- s h- n AXv Ah\v

\Xp Xs; \n Adn- b p- - h - c m- s W- n t\mv t\mev p-
Xv Xs- b mWv \np- - a w. P\- v amK Zi- \ - a m-
bpw, kXym- k - X y- hnth- N n- p sXfn- h p- I - f mbpw Izp-
B Ah- X - c n- n- - s amk- a m- I p- p dafzm. AXp- s Imv B
amk- n \n- f m- s c- nepw lmP- d p- m- b m Ah Av
t\mv t\mev t - - X m- I p- p. Bsc- nepw tcmKn- b m- h p- I tbm
bm{X- b n- e m- h p- I tbm sNp]w ap Znh- k - - f n (A- { X-
bpw) F- ]qn- b m- - W w. Amlp \nv Ffpw
Dt- i n- p- p. \nsf {]bm- k - s - S p- m Ah Dt- i n- p- n-
. \n ({h- X - Z n- \ ) Fw ]qn- b m- p- - X n\v thn- b pw,
Amlp \nv kmKw \evIn- b Xv aptJ\ Ahs\
\n al- X z- s - S p- m thn- b pw, \n IrX- - c m- I p-
GsX-nepw Hcp {]hrn sNbvXpXom XymK-ns Ah-km\
izmkw IqSn thnhcp- t m- f m- W v . Amam dmKn_v "ap^v d - Z mp
Kco_n Izp-B' F UnIvjv-W-dn-bn Fgp-Xpp: ""Hcp a\p-
jy Xs Ign-hns ]c-am-h[n {ianv hfsc ti-tm-Sp-IqSn
\nh-ln-p-tm am{Xta "XzmIzv' F ]Zw D]-tbm-Kn-p-I-bp-
q... Atm Izp-B-\n ]d "A-Zo\ bqXzoIzq-\-lp' F-
Xns AYw "ti-tmSpw _pn-ap-tmSpw IqSn \nh-ln-p--
h' Fm-Wv. hm[Iyw _m[n ]pcp-j\pw kv{Xobp-amWv AXp-
sImv Dt-in--s-Sp--Xv. Ah {hX-a-\p-jvTn--W-sa-n hfsc
njvS-X-I kln-t--Xp--tm.''
Camw _pJm- c nbpw A_q- Z m- h qZpw ap lZokv ]n- X - mcpw
C_v \ p Amkv (d) hns hnJym- X - \ m- b n D- c n- p- Xpw CXp
Xs- b m- W v . Atlw ]dp: htbmhr- s bpw hr- b p- s Sbpw
{]iv\- n- e m- W v {]kvXpX kqw Ah- X - c n- - X v. Ah cp-
t]cpw {hX- a - \ p- j v T n- p- - X n\p ]Icw Hmtcm AK- X n- v Fm
Znh-khpw `Ww sImSp--Ww. Ah ]noSp {hXw
t\mphot- - X p- a n- . Camw ZmdIzpXzv\n C_v\p Am- k n
\npcn- p- - X n Aev ] w hyXymkw IqSn ImWmw. tinv
t\m- \ p- j v T n- m Ign- b p- - h t\msm- n\v ]I- c - a mbn Hcp
AK- X nv `Ww sImSp- pI; Hn- t esd Bfp- I v `Ww
sImSp- m AXv IqSp- X \v FmWv ""Bsc- nepw \
kzta- [ bm sNbv X m AX- h \v \v '' F hmIyw kqNn- n- p-
- X v. Am- s X, Cu kq- ns \nbaw Zp_- e - s - p- s h
hmZw icn- b - . hfsc ti- t msS {hXw A\p- j v T n- m Ign-
bp htbm- h r- ]I- c - a mbn "^nZvb' (H- c - K - X nv `- W w)
sImSp- m aXn. Camw Xzlmhn C_v \ p Am- k n \np- - c n-
t\mns ssNX\yw 4 5
hm thn- b p- a mWv Cs\ hn[n- - X v ) '' (_- I zd: 183- 186)

"{hXw \n- f n \n_- - a m- n- b n- c n- pp' F Izp- B -
\ns Cu hnfw- _ cw km[m- c W cmjv{Sobkmaqly _-
ns ASn- m- \ - n {]P- I v thn `c- W - I q- S - ]pd-
s- S p- h n- p cq]- n- e p tNX- \ m- c - l n- X - a mb ]cp- Iev ] -
\- b - . Cu Znhy- k q- - a\p- j ys hnizm- k w, BZiw,
_pn, lrZ- b w, a\- v , h]p- v , hnImcw XpSn Fm hkv X p-
- t fmSpw Htc Ah- k - c - n {]Xn- I - c n- p- p. Ah- b v t m- t cm-
n\pw AXm- X n- t - X mb Blm- c hpw {]Zm\w sNp- p. tIhew
Hcp \nbaw P\- - f n \S- m- pI F coXn- b n- e Izp- B
kwkm-cn-p--Xv. adn-v, AXns\ lrZy-ambn kzmKXwsNm-\p
A- c o- hpw IqSn B kqw Hcp- p- p. CXv Izp- B - \ ns
p lZo- k n ]d- b pp: K`n- W n, htbm- h r- , tcmKn- I

XpS- n- b - h scmw {ian- m {hX- a - \ p- j v T n- m Ignbpw; ]t,
Ch- s c- s bmw "^nZvb' aptJ\ {]kvXpX kqw {hX- ns
\n_ hcp- X n- b n \nv Hgn- h m- n- b n- c n- p- p. Aen, A_q-
lpd- b v d :(d) XpS- nb {]ap- J - c mb kzlm- _ n- I - f n \npw CtX
A`n- { ]mbw D- c n- - s - n- p- v . av {]ap- J - c mb Nne kzlm- _ n-
I- f n \nv apPm- l nZv D- c n- pp: "A\kv(d) hm[IyZi
{]m]n- - t m A{]- I m- c - a m- b n- c pp sNbv X n- c p- - X v . ' kCu- Z p_v \ p
Ppss_ C_v\p Am- k n \nsmcp kw`hw IqSn D- c n-
pp: At- l - ns Iogn ape sImSp- p Hcp kv { Xobp-
m- b n- c p- p; hfsc Iv t fiw klnv {hX- a - \ p- j v T n- m Ah
Hcpn; Atm C_v \ p Amkv Ah- t cmSv ]dp: \o t\m-
\p- j v T n- t - - X n. Jp- B ]d "hfsc tinp {hX- a - \ p-
jv T n- m Ign- b p- - h - c p'sS KW- n s]- h - f mWv \o.
Atm ""\n- f n {hXw \n_- - a m- - s - n- c n- p- p''
F Am- l p- h ns Iev ] - \ v hnt[- b - c m- b - h aqv Xc- m- c m-
Wv . Hv : Btcm- K y- h m- \ m- b , \mnse ncXma- k - m; Ah
t\mv A\p- j v T n- \n_- - a m- W v . cv : tcmKnbpw bm{X- m-
c\pw; Ahv t\mv asm- c n- ]nSn- p hon- b m aXn. aqv :
asm- c n- ]nSnp hom km[n- p- s a {]Xo- bv v hI- b n-
m tcmKw, hm[Iyw, hm[Iykl- P - a mb tcmKw apX- e m- b h
AXn s]- X m- W v . Ah Hmtcm {hX- n\pw {]mb- nambn
AK- X nv `Ww sImSp- m aXn. K`n- W nbpw ape- s Im- S p-
p kv { Xobpw {hXw asm- c n- ]nSnp hon- s m- - s . CtX
cq]- n Bb- ns \nbaw {]m_- e y- n Xs- b p- v . AXv
"akqJm' (\n- b aw {]m_- e y- n- e n- m- - X v ) sW A`n- { ]mbw
4 6 t\mns ssNX\yw
\nb- a - \ nam- W - nepw {]t_m- [ \ \nZm- \ - n- e p- a p a\- m-

kv { X- ] - c hpw XmXzn- I - h p- a mb Aam- \ p- j n- I - X - b m- W v .
""Cu Izp- B - kv X pXyl\pw bpn- - \ p- a mb ssZh-
n \nv Ah- X - c n- - X m- I p- p.''(^p- zn- e v : 42)
Nnnp t\mq! Cu \nbaw \S- m- m Amlp A`n- k w-
t_m- [ \ sNbv X Xv "tl kXy- h n- i z- k n- I tf' Fp hnfn- p- s Im-
mWv . F{X ti- I - c - a mb Imcy- a m- s W- nepw inckmhln- m
Ah k- - c m- s W Hcp tXm apt Xs Ah Ah-
cn Hcp- n- b - t ]m- s e- b mWv B hnfn. A- c - n- e p Hcp
Ah ssZhw Ahv \ev I n- b Xp- t ]m- s e, AXmWv Cuam.
Cuam Hcm- f n- e p- m- b m GXv tihpw hln- m Hcp- - a m-
bn- c n- pw. ImcWw AXv Cuam- \ ns tX- a m- W v . Bcm- [ y\pw
cn- X mhpw Iev ] n- m\pw hntcm- [ n- m- \ p- a p A[n- I m- c nbpw
A\p- k - c n- - s - t S- - h \pw Am- l p- h m- s Wv Hcm hniz- k np.
icn- b - . Bib {Kmly- X - mbn Iqn- t p- I tbm hnp- I - f - b p-
Itbm sNt- - X n- . AXphgn Ahy- X krjv S nv _pn- a p-
n- t Imcy- h p- a n- . {]i- k v X cpw ]n- X - c p- a mb ]e kzlm- _ n-
I- f pw Cu A`n- { ]m- b - m- c m- s Wv hcp- t m Izp- B - \ n \nv
]p- \ mb Hcp hymJym- \ - ns {]iv \ hpw DXv ` - h n- p- n- .
Fm Nne {]ap- J - c mb kzlm- _ n- I fpw A[nI apKm- a n- I -
fpw Cu Bbv "akqJv ' (\n- b aw {]m_- e y- n- e n- m- - X v )
BsWv ]d-n-pv; Izp-B hymJym\ {K--fnepw
lZokp {K- - f nepw {]kv X pX A`n- { ]m- b - a mWv {]kn- - a m- b n- p-
- X v . CsX- s\ {]Nm- c - n hp Ft? ]nKm- a n- I - f mb
tIhe \nZm\imkv { X ]n- X - m- c psS kmt- X nI {]tbm- K - -
tfmSv kzlm- _ n- I - f psS {]tbm- K - - s fbpw kwkmc ssien- I -
sfbpw kmZr- i y- s - S p- n- b - X n \np- - h n- p- I bpw As\
{]Npc{]Nmcw t\Sp-Ibpw sNbvX-Xm-Wv. kzlm-_n-I-fpsS
]Z{]tbm- K sf kmt- X nImY- n a\- n- e m- n. Fm
kzlm- _ n- I - f pw apKm- a n- I fp- a m- I s {]kv X pX ]Z- { ]- t bm- K - sf
AXns hnim- e - a mb AY- n- e mWv {]tbm- K n- n- c p- - X v . Nne
k`fn "\kv J n's\ AXns \m\mY- - f n GsX- nepw
Hns\ Dt- i npsIm- h {]kw- K n- p. hfsc AI _- n-
sbpw Bi- b - n- s bpw ASn- m- \ - n t]mepw "\kvJv'
F ]Zw Ah D]- t bm- K n- n- c p- p. ssiJp Ckv e mw imlv
hen- p- m- l n- lv e n Nqn- m- W n- Xv {in- p- I : ""Izp- B
hymJym\{K- - f n a\- n- e m- m hnj- a ap- Hc- [ ym- b - a mWv
"\mknJv ' "akqJv ' Fnh. [mcmfw A`n- { ]mbhyXym- k -
{]I- S - a mb Hcp cwK- a m- W n- X v . AXns {][m\ ImcWw apKm- a n-
t\mns ssNX\yw 4 7
Fnv Xs tZlhpw tZlnbpw Ah\v Iog- s - S p- p- I - b pw,

BXy- n- I - a mb `n Ah- \ n An- p- I bpw lrZ- b m- - c m- f -
n \nv DZn- p- b - c p kv t \l{]I- S \w Ah- t \mSv am{X- a m-
p- I bpw sNbv X p; Am- l p- h ns Iev ] \ Fp- X - s - b m- b mepw
A\p- k - c n- m Ah k- - \ m- I pw.
""kXy- h n- i z- k n- I - f n Fs- nepw hn[n- b psS {]iv \ - a p- m-
bn, AXv ]cn- l - c n- m thn Ahsc Am- l p- h n- t epw dkq-
en- t epw Wn- - s - p- s h- n- c ns, Fm Ah- c psS adp-
]Sn cq]- n- e p hmv "R tIp, R A\pk- c np'
Fp am{Xta BIm ]mSp- q.''(\q: 51)
""Am- l phpw Ahs dkqepw GsX- nepw Hcp Imcy- n
I- f psSbpw ]nKm- a n- I - f p- s Sbpw "kmt- X nI {]tbmK'fn- e p
A`n- { ]mb hyXym- k - a m- W v . Atm kzlm- _ n- I - f psSbpw Ah-
cpsS sXmp ]nKm- a n- I - f p- s Sbpw ASp- "\kv J v ' `mjm- ] - c -
amb AY- n- e m- b n- c pp; \nZm\ imkv { X- - m- c psS `mj- b n-
ep kmt- X nI ]tbm- K - a m- b n- c p- n kzlm- _ n- I fpw Xm_n-
Cufpw {]tbm- K n- n- c p "\kv J v ' .
Ah GsXmw AY- n- e m- b n- c p- p- s hv ChnsS sImSpmw:
Hcp kq-n AS-nb Imcy--fn Nne-Xns\ asmcp
kqw aptJ\ Zp_- e - s - S p- p- - X n\v Ah "\kv J v ' Fv
]dncp- p. AXv ]e cq]- n- e m- W v . {]kv X pX kq- n
{]Xn-]m-Zn--s Ia Imem-h-[n-bpsS Ayw Ipdn-p-I,
kqw tIp- t m at\m- a p- I p- c - n- t ev HmSn- s b- p
Bi- b - n \nv HmSn- s b- m- - X n- t ev hmN- I s Xncn- p-
I, ]e D]m- [ n- I - f n Hv km`n- I - a m- s Wv hni- Z o- I - c n- p- I ,
hym]- I mY- ] - Z s ]cn- a n- X - s - S p- p- I , JnX \nb- a - n-
sbpw AXn- t \mSv {]Xy- - n kmay- s - S p- n- b - X n- s bpw
at[y thXn- c n- p- I , Am\ Ime- s tbm apIS ico- A -
n- s etbm Hcp BNm- c s XpS- p- a m- pI XpS- nb k`- -
fn- s emw Xs Ah "\kv J v ' F ]Z- a m- b n- c pp D]- t bm- K n-
n- c p- - X v . As\ "\kv J n's hrw hnim- e - a m- n. _pnv
AXns N{I- h m- f fn h- a nv ]d- m Ign- p. `nm- ` n- { ]m-
b- [mcm- f - a mbn cq]w- s Im- p.''
(Aûkp I_o ô D- k zqen B^v k o. t]: 18)
B[p-\nI ]n-X-cmb Ah im Iivao-cn, iwkp,
lv Z n- b m- \ - h n, knZv kpsse- a m \Zv h n XpS- nb alm- mcpw
Cu A`n-{]m-b-n\v apXqw sImSp-n-cp-p. apl-Zv
A_v Z p- h n- s bpw A`n- { ]mbw CXp- X - s - b m- W v . "X^v ' kodp
a\mdn knZv dio- Z pcv - c nfzm D- c n- n- p- v .
4 8 t\mns ssNX\yw
Fs- n- e p- s amp hn[n- m Hcp kXy- h n- i zm- k npw kXy- h n-

izm- \ npw AXn ]ns kzX- { - a mb A`n- { ]mbw ]mSn- .''
(Alv k m_v : 36)
hopw Izp- B ]d- b pp: ""hniz- k n- - h - t c, Am- l p- h n\pw
ZqX\pw Atlw \np ssNX\yw\ev I p hnj- b - n-
tev hnfn- m \n Dcw sNp- h o.''(A^m 24)
A\- cw {hXw \n_- - a m- nb hnhcw Adn- b n- p- - t Xm-
sSmw Bizmkcq]- n Amlp asmcp Imcyw IqSn ]d-
bpp: aX- - f psS Ncn- { X- n AsXmcp ]pXnb Gm- S ;
temIv {hX- k w- _ - - a mbn h BZy- I - e v ] - \ - b p- a CXv . Ah-
cpsS app- m- b n- c p {K- mv {hXw \n_- - a m- n- b n- c p-
p. Fm thZ- n- s bpw aX- n- s bpw hm- tfmSv {hX- a -
\p- j v T n- m Bm- ] n- npv . CsXmcp a\- m- k v { X- ] - c - a mb
hi- a mWv ; X- s ftmse app- - h cpw Ccw \nb- a - - f psS
N- q- n Pohn- - h - c m- W v . ico- A - ns \nb- a - lrZ- b - -
fn- t ev ISpsNp k`- n- e m- I p Gp- a p- - e ns\
Amlp eLq- I - c n- p- p. AXp hln- pI FXv Hcp `mc- a
F tXm Ah- c psS a\- n- e p- m- p- p. GXp a\p- j y- \ m-
bmepw Xn- e n- - s Imcyw ]p- \ - , appw Dm- b n- c p- -
XmWv . ap ]e kap- Z m- b - - f pw ]mn- I fpw CXp \nh- l n- n-
pv Fpw t_m[- a p- m- b m F{X `mcn Imcyhpw \nm- c -
ambn tXmp- I bpw AXn\v [ocX {]I- S n- n- p- I bpw sNpw.
Amlp Adn- b npp: CXv tIhew Ae- yhpw A\m- i m-
ky- h p- a mb Hcp ]co- - W tam _pn- a p- n- tem A; adn- v ,
CsXmcp ]cn- i o- e - \ hpw inWioe- \ hp- a m- W v . kwkv I - c Whpw
]cn- j v I - c - W hpw BWv CXns Dt- i y- . CXv B[ym- n- I
hnZym- e - b - a m- W v . AXn \nv a\p- j y ]qW ]co- - W - n\v
tijw hnPb{ioem- f n- X - \ mbn ]pdphcpp. Fm- h n[ ico-
tc- - I - f p- s Sbpw ISn- m Xs Ic- f n `{Z- a mWv . Cbpw
Bnbpw Xn `cWw \S- p- - X n ]cm- P - b - s p. am{X-
a Ah kzw C-sbbpw Bn-sbbpw ASn `cn-p-p.
Am- l p- h n- s B- I aptJ\ A\p- h - Z - \ o- b hpw ip- h p-
amb Imcy- ]cn- X y- P n- m Hcp- h v Ign- p- s h- n- c n- - s ,
Fm A\\p- h - Z - \ o- b hpw Aip- - h p- a mb Imcyw Pohn- X -
n ]cn- X y- P n- m Fv hnjaw?! ""\n kqv a - X - b p- -
h- c m- t bmwJ d'' F kq- ns hnh CXmWv .
""F- s GXm\pw Znh- k - GOh~e ejG'' F hN- \ - n-
eq sS Amlp Nne Imcy- - \sf [cn- n- p- p. \o Hcp
am k- a nt F tXm \np- m- t I- - X n- . ImcWw
t\mns ssNX\yw 4 9
AXv Fm- h p GXm\pw Znh- k - tfbpq. Cv , \msf F

cq]- n t\mn- b n- c n- sh s]sv Ign- p- t ]m- I pw. A\p-
h-Z-\o-b-amb cq]-n btYjvSw `pPn-v, t`mKnv, Ifn-p--knv
Ign- b p ]qW- a mb Hcp sIms At]- nv Cu Hcp
amks ]I am{X- a p {hXw F{Xtbm \nm- c - a mWv?!
Fn\v hnj- a n- pp?! tcmKn- I - s fbpw bm{Xmscbpw ap
Ai- - s cbpw \mw t\m- \ p- j v T n- p- - X n \npw Hgn- h m- n-
bn- p- a p- tm?!
XpSv Amlp {hXw \n_- - a m- nb Cu amk- ns
khn- t i- j - X - I - f n- t ev {i Xncn- p- Xv . "AXv Izp- B Ah-
X- c n- n' amk- a m- s W- m- W v . am\- h - c m- i nv \qX- \ - a mb PohnXw
{]Zm\w sNbv X Izp- B , am\- h - X - b psS \jv S - s {]Xm- ] hpw
{]i- k v Xnbpw hos- S p Izp- B , A- I m- c - n \nv
{]Im- i - n- t ev P\- k - - b s \bn Izp- B Hcp a\p-
jys\ kw _- n- t S- t mfw CXn- t \- m al- mb t\w
thsd- m- W v ? Hp- a n- . AXn- \ m Cu A\p- K r- l oX amkw apgp-
h\pw \a- k v Im- c hpw t\mp- a mbn Ign- p- I q- S p- I bpw As\
Hcp \ho\ Pohn- X - n\v ASn- d ]mIp- I bpw sNp- I . CXn-
eqsS Hcp \hy- a mb Cuam\pw \qX\ inbpw a\p- j y\v
ssIh- c p- p.
a\p- j ym- b pv apgph\pw Pohn- X - ns \nJne a- e - -
fnepw \m\m- h n- [ - a mb sFiz- c y- fpw A\p- { K- l - fpw {]Zm\w
sNp- p. Fm- h n[ ti- - f n \npw _pn- a p- p- I - f n
\npw AI Cu {hXw temI- n\v Ckv e mw kw`m- h \sNbv X
AXp- e y- a mb Bob `- W - a m- W v .
""\nv Bizm- k - s - b m- W v Amlp Dt- i n- p- - X v ;
Iv t fis Hcn- epw Ah \nv Dt- i n- p- n- . \n
Fw ]qn- b m- p- I - b pw, \nv Amlp amK- Z i\w
\ev I n- b - X ns ASn- m- \ - n Ahs\ al- X z- s - S p- p- I bpw
sNp- I . (F- n) \n IrX- - X - b p- - h - c m- t b- mw.'' (hn.-
Izp.2:185)
5 0 t\mns ssNX\yw
Ckvemanse {hX-ns
{]tXy-IX
- bpw t{ijvTX
- bpw
Ckv e mw hc- p- I m- W n {hX- ns Nn{Xw GXp \nepw
kqW- a m- W v . Hcp {hXw {hX- a m- I - W - s a- n Fsmw \nb-
a- fpw ey- fpw ê- fpw Bhiy- a mtWm AsXmw
AXn AS- n- b n- c n- p- p. {]Xm- ] - i m- e nbpw AKm- [ - m- \ nbpw
bpn- \pw kqvaZrp- a mb ssZh- ns bpnbpw
AXn {]tim`n- X - a mbn ImWmw.
""(F- v , Fmw) krjv S n- - h Adn- b p- I - b n- s t? Ah
AXn- k q- v a - m- \ nbpw hmey \n[n- b p- a m- I p- p.''(apIv 14)
As\ Fmw Adn- b p Amlp ]qW- a mb Hcp amkw
hnip IzpB Ah- X - c n- n dafzm {hX- n\v thn
{]tXy- I am- n. B amk- ns ]I- e p- I - f n Blm- c - ] m- \ o- b -
A\\p- h - Z - \ o- b - h pw, cm{Xn- I - f n A\p- h - Z - \ o- b - h p- a m- I p- p.
Av Ad- _ n- I - f n \ne- h n- e n- c n- p {hX- ns k{- Z mbw
C{]- I m- c - a m- b n- c p- p. Fm- e - t - p- a p- am\- h n- I - X - b psS aX-
amb Ckv e m- a nI ico- A pw AXn\v AwKo- I mcw\ev I n.
ssiJp Ckv e mw imlv h- e n- p- m- l nlv e hn Fgp- X pp:
"DWv a {]`m- t Xm- Z bw apX kqcym- k v X - a bw hscbmIpp {hX-
ns Hcp ]I IW- m- p- - X v . ImcWw Ad- _ n- I A-
s\- b m- b n- c pp t\m- \ p- j v T npt]m- X v . Ah "Biqdm (ap-
ldw ]n- s ) {hXw' A\p- j v T n- Xv CtX cq]- n- e m- b n- c p- p.
amk- ns Bcw- ` hpw Ah- k m- \ hpw N{Zi- \ s B{i- b n-
n- c p- p. ImcWw Ah amkw IW- m- n- b Xv N{s\ ASn-
m-\-am-n-bmbn-cp-p. (lp-Xp-m-ln _men, hm: 2, t]Pv :37)
Fp-sImv dafzm\n \n_--amn?
Amlp dafzm- \ n {hXw \n_- - a m- n. Ah A\n- h m- c y-
amb ]c- k v ] - c - L - S - I - - f mn. Hmtcmpw ]c- k v ] c ]qc- I - fpw
t\mns ssNX\yw 5 1
_n- X - - f p- a m- n. {hXw Fm dafzm; dafzm Fm

{hXw, CtX cq]- n- e mWv Amlp _- s - S p- n- b - X v . CXv
cp ku`m- K y- - f psS kwtbm- K - h pw cv A\p- { K- l - - f p- s Sbpw
sFiz- c y- - f p- s Sbpw kwtbm- P - \ - h pam- W v . ssZh- n- s A]mc
bpn- b mWv CXns ]nn. Fp- s Im- n- s\ kw`- h np?
]dbmw: Izp- B Ah- X - c n- n amkw P\- X v "DWv a {]`m- t Xm-
Zbw' Dm- b n. Atm Znh- k hpw DWv a {]`m- t Xm- Z bw {hX-
tmSv _- s - S p- n- b - t ]m- s e, Izp- B - \ m- I p {]`m- t Xm- Z bw
Dmb {]kv X pX amk- s bpw {hX- t mSv Amlp _- s -
Sp- n. thsdbpw ]Xn- s \mv amk- - f p- v . AXn- s empw "{]`m-
tXm- Z bw' Dm- b n. [mcmfw klmb ku`m- K y- fpw sFiz- c ym-
\p- { K- l - fpw dafzm- \ n hjn- p- p. ip {]Ir- X n- b p
a\pjy lrZ- b - - f p- s Sbpw Am- l p- h n- s bpw CS- b n Ahy- -
amb Bob _hpw B amk- n m]n- - s - S p- p.
AXp- s Im- s - m- a mWv Av ]I {hX- a - \ p- j v T n- m\pw cm{Xn
\nv \a- k v I - c n- m\pw Amlp Iev ] n- - X v .
{hX- n- s bpw IzpB\n- s bpw at[y Bg- t a- d nb Hcp
{]tXyI _- a p- v . AXp- s Im- mWv \_n(- k ) dafzm- \ n [mcm-
f-ambn Izp-B ]mcm-bWw \S-n-b-Xv. C_v\p Amkv(d) ]d-
bp- p: "\_n(- k ) P\- - f n Fm- h - t c- mfpw henb HuZm- c y-
hm- \ m- b n- c p- p. Ahn- S pv Ghpw IqSp- X DZm- c X {]I- S n- n- p-
Xv dafzm- \ n Pn_v c o- e p- a mbn Ip- a p- p- t m- f m- W v . dafzm\ns
Fm \ni- I - f nepw Pn_v c o \_n(- k )sbbpw Izp- B Ahn-
Sp- t v Bh\ ]T\w \S- p- I bpw Ip- a p- p- I bpw
sNbv X n- c n- p- p. Pn_v c o- e p- a mbn Ip- a p- p- t m Ahn- S pv a-
am- c p- X - t \- m (hym- ] - I - a mb cq]- n) henb [an- j v T - \ m- b n-
cp- p.'' (_p.ap.)
alm- \ mb ssiJv Alv a Zv _ v \ p A_v Z pAlZv klnn (ap-
P- nZv As^- k m- \ n) ]d- b pp: ""Cu amk- n\v hnipIzp-
B- \ p- a mbn At`Zy _- a p- v . Cu _- ns ASn- m- \ - n-
emWv hnip Izp- B {]kv X pX amk- n Ah- X - c n- - s - -
Xv . Fm- h n[ \- I fpw sFiz- c y- fpw ka- R v P - k - a mbn kt-
fn- p amk- a m- W n- X v . Hcp hjw apgp- h \pw e`y- a m- I p BsI
A\p- { K- l - Cu amks A\p- { K- l - sf At]- nv kap-
{Z- nse Hcp Xpn am{X- a m- W v . CXn e`y- a m- I p a\wXr-
]v X nbpw B`y- c sFIyhpw Hcp hj- t v aXn- b m- b - X m- W v .
CXn krjv S n- p B- c nI hnj- a hpw Ass\- I yhpw hjw
apgp- h \pw XpSp- s Im- t - b n- c n- pw. Cu dafzm amkw Bsc
kw_- nv kwXr- ] v X - a m- b n- ptm Ah alm- ` m- K y- h m- mcpw
5 2 t\mns ssNX\yw
A\p-Kr-lo-X-cp-am-Wv. CXn Bsc-nepw \-I km-Zn-msX

Zp`m- K y- h m- \ mbn Ign- p- I q- S nbpw As\ Ahs\ kw_-
nv Cu amkw Akw- X r]v X n tcJ- s - S p- p- I bpw sNbv X m
Ah- \ mWv A- c mY- n ]cm- P bw hnebv phmn- b - h \pw
Zu`m- K y- h m- \ pw.'' (aIv X q- _ ms Camw dm- \ n, hm: 1, t]: 8)
asmcp IrXn- b n Atlw Fgp- X pp: ""Cu amk- n
kIa- sNm- \ p ku`mKyw Bs- nepw e`n- m
hjwapgp- h \pw AXv XpSv \nev pw. t\sc adnv Cu amk-
n lrZ- b - i q- \ y- X - t bm- s S, Nnm- c m- l n- X y- t msS A]- c m[
Pohn- X - n- e qsS Ign- p- t ]m- b m hcmt]mIp sImhpw
AtX Ah- - X - s - b m- b n- c n- pw.''
\_n(- k ) ]d- - X mbn A_q- l p- d bvd:(d) D- c n- pp:
"dafzm amkw kam- K - X - a m- b m kzK- ns Ihm- S - Xpd-
- s - S pw; \c- I - ns Ihm- S - sImn- b - S - - s - S pw, ]nim- N p-
N- e - I - f n _n- - s - S p- I bpw sNpw.'
Bcm-[-\-I-fp-sSbpw kZvIa--fpsSbpw ta-f\w
dafzm Bcm- [ \, ssZh- k v a - c - W , Izp- B ]mcm- b - W w,
kqv a - X , `n, hnc- n, hn\bw XpS- nb Fm alXv Ia-
- f p- s Sbpw Hcp temI- a - l m- k - t - f - \ hpw atlm- - h - h p- a m- W v .
B atlm- X v k - h - n ]mm- X ycpw ]uc- k v X y- c p- a mb kIe
apkv e nw- I fpw ]p- t N- c p- p. ]ma- c \pw ]n- X \pw [\n- I \pw
Blv f m- Z n- p- I bpw sNp- p. \mSmb \mSp- I - f nepw; {Kma- -
fnepw; \K- c - - f nepw Fmw dafzm- \ ns Bm- Z - { ]- I - S - \ - a mWv
ImWm Ign- b p- Xv . IpSn- e p- I - f n F{]- I mcw dafzm Ib- d n-
s- p- pthm AtX cq]- n sImm- c - nepw Ib- d n- s - p- p.
Bcpw kz- a mb A`n- { ]m- b - ns t]cn `nn- p- n- .
dafzm\ns Znh- k - sXc- s - S p- p Imcy- n Bpw
Ass\- I ytam `n- X tbm C. ]c- k v ] cw hg- n, hm- W - a n- .
Ckv e m- a nI temI- ns GXv apntem aqe- b ntem t]mbn
t\mp Bpw dafzm- \ ns ku- c yhpw Kmwò- c yhpw Bkz-
Zn- m Ign- b pw.
BtKmf apkv e nwIfn apgp- h \pw imnbpw kam- [ m- \ hpw
XfwsIn \nevp--Xmbn ImWmw. kXy-hn-izm-k-ns tXtPm-
tKmfw Ah- c n {]Im- i - ns ]msemfn hmcnhnX- d p- p. {hXm-
\p- j v T m- \ - ns Aev ] w Aew- _ m- h tam Ae- k - X tbm D- h
t]mepw kaq- l - t m- S p _m[y- X - b mbn {hX- a - \ p- j v T n- m
\n_- n- X - c m- I p- p. Bsc- nepw {hX- a - \ p- j v T n- m- - h - c p- s -
nXs etbmsS cl- k y- a mbn am{Xta Fs- nepw Bl-
t\mns ssNX\yw 5 3
cn- p- I - b p- q. ]s hnc- e n- s e- m- h p Nne apkv e nw \ma- [ m-

cn- I - f mb [nm- c n- I fpw \mkv X n- I cpw Cu \nbaw A\p- k - c n- m-
dn- . Amlp A\p- h mZw\evInb tcmKn- I fpw bm{X- mcpw
CXn \nsm- g n- h m- W v . Atm Ckv e mw \n_- - a m- nb Cu
{hXw Hcp BtKmf kaql {hX- a m- W v . AXn\v AXntXmb Hcp
{]tXy- I m- - c o- - a p- v . Av Bpw t\m- \ p- j v T n- m Ffp-
- a m- W v . lrZ- b - AXn teme- a m- b n- o- c p- p. Am- l p- h n-
\p Bcm- [ - \ - b n- e pw A\p- k - c - W - b nepw Poh- I m- c p- W y- ] - c- a mb
{]h- \ - - f nepw P\- apgp- I n- b n- c n- pw.
temI-hym-]-I-a- mb A-cow
""dafzm kam- K - X - a m- b m kzK- ns Ihm- S - Xpd- -
sSpw'' F \_nhN- \ - ns hymJym- \ - n imlv h- e n- b p-
m- l n- - l v e hn Xs Nntm- o- ] - I - a mb ssien- b n hni- Z o- I - c n-
p- p:
""{hXw kmaq- l y- N m- c - ns cq]- n- e mWv \n_- - a m- n- b n-
cn- p- - X v . GsX- nepw Hcp kaqlw H- S w AXn IrXy-
\njv T ]men- m Ahp- t hn kIe ss]im- N nI in- I -
sfbpw _n- p- - X m- W v. kzK- I - h m- S - Ahmbn
aes Xpd- p- I - b pw, \c- I - I - h m- S - sImn- b S- b v p- I bpw
sNp- - X m- W v . '' (lp- X pm- l n _menK, hm: 1, t]:59)
asmcp ev Atlw Fgp- X pp: ""apkv e nw- I - f n- e p
hnhn[ ]mn- I - s fmw Htc Imcy- n- \ p- t hn GtIm- ] n- p-
Xpw GI- X m- \ X ssIsm- p- Xpw B Imcy- n- \ p- t hn
]c- k v ] cw klm- b n- p- Xpw t{]cn- n- p- Xpw kl- I - c n- p-
Xpw t\mns {]tXy- I - X - b mWv . '' ""Ah--c psS Cu kt- f \w
km[m- c - W - m- c nepw Am- - h - c n- e p- s amw A\p- { K- l -
hjn- p- Xn\v Imc- W - a m- I p- p. AXm- b Xv Ah- c nse k- \ -
- f nepw k- c n- X - c nepw kZm hjn- p ImcpWyw aptJ- \ bpw
Ah- c psS {]mY\ aptJ- \ bpw kaqlw H- S w A\p- { K- l -
n\v ]m{Xo- ` q- X - a m- I p- p.''
5 4 t\mns ssNX\yw
{hX-ns KpW-ssh-in-jvSy-fpw
in-kzm-[o-\hpw
Hcp hiv ico- t c- bpw adp- h - i v _pnbpw AWn- \ n- c p
\nc- - c - a mbn \S- p ka- c - ns t]cmWv Pohn- X w. Cu ka-
c- n \nc- c hnPbw sImbv s X- S p- pXv ico- t c- - I - f m-
sW Nne- c psS [mcW icn- b - . Cu [mcW bYmY- n a\p-
jy- { ]- I r- X nsb sXn- - c n- epw kXys \ntj- [ n- - e p- a m- W v .
Cl- t emI Pohn- X - ns N{Iw AXn- t h- K - n Xncn- p-
Xpw AXn\v ssNX\yhpw DWhpw {]Zm\wsNp- Xpw Htc
sbmcp in- b m- W v . FmWm in? em`w Inpw, Cs- n
BZm- b - a p- mIpw F P\- - f psS hnizmkw. ssiXy- I m- e v
{]`m- t Xm- Z - b - n\v apmbn Ij- I sc ]mS- s - n- p- Xv B
hnizm- k - a m- W v . AsX, acw tImp XWp- v ]qtm- g n- b psS
IWv T - \ mZw tIp- - X np apmbn aqSn- p- X Icn- Sw hen-
s- d n p hb- e p- I - f n- s e- m B hnizmkw Ahsc t{]cn- n-
p- p. Xo Xpp kqcy- t Kmfw BIm- i - v , An- P zm- e - I - f p
Xomv Dhn-bn, Cu ka-bv `qan DgpXv hnn-d-m\pw hnf-
sh- S p- m\pw F{X Iv hnbv Nnn A[zm\n- W - s apw
icocw Icn- - W - s apw ]d- b msX Xs Adn- b mw. CXn\pw
{]kv X pX Ij- I \v Bthiw ]Ip- s Im- S p- p- Xv taev ] -
d hnizmkw Xs. ]ntm- a - \ - I - s fbpw `mcy- s bbpw ap
_p- - s fbpw hnp Xs hym]mc tI{- - f n- t ev t]mIm\pw
AhnsS A\hcXw A[zm- \ n- m\pw Hcp I- h - S - m- c \v
DWhpw Bth- i hpw \ev I p- Xpw AtX hnizm- k - a m- W v . _p-
an- { Xm- Z n- I - s fbpw ]p{X- I - f - { Xm- Z n- I - s fbpw Dt]- nv cWm- - W -
n t]mbn hoc- a rXyp hcn- m t]mcm- f nsb t{]cn- n- p-
Xpw CXp- X - s - b m- W v . {]kv X pX ac- W s ]pIp- - X n- t \-
m hep- X mbn B ]S- b mfn Xs Bm- h ns\ ImWp- n- .
t\mns ssNX\yw 5 5
AXn\v ka- a mbn bmsXmcp ktm- j - t am k- t m sFiz-

cytam ImWm Ign- b p- n- . CsXmw a\p- j y sNp- Xv
em`hpw BZmbhpw Inp- s a hnizmkw sImv am{X- a m- W v .
Atm B hnizm- k - a mWv Pohn- X - ns Ap- X - v .
Fm CXn- t \- m- P\- l r- Z - b - - f n kzm[o\w t\Snb
asmcp hnizm- k - a p- v . Ctm \mw DZm- l - c n- - X n- t \- m AKm-
[hpw Bg- n thcq- n- b - X p- a mWv B hnizm- k w. AXv e-
-W-n\v An-bm-fpw apk-ep-I-fpw Adn-bn-p-X em`-s-
p- d n- p hnizm- k - a m- W v . B em`w Dd- m- s W Imcy- n
ssZh- ns t_m[- \ hpw(h- l v b v ) - {K- fpw ChnsS Ah- X -
cn- n- p- v . AXns\ \apv ssZh- ns {]oXn- s bpw Ccp- t em-
Ipw e`y- a m- I p Ia- ^ - e - s apw hnfn- mw.
Ipdv Znh- k - Blmckm[- \ - shSn- b p- Xv Btcm-
Ky- n\v hfsc D- a - a m- W v . Hmtcm hjhpw ]e {]mhiyw
{hX- a - \ p- j v T n- p- Xv Bpw KpW- I - c - a m- W v . Aan- X m- l m- c hpw
APoWhpw aqe- a p D]- { Z- h - AXp- h gn Cm- X m- h pw. imco-
cn- I hpw am\- k n- I - h p- a mb tcmK- v Cu t\mv hfsc hne-
s- - X m- W v . CsXmw khmw- K o- I r- X hpw A\p- ` h kXy- - f p- a m-
Wv . sshZy- i m- k v { X- ] - c - a mbpw km- n- I - a mbpw [mcmfw KpW-
fpw t\- fpw {hXw aqe- a p- v .
Hcm Cs\ tNmZnp Fn- c n- s: {hXw ico- c - n\v
D- a - a m- s Wv sshZy- i mkv { Xw ]d- n- p- v . AXns ASn-
m- \ - n Cu hjw F{X Bfp- I {hX- a - \ p- j v T np? anX
hyb- s bpw BtcmKy kwc- - W - s bpw eyw shp-
sImv Cu hjw BsI A\p- j v T n- - s {hX- ns F-
sa{X? km- nI t\w eyw- s hv F{X Bfp- I {hX- a - \ p-
jv T np? Dcw \ncmimP\- I - a m- b n- c n- pw. Cs- n hfsc
Ipd Bfp- I ssiXy- I m- e v IqSn {hX- a - \ p- j v T n- p- - h -
cp-m-Iptam F Imcyw kwi-b -a m-W v . Av {hX- a- \p- jvTn-
A{X {]bm- k - I - c - a mb Imcy- a - tm? am{X- a Btcm- K y- s bpw
km- nI t\- s bpw Dwshp- s Im- p {hXw aX- ] - c -
amb {hX- s - m F{Xtbm Ffp- hpw Bbm- k - I - c - h p- a m- b n-
cn- pw. Fnpw AXn- \ m- f p- I Xm- d m- h p- n- - .
C\n \apv asmcp Xcw {hX- m- c psS Fw t\mmw.
Ah {hX- a - \ p- j v T n- p- Xv aX- ] - c - a mb Hcp _m[y- X - b m- s W
hnizm- k - t m- s S- b m- W v . AXn- \ - h Am- l p- h ns Xr]v X nbpw
{]o- X nbpw Imwn- p- p. Amlp ]c- t em- I v al- mb {]Xn-
êw \ev I p- s av Ah AN- - e - a mbn hniz- k n- p- p. Fm
Cu hnizm- k - n\v t{]cW \ev I p Hpw Cs Npp- ] m-
5 6 t\mns ssNX\yw
Sn- e n- . Fhn- s Sbpw ùXn- I Xzw AXns Icm- f - l kv X w P\- X -

bpsS t\sc \on- b n- c n- p- p. Cu kml- N - c y- nepw hnizm- k -
ns ASn- m- \ - n t\m- \ p- j v T n- p- - h - c psS Fw
aneyIW- n\v Cv `qap- J - p- v . GXv Djv W cmPypw
Djv W - I m- e pw ]I apgp- h \pw {hX- a - \ p- j v T n- p- , cm{Xn
Ime- - f n \nv \a- k v I - c n- p aneyIW- n\v P\- sf
\apv ImWmw. Cu ITn- \ - a mb NqSv Ahv XS- - a m- I p- n- .
Fm-W-Xn\p ImcWw? asmpa; (A-n-bm--m-c-dn-bn-) aX-
]- c - a mb t\- - f nepw em`- - f n- e p- a p hnizm- k w, tUmIv S am
]dpX Btcm- K y- ] - c - a mb t\- - f n- e p hnizm- k - s - m-
fpw, [\- X - X z- i m- k v { X- - m ]d- p- X km- nI em`- -
fn- e p hnizm- k - s - mfpw hnizm- k n- I - f n Bg- n thcq-
n- b n- c n- p- p. Fp- s Im- n- s\ kw`- h n- p- s h- t? An-
bm- - f psS kphn- t i- j - - f nepw hmKv Z m- \ - - f nepw Ah tIXv
C- s \- b mWv : t\mns t]cn F{X tiw kln- p- pthm
AsXmw AXns {]Xn- ^ - e - ns apn Hp- a - . Cu ss\an-
jnI hnipw Zmlhpw B imizX kpJ- ns apn
F{Xtbm \nmcw! \_n(- k ) ]d- - X mbn A_q- l p- d bv d (d) D-
cn- pp:
fCGh fa dG G :J dG b :V ICe S G de GY G Yj OBG HG Y c
h ,HQ Ad ~Y Mah Qa ~Y Ma Ma Fd LG e eWh JT ~j .H iLG
(dG GhQ) G jQ e dG ~Y WG FdG a
""a\p- j ys Fm kIa- - f p(- s Sbpw {]Xn- ^ ew) Hn\v
]v apX Fgp- qdv hsc Cc- n- n- - s Spw; {hX- s am- g nsI.
Am- l p ]dp: AXv F\npXm- W v . AXn\v {]Xn- ^ ew
sImSp- p- Xv Rm\m- W v . (Im- c - W w) F\n- p- t h- n- b mWv (B
t\mp- I m- c ) Ahs `- W hpw hnIm- c hpw shSn- - X v . Hcp
t\mp- I m- c \v cp ktm- j - a p- v : Hv t\mv Xpd- p- t m,
asmv Ah Xs cn- X m- h ns\ Ip- a p- p- t m. (]- nWn
InSXv Imc- W - a m- b n) t\mp- I m- c s hmbn \nv ]pd- s - S p
hmk\ (A- h \v ZpK- - a mbn tXmp- p- s - n- e pw) Am- l p-
hns ASp- AXv Ikv X q- c n- t b- m kwip- - a m- I p- p.''
(kzn- l m- l p- n- )
\_n(-k)-bn \nv klvep-_v\p-k-AZv(d) F kzlm_n ]d-
bp- - X mbn _pJm- c nbpw apkv e napw D- c n- pp.
G~HG Cj NO eh NO FdG e c a FdG d Y~j jdG Y~j H G a
""kzK- n "dm' F \ma- t [- b - n Hcp Ihm- S - a p- v .
t\mns ssNX\yw 5 7
{hX- a - \ p- j v T n- hsc AXnte {]th- i nm AhnsS hnfn-

s- S pw. Atm {hX- a - \ p- j v T n- - h am{Xw AXnse kzK- n
{]th- i np- X m- W v . AXn {]th- i n- m ]no- s Sm- c n- epw
Ahv Zmln- p- I - b n- .''
A_q- l p--d bv d (- d ) D- c n- p asmcp lZokv IqSn ChnsS
sImSpmw:
(QH) fP e ~J e d Z HMGh fG eQ U e
""Bsc- nepw dafzm amk- n hnizm- k - t mSpw {]Xn- ^ -
te- - t bmSpw IqSn {hX- a - \ p- j v T n- m Ahs Pohn- X - n
apI- g n Fm ]m]- fpw s]mdp- - s - S pw.''
\ntcm-[- Bmhns kpc-bvv
dafzm- \ ns kmaq- l y- L - S - \ bpw kaq- l - n AXn\v e`n
kzoIm- c y- X bpw hym]v X nbpw Nne kt- l - v hI \ev I p-
p. BNm- c m- \ p- I - c - W - - t fm- S p A- a mb {àw aptJ\ AXv
A\p- j v T n- - s - S p- I bpw Ime- { I- a - n A- c - n- e p Hcp
amaq-embn A[Xn-n-p-Ibpw sNptam FmWv B ktlw.
As\ hcp- t m kaq- l - n- s bpw Npp- ] m- S n- s bpw kl-
k- m- c n- I - f m- I m- \ pw, ap- - h - c psS Bt] ic- - f n \nv
tamN\w t\Sm- \ pw, apkv e nw kaq- l - n AwKXzw e`n- m\pw
thn Bfp- I {hX- a - \ p- j v T n- p Hcp kz`mhw \ne- h n
hcpw. hnizm- k tam {]Xn- ^ - e - I mw- tbm B {hXs A\p- K -
an-p-I-bn-. AXns al-mb Dt-iy-e-y--sf-p-dn Nn-
t]mepw Cm- X m- I pw. As- n Nne ùXn- I - a mb X- f psS
ey k^- e o- I - c - W - n\pw km- n- I hpw Btcm- K y- I - c - h p-
amb t\- n\pw thn {hX- a - \ p- j v T n- m XpS- pw. C- c -
n- e p ]e Bi- - I fpw apn Ip- s Im- mWv Znhy- k - t -
i- n- s bpw Aam- \ p- j n- I Xz- n- s bpw ASn- m- \ - n {]hm-
NI{]h- c Nne \n_- - \ - I sh- X v . {hXw kzoIm- c y- t bm-
Kyhpw {]Xn- ^ - e ml- h p- a m- I - W - s a- n {]kv X pX \n_- - \ - I
]ment Xocq. AXn Hv "Cuam\pw' (hn- i zmkw) cm- a - t Xv
"ClvXn-km-_pw' ({]-Xn-^-te-) BWv. \_n(-k) ]dp: ""hnizm-
k- t mSpw {]Xn- ^ - t e- - t bmSpw IqSn Bsc- nepw {hXa\p- j v T n-
m Ahs Pohn- X - n app- mb Fm ]m]- - f pw s]mdp-
- s - S pw.''
a\p- j y- c psS a\mkv { XhpwZp_e hi- fpw icn- b mb cq]-
n {Kln- m- - h Hcp]t Cu \n_- - \ - b psS Bh- i y-
IX Fm- b n- c n- p- s av tNmZn- t - mw. apkv e nw- I am{X- a - \ p-
5 8 t\mns ssNX\yw
`- h n- p {hX- a mWv dafzm t\mv . ssZh- { ]o- X nbpw {]Xn- ^ - e -

Imw- bpw am{Xw {]tNm- Z n- n- p- - X ns ASn- m- \ - n
A\p- j v T n- - s - S p {hX- h p- a mWXv . AXn- \ m Cuam, Clv X n-
km_v Fn- s\ Nne \n_- - \ - I {hX- t mSv _n- n- Xv
XnIpw A\m- h - i yhpw A[n- I - - p- a m- W v Fv a\p- j y- c psS a\-
m- k v { X]chpw kzm`m- h n- I Xbpw kmaq- l y- ] m- e hpw a\- n-
em- p Bcpw CXv ]d- b p- I - b n- , As\ hcp- AXv ` p- X -
I- c amb Cu Adn- h ns apn \{a- i n- c - k v I - \ mbn Aw- h nv
\np- t ]m- I pw.""Ahn- S pv ( {]- h m- N - I ) kzm`njv S w Hpw ]d- b p-
I- b n- ; At- l - n\v e`n- p Znhyk- t iw am{X- a m- b n- c npw
AXv . '' (APv a v : 3,4)
"Cuam- \ pw' "Clv X n- k m- _ pw' Fm- s Wv lZo- k n Xs
hy- a mbn hni- Z o- I - c n- p- p- v . ""a\p- j y Xs Ia- v
Am- l p- h ns {]Xn- ^ ew Imwn- pI; B Ia- n\v Amlp
hmKv Z m\w\sNbv X n- c n- p ]m]- t am- N - \ hpw {]oXnbpw kXy- a m-
sWv Ddp hniz- k n- pI'' \_n(- k ) ]d- - X mbn A_v Z p- m-
ln_v \ p Awdp_v \ p Bkzn(- d ) D- c n- pp: ""\mev ] Xv Imcy-
; AXn Ghpw DbXv Hcp BSns\ Zm\w sN- e m- W v .
B \mev ] - X n Hs- nepw {]Xn- ^ e {]Xo- - t bmSpw hmKv Z m- \ -
hn- i zm- k - t mSpw IqSn \nh- l n- m AXv Imc- W - a mbn Ahs\
Amlp kzK- n t{]h- i n- n- pw.''
A\- cw Ckv e m- a nI ico- A v ap Imcy- - f n- s e- - t ]m- s e,
k- \ - n- m {hX- n\v {]m[m\yw \evIn- b n- n- . adnv
AXns Poh\pw k- p- a mWv hne Iev ] n- n- c n- p- - X v . {hX-
ns ]pdw- N - - I - f mb Blmc ]m\o- b - Dt]- n- p- - X n
am{Xw bmsXmcp m\- h p- a n- . kbpw kmchpw Hgn- h m- n-
sm- p ]pdwN ssZh- n- m- h - i y- a n- . {hX- ns Dt- i y-
e- y- \in- n- p Fm Imcy- - s fbpw Ckv e mw \njn- -
amn. AXns Bo- b hpw kz`m- h - ] - c - h p- a mb {]tbm- P - \ - sf
]mgm-p kIe Imcy- -sfbpw hfsc Kuc- h - _pym Ckvemw
ssIImcywsNbv X p. As\ ip hnNm- c w, k`y `mj- W w,
kZv a - c ym- Z , kthm- ] cn XIzv h XpS- nb hninjv S KpW- -
sfsmv Amlp {hX- n\v I\ then- s In.
\_n(- k ) ]d- - X ns AYw AXmWv : ""\n- f psS {hX- \ m-
fp- I kam- K - X - a m- b m kt`y- X - c kwkm- c - - t fm iWv T - I tfm
Ie- l - tfm ]mSn. C\n Bsc- nepw Hcp t\mp- I m- c s\ No-
]- d - b p- I tbm A{I- a n- p- I tbm sNbv X m "Rm t\mp- I m- c - \ m-
t\mns ssNX\yw 5 9
Ipp' Fv Ah ]d- b p- I - b - msX adp iIm- c - n\pw

iWv T pw Hcp- m ]mSn- .
(e iQH) FU G a Jb hG ~MCG HS Gh j h aj a c~MG j U c GPG
""Bcv ({h- X - t m- s Sm- w) Ak- ` y- ` m- j - W hpw A\m- i mky
{]h- \ - - f pw ssIsh- S n- b p- n- - t bm, Ah Xs `W
]m\o- b - Dt]- n- p- - X n Am- l p- h n\p XmXv ] - c y- a n- ''
(_pJmcn)Fv IqSn {]hm- N - I ]Tn- n- p. ]cn- i p- nbpw `n-
bp- s a Bm- h n- m {hXw kbpw Dmpw \jv S - s
]pdwtXmSv am{Xam- s Wv IqSn Ahn- S pv ]d- b pp:
dG G eb e d d Fb e ch CdG G eU e d d FU e c
(S eQG~dG GhQ)
""F{Xtbm t\mp- I m! Ahv X- f psS t\mp aptJ\
e`n- p- Xv ss]Zmlw am{Xw! F{Xtbm \a- k vIm- c - m!!
Ahv X- f psS \a- k v I mcw aptJ\ e`n- p- Xv shdpw \n{Zm-
\- j v S - h pw.''
C\nbpw \_n Xncp- t a\n(kz) ]d- b pp:
(FdG GhQ) bj e L dG
""(AkXyw, Ak`yw XpS- nb Imcy- aptJ- \ ) {hXw
XI- s - S m- X n- c p- m AsXmcp cmIh- N - a m- b n- c n- pw.''
A[n- I - a m- f p- I fpw a\- n- e m- n- b Xv t]mse Ckv e m- a nse {hXw
GXm\pw {]h- \ - sf \ntj- [ n- am{X- a - ; AsX `W
]m\o- b - Acp- X v , GjWn- ]c- Z q- j - W w Acp- X v , Ak- X yw- -
Ak- ` y- ` m- j Ww- - ] - c - Z q- j Ww AcpXv , Zphn- N mchnIm- c - a - c p- X v ,
kwL- - \ - - k w- L j- a - c p- X v . Cs\ GXm\pw \ntj- [ m- I - i m-
k- \ I- f psS kam- l mcw am{X- a - , Ic- W o- b - a mb Nne {Inbm- I
Imcy--fpsS kam-lmcw IqSn-bm-Wv. AsX, Ipsd Imcy- Xnc-
kv I - c n- p- I bpw ap Ipsd Imcy- kzoI- c n- p- I bpw sNp-
I. Atm dafzm kam-K-X-am-Ip--tXmsS Bcm-[-\, Izp-B
]mcm- b - W w, Am- l p- h ns kv X pXn Io- \ {]- I o- \ w,
Imcp- W y {]h- \ w, ka- X z- h o- Ww Cs\ [mcmfw Imcy-
Pohn- X - n- t ev ]IpI.
\_n(- k ) ]d- - X mbn Camw ss_lIzn D- c n- p- p:
iOG c c a ja iOG eh GS a ja iOG c c G e H a J e
(jW j~M) ISGG Th G HGK dG T gh GS a ja S
""B (dafzm- \ n) Bsc- nepw Hcp kIaw \nh- l n- m
dafzm- \ - m amk- n Hcp \n_Iaw (^fv ) \nh- l n-
- X n\p Xpey- a m- W v . AXn Hcp \n_- - I aw \nh- l n- m
6 0 t\mns ssNX\yw
ap amk- - f n Fgp- ] Xp \_- - I aw A\p- j vTn- - X n\p

Xpey- a m- W v . AXv kl- \ - ns amk- a m- W v . kl- \ - ns {]Xn-
êw kzKw am{X- a m- I p- p. AXv ka- X z- nsbpw amk- a m-
Wv . ...''
\_n(k) ]d- - X mbn sskZv _ v \ p Jmen- Z n Ppsslcn D-
cn- pp:
(iedG GhQ) AT FdG LG e j fG Z LCG e d c F a e
""Hcp t\mp- I m- c s\ Bsc- nepw t\mv Xpd- n- m t\mp-
Im- c s {]Xn- ^ - e - n bmsXmcp tImhpw XmsX Ah\v e`n-
p AtX {]Xn- ^ ew t\mv Xpd- n- - h \pw Dm- b n- c n- pw.''
AXp- t ]mse dafzm\n ssIsm- t asm- c p Bcm- [ \m
Ia- a mWv Xdm- h o- l v . Cu kpc- nX kap- Z m- b - n\v Amlp
\ev I nb A\p- { K- l - a m- W - X v . \_n(- k ) AXv ]qW- a mb cq]- n
\ne- \ nn Imn- - p. kaq- l - n\v H- S w _pn- a pv
krjv S np cq]- n AXv \n_ Ia- a m- - s - S ptam
Fv `b- - X n- \ m, aqp Znhkw \a- k v I - c n- - t ijw Ahn- S pv
kwL- a mbn \a- k v I - c n- \nn- s h- p. BCi (d)- h n \nv
Dh(d) \nth- Z \wsNpp: ""\_n(- k ) Hcp Znhkw cm{Xn\a-
kv I m- c - n\v ]pd- s - p. ]n- b n- s en \a- k v I - c n- p. Atm
thsd Ipsd Bfp- I fpw \_n- t bm- s Smw AXp \nh- l n- p.
cmhnse Bfp- I n- S - b n CsXmcp kwkm- c - h n- j - b - a m- b n. Av
cm{Xn Ign Znh- k - s - m IqSp- X Bfp- I kt- f n- p-
Ibpw {]hm- N - I - t \m- s Smw \a- k v I - c n- p- I bpw sNbv X p. ]nt
Znhkhpw cm{Xn \a- k v I m- c - s - p- d n- p N- I ]c- p.
aqmw Znhkw ]n- b n P\- BZys cv Znh- k - s -
m- IqSp- X - e m- b n. Apw \_n(- k ) ]n- b n t]mbn \a- k v I -
cn- p.
As\ \memw Znhkw cm{Xn \a- k v I m- c - n ]s- S p- m
h Bfp- I sf Dsm- m ]n t]msc- m- b n. CX- d n \
_n(- k ) kzp_v l v \a- k v I - c n- m ka- b - a m- b - t m am{X- a mWv ]-
n- b n- t ep ]pd- s - - X v . kzp_v l v \a- k v I m- c - t ijw kzlm- _ n-
Isf A`n- a p- J o- I - c n- p- s Imv dkq ]dp: ""\n- s fmw cm-
{Xn\a- k v I m- c - n\p ]n- b n XSn- p- I qSnbncn- pp F hn-
hcw F\n- - d n- b m- a m- b n- c p- p. Rm \a- k v I - c n- m hcm- X n- c p-
- X v , Cu \a- k v I mcw \n_- - a m- - s - S p- I bpw ]noSv \n
AXp \ne- \ nm Ai- - c m- h p- I bpw sNbv s X- ntem F
`bwsImm- W v . Cu Ah- - b n Ign- p- I q- S p- t m {]hm-
t\mns ssNX\yw 6 1
N- I Cl- t em- I - h mkw shSn- b p- I bpw sNbv X p.'' (_pJm- c n)

]noSv \_n(- k )- b psS kzlm- _ n- I - f m- b n- c pp AXp kwL-
ambn Gs- S pp \nh- l n- - X v . Cu kap- Z mbw X- f psS AW-
- p- s Imv H- S w Av apX Cv hsc GXp \mnepw GXp
Imepw AXns\ apdpsI ]nSn- p. As\ Xdm- h olv \a-
kv I mcw k- \ - - f p- s Sbpw kp- ns hm- - f p- s Sbpw
Nn- a m- b n- op. hnipIzp- B a\- m- T - a mbn kqn- m
Cu \a- k v I mcw \s t{]cn- n- p- p.
km[m- c - W - mpw s]mXp- P - \ - pw Xdm- h olv \a-
kv I mcw IrXy- a mbpw `wKn- b mbpw \nh- l n- m- \ p ku`mKyw
IqSn CXp aptJ\ knn- p.*
* Cy, ]mn-m t]mep cmjv{S--fn Cu \a-kvIm-c-n\pw

AXn Izp-B apgp-h-\mbn ]mcm-bWw sNbvXp Xop--Xn\pw
as- h n- s Sbpw ImWm {]tXy- I - a mb XmXv ] cyw ImWmw. kap- Z m- b -
ns Fm Xn-ep-ap--hcpw AXn Bm-Z-]qhw ]s-Sp-p-p.
hfsc Ipd-m-fp-I am{Xw kwL-Sn-p Hcp sNdnb ]n-bm-sW-
n t]mepw Xdm-ho-ln-\p kuIcyw Gs-Sp-p-I-bpw, Npcp-n-
bXv Hcp {]mh-iy-sa-nepw Izp-B BZymw \a-kvIm-c-n ]mcm-
bWw sNbvXp Xop-Ibpw sNp-p. (D--tc-y-sbbpw apkvenw
temI- ns av `mK- - s fbpw At]- nv Xd- m ho- l n IqSp- X
Izp-B HmXp--Xnepw AXv BZyw ]qn-bm-p--Xnepw tIcfw
hfsc ]nn-em-Wv. ChnsS GXm\pw ]n-I-fn-sem-gnv _mn-bp--
Xn-semw Izp-B-\nse sNdnb kqd-p-I HmXp-I-tbm, AtX kqd-
p-I Xs hopw Bhn-p-Itbm sNp-p. Iznbm-ap-ss
aptJ\ Dt- i n- - s Izp- B ]mcm- b - W - ns eyw CXp- h gn
kmm-Xv-I-cn--s-Sp-n-hn-h-I.) Fm apkvenw-I Xnn-
mp tI{- - f nse ]n- I - f n Xdm- h olv \a- k v I m- c - n
IzpB ]e- X - h W ]mcm- b Ww sNbv X p Xop- p- v . Cu kp-
ns\ apdpsI ]nSn-p--Xn-\m Izp-B a\xmT-am-p--Xn P\-
p hmk-\bpw a-c-_p-nbpw Dm-bn. F-a "lm^n-fp'I
Cu kap-Zm-b-ns Ap \ne-\nn. Izp-B-\ns Aam-\p-jn-
IX Hp-IqSn sXfn-bn-p. kmh-ù-acpw AP--cp-amb "lm^n-fp'Isf
hmp- h n- S p- - X n apkv e nw- I _- { i- - c m- b n. AXn- \ p- t hn
\qdpIW-n\v m]-\- ]Sp-p-bn. As\ hnip Izp-
B lrZ-bfn kqnv lrZ-b--fn-tev ssIam-dp--Xn Xdm-
holv al-mb ]v hln-p.
6 2 t\mns ssNX\yw
CsXmw apn shp ]cn- t im- [ n- p- t m Bcm- [ \m

atlm- hw sImm- S m- \ p amk- a mWv dafzm. Izp- B
]mcm- b - W - t a- f - b mWv AXns tNX- \ . AXp `- m- c p- s Sbpw
k- \ - - f p- s Sbpw hk- - E - X p- h m- W v . ]pWy- h m- m- c p- s Sbpw
]cn- i p- m- - m - f p- s Sbpw s]cp- m- f m- W v . Bcm- [ \m Ia- -
fnepw Am- l p- h ns B- I Pohn- X - n ]Ip- -
Xnepw AanXhmk- \ bpw aXv k - c hpw dafzm- \ ns apJ- a p- { Z- b m- W v . *
]m]- I a- t mSp hnap- J - X , ]mXm] a\:nXn, lrZ- b -
ss\a- e yw, hn\- b w, A\m- i mky {]h- W XIfn PohnXw Ign-
p- I q- n- b - X n- e p tJZw, \nc- c Pm{K, kIam- \ p- j v T m\
Xev ] - c X XpSn Fm kZv K p- W - fpw Cu amk- ns {]tXy-
I- X - b m- W v . `qap- J v [mcmfw kap- Z m- b - - f pv ; ]mn- I - f pv ;
Ah- s cmw IqSn- b m t]mepw ta Imcy- - f n Cu kap- Z m- b -
nse ]v hyn- I v Xpeytam Xqtam Bhp- I - b n- .
""Am- l p- h ns A\p- { K- l - a m- W - X v . B A\p- { Klw Ah- \ p- t - i n-
p- h- h \ev I pw. Amlp al- mb A\p- { K- l - ns
DS- a - b m- I p- p.'' (hn. Jp.)
* dafzm-\n-ep Cu DXvkh{]XoXn hnhn[ \qm-p-I-fn Xe-ap-d-I
ssIamdn h Hcp kzm- W v . Bcm- [ - \ - I - f psS B[n- I yw, \m\m- X - c -
n-ep Poh-Im-cpWy {]h-\-, Jp-B ]Tn---]-Tn-n-
--]m-cm-b-Ww, AXns a[p-cna Bkz-Zn-m-\p acw CsXmw
Hcp kXy- h n- i zm- k n- t bmtSm Bob in- b psS Ap- I - c - a mb
{]h- \ - - f n hnizm- k - a phtcmtSm ]d- m hnizknpw.
Zo\ns Imh`S- mcpw ssZh- ` - - c mb ]n- X - mcpw AXns
{]t_m- [ - I - - { ]- h - I - mcpw Fm \ a\p- j ycpw Cu amk- n
C{]-Imcw {]hn-p-Xv Fhn-sSbpw ImWmw. Aev]-amb `Ww
Ign-p-sImv cm{Xn apgp-h\pw Dd--an-fp \np \a-kvI-cn-p-Ibpw
]I {hX-a-\p-jvTn-p-Ibpw hnip Izp-B apgp-h\pw Hscm Znh-
kw-sImp ]mcm-bWwsNbvXp Xop-Ibpw sNp F{X-sb{X `-
P- \ - ! Cu ]cn- i p- - a m- k - nse Hmtcm \nan- j hpw \nizm- k hpw
km- Z y- - f psS `m--c - a mn amp alm- \ p- ` m- h - m- c mWv Ah.
dafzm-\nse Hmtcm hn\m-gn-Ibpw Am-lp-thmSp IqSp-X ASp-p-hm-
\w, "aokm-\n' I\w Xqp-hm\pw D kphWm-h-k-c-ambpw Ah
ImWp-p. A-c-n-ep Bfp-Isf ImWp-tm am{XamWv dafzm-
\ns al-Xzhpw Pohn-X-ns hnebpw \mw a\-n-em-p--Xv. ke-
^p- zm- e nlosf- p- d nv (apKm- a n- I - f mb k- \ ) Ncn- { X-
ns Xmfp-I-fn ew ]nSn-n-cn-p alnX IY-I-fn \app
hnizmkw hcp--Xpw A-s\-s.
t\mns ssNX\yw 6 3
{hX-ns Dt-iy-e-y-
Nhn-n-sa-Xn--s-Sp-p
]t, A[nI k`- - f nepw apkv e nw- I Ah- t cmSv Xs
A{Iaw {]hn- m- d p- v . {hX- ns Dt- i y- e - y- sf
Ah sRn- s m- p- p- s h- Xv Acw Hcm- { I- a - W - n s]-
Xm- W v . CXn\v ]e amK- - f p- v . Nne- t m kz- a mbn Ip- ] n-
Sn- p ]p- \ m- N m- c - aqew; ap Nne- t m `- W - nepw
t\mv Xpd- - e n- e p- a p A- X bpw Aan- X - h y- b hpw aptJ- \ .
Aan- X - t `m- P \w t\mp- s Im- p- t - i n- - s - S p an t\- fpw
\in- n- p- I - f - b pw. AXp- a q- e - a p- m- I p kwkv I - c W inbpw
in- W - i o- e - h pw ipjv I n- p- t ]m- I pw.
hniz-alm ]n-X-\m-bn-cp Camw Kmen Cm-cyw Cs\
hnh- c n- p- p: ""Am- a s acymZ: t\mv Xpd- p k`-
n A\p- h - Z - \ o- b - a mb k`- a m- b m t]mepw A[nIw Ign-
m ]mSn- . Blmcw Hcn- epw Xs hbdv \ndsb Ign- - c p-
Xv. Imc-Ww lem-emb `Ww aptJ\ \nd-bvp hb-dmWv Cu
temIv Am- l p- h n\v Xosc Cjv S - a n- m \nd ]m{Xw.
{hXw Imc- W - a mbn Ign- m km[n- m- X n- c p Blmcw IqSn
t\mv Xpd- p ka- b v `n- p- I - b m- s W- n B {hXw
aptJ\ Am- l p- h ns i{Xp- h ns\ Fs\ Pbn- - S pw? Zphn-
Im- c - sf Fs\ ]cm- P - b - s - S ppw? ]I apgp- h \pw Ign-
m- X n- c n- p Blmcw cm{Xn Ign- m ]ns B {hXwsImv
Fp t\w? Cu Ah Cp apkv e nwIsf hfsc tami- a mb
nXn-bn-se-n-n-cn-p-p. AXv Nne-cn \np ]dnp-I-f-bm
km[y- a - m cq]- n hym]- I - a mb tXmXn thcq- p- I bpw
sNbv X n- p- v . dafzm- \ nse Blm- c - n- \ p- t hn hfsc app-
Xs Hcp- - fpw N- h - - fpw XpS- p- p. ap Ime- - f n
Xnm Xc- n- e p- Xpw AanX hne- b p- - X p- a mb `Ww
6 4 t\mns ssNX\yw
Ign- p- - X n kwXr]v X n Is- p- p. Ah- c psS {]h- \ -

Im Xnm- \ p Hcp amk- a mWv dafzm Fp tXmn-
tm- I pw. hb- d n\v Bizm- k hpw ico- t c- - I - f psS \nb- { - W hpw
BWv t\mns eyw. a\p- j y- \ n `n- b psS A- c ow DS-
se- S p- - W w. Fm {]`mXw apX {]tZmjw hsc am{Xw
]nWn InS- p- I bpw, hnIm- c - fpw hnNm- c - fpw \nb- { n- p-
Ibpw sNbv X - t ijw cm{Xn apgp- h bmsXmcp \nb- { - W tam
]cn- [ ntbm ]men- p- n- s - n {hXwaqew hn]- c o- X - ^ - e - - f m- W p-
m- h p- I . Bam- i - b - n\v kpJhpw hn{i- a hpw e`n- p- - X n\v
]Icw Akp- J hpw A[zm- \ - ` m- c hpw Gdnhcp- p. ZphnIm- c -
fpw hnNm- c - fpw IqSn- qSnhcp- p. ]e \qX- \ m- { K- l - fpw
A`n- \ n- t h- i - fpw DS- s e- S p- p- p. Xn- b n- t ev a\p- j ys\ \bn-
m ]nim- N n\v Ign- b p Ihm- S - fpw amK- fpw sImn- b - S -
bvp- I , in- I bn- n- pI XpS- nb Imcy- - f mWv
`Ww Ipd- b v epw \nb- { n- epw aqew Dt- i n- - s - S p- - X v .
Atm Hcp t\mp- I m- c sNt- Xv km[m- c W t\mn- m
Zn\- - f n F{X `Ww Ign- ptam A{X- X s t\mp Znh-
khpw Ignp- I . adn- v , ]I apgp- h \pw hnp- I - f Blm- c -
ns Acn- a Wn t]mepw IW- p- I qn cm{Xn Ign- p- I - b m- s W-
n B {hXw- s Imv bmsXmcp ê- h p- a n- .
""Fp am{X- a - , t\mp- I m- c ]I Aan- X - a mbn Dd- m\pw
]mSn- . As\ hcp- t m Ah\p hnipw Zmlhpw A\p- ` -
hn- m Ign- b msXhcp- p. in- - b - ns cpNn Bkz- Z n-
m km[n- p- n- . lrZ- b - i p- nbpw ssIh- c n- . cm{Xn\a-
kv I m- c - n\pw av Bcm- [ \mIa- pw Ae- k X tXmm- X n-
cn- m Bam- i - b - n\v Abhv sImSp- p- I . ]nim- N n\v Ahs
lrZ- b - n IS- m Ah- k cw \ev I m- X n- c n- p- I . ss]im- N nI
kv ] i- n \nv c- s lrZ- b - a p- s - n ]c- t em- I - t _m-
[hpw Nnbpw \ne-\nm Ign-bpw.'' (Clvbm Dep-an-o, t]:
211)
aX-\n-b-a-sf hnI-e-am--cpXv
A[n- I - a mfp- I fpw [cnphim- b n- p- Xv {hX- ns Dt-
iyhpw eyhpw ico- t c- - I - s fbpw B{K- l - - s fbpw ]qW-
ambn ASn- - a n AXns\ ASn`cn- - e m- s W- m- W v . Ah
Icp- X pp: tZls F{X Iv _pn- a p- n- p- p- t hm,
XnmsX, IpSn- m- s X, kpJn- m- s X F{X- I mew Ign- p- I q- p- p-
thm, abpw tihpw F{X in- b n inckmhln- p-
pthm AX- \ p- k - c nv Ah Am- l p- t hm- S - S p- p- I bpw {]nb-
t\mns ssNX\yw 6 5
-c-\m-hp-Ibpw sNpp; BUw-_-c--fn \n-I-v, kpJ-tem-

ep- ] - X - b n \nv hnv , `n- ] m- c - h - i y- n hnebw{]m]n- pI;
AXmWv {hXw. P\- - f psS Nn CXm- b n- c ns dafzm {hX-
s- n Amlp Ii- \ - a mb Nne \nb- a - \ev I m- X n- c p- m
]e AXncp Ihn- b - e p- I fpw aX- n IS- p- I q- S m km[y- X - b p-
v . Zo, kaq- l - n \nv Hfn- t m- S nb kym- k n- I - f psS
ssIbnse Ifn- m- h - b m- I pw. Ah- k m\w AXns kpccq]w
hnI- e - a m- I pw. CXn\v temI- N - c n- { X- n Pohn- n- c n- p
F{Xtbm DZm- l - c - W - - f p- v . {hX- s - p- d nv C- c - n- e p
sXmb [mcW apKm- a n- I - f mb ]e kap- Z m- b - m- s cbpw
amK{`wi- n- e m- n. AXncpIhn Bcm- [ - \ - I Ah Ip-
]n- S nv \S- n- e m- n. Ghpw IqSp- X Cu cwKv ssII- S - -
ep- I fpw I\nb- a - - f p- a pmbXv {hX- n- e m- W v . Blmckm[-
\- - f n \nv hnp- \ n- e v p ka- b - n- s ssZLyw Ah-
cpsS hIbmbn Ipsd h[n- n- p. t\mv Xpd- p kabw Ipsd
]nn- p. {]`mX- n\p apmbn Ign- p `Ww hfsc
apnp. Nne AXp Ign- p- X p Xs sXmbnp. aX- h n-
izm- k - ns Zp_- e - X - b mbn AXns\ hymJym- \ n- p. t\m-
\pjv T np- Xn th{X XmXv ] - c y- a n- m- - X p- s Im- m- s Wv
Nn{Xo- I - c n- p. thsd Nne XpSbmbn Blmcw Ign- msX Znh-
k- Xs {hX-a-\p-jvTn-p. asmcp hn`mKw ]Iepw cm{Xnbpw
Iqn- t p. Cs\ Zo\ns \nb- a - Ah- c psS Aò- j v S -
n- \p- k - c nv \S- n- e m- p- I bpw sNbv X p. apkv e nw- I - f n s]
Nne AXnew- L \hmZn- I A\p- I - c n- Xv Ch- s c- b m- W v . Izp- B -
\n- s bpw kp- n- s bpw \nb- a - ]cn- ] qW- a - s cq]-
n kz- a mb Bcm- [ - \ m- I a- ]S- p- m- nb _nZv - A -
ns hm- fpw amXr- I - b mbn kzoI- c n- Xv Ch- s c- b m- W v . Ch-
scmw aX- n ssIIS- p- I bpw AXns bYmY cq]s
hnI-e-am-p-Ibpw sNbvX-h-cm-Wv. Cs\ aX-n kzw \nb-
a- krjv S n- Xp aptJ\ Ah Ah- t cmSp Xs AXn- { Iaw
{]hn- p. ]utcm- l n- X y- ns kIe Ipg- - - f p- s Sbpw
IhmSw CXn- e q- s S- b mWv Xpd- - s - S p- - X v .
""Amlp \nv Bizmkw Dt- i n- p- p; Ah
\nv {]bmkw Dt- i n- p- n- .''(A _Izd 185)
""aX- n \nv bmsXmcp _pn- a ppw Ah Dm- n-
bn- n- .'' (Alv 87)
(QdG) GHQbh GhO~a ZG ~MG j~dG Gg Oj d hj jdG G
""aXw (Hcp \nba kwln- X - b mbn A\p- j v T n- m) hfsc Ffp-
6 6 t\mns ssNX\yw
- a m- W v . Cu aX- n Bsc- nepw (Xs in {]I- S n- n- m)

IqSp- X XymK- t msS Bm- ] n- X - a - msX Ia- A\p- j v T n-
m XpS- n- b m Ah ]cm- P - b - s - S pI Xs sNpw'' F
{]hm- N I kq- t mSpw \S- p Hcp shp- h n- f n- b m- W n- X v .
Ccw Imcy- - s fmw apn Ip- s Imv taen AXm-
hn- m- X n- c n- m Ckv e m- a nI ico- A - v , _nZv - A - p- I
hntcm- [ n- pI hgn aX- n AXncp Ihn- b - e p- I - f psS Fm
Ihm- S - fpw sImn- b - S - p. {]`m- X - n\v sXmp apmbn Ign-
p `- W - ns Imcy- n th{X t{]mXvkm- l \w
\ev I n. \_n(- k ) AXv kp- m- s Wv {]Jym- ] n- p. Ahn- S pp
]d- - X mbn A\kv _ v \ p amenIv ( d) D- c n- p- p: ""\n {]`m-
X- t h- f v app `Ww Ignq! ImcWw AXn Am- l p-
hns A\p- { K- l - a p- v . '' (_pJm- c n, Xnap- Z n, \km- C u)
Awdp- _ v \ p Bkn D- c n- p Hcp lZokv C{]- I m- c - a m- W v :
""\p- s Sbpw {K- m- c p- s Sbpw {hXs thXn- c n- p- Xv {]`m-
X- n\v app `- W - a m- W v . '' (apkv e nw)
t\mp Xpd- p ka- b - a m- b npw ]nn- \nev p- - h v
Am- l p- h ns dkq hfsc Kuc- h - a mb coXn- b n XmoXv
\evIn. AXv hn\m- i - n- s bpw {]Xn- ^ - e - \ jvSn- s bpw
IhmSw Xpd- - e mbn Atlw hnti- j n- n- p. {K- m- c n \nv
AXnew- L - \ - h m- Z n- I - f psS Nnlv \ ambn AXns\ ]d- p- X - p.
klv e p_v \ p kAZv \_n(- k )- b n \nv D- c n- pp: P\-
t\mp Xpd- m [rXn Imp- t mdpw Ah \- b n Xs- b m-
bn- c npw (_p, ap, apJ- X z, Xnan- Z n) A_q- l p- d bv - d (- d ) D- c n-
pp: ""t\mv Xpd- m thKw IqSp- - X n- e mWv aX- ns
hnPbw. ImcWw blq- Z n- I fpw {Inkv X ym- \ n- I fpw t\mv Xpd- p-
- X ns\ ]nn- p- p.'' (A_q- Z m- h q- Z v )
CXp- t ]mse ]pep apv Ign- p `Ww {]hm- N - I
]nn- ncp- p. sskZ_v\p km_n- n \np \nth- Z \w:
""R \_n(- k )- b psS IqsS ]pep app `Ww
Ignp; A\- cw kzp_v l v \a- k v I m- c - n- \ mbn \np. Atm
At- l - t mSv (a- p- - h ) tNmZnp: AXv cn- s bpw at[y
F{X kq- ]mcm- b WwsNm- h p ka- b - a p- m- b n- c pp?
Atlw {]Xn- h - N np: A]Xv kq- ]mcm- b Ww sNp-
- { X. (_p. ap)
C_v \ p Da (d) ]d- b pp: \_n(- k ) an\v _nemepw C_v \ p
DpaIv X qapw _mv sImSp- m \n AXn \npw hnc-
anp- s Im- p- I ,' XpSp C_v\pDa(- d ) ]dp: B cv
_mp- I - f p- s Sbpw at[y, Hcm _mv sImSpv apI- f n \nn-
t\mns ssNX\yw 6 7
d- p- I bpw as- b m Ib- d p- I bpw sNp- {X Ipd ka- b ta

Dm- b n- c p- p- q.'' (_p. ap.)
ssiJp Ckvemw Alva-Zp_v\p A_vZp-d-lo-ap-lvehn Cu
hnj- b - n ]T- \ ml- a mb Hcp hni- Z o- I - c Ww \ev I n- b n- p- v .
Ckv e m- a nI ico- A - ns alXzhpw A\n- X - c km[m- c - W - X zhpw
hy- a m- n- s m- v A- t lw Fgp- X pp:
""aX- \ n- b - a - - f nse AXncpIhn- b XS- b pI FXv {hX-
ns Ghpw al- mb Dt- i y- - f n s] HmWv . AXn
ewL- \ - h m- Z n- I ]S- p- h n- S p ]p _nZv - A - p- I Cu aX-
n Dm- I m ]mSn- . Bcm- [ - \ m- ] - c - a mb AXncp Ihn- b
blq- Z n- I fpw {Inkv X ym- \ n- I fpw kh- k m- [ m- c - W - a m- b n- c p- p; Ch-
cn s]Sm av Ad- _ n- I - f nepap- m- b n- c p- p. {hX- ns
Dtiyw ico- c - ] o- U - \ - a m- s Wv a\- n- e m- nb Ah A\p- Z n\w
]p _nZv - A - p- I ]Sphnp. IqSpX hnj- a - I - c - - f mb
\nb- a - Ip- ] n- S np \S- n- e m- n, aXw a\p- j y\v \S- n
hcp- m ]m hn[w Zpjv I - c - a m- n. As\ Am- l p- h ns
Zo hnI- e hpw hncq- ] - h p- a m- n.
cp Xc- n- e m- b n- c pp B ssIIS- - e p- I . Nnetm
F- n, apNne- t m cq]- n ""dafzm\n- s Htm ctm
Znhkw app ]cn- i o- e - \ mYhpw sNdnb s]cp- m Znh- k hpw
kwi- b m- k v ] - Z amb Znh- k hpw {hXw ]mSn F, \_n(- k )- b psS
Iev]\ Hmw hn`m-K-nsSpw. km[m-cW (kp--m-b) Znh-
k- - f n t\m- \ p- j v T np hcp Nne Bfp- I - f pv ; Ahv
X- f psS daZzm {hXw {]kv X pX Znh- k - - t fmSv tbmPnp
htmw; Fm am{Xw daZzm- \ ns sXmp- a p- p Znh- k - -
fn {hXw A\p- h - Z n- n- c n- p- p. aX- \ n- b - a - - f mbn Am- l phpw
dkq- e pw Iev ] n- Xv t]mcm- s bv Icp- X p AXn ewL- \ - h m- Z n-
I CsXmw Hcp kIa- a mbn ImWp- p. Ah- c psS ]nKm-
an- I Ahsc A\p- I - c n- p- I bpw sNp- p. Cs\bmWv aXw
hnI- e X {]m]n- p- - X v . Cu AXncpIhn- b A[n- I hpw DS- s e-
Sp- p- Xv AanX kqv a - X - b n \npw ]nim- N ns Zpa- { -
Wn \np- a m- W v . kwi- b m- k v ] Z \mfnse (bu- a p- - v ) {hXw
Cu hIp- ns- X m- W v .
ASp- - X mbn cq]- n- e p AXncpIhn- b F- - t . CS-
ap- d n- b msX {hX- a - \ p- j v T n- pI, Amgw hfsc t\cs Ign-
p- I , t\mp Xpd- p ka- b - a m- b mepw ]nnpI XpS- n-
bhbm- W - X v . CsX- mw "Pmln- e n- - ns krjv S n- I - f m- W v . ''
(lp- p- mln _menK, hm.2, t].39)
Npcp- n- - d - m {hXw apgp- h \pw ssZhnI Iev ] - \ - s b apSn-
6 8 t\mns ssNX\yw
\m- c ng sXmsX \ncp- ] m- [ n- I- a mbn A\p- k - c n- epw Iogv s - S - e p-

amWv . `- W - t mSv F{X B{K- l - a p- - h - \ pw, Da{]`mXw
s]mn- h n- S m {]tZm- j - n ]Sn- msd N{I- h m- f - n
kqcy ad- b p- - X p- h sc bmsXmpw Ign- m ]mSn- . `W
]m\o- b - - t fm- S p GXm- { K- l hpw AS- n- \ n- W w. AXp-
t]mse ]na N{I- h m- f - n kqcy adpIgn- m hnc-
npw `npw AhnsS m\- a n; Blmcw Ignt Xocq.
Chn- s S- s bmw hn[nIXr- X z- n- \ p ]qWm- [ n- I mcw Am- l p-
hn-\m-Wv. k{-Zm-b-tm tZtl--tm kzw ico-c-nt\m
A. Am- l p- h nt\mSv [nm- c hpw aX- h n- [ n- I - t fmSp Kpkv X nbpw
]mSn- . Hcp t\mp- I m- c F{X Iv Xs Csb ssIsh-
Snv Am- l p- h ns Cpw hn[npw Iosgm- X p- p- pthm
A{Xbpw Ah Bc- m [- \ - b n kmKn- I - f pw, Am- l p- h n- s
Ah- I m- i s AwKo- I - c n- - h - c p- a m- I p- p. "Rm' F `mh-
n \n- p w AI- - h - \ mbn KWn- - s - S p- I bpw sNp- p. ]cn-
jv I mhpw ]n- X - \ p- a mb Alv a Zv _ v \ p A_v Z pAlZv
klnn- b psS hmp- I Cu Imcyw Hp- I qSn hy- a m- pp:
""Amgw ]nn- p- I bpw t\mv Xpd- Xzcn- X - s - S p-
pIbpw sN- W - s a Iev ] \ Hcp Imcyw hy- a m- p- p:
Ah ASn- a - b m- W v, B{i- b n- t - - h - \ mWv. Iev]\ Fm-
bmepw A\p- k - c n- m am{Xw _m[y- \mWv . Zp_- e \pw - B -
Wv . '' (aPv a qD- d- k m- C , \mev ] - n- b - v )
CA-vXn-Im^v (`-P-\-an-cn-)
dafzm- \ ns Dt- i y- e - y- A- c mY- n ]qo- I -
cn- m Amlp \n- b n- - X m- W v CA- v X n- I m- ^ v . Hcp t\mp- I m-
c\p \jv S - s - p- t ]mb lrZ- b - k m- n[yw, a\- m- n, at\m- h o- c yw,
tZlhpw tZlnbpw Am- l p- h n\v \on- s h- , Ahs D- d -
- S n- b n hoWpInS- , Ahs A\p- { K- l m- i n- p- I - f psS aSn-
- n A`bw Is- XpS- nb Imcy- sfmw Cu `P- \ -
an- c n- aptJ\ hos- S p- m Ign- b p- p.
Ama C_v \ p Iznw(- d ) ]d- b pp: ""Am- l p- h p- a m- b p
B- _ w kpZr- V - a m- p- I , a\v Ah- \ n am{Xw tI{o- I -
cn- p- I , krjv S n- I - f p- a m- b p _- hnv {kjv S m- h p- a mbn
_- s - S p- I , Hcp a\p- j ys lrZ- b - n IpSn- s Im- p
kIe hnIm- c - h n- N mck- m- ] - - k - t m- j - - f psS m\v
Am- l p- h ns\pdn- p kv a cW Dm- h pI XpS- n- b - h - b mWv
CA- v X n- I m- ^ ns Dt- i y- e - y- ; AXns abpw Poh- \ pw.
a\p- j y- c p- a m- b p t\cwt]mn\v ]Icw Am- l p- h p- a mbn
t\mns ssNX\yw 6 9
_w m]n- pI; Iz_v - d n- e p GIm- - X - b psS Ah- k - c -

n Cu GIm- X Hcp apXq- m- b n- c n- pw. CXv Hcp t\c-
tmpw. AtX- k - a bw Ahs ]mtY- b hpw IqSn- b m- W v.
dafzm\ns kphW Ah- k m\ Zi- Z n- \ - n kp- mb
CAv X n- I m- ^ ns ]c- t am- t - i y- n Nne- X m- W n- X v . '' (kmZp
aBZv , t]. 178)
imlv h- e n- p Fgp- X pp:
""lrZ- b - i p- nbpw lrZb kmn- [ y- h pw, amem- J - a m- t cm- S p
km[ayhpw, \nWm- b - I - c m- { Xn- b n ]p- t N- c - e p- s amw "CA- v X n-
Im^v' aptJ\ e`y- a m- I p- p. dafzm- \ ns Ahkm\s
]mWv \_n(- k ) AXn\v sXc- s - S p- - X v. Ahn- S ps
kpIr- X n- I - f mb A\p- b m- b n- I AXv kp- m- s Wv a\- n- e m-
p- I bpw sNbv X p.''
\_n(- k ) nc- a mbn Fm hjhpw AX\pjv T np- t ]m- p.
apkv e nwtemIw Xe- a pd Xe- a p- d - b mbn AXp Imp- k q- n- p.
As\ "CA- v Xn- I m^v' nc- s kppw dafzm- \ ns
Bob Nnlv \ - h p- a mbn cq]w{]m]n- p. BC- i (- d )- b n- \npw
Camw _pJm- c nbpw apkv e napw D- c n- pp: ""\_n(- k ) Cl- t em-
I- h mkw shSn- b p- - X p- h sc dafzms Ah- k m\ Zi- Z n- \ - fn
]n- b n `P- \ - a n- c n- m- d p- m- b n- c p- p. \_n(- k )- b psS Ime-
tijw Ahn- S ps `mcy- a mcpw `P- \ - a n- c p- n- c p- p.'' A_q- l p-
dbvd(d) ]d- b pp: Fm dafzm- \ nepw Ah- k m- \ s ]p
Znhkw \_n(- k ) `P- \ - a n- c p- p. Ahn- S pv Cl- t em- I - h mkw
shSn hj- a m- I s Ccp- ] Xp Znh- k hpw AXp \nh- l n- p.''
(_pJm- c n)
ssee-Xp IzZv (\nWm-bI cm{Xn)
ssee- X p IzZv d ns al- X zhpw m\hpw Izp- B - \ nepw
lZo- k nepw [mcmfw hni- Z o- I - c n- n- p- v . Amlp ]d- b p- p:
""\n- b w, \maXv (Izp- B ) ssee- p IzZv d n Ah- X - c n- n-
p. ssee- X p IzZv Fm- s Wp \n\- - d n- b ptam? ssee- X p
JZv Bbncw amk- - s f- m D- a - a m- I p- p. Ap ae- p-
Ifpw Pn_v c oepw X- f psS \mYs A\p- h m- Z - t msS Fm
Iev ] - \ - I - f p- a mbn Cd- n- s m- n- c n- pw. {]`m- X - p- e - c n- h sc Av
c- b p- m- b n- c n- pw.'' (AIzZv 1)
{]hm- N I]pwK- h s Hcp hmIyw: ""Bsc- nepw ssee- X p
IzZv d n hnizm- k - t mSpw {]Xn- ^ - e tamltmSpw IqSn Bcm- [ -
\- b n \nK- a v \ - \ m- b m Ahs Pohn- X - n app sNbv X
]m]- AJn- e hpw s]mdp- - s - S pw.'' (_p.ap.)
7 0 t\mns ssNX\yw
dafzms Ah- k m\ ]n Adn- b - s - S m Hcp cm{Xn- b n

Amlp AXv \n- b n- n- c n- p- p. Cs\ Ahy- - a mn
bXn\p ]nn Am- l p- h ns A]m- c - a mb bpn {]hn- p-
p. AsX- m- s Wdnbm- \ p A`n- h m- R v O bpw At\z- j W
Xrjv W bpw kXy- h n- i zm- k n- I - f n CXp Imc- W - a mbn IqSp- X - e p-
m- I pw. daZzm- \ ns Ah- k m\ \ni- I \a- k v I m- c w, {]mY- \ ,
_mjv ] m{Z hnem- ] w, av Bcm- [ - \ m- I a- , Zm\- [ a- -
Fn- h - b m [\y- a m- b n- o- c p- p. B amk- ns al- X z- n\v
Ah- k m\ \nan- j - - f n Hp- I qSn ampIqp- h m\pw CXp Imc-
W- a m- I p- p. ssee- X p IzZv d ns Zn\w hy- a m- - s - n- c p- s -
n CsXm- c n- - e pw km[y- a m- I p- a m- b n- c p- n- . BCi(- d ) \_n(-
k)- b psS {]h- \w dntmv sNp- - X n- - s \- b mWv : ""dafzm-
\ns Ah- k m- \ s ]m- b m \_n(- k ) cm{Xn apgp- h \pw
\nXm Pm{K- X - t bmsS Ign- p- I q- p- I bpw hop- I msc hnfn- p-
Wp- I bpw Acbv v appsIn (B- c m- [ - \ - b v m- b n) Hcp- p-
Ibpw sNbv X n- c p- p.'' (_p.ap.)
A[nI lZo- k p- I fpw ssee- X p IzZv , dafzm- \ ns Ah- k m-
\- ] - X n- nse H- b n cm{Xn- I - f n- e m- s W Imcy- n GtIm- ] n- n-
cn- p- p. AXpw AXnse Ah- k m- \ s Ggp Znh- k - - f n- e m-
sWpw hy- a m- n- b n- p- v . C_v \ p Da(- d )- h n \nv _pJm-
cnbpw apkv e napw D- c n- pp: ""dafzm- \ nse Ah- k m- \ s Ggp
\mfp- I - f n \_n(- k )- b psS kJm- kz]v \ - n ssee- X p
IzZv Zin- p- I - b p- m- b n. Atm \_n(- k )- ] - d p: \n-
fpsS kz]v \ - ns hymJym\w kqNn- n- p- Xv ssee- X p
IzZv Ah- k m- \ Ggv cm{Xn- I - f n- e m- b n- c npw Fm- W v . AXn-
\m \n- f n Bsc- nepw AXp Ic- - a m- m- \ p- t - i n- p- p-
sh- n Ah- k m- \ s Ggp Znh- k - - f n At\z- j np sImp-
I.'' BC- i (- d )- b n \nv asmcp lZo- k n hXp ImWpI:
""dkq(- k ) dafzms Ahkm- \ - ] - n ]n- b n `P- \ - a n- c n- p-
Ibpw, ssee- X p IzZv d ns\ {]Xo- n- p- s Im- pI Fv ]d- b p-
Ibpw sNm- d p- m- b n- c p- p.'' (_p. ap.). BC- i (d)bn \np
dntmp- sNp thsdmcp lZo- k n Cs\ ImWmw: \_n
]dp: ""dafzms Ah- k m\ Zi- Z n- \ - nse H- b mb cmhp- I -
fn \n- f - X ns\ {]Xo- n- p- s Im- p- I .'' (_pJmcn)
ssee- X p IzZv d n- s \- p- d nv ssiJp Ckv e mw imlv h- e n-
p- m- l n- p- l v e hn ""lp- X p- m- l n _menK''bn hy- a m- p-
Xv ChnsS ]Imw: ""ssee- p IzZv d ns\ \apv cmbn
hn`- P n- mw. Hv : kIe Imcy- fpw BIm- i - p- s hv Xocp- a m-
\n- - s - S p cm{Xn. AmWv Izp- B apgp- h - \ mbn hm\- t em-
t\mns ssNX\yw 7 1
I- v A- h - X - c n- n- - X v . A\- cw Aev ] m- e v ] - a mbn `qap- J - t - -

h- X - c n- m XpS- n. Cu cm{Xnhj- n Hp am{Xw. AXv
dafzm- \ n Xs- b m- b n- s m- - W - s a- n- ; Fm, A[n- I - ] -
hpw dafzm- \ n Xs- b m- s W- m- W v . Izp- B BZy- a mbn
Ah- c n ka- b v B cm{Xn dafzm- \ n Xs- b m- b n- c p- p.
cv : Av Bo- b m- - c ow Xfw- s In \nev pw. hm\- t em-
Ip \nv amem- J - a m \nc- cw Cd- n- s m- n- c n- pw. kXy-
hn- i zm- k n- I Bcm- [ - \ - b n apgp- I p- I - b pw, Ah- c psS {]Im- i -
ns ]msemfn ]mcn ]c- p- I bpw sNpw. ae- p- I
Ahsc kao- ] n- p- I bpw ]nimNv Ahsc ssIsbm- g nbpIbpw
sNpw. Av Ah- c psS {]mY- \ - I - f pw Bcm- [ - \ - I fpw kzoIm-
cytbm- K y- a m- b n- c n- pw. B cm{Xn dafzm- \ nse Ah- k m\ ]nse
H- b mb cm{Xn- I - f n GsX- nepw Hp am{X- a m- W v . AXv B Znh-
k- - f n app- I tbm ]np- I tbm sNbv t X- mw. ]t, Hcn-
epw ]pdp t]mhp- I - b n- . Ctm \mw cp- X cw cm{Xn- I -
sf- p- d np ]d- p. AXn ssee- p IzZdp sImp- t - i n-
p- Xv Hm- a - t - X m- s Wv ]d- - h AXv hj- n apgp-
h- \ m- s W- - ` n- { ]m- b - s - p. cm- a - t XmWv Dtiyw Fp ]d-
- h dafzm- \ ns Ah- k m\ ]n- e m- s Wpw hy- a m- n.
\_n(k) ]Tn- np: "ssee- p JZ- d n- s \- p- d n- p- \n- f psS
kz]v \ s Rm ImWpXn- s \- b mWv : AXp dafzm- \ nse
Ah- k m- \ s Ggv Znh- k - - f n- e m- I pw. AXn- \ m Bsc- nepw
AXv {]Xo- n- p- s - n Ah- k m- \ s Ggv Znh- k - - f n
Imp- s Im- p- I .'' asm- c hkc- n Ahn- S pv ]d- p: B
cm{Xn F\np Zriy- a m- b - X mbn. anepw Pe- nepw kmjv S mwKw
sNp- - X mbn Rm Fs- s Av Ip. AXv Ccp- ] -
smmw cm{Xn- b m- b n- c p- p. Cu {]iv \ - n kzlm- _ n- I -
p A`n- { ]mb hyXymkw tIhew A\p- ` q- X n- b psS ASn- m-
\- n am{X- a m- W v . '' (lp- P - P - X p- m- l n _menK, hm. 2, t]. 41)
Ckv e mw am\hcmin- t bmSv \nh- l n- m Bh- i y- s ap
Bcm- [ \mIa kwkv I - c - W - - ] - c n- j v I - c Wns ]p hln-
- X p- t ]mse {hXhpw AXn- t - X mb ]phln- p. t\mns hnh-
- b n, Bi- b - n, NnI- f n, \nb- a - - f n, cq]- n,
\nhlW ssien- b n Fmw Xs Ckv e mw ]cn- j v I - c - W hpw
]cn- h - \ hpw hcp- n. As\ {hXw A\p- j v T n- Ffp-
- h pw Blv f m- Z - I - c hpambn. AXv a\jy {]Ir- X nbv v Ghpw
A\p- t bm- P y- a m- W v . kmaq- l n- I hpw Bo- b - h p- a mb [mcmfw
Dtiy ey- AXv ]qo- I - c n- p- p. Npcp- - n kaq-
ls apgp- h \pw AXv DSp hmp- p.
7 2 t\mns ssNX\yw
Ckv e mw sImp- h {]Ya ]cn- j v I - c Ww AXns Bi-

bhpw hnh- bpw Xncp- n- p- d np FXmWv . Ckv e m- a n\p
apv {hX- ns hnh ]qW- a mbpw amnadn- - s - n- c p- p.
PqXaX- n AXv ZpxJ- n- s bpw hnem- ] - n- s bpw kqN- \ -
bm- b n- c p- p. Ncn- { X- ns hnhn[ Zim- k - n- I - f n kw`- h n
km- ] - - f psS kv a c- W - b p- a m- b n- c p- p. A- c - n- e p {hXw
hgn kaq- l - n\v ss\cm- i yw, taml- ` w- K w, ZpxJw, ]cm- P b
t_m[w Fnh am{Xta e`y-amIq Fv Ckvemw ]Tn-n-p. am{X-
a- , {hXspdn- p Nnm- K - X nbpw ho- W hpw Ckv e mw
Xncp- n- p- d n- p. {]Xo- bpw {]Xym- i bpw Bkzm- Z - \ hpw A`n-
\n- t h- i hpw apn\nev p {]Im- i - a m- \ - a mb Hcp Bi- b hpw
ho- W hpw AXp ]Icw\evIn. Btcm- K yhpw B\- hpw
sscyhpw ktm- j hpw kw`m- h \sNp- , imnbpw kam-
[m- \ hpw \evIp- , ssZh- ns {]oXnbpw {]Xn- ^ - e hpw
{]Zm\wsNp- , kpckp- t am- l \ kphn- t i- j -
hmKv Z m\wsNp al- mb Hcp Bcm- [ \m Ia- a mbn {hXw
amdn. AXn\p ]pdsa t\m- \ p- j vTn- p- - h \v Bth- i hpw
Bizm- k hpw ]I- c p [mcmfw Bb- p- I fpw lZo- k p- I fpw
Dv .
Hcp IzpZv k n- mb lZo- k n ]d- b pp: ""{hXw, AsX- \ n- p-
- X mWv ; AXn\v {]Xn- ^ ew Rm sImSp- p- p.'' AtX lZo-
kns Ah- k m- \ - n, ""Hcp t\mp- I m- c \v cv ktm- j - a p-
v : Hv , Ah t\mp Xpd- p- t m. asm- v , Ah Xs
cn- X m- h ns\ Ipap- p- t m'' Fpw ]d- b p- p. t\mpIm-
c\v Amlp Ah- s - b - S p- AXn- a - l - mb m\hpw ]Z-
hnbpw \ev I p- p: ""Hcp t\mp- I m- c s hIv { X- n \np
hcp hmk\ Am- l p- h n- Ikv X q- c n- s b- m ]cn- a f- a p- -
Xm- I p- p.'' (kznlm- l p- n) PqX {hX- n\p \ev I p ZpxJ-
-Zp-cn-X--fp-sSbpw sXn-m-c-W-I-fp-sSbpw A-co--s-m
F{Xtbm ]cn- i p- - a mb Hc- - c o- - a mWv Ckv e mw AXn\v \ev I p-
- X v . {hXw blq- Z v icoc ]oU- \ - n\pw B\n- b v p- a p-
- X m- s Wv \mw app ]d- tm. Ah- c psS thZ{K- - f n
CXp kqcy- { ]- I miw t]mse kphy- - a m- W v .
""CXv \nv Ft- p- a p Nw Bbn- c n- Ww; Ggmw
amkw ]mw XnXn \n B- X - ] \w sNWw; kztZ-
inbpw \n- f p- s S- b n- S - b n ]mp ]c- t Z- i nbpw bmsXmcp
thebpw sN- c p- X v . B Znh- k - netm btlm- h - b psS kn- [ n-
bn \nsf ipo- I - c n- t Xn\v \np thn {]mb-
nw Ign- bpw \n- f psS kIe ]m]- fpw \on \nsf
t\mns ssNX\yw 7 3
ipo- I - c n- p- I bpw sN- W w. AXp \np hnip kz-

X- b p iv Bbn- c n- - W w. \n B- X - ] \w sNWw;
AXv \nv Fs- t - p- a p N- a m- I p- p.'' (tehy
]pkv X Iw 16:2931) ]gb \nba- n Xs asmcp ev
]d- b pp: ""btlmh ]nsbpw tami- t bmSv Acp- f n- s - b v X p:
Ggmw amkw ]mw XnXn ]m]- ] - c n- l mc Znhkw BIp- p.
Ap \np hnip- k`m-tbmKw DmIWw; \n B-
X- ] \w sNp- I bpw btlm- h v Zl\bmKw An- pIbpw
thWw. Ap \n bmsXmcp thebpw sN- c p- X v . AXp \n-
fpsS ssZh- a mb btlm- h - b psS kn- [ n- b n \np- t hn
{]mb- nw Ign- t - - X n- \ p ]m]]cn- l mc Znh- k w.'' (tehy
]pkv X Iw 23:2628) kwJym ]pkv X - I - n Cs\ ImWmw:
""Ggmw amkw ]mw XnXn hnip k`m-tbmKw IqSWw; Av
\n B- X - ] \w sNWw; the- s bmpw sN- c p- X v.''
(kwJym ]pkv X Iw 29:7)
Ckvemw {hXs ico-c-ns ]oU-\-am-bn- IXv; ssZh-
ns in- b m- b n- p- a - . Izp- B \pw lZokpw apgp- h sXc-
mepw Acw kqN\ \ev I p Hcp ]Zw t]mepw Is-
pI km[y- a - . Amlphns {]oXnbpw s]mcp- hpw kmao-
]yhpw Ic- - a m- m am{XamWv AXp \njv I jn- p- - X v .
{hXw apJt\ asmcp Dtiyhpw Ckv e m- a n- \ n- . AXns \nb-
a- fpw N- fpw Fmw Ana hni- I - e - \ - n a\p- j y\p
KpW- a mbn `hn- p- p. Ah\p imco- c nItam am\- k n- I tam Bb
bmsXmcp D]- { Z- h hpw AXp krjv S n- p- n- . hln- m ]m
bmsXmpw AXp hln- n- p- n- . adnv {]`mX ka- b - n\p
apv Bl- c n- m "kpm' bn Iev]n- p. AXpw hfsc
]nnp Ign- {]_e kp- m- s Wpw {]`m- X - p- e - c n- b psS
app- h sc Bl- c npsImm\pw Ckv e mw \ntZ- i n- p. AXp-
t]mse Xs t\mp Xpd- pXn [rXn ImWn- m\pw Iev ] n-
p. cm{Xnbpw ]Iepw Bh- i yw t]mse hn{i- a n- p- h m\pw Dd-
m\pw A\p- h mZw sImSp- p. I- h - S - nepw {Ib- h n- { I- b -
nepw {]tbm- P \{]Z- a mb GXp tPmen- b nepw CS- s ]- S PqX-
a- X - n- t eXp t]mse Hcp Ip- I - c - a - s p {]Jym- ] n- p. PqXaX-
n {hX- ns ka- b v kIe tPmen- I fpw \njn- - a m- W v .
{hXw ]e {]mIv X \ aX- - f nepw (Pohn- n- c n- p DZm- l - c - W -
AXn- \ p- v ) kaq- l - nse Nne {]tXyI hn`m- K - p
am{Xw _m[- I - a m- b n- c p- p. lnp aX- n {hX- ns D- c - h m-
ZnXzw Gdnb Iqdpw {_m- W - c n \nn- ] v X - a m- W v . aPq- k n- I - f n
aX{]h- I pw ]mkn- I - f n ]n- X - mpw {Kop- I m-
7 4 t\mns ssNX\yw
cn h\n- X - I pw am{Xw {hXw A\p- j v T n- m aXn. Fm

Ckv e mw Fm- h n[ _- \ - - f n \npw {hXs tamNn- n- p.
kaq- l - nse kIe hn`m- K - n\pw AXp _m[- I - a m- n.
Bscbpw AXn \npw H- g n- h m- n- b n. Ckv e mw {]Jym- ] n- p:
""\n- f n Bcv B amk- n lmP- d ptm Ah {hX- a -
\pjv T n- s .'' (hn.- I zp. 2:185)
]ucm- W nI aX- - f n {hXw Nne {]tXy- I - m- c psS Ip- I -
bm- n- b - t XmSp IqsSs AXn\p km[y- a - m Bscbpw
Hgn- h m- n- b n- c p- p- a n. Ckv e m- a m- I s {hXw A\pjv T n- m Ign-
bm Fm- h pw B\p- I qeyw \ev I n Hgn- h m- n. Ahsc
{]tXyIw ]cn- K - W n- p. Bizmk cq]- n Amlp ]dp:
""\n- f n- e m- s c- nepw tcmKn- b m- h p- I tbm bm{X- b n- e m- h p- I tbm
sNbv X m ap Znh- k - - f n \nv Fw ]qn- b m- t - - X m-
Wv . - '' (hn.- I zp. 2:182).
hopw Amlp ]d- b pp: ""Fm (ti- t m- s S)
AXn\p Ign- b p- - h p Hcp AK- X n- b psS `Ww {]mb- n- -
ambn sImSp- mw.'' (hn.- I zp. 2:184)
Nne aX- - f n {hXw hfsc AXncpIhnpt]mbn.
\mev ] Xp Znh- k w- h sc Blmckm[- \ - Fmw hntcm- [ n- p.
ap Nne aX- - f n kzmX- { yhpw hnim- e - X bpw Ipsd Gn;
]mepw ]ghpw btYjv S w `pPn- mw; amwkw am{Xw `n- m- X n-
cp- m aXn. ]t, Ckv e mw CXn- s - s bmw a[y\ne- h mcw
ssIsm- p. bpIvXym- [ n- j vTn- X - a mb AXns \nb- a - - f n-
sempw Aan- X - a mb Xo{h- X tbm AXncpIhn- b tem C. AXp-
t]mse Aan- X - a mb kzmX- { ytam tXmn- b t]mep hnim- e -
X- e - X tbm C. cn- s bpw at[y ico- c - n\pw Poh\pw D]- { Z-
h- t a- e v ] n- m Hcp {hXw. Fm {hX- a - \ p- j v T m- h ns ssIbn
ISn- m ]qW- a mbn Gev ] nn- p- a n- .
t\mp Xpd- p- t m Xnm km[n- p `Ww sImv
aXn- b m- PqXv \n_- - a m- b n- c p- p. ]noSv Bl- c n- epw
hn{i- a n- epw A\p- h - Z - \ o- b - a m- b n- c p- n- . Fm Blmc ]m\o- b -
- f pw A\p- h - Z - \ ob {]h- \ - fpw Ahv cm{Xn- b n
t]mepw hntcm- [ n- - s - n- c p- p. Ckv e mw Ccw _\- sf
apgp- h \pw hen- s - d n- p: ""({]- ` m- X - a m- I p- ) sh- \ q Idp
\qen \nv \nv thXn- c nv {]Xy- - a m- I p- - X p- h sc
\n Xnp- I bpw IpSn- p- I bpw sNbv X p- s Im- p- I .'' (hn.-
Izp.2:181) kaq- l - ns _pn- a p- ns\ ]cn- K - W n {hX- a mWv
Ckv e m- a n- t - s Xv thsdbpw Nne Imcy- sXfn- b n- p- p.
A_- - ntem adtm h sXpw hp- t ]m- b m {hX- n\v
t\mns ssNX\yw 7 5
Hcp tImhpw kw`- h n- p- n- .

\_n(- k ) ]d- - X mbn A_q- l pdbv d : \nth- Z \w sNpp:
""Bsc- nepw ad- p Xnp- I tbm IpSn- p- I tbm sNbv X m
{hXw Cm- X m- I p- n- . ImcWw AXv Ah\v Amlp sImSp
Blm- c - a m- I p- p.'' (Xnan- Z n).
_pJmcnbpw apkv e napw dntmp sNp asmcp lZo- k n
]d- b p- p: ""Hcp t\mp- I m- c adp Xnp- I bpw IpSn- p- I bpw
sNbv X p. Fm Ah B {hXw ]qn- b m- n- s m- - s .
ImcWw Am- l p- h mWv Ahs\ Bl- c n- n- Xpw IpSn- n- - X pw.''
AXp- t ]mse OZn, aqn \np c- w hc, kz]v \ - k v J - e \w
t]mep a\pjy kl- P - a mb XI- c m- d p- I Ch sImsmpw
t\mp apdn- b p- - X .
IqSmsX ]pcm- X \ {hX- - s fmw kqcy- a m- k - - W - - \ p- k -
cnmbn- c p- p. Atm {hX- a - \ p- j vTn- m tKmf- i m- k v{X-
sbpw IW- n- s \bpw Ie- - d n- s \- b p- s amw Ah- e w- _ n-
tn hp. am{X- a - , {hXw Fm- e pw Hcp EXp- h n am{Xw
\ne- \ n- p. Djv W - n- e m- s W- n Fpw Djv W - n Xs;
ssiXy- a m- s W- n Fpw ssiXyhpw. amdn amdn hcp EXp-
- f n {hX- a - \ p- j v T n- m Ign- n- c p- n- . Fm Ckv e mw
\ntZ- i n- p {hXw Nm{amk- a - \ p- k - c n- m- W v . amk- n- d hn
ImWp- t m t\mp XpS- p- I bpw ]noSv ImWp- t m Ah-
km- \ n- p- I bpw sNp- p. Amlp ]d- b p- Xv ImWpI: ""amk-
n-dhnIsf kw_-nv Ah \ntmSv tNmZnpw! ]dbpI: AXv
a\p- j ypw ln- \ p- a p Ime- k q- N - I - - f m- W v . ''(hn.- I zp.2:189).
\_n(- k ) CXn\v hni- Z o- I - c Ww \ev I n: ""AXp Im \n
t\m- \ pjv T nq; AXp Im \n t\m- h - k m- \ n- n- pI.
taL- ] - S - e - m _me- N - { ImWp- n- s - n apXp {hXw
]qn- b m- n- s m- p- I .'' asmcp lZo- k n- \_n(- k ) ]Tn- n-
p: ""_me- N - { s\ ImWp- Xphsc \n t\m- \ p- j v T n- -
cpXv ; _me- N - { s\ ImWp- - X p- h sc \n t\m- h km- \ nn- p-
I- b p- a - c p- X v . A- c ow kz- a - s - n \n IW- m- n- s m-
p- I .'' (kz- n lm- l p- n)
Cs\ t\mv XpS- m\pw Ah- k m- \ n- n- m- \ p- a p ka- b -
]- c n[n _me- N - { s\ ImWem- n- b Xp aptJ\ Ckv e mw Fm P\-
pw al- mb Hcp kuIcyw {]Zm\wsNbv X p. ]hX
km\p- fpsS Dn- b n, h\m- - c - - f psS a[y- n, {Kma- - \ - K -
cm- - c - - f n- s emw Xma- k n- p- - h v {hX- a - \ p- j v T n- m Ign-
bp- p. A`ykv X hnZy\pw Am- - h \pw _pn- a p- n- . KWn- X -
imkv { Xw ]Tn- h \pw ]Tn- m- - h \pw amkw Adn- b p- - {]iv \ -
7 6 t\mns ssNX\yw
n {]bmkw t\cn- S p- n- . Atm kaq- l - ns Fm Xn-

ep- a p- - h pw t\mv XpS- m\pw t\mh- k m- \ n- n- m\pw
Ffp- - a m- W v. Imem- h - - b psS amhpw ]cn- W m- a hpw {hX-
nepw amw hcp- p- p. sImSpwNqSnepw ISp ssiXy-
nepw {hX- ns cpNn A\p- ` - h n- m Ign- b pw. Djv W - I m-
epw ssiXy- I m- e pw {hXw amdn- a m- d n hcp- p. Hmtcm
Imepw a\p- j y kz- a m- nb ioe- sf {hX- ns
t]cn \nb- { n- m \n_- n- X - \ m- I p- p. As\ Fm
Imepw t\m- \ p- j v T n {]Xn- ^ ew Ah\p Ic- K - X - a m- h p- I bpw
sNp- p.
Cuam lrZ- b - n IpSn- s Im- p- p- v . Ckv e m- a n- t \mSv
A- a mb FXnv P- k n- - h p- a - . ]ucm- W nI aX- - f nse
{hX- ns \nb- a - fpw Nn- I - f pw A\p- j vTm\ cq]- fpw
AXns XXz- i m- k v { X- ] - c hpw Ncn- { X- ] - c - h p- a mb Imc- W - fpw
Hcp-h {Kln-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]noSv Ckvemw \ntZ-in-p
{hX- n- s \m\m- h - i - - s f- p- d npw ka- { K- a mbn ]Tn- p. Cu
cv {hX- - f p- s Sbpw CS- b n Hcp Xmc- a - X y- ] - T \w \S- n.
Fm Ah- \ - d n- b m- s X- X s Am- l p- h n\v kv X pXnbpw \nbpw
tcJ- s - S p- n- s mv Cs\ ]d- p- t ]mIpw:
""Rsf CXn- t e- p amKw ImWn Amlphn\v kIe
kv t Xm{Xhpw! Amlp Rsf CXn- t ev hgn ImWn- n- m- b n-
cp- s - n, R (H- c n- epw CXn- t e- v ) \bn- - s - S p- a m- b n- c p-
n- . \nbw, R- f psS cn- X m- h ns ZqX- m kXyhpw
sImv hp.'' (hn.- I zp.- A A- A - v d m- ^ v : 43)

Nompinte Chaithanyam

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Nompinte Chaithanyam

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t\mns ssNX\yw 3

{hX-ns XXzw, Dt-iyw, t{ijvT-X, AXv hyn-bnepw

P.B NO: 524, R.M.ROAD, KOZHIKODE-2, PHONE: 2701812

hnZym- ` ym- k - - k mw- k v I m- c nI {]h\w XpS- nb Imcy- - f n

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a\pjys DtZym-Khpw eyhpw

AXv ]dbpp: ""tl a\p-jym, \o Pohn-X-nsetmsg-nepw

tZln-bpsS A[n-Imcw ay-\n Zp_-e-am-Ip-tm, As-

]qW-ambn Iogvs-Xp aqehp-amWv. As\ h-tm Atlw

tZl-t- Zlo hSw-he

AtXmsS _pn-bp-sSbpw aX-n-sbpw kkz-`m-h--fp-sSbpw

kmm-XvI-cn--s-S-Ww. Xs DXv`-h-s-p-dntm ]cn-W-Xn-sb-

{hXw PohnX km^-ey-n\pw

BIm-i-`q-an-I-fpsS A[n-Im-c-tKm-]p-c--fn Ah ]mdn--d-p-p.

Xn {hXw al-mb ]phln-p-p. tami-amb tNjvS-Ifpw

{hXw ]ucm-WnI aX-f- n

knZv kpsse-am \Zvhn kodXp_n-bpsS Amw hmfy-n

Iq-S--fn \nv Ahv kln-tnh bmX-\-I-tfbpw thZ-

p-Xv ]Xnhpw \n_-hpw BWv. CXv i-amb Hcp \ntZ-

-b-n\v [mcmfw ]mXn-cn-amcpw I\okm kwc--Icpw t\mv

jvTn-p--hcpw Dv. {InkvXm-_vZ-tmSpw {InkvXp-hns Pohn-X-

amK-Zi-\tam kzoI-cn-m--Xns ^ew Fm-bn- Ft? Hcp

\op-Xpw `wKn-b-. AXn Hcp anX-Xzhpw a[y \ne-hm-chpw A\n-

CmWv aqkm(A) ^n-Hu-\n \nv tamN\w t\Sn-b-Xv. "DSs\

D A-ens BZy]-Ip-Xn-bn-em-bn-cpp F Imcyw Ncn{XkXy-

bXv Htc Znh-k-am-bn-cp-p' Fp a\-n-em-m km[n-ptam?

amk-n-s t] ss\km Fm-n. ]pjv]--fpsS amkw Fm-

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X- \ - I mew apXXs PqX- m Fhn- s S- s bmw Ign- n- c p-

B- I pw kaql a[y- n kzoIm- c yX e`np. AXn- \ p-

Bsc- nepw kza- \ - mse \ sNp- p- s h- n AXv Ah\v

hm thn- b p- a mWv Cs\ hn[n- - X v ) '' (_- I zd: 183- 186)

p lZo- k n ]d- b pp: K`n- W n, htbm- h r- , tcmKn- I

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Fnv Xs tZlhpw tZlnbpw Ah\v Iog- s - S p- p- I - b pw,

Fs- n- e p- s amp hn[n- m Hcp kXy- h n- i zm- k npw kXy- h n-

AXv Fm- h p GXm\pw Znh- k - tfbpq. Cv , \msf F

_n- X - - f p- a m- n. {hXw Fm dafzm; dafzm Fm

A\p-Kr-lo-X-cp-am-Wv. CXn Bsc-nepw \-I km-Zn-msX

cn- p- I - b p- q. ]s hnc- e n- s e- m- h p Nne apkv e nw \ma- [ m-

AXn\v ka- a mbn bmsXmcp ktm- j - t am k- t m sFiz-

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* Cy, ]mn-m t]mep cmjv{S--fn Cu \a-kvIm-c-n\pw

CsXmw apn shp ]cn- t im- [ n- p- t m Bcm- [ \m

Ign- p- - X n kwXr]v X n Is- p- p. Ah- c psS {]h- \ -

-c-\m-hp-Ibpw sNpp; BUw-_-c--fn \n-I-v, kpJ-tem-

- a m- W v . Cu aX- n Bsc- nepw (Xs in {]I- S n- n- m)

d- p- I bpw as- b m Ib- d p- I bpw sNp- {X Ipd ka- b ta

\m- c ng sXmsX \ncp- ] m- [ n- I- a mbn A\p- k - c n- epw Iogv s - S - e p-

_w m]n- pI; Iz_v - d n- e p GIm- - X - b psS Ah- k - c -

dafzms Ah- k m\ ]n Adn- b - s - S m Hcp cm{Xn- b n

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Ckv e mw sImp- h {]Ya ]cn- j v I - c Ww AXns Bi-

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