Jp-B ]T-\-n\v

Hcp apJ-hpc
A_p-A-Avem auZqZn

Ckvem-anIv ]n-jnwKv lukv

tImgn-tmSv, Xncp-h-\--]p-cw, Fd-Wm-Ipfw, Xriq, Iq, ae-pdw
 {]kvXm-h\
A_p-A-Avem auZq-Zn-bpsS hniz-hn-JymX Jp-Bhym-
Jym-\-{K--w X^vlo-ap Jp-Bs Bap-J-am-WnXv. cv
Imcy--fmWv CsX-gp-Xm t{]cn-n-sXv auem\m hy-
am-n-bn-p-v.
Hv , Jp- B ]mcm- b Ww Bcw- ` n- p- - X n\p apv
kmam\y hmb-\-m-c \-t]mse Adn-n-cn-t Nne
Imcy- Nqn-m-pI; ]T-\-amKw kpK-ahpw kpI-
ch-p-am-Im Ah AXym-h-iy-amWv. Am--]w ]mcm-
b-W-at[y B {]iv\- CS-nsS iey-s-Sp-n-sm-
n-cn-p-sap am{X-a, ]e-tmgpw Ah a\-n-em-Im--
Xp-sIm-p-am{Xw Jp-B-\n-I -hn-m-\-ns Bg--
fn-en-d-m hgn ImWm hmb-\-m-c hj--tfmfw
D]-cn-X-e-n Idn-n-cn-bp-Ibpw sN-pw. cv, Jp-
B ]T- \ - t h- f - b n P\- l r- Z - b - - f n- e p- b - p- h - c m- d p
Nne tNmZy-v BZyta adp-]Sn \IpI. C{Xbpw
]d--Xn\nv Jp-B ]T-\-at[y hmb-\-m-cs a\-
n-ep-Zn-m-hp apgp-h {]iv\-fpw CXn ]cm-ain-
n-p-sv [cn-cpXv. hnip JpBs\ s]mXp-hmbn
_m[n- p ka- { K- a mb {]iv \ - am{Xta CXn
ssIImcyw sNbvXn-pq.
Jp-Bs\ kw_-nv s]mXp-hn a\-n-em-m-\m-{K-
ln-p Fm-hpw Hp-t]mse Cu eLp-IrXn D]-
I-cn-p-sav R hniz-kn-pp.
{]km-[-I
A_p AAvem auZqZn (1903-1979)
]WvUn-X, ]cn-jvIm-hv, {K-Im-c. 20-mw \qm-ns cmw
]mZw apX Ckvem-anI temIv Ae-b-Snp XpS-nb Ckvem-anI
\h-Pm-K-c-Wns {][m\ in]n. 1903 sk]v-Xw-_ 25-\v Hudw-Km-
_m-Zn Hcp knZv IpSpw-_-n P\-\w. ]nXmhv: AlvaZv lk.
amXmhv: dpJn-bm-_o-Kw. ]nXm-hn \nv {]mY-anI hnZym-`ymkw. 1914-
auehn ]co ]mkm-bn. Ad-_n, Cwo-jv, t]jy `mj-I-fn
{]mhoWyapm- b n- c pp. aXw, Xz- N n- , kmaq- l nI imkv { Xw,
cmjv{Saoamwk XpS-nb Kl-\-amb hnj-b--fn kz]-cn-{i-a-n-eqsS
Ah- K mlw t\Sn. 1918- A
a-Zo\, 1920- XmPv, 1925- APwC-Xv Fn-h-bn ]{Xm-[n-]-cmbn
{]hn-p. 1927- {]Y-a-IrXn APn-lmZp ^n Ckvemw cNn-p.
1932 XPp-am-\p Jp-B Bcw-`n-p. 1941- Pam-As Ckveman
cq]hXv I - c n- p. 1953 JmZn- b m\o akv - A - e - b psS t]cn Ad- v ,
h[inmhn[n. apkvenw temI-ns {]Xn-tj-[sXpSv Poh-]-
cyw XShmn. 1955 Pbn tamNnX- \ m- b n. 1972- X^v l o- a p
Jp-B cN\ ]qn-bm-n. 1979 {]Ya ss^k AhmUv t\Sn.
120- ]cw I\-s {K cNn-p. 1979 sk]vXw_ 22-\v ac-W-
sp.
6 Jp-B ]T-\-n\v Hcp apJ-hpc

Xmfp-I-fn
\nkvXpe {Kw 11
Nne {]mY-anI bmYmYy- 12
F-s\-bp {Kw? 13
Jp-Bs ASn-m\w 14
{]Xn-]m-Zyhpw {]ta-bhpw 17
ame-bn tIm app-a-Wn-I 18
Ah-X-c-W-L-- 18
{]t_m-[-I-{Kw 23
Bh\w Fp-sImv? 24
t{ImUo-I-cWw 25
{Km-hn-jvI-cWw 27
]T-\-coXn 30
khn-kvX-c- ]T\w 31
]T\w {]tbm-K-hXvI-c-W-n-eqsS 32
am\p-jy-I-n\v amK-ZiIw 34
hni-Zmw-i--fpsS {K-a 36
hymJym-\-t`-Z- 37
 Jp-B ]T-\-n\v Hcp apJ-hpc 7

\nkvXpe {Kw
s]mXpsh \mw hmbnp ]cn-N-bn-n-p {K--fn Hcp \nWn-X-
hn-j-b-s-p-dn Adn-hp-Ifpw A`n-{]m-b-fw hmZ-fpw sXfn-
hp-Ifp-w {K-c-N-\m-]-c-amb khn-ti-j -{I-a-n XpSsc hnh-cn-n-
cnpw. Cm-c-W-m, Jp-B-s\-p-dnv A]-cn-Nn-X-\mb Hcm
BZy-am-bn AXv hmbn-m-\p-Zy-an-p-tm, km[m-cW -{K---fpsS
k{-Zm-bw-Xs-bmWv Jp-B\nepw kzoI-cn-n-cn-p-sXv kzm`m-
hn-I-ambpw {]Xo-n-pw. AXm-bXv, BZy-ambn {]Xn-]mZyw, XpSv
apJy-hn-jbw, tijw hnhn[ A[ym-b-fpw D]-ioj-I--fp-ambn
hn`-Pnv bYm-{Iaw Hmtcm {]iv\hpw N-sN-bvXn-cnpsapw _lp-
ap-J- Pohn-X-ns Hmtcm hIppw Hmtcm taJ-ebpw thdn-s-Spv
Xkw-_--amb \nba-\ntZ-i--sfmw {Ia-n {]Xn-]m-Zn-n-
cnpsapw Abm {]Xo-npw. ]t, hmbn-p-Xp-S-p-tm
CXn- s \mw hn]- c o- X - a mbn, X\nv A\yhpw A]- c n- N n- X - h p- a mb
asmcp -co-Xn-bnemWv Jp-B-s\ Abm ImWp-Xv.
hnizm-k-w kw_-n Imcy-, [manIkZm-Nmc \ntZ-i-
, ico-A-Xv- hn-[n-I, BZi-{]-t_m-[\w, kZp-]-tZ-i-, KpW-
]m- T - , Bt]- h nai- \ - , XmoXv , ip`- h r- mw,
kmz\w, sXfn-hp-I, kmy-, Ncn-{X-I-Y-I, {]m]-nI
ZrjvSm---fn-tep kqN-\-I Fn-h-sbmw Jp-B-\n CS-
hnv, amdnamdn hcpp. Htc hnjbw `n-co-Xn-I-fn, hyXy-kvX -hm-
p- I - f n Bhn- - s - S pp; hnj- b - - Hn\p tijw
asmpw XpSv aqm-a-sXmpw s]mSp--s\-bmWv Bcw-`n-p-Xv.
F, Hcp hnj-b-n\p a[y-n-eqsS, s]sv, thsd hnjbw
IS-p-hcpp; kwt_m-[-I\pw kwt_m-[nXcpw CS-bvnsS amdn-sm-
n--cn-p-Ibpw kw`m-j-WapJw `n `mK--fn-tep Xncn-bp-Ibpw
sNpp; hnj-bm-[n-jvTn-X-am-bp A[ym-b--fp-sSbpw ioj-I--
8 Jp-B ]T-\-n\v Hcp apJ-hpc

fp-sSbpw A-S-bmfw t]mepw Hcn-Spw ImWm-\n. Ncn-{X-amWv hnh-

cn-p--sX-n Ncn-{Xm-Jym-\-co-Xn-bn-e; Xz-imkv{Xtam ssZh-
im-kv{Xtam BWv {]Xn-]m-Zy-sa-n {]IrX imkv{X--fpsS `mj-
bn-e; a\p-jy-s\bpw CXc krjvSn-Pm-e--sfbpw Ipdn ]cm-aiw
]ZmY imkv{X -hn-h-c-W-co-Xn-bntem, \mK-cnIcmjv{Sob-km-
nIkmaq-lnI Imcy--fpsS {]Xn-]m-Z\w kmaq-lnI hnm-\o-
b- {]Xn-]m-Zn-p hn[-ntem A. \nb-a-hn-[n-Ifpw \nb-a-
-fpsS auen-I-X-z-fpw ssIImcyw sNbvXn-cn-p-Xv \nb-a-]-
n-X-m-cp-sS-Xn\nv Xosc `n-amb ssien-bn-emWv. [a-im-
kv{X-{K--fn\nv hyXn-cn--amb hn[-n-et{X [manI in-
W- {]Imi\w sNbvXn-cn-p-Xv.
Nnc-]-cn-Nn-X-amb "{K-k-]'-n\p hn]-co-X-ambn CsXmw
ImWp- t m A\p- h m- N - I A- c - p- t ]m- I pp. {Iam- \ p- k rXw
t{ImUo-I-cn--s-Sm inYne iI-e--fpsS kam-lm-c-am-Wn-sXpw,
sNdpXpw hep-Xp-ambn H-t\Iw `n hnj-b--f-S-nb Cu IrXn
BZy-h-km\w At\ym-\y-_--an-m hmN-I- XpSsc Fgp-X-
s-Xv am{X-am-sWpw Abm [cn-pp. {]Xn-Iqe ho-W-tIm-
Wn\np t\mp--h CtX ASn--d-bn ]e hnai-fpw
kwi-b-fpw {]I-Snn-pp. A\p-Iqe ho-W-K-Xn-m-cm-Is,
kwi- b - \ n- h r- nv Ipdp- p- h - g n- I - f m- c m- b pp. {]Xy- - n
ImWp "{Ia-cm-lnXy'n\p hf hymJym-\- \In Xr-
]vXn-b-S-bpp, Nne-tm. thsd-Nne-tm Ir{Xn-a-amtKW hmIy-
v ]c-kv]-c-_w m]nv hnNn{X \nKa-\--fn-se-n-t-
cpp. Nne-tm Cu "imI-en-IXzw' Hcp knm--am-bn-s Ah
kzoI-cn-p-Ibpw sNpp. ^etam? Hmtcm kqhpw AXn-\p-appw
]np-ap kq--fp-ambn _-av, cN-bn-Xm-hns Dt-iy-n\p
hn]-co-X-amb AYI]-\-In-c-bmbn `hnpp!
Nne {]mY-anI bmYmYy-
Hcp {Kw \-t]mse {Kln-m AXns {]ta-bhpw {]Xn-
]mZyhpw Dtiyey-fpw Adn-n-cn-t--Xm-h-iy-amWv. B
{K-ns {]Xn-]m-Z-\-coXn, kmt-Xn-I-`mj, khn-ti-j-amb Bhn-
jvImc ssien Fn-h-sb-p-dnpw Adn-hp-m-bn-cn-Ww. {]Xy-
-hm-Iy-p ]nn-embn, AXnse {]Xn-]m-Z-\- _-s-n-
cn-p kw`h-fpw kml-N-cy-fpw ZrjvSn-bnep-m-IWw. km[m-
cW \mw hmbn-p-h-cm-dp {K--fn Cu hkvXp-X-I-sfmw
AbXv\ e`y-am-b-Xp-sImv {]Xn-]m-Zy-hn-j-b-ns Bg-n-en-d-
n- s - m hnti- j n-
 Jp-B ]T-\-n\v Hcp apJ-hpc 9
smcp hnj-ahpw Bcpw t\cn-Sm-dn. Fm, CXc IrXn-I-fn
Ip ]cnNbn hn[-n Ch-sbmpw hnip--Jp-B-\n A\m-
bmkw Is-m\mhn-s--XmWv ]c-amYw.
icm-icn hmb-\-m-cs a\-tmsS Jp-B ]m-cm-bWw Bcw-
`n-p Hcmv B {K-ns {]ta-bhpw {]Xn-]m-Zyhpw Dt-
iy-ey-fpw Is-m Ign-bp-n; {]Xn-]m-Z-\-co-Xnbpw Bhn-
jvI-cW-ssi-enbpw Gd-psd A]-cn-Nn-X-am-bpw -tXm-pp. an
e--fnepw hmIy--fpsS ]m-ew Ahy--hp-amWv. \m\m
kq--fn NnXdn--c kmckXy- GXm-sms Bkz-
Zn-p-p-sh-nepw Znhy-h-N-\--fpsS kmm ssNX\yw \pI-cp-
-Xn A\p-hm-N-I ]cm-P-b-s-Spp FXm-Wn-Xns ^ew. icn-
bmb {K-]cn-m\w t\Sm Ign-bmsX, {K-n-e-np NnX-
dn-n-S GXm\pw Xz- c-Xv\-sImv Abmv Xr]vXn-b-S-
tb-n-h-cpp.
Jp-Bs\ kw_-nv kwi-b-{K-kvX-cm-bn-o-cp ]epw,
Cu {K-ns ]T-\-n\v Ah-iyw- B-h-iy-amb {]mY-anI Imcy-
-f-dn-bm--XmWv Ah-cpsS amK-{`w-i-ns apJy-Im-c-W--fn-
semv. Cs\-bp hmb-\-m Jp-Bs Xmfp-I-fn `n-hn-
j-b- AhnS-hnsS NnX-dn-n-S-p-Xv ImWp-sa--msX, \nc-h[n
kq--fpsS Dtiyw Ahsc kw_-n-t-S-tmfw Ahy-am-
Ipp; At\Iw hmIy--fn app-a-Wn-I-fpsS shn-n-fw Zriy-
am- s W- nepw hmNI- L - S - \ - b n Ah Xosc tN- b n- msX
tXmpp; {]Xn-]m-Z-\-co-Xnbpw `mjm-ssi-enbpw hi-an-m--Xn-\m
H-t\Iw e--fn kmm-ep-t-iy-n\nv Ftm hgp-Xn-
tm-hp-Ibpw, ]m--e -]-cn-PvRm\w CmbvI aqew ]te-Spw
Kpcp-Xc-amb sXp-[m-c-W-Iv hiw-h-Z-cm-bn-o-cp-Ibpw sNpp.
F-s\-bp {Kw?
FmWv Jp-B? AXns Ah-X-c-Whpw t{ImUo-I-c-Whpw
Fn[w? AXns {]Xn-]mZyw Fv? Fm N-Ifpw GXp ey-
n- t ev \bn- pp? sshhn- [ y- a m At\Iw hnj- b -
GsXmcp tI{-hn-j-b-hp-ambn _n-n-cn-pp? Bi-b-{]-Im-i-\-
n\v GXv ssienbpw kaY-\-co-Xn-bp-amWv kzoI-cn-n-p-Xv? CXp-
t]m-ep \nch[n kp{][m-\ -tNm-Zy-v XpS--ns
hyhpw hfp-sI-n-m--Xp-amb adp-]Sn e`n-p--]w hmb-\-
m-c\v At\Iw A]I-S--fn\nv c-s-Sm-hp--XmWv. Abm-
fpsS ]T\]cn-Nn-\- kcWn Xpd-m-bn-o-cp-Ibpw sNpw.
Fm "aX-]-c-am-sbmcp {Kw' F k-]tmsS hmb\
10 Jp-B ]T-\-n\v Hcp apJ-hpc

Bcw-`n-p- Hcm-fpsS a\-n "aX'-n-sbpw "{K'-n-sbpw

s]mXp k]w \ne-\npw. ]t B km-]nI-Nn-{X-n\v
]msS hn]-co-X-amb hkvXp-Xsb A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-p-tm AXp-ambn
s]mcp--s-Sm Ign-bm-sX GtXm A]-cn-Nn-X alm\-K-c-ns
CS-h-gn-bns ]c-tZ-in-sb-tmse hgn-sXn, hnj-b-Xp In-msX
hcn-In-S-bn Dg-ep-Ibpw sNpp. hniz-km-ln-Xy-n-s
amXrI-bn-m, khn-ti-jam-sbmcp {K-amWv Xm hmbn-m
t]mIp--sX bmYmYyw t\ct [cn-n-n-cp-p-sh-n Cu
{]bm-k-n-\nv hmb-\-m-cs\ c-nmam-bn-cpp.
AsX, temIs asm {K--fn\npw `n-am-b khn-
tij-co-Xn-bn-emWv Jp-B t{ImUo-Ir-X-am-bn-p-Xv. {]Xn-]m-Z\w,
DSw, cN\ Fn-Xp-I-fn-semw AXv \nkvXp-e-amWv. \mfn-Xp-h-
sc- b p {K ]cn- N - b - n\nv a\- n ]Xn- n- c n- p
"]pkv X I k]w' Cu {Ks a\- nem- m klm- b - I - a -
sv am{X- a - , Htsd {]Xn- _ - - a m- b n- c n- p- I bpw sNpw. Cu
{Kw a\- n- e m- - W - s a- p- s - n t\cs cq]o- I - c n- p- h
k]- FSp-p-am-n, CXnsXmb AZv`p-X-k-hn-ti-j-X-I
a\-n-em-p-hm {ian-t--Xm-Wv.
Jp-Bs ASn-m\w
Cu hnj-b-I-ambn, hmb-\-m-c Ghpw apt Jp-Bs A-
AXp -k-an-p ASn-m\ BZiw Adn-n-cn-t-
-Xm-h-iy-amWv. Abm-fXv AwKo-I-cn-s, AwKo-I-cn-m-Xn-cn-s.
GXp \nepw, Cu {Kw a\-n-em--W-sa-p-s-n {]mcw-`-
_np F \ne-bn Jp-B\pw AXns {]t_m-[-I-\mb apl--
Zv\_nbpw hnhcn-n-cn-p ASn-m-\w-Xs Adn-ncn-t--
XmWv .
1. AJne {]]--ns {kjvSmhpw \nb-mhpw DSa-\pw
hn[n-Im-hp-amb GI-ssZhw Xs A\--hn-kvXr-X- km{am-Py-
ns Hcp `mK-amb `qX-e-n a\p-jys\ krjvSnp. Ah\v Adn-
bm\pw Nnn-m\pw {Kln-m-\p-ap Ign-hp-I {]Zm-\w-sNbvXp.
\XnI hnth-Nn--dn-bm-\p tbmKyX \In. Cm-kzm-X-
{yhpw hnth- N \-
kzm-X-{yhpw ssIIm-cym-[n-Im-c-fpw \In. As\, sam-
n Hcphn[-n-ep kzbw-`-cWw (Autonomy) \In- Ahs\
`qan-bn ssZh-ns {]Xn-\n-[n-bmbn \ntbm-Knp.
2. Cu kap--X-]-Z-hn-bn a\p-jysc \ntbm-Kn-p-tm ssZhw
Hcp-Imcyw Ahsc \-t]mse [cn-n-n-p-m-bn-cpp; AXn-XmWv:
 Jp-B ]T-\-n\v Hcp apJ-hpc 11
\n-fp-sSbpw \n-fpsm-p kakvX temI-n-sbpw
DSa-\pw Bcm-[y\pw `c-Wm-[n-]\pw Rm\m-Ipp. Fs Cu
km{am-Py-n \n kzm[n-Im-cn-I-f; Rm\-m Bcp-sSbpw
ASn-a-I-fp-a. \n-fpsS Bcm-[-\-pw A\p-k-c-W-n\pw ASn-a-
-n\pw Al-\mbn Rm am-{X-ta-bpq. \nsf kzmX-{yhpw
kzbw-`-c-Wm-[n-Im-chpw \In \ntbm-Kn-n-cn-p Cu `qX-e-nse
PohnXw \nsmcp ]co--W-amWv. CXn-\p-tijw, \n Fs
khn-[-n aS-n-h-tc--Xpv. \n-fpsS {]h-\- IWn-
i- a mbn ]cntim- [ nv , B ]co- - b n hnP- b w- h - c n- p- s hpw
Bscmw ]cmPn- X - c m- s bpw Atm Rm hn[n- I ]npw.
\nsf kw_-n-n-S-tmfw, AXn-\m, icn-bmb Ia-\bw Hp-
am- { X- t a- b pq; Fs
\n-fpsS Htc-sbmcp Bcm-[y\pw hn[n-Im-hp-w Bbn Aw-Ko-Ic - n-pI;
Rm \Ip kmmKnI \ntZi-a-\p-k-cnv am{Xw {]hn-
pI; \iz-c-amb sFln-I-Po-hnXw ]co--Wm-e-b-am-sW--dn-p-
sImv ]mc-{XnI Pohn-X-n hnP-bn-I-fm-hp-I-bmWv \n-fpsS
kmm ey-sa t_m[-tm-Sp-IqSn PohnXw \bn-pI. Cu
\b- a mWv sXc- s - S p- p- - s X- n (AXp sXc- s - S p- m
\nv kzmX-{y-apv) Cl-tem-Iv \nv kam-[-m\hpw
kwXr-]vXnbpw e`npw; Fs-b-Spv Xncn-p-h-cp-tm, A\-iz-c-
kp-Jm-\--ns tKl-amb kzK-temIw Rm \nv \Ip-
Ibpw sNpw. CXn\p hn]-co-X-am-bp GsXmcp Pohn-X-\-bhpw
\nsf kw_-n-n-S-tmfw A_w am{X-amWv. AXmWv kzoI-
cn-p--sX-n (AXn\pw \nv kzmX-{y-apv) Cl-tem-Iv
\nv \mihpw Akzm-yhpw A\p-`-hn-t-n-hcpw; sFln-
I-temIw ]nnv ]mc-{Xn-I-tem-Iv Fptm-gm-Is imizX-amb
ZpxJ--fp-sSbpw ZpcnX--fp-sSbpw K-amb \c-I-n X-s-
Sp-I-bpw-sNpw.
3. Cu hkvXp-X-I th-t]mse t_m[y-s-Sp-n-bmWv, {]]-
\mY a\p-jy-hK-n\v `qan-bn m\w \In-bXv. BZn-a-
ZXn-I(BZw, l)v `qan-bn X-fpsS k-Xn-I {]hn-
t--Xn-\m-[m-c-amb amK-\ntZ-ihpw \Ip-I-bp-mbn. Cu BZn-
a-a\p-jy A-X-bnepw A-Im-c-n-ep-a `qPm-X-cm-bn-cp-Xv.
{]XypX, ]qWamb {]Im-i-n-emWv ssZhw `qan-bn Ah-cpsS
A[n- h m- k - n- \ m- c w`w Ipdn- Xv . bmYmYy- s - p- d nv XnIpw
t_m[-hm-m-cm-bn-cpp Ah. Ah-cpsS Pohn-X-\n-baw Ah-dn-
bn-p-sIm-Sp-n-cpp. ssZhn-Im-\p-k-cWw (Ckvemw) Bbn-cpp Ah-
cpsS Pohn-X-amKw. CtX Imcyw, ssZh-ns Bm-\p-hn-
12 Jp-B ]T-\-n\v Hcp apJ-hpc

I-fmbnapkv-enwI-fmbnPohn--W-sa hkvXpX Ah kzk-m-

\-sf ]Tn-n-p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
Fm, ]no- S p \qm- p- I - f n a\p- j y Cu icn- b mb
PohnX-]-Y(Zo)n\nv hyXn-N-env \m\m-hn-[-amb A_-\-
b- Ah-ew-_n-p-I-bp-m-bn. A{i--bm Ah AXns\ hn\-
jvS-am-p-Ibpw Ae-tm-e-s-Sp-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. GI-\mb ssZh-
n\v ]m-fn-Isf I]np; a\p-jycpw a\p-tjy-X-c-cp-amb, `uXn-
Ihpw `mh-\m-]-c-hp-amb, BIm-i`qan-I-fnse At\-I-a-t\Iw AkvXn-
Xz--fn Ah ZnhyXzw Btcm-]np. ssZh-Z-amb bmYmYy-
m-\-n (A-Cav) Ah ]e-Xcw DulA\p-am-\-fpw
Xz-im-kv{X-fpw BZiknm--fpw Ie-n, AkwJyw
aX- ]S- p- h np. ssZhw \ntZin- p- X \oXn- \ n- j v T - a mb
[manI\mK-cnI \nb-a-sf (ico-AXv) ]cnh-Pn-p-sImtm hnIr-
X-am-n-smtm tkz-Ipw kzmY-n\pw ]-]m-X-pw
A\p-kr-X-am-bp Pohn-X-\n-b-a sIn--ap. XZv^-e-ambn ssZh-
ns `qan-bn A{I-ahpw A\o-Xnbpw \S-amSn.
4. ssZhw a\p-jy\v ]cn-an-X-amb kzm[n-Imcw \In-bn-cp--Xns
shfn--n, hgn-sX-nb a\p-jysc Xs {]Ir-Xy-Xo-X CS-s]-
Shgn kXy]-Yntev _emmcw Xncn-p-sIm-p-h-cnI DNn-
X-am-bn-cp-n. a\p-jy-hK-n\vAh-cn-ep hnhn-[- P-\-k-ap-Zm-b-
v-`qtem-Iv {]hn-m Ah[n \n-bn-n-cp-Xv ]cn-
K-Wn-p-tm, ssZh-[n-mcw {]I-S-amb DSs\ a\p-jysc \in-n-
p-I-f-bpI FXpw icn-bm-bn-cp-n. CsXmw ]cn-KWnp-sImv,
a\p-jym-cw`w apXt ssZhw Gs-Sp _m[yX, a\p-jys
kzm[n-Imcw \ne-\nn-sm-p-Xs Ah-cpsS amK-Zi-\-n-
\v GmSv sNbvXp-sIm-n-cn-pI F-Xm-bn-cpp. ssZhw kzbw
Gs-Sp Cu _m[y-X-bpsS \nh-l-W-n-\mbn Ah\n hnizkn-
p--hcpw Ahs {]oXnsb ]nXp-S-cp--h-cp-amb D-a- a\pjy-
sc-s ssZhw D]-tbm-K-s-Sp-n-. Ahsc Xs {]Xn-\n-[n-I-fmbn
\n-bnp; Xs kt-i- Ah-b-p-sIm-Spp. Ahv
bmYmYy- m\w \In; icn- b mb Pohn- X - \ nbaw ]Tn- np.
GsXmcp kamK-n\nv am\-h-Ipew hyXn-N-en-pthm AXn-
tev hopw Ahsc Wn-m B alm-m-sf \ntbm-Kn-p-
Ibpw sNbvXp.
5. Cs\-bp {]hm-N-I-m hnhn[ cmPy--fnepw P\-k-ap-Zm-
b- - f nepw BK- X - c m- b n- s m- n- c pp. Ah- c psS BK- a - \ - ns
kphW-irw-Je kl-{km-_vZ--tfmfw XpSp. As\, Bbn-
c-am-bncw {]hmN-I-m \ntbm-Kn-X-cmbn. Ah-cp-sS-sbmw "Zo' Hp-
 Jp-B ]T-\-n\v Hcp apJ-hpc 13
X-s-bm-bn-cpp{]Y-a- Zn-h-kw-sXmv a\p-jy--dn-bn-s-n-cp icn-
bmb PohnX-\bw Xs. Ah-scmw Htc kmKs{]mcw-`-
n a\pjy\v \ntZin- p- s Im- S p- n- c p imiz- X - a mb
[manI\mK-cnI Xz-sf-]n]-n-b-h-cm-bn-cpp. Ah-cp-sS-
sbmw ZuXyhpw Hp-X-s-bm-bncpp. AsX, kXy-Zo-\n-tepw
kamK- n- t epw ka- k r- j v S n- I sf Wn- pI, Cu Ww
kzoI-cnv aptmv hcp--hsc kwL-Sn-n-pI, Ahsc ssZhn-I-\n-
b-a-n\v hnt[-bcpw temIv ssZhn-I-\nb-a-n\v hnt[-b-ambn Hcp
kmaq- l n- I - h y- h m]n- m {ian- p- - h cpw ssZhn- I - \ n- b - a -
ns ewL-\s XS-bm kZm k-cp-amb Hcp kap-Zm-b-ambn
hms-Sp-pI. {]hm-N-I-m Ah-c-h-cpsS ImetZi--fn Cu
al-mb ZuXyw Ghpw `wKn-bmbn \nd-th-n-tmp. ]t, kw`-
hn- Xv Fm- b v t mgpw asm- m- b n- c pp. a\p- j y- c n hen- s bmcp
hn`mKw {]hm-N-I-{]-t_m-[\w ssIsm-m aptm-p-h--tX-bn;
AXv ssItbv Ckv-em-an-I-k-ap-Zmbw F \ne]mSv AwKo-I-cn--
hXs Imem--c-n kXy]-Yn\nv hyXn-N-en-p-t]m-hp-
Ibpw sNbvXp. Ah-cn Nne P\-hn-`m-K- ssZhn-I-km-Ks
Xosc If-p-Ip-fn--tm thsd Nne ssZhn-I-\ntZ-i-sf amn-
a-dn-p-Ibpw kzbw-Ir-Xm-Zi--fpsS k-e-\w-sImv AXns\ hnIr-
X-am-p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
6. Ah-km-\-ambn, ]qh-{]-hm-N-I-m \nh-ln-p-t]m-n-cp
AtX ZuXy-\nh-l-W-n-\mbn apl-Zv \_nsb Atd-_y-bn
\ntbm-Knp. Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS kwt_m-[-\ -]qh-{]-hm-N-I-m-cpsS hgn-
]n-g A\p-bm-bn-I-tfmSpw a\p-jy-hK-tmSv s]mXp-hn-ep-am-bn-cpp.
Ah- s c- s bmw icn- b mb Pohn- X - \ - b - n- t ev Wn- pI,
Ahsmw hopw ssZhn-I-k-mK-\ntZiw Fn-p-sIm-Sp-
pI, B t_m[-\hpw amK-Zi-\hpw AwKo-I-cn-p--hsc Hcp
kwL- S n- X - k - a q- l - a mbn hms- S p- pICXm- b n- c pp Ahn- S s
ZuXyw. Cu \h-k-aqlw kzw Pohn-X-hy-h ssZhn-I-k-mK-
n sIn--Sp-m\pw AtX amK-a-h-ew-_nv temI-kw-kvI-c-W-
n\v {]b-Xv\n-m\pw _m[y--am-bn-cpp. Cu {]t_m-[-\-n-
sbpw amK-Zi-\-n-sbpw B[m-c-{K--as{X Jp-B; apl-
Zv \_nv Amlp Ah-X-cn-n hnip--Jp-B.
{]Xn-]m-Zyhpw {]ta-bhpw
Jp-Bs Cu auen-I-kz-`mhw a\-n-em-bn--gn-m AXns
{]Xn-]m-Zyhpw tI{-hn-j-bhpw Dtiy eyfpw a\-n-em-pI
Ffp-amWv.
Jp-Bs {]Xn-]mZyw a\p-jy-\mWv. Ahs Pb-]cm-P-b-
14 Jp-B ]T-\-n\v Hcp apJ-hpc

GXn nXn-sN-p-p-sh bmYmYyw AXv Nqn-m-Wn-p-p.

AXm- b Xv , kp- N nX ho- W - n\pw Dulm- \ p- a m- \ - pw
kzmY-]-]m-X-pw hnt[-b-\mbn a\p-jy sIn--a- knm-
-fpw, B knm---f-h-ew-_-amn ssIsm- Ia\b--
fpw bYmY- n A_- hpw Ay- ^ ew shp- t \m- p- t m
kzbwIr-Xm-\Y-hp-am-Ipp F bmYmYyw. Jp-Bs tI{-hn-
jbw, a\p-jys\ {]Xn-\n-[n-bmbn \ntbm-Kn-sh ssZhw Adn-bn-p-
sIm-Sp--sXtm AXpX-sbmWv. AXp-am-{X-amWv bmYmYyw.
Cu bmYmYy-ns shfn--n a\p-jys\ kw_-nv DNn-
Xhpw D-a-^-e-Zm-b-I-hp-amb \bw, t\ct \mw icn-bmb \b-
sa--t]-cn hnh-cn-n-p--Xp-am-{X-amWv.
B ic-nbmb \b-n-tev a\p-jys\ Wn-p-Ibpw Ah
A{i-sImv hn\-jvS-am-n-bXpw [nm-cw-sImv hnIr-X-am-n-
b-Xp-amb ssZhn-I-k-mKs hopw Ahs apn hy-ambn
kan-p-I-bp-amWv Jp-Bs eyw.
ame-bn tIm app-a-Wn-I
Cu aqp auen-I-h-kvXp-X-I apnshv ]cn-tim-[n-p
Bpw, Jp-B Hcn-Spw AXns {]Xn-]m-Zy-n\npw tI{-
hn-j-b-n\npw {]Jym-]nX ey-n\npw apSn-\m-cng hyXn-
Nen-n-n-sv hy-ambn ImWm-hp--XmWv; AXnse _lp-hn-[-
amb hnj-b--sfmw, hW-kp-c cXv\-a-Wn-I Hcp ame--c-Sn-
se--t]mse, tI{-hn-j-b-hp-ambn BZyw tImn-W--s-n-cn-
p-p-shpw.
BImi`qan-I-fpsS AZv`p-X-kw-hn-[m-\w, a\p-jys krjvSn-ssh-
in-jvSyw, N{I-hm-f-Nn---fpsS ]T-\-]-cyth--Ww, ]qhn-I -k-ap-
Zmb--fpsS Ncn-{X-w Fn-h-sbms Jp-Bs Nm-hn-j-b--
fmWv ; hnhn[ - P \kap- Z m- b - - f psS BZi- h n- i zm- k - - s fbpw
BNmchn-Nm-c-sfbpw Ia [a--sfbpw AXp hnain-pp.
]t, AsXmpw {]Ir-Xn-im-kv{Xtam Ncn-{Xtam Xz-im-kv{Xtam
imkv{XIe-Itfm ]Tn-n-mth-n-b. adnv, a\p-jys sXn-
m-c-W-I-f-I-m\pw bmYm-Yyw a\p-jy-a-\-n {]Xn-jvTn-m\pw
thn-bm-Wv. AtXm-sSmw bmYmYy-hn-cp--\-b-ns A_-hpw
A\Yhpw sXfn-p-Im-pIbpw bmYmYy-n-e-[n-jvTn-Xhpw kXv]-
cn-Wma {]Zm-b-I-hp-amb \b-n-tev a\p-jys\ Wn-pIbpw
sNpp. Cm-c-W-m-s, Hmtcm Imcyhpw ey-n-\m-h-
iy-amb{Xbpw Bh-iy-amb hn[-nepw am{Xta ]cm-ain-p-pq.
A{]-k- hni-Zmw-i- hPn-v Imcy- am{Xw ]cm-ainpp.
 Jp-B ]T-\-n\v Hcp apJ-hpc 15
Ftmgpw ey-n-tepw tI{-hnjb-n-tepw aS-n-s-pp;
Fm {]Xn- ] m- Z - \ - fpw XnI GI- X m- \ - X - t bmSpw sFI- c q- ] y-
tmSpw auen-I-{]-t_m-[-\-ns Ap-X-n Idpp.
Ah-X-c-W-L--
Jp- B s {]Xn- ] m- Z - \ - c o- X nbpw t{ImUo- I - c - W - { I- a hpw - D - S -
hpw icn-bmw-hw {Kln--W-sa-n AXns Ah-X-c-W -kz-`m-
h-s-pdnpw {Kln-t--Xpv.
Amlp apl--Zv\-_nv FgpXn Ab-p-sIm-Sp-p-Ibpw AXv
{]kno-I-cnv Hcp khn-tij Pohn-X-co-Xn-bn-tev P\-sf Wn-
-W-sa-p-Zvt_m-[n-n-p-Ibpw sNbvXp-sh--X, Hcp {K-sa
\ne-bn Jp-Bs kz`mhw. {]Xn-]m-Zyhpw D-S--fpw {K-c-
N\m k{-Zm-b-n t{ImUo-I-cn-p-a AX-h-X-cn-n-p--Xv. AXn-
\m, CXc IrXn-I-fp-sS- {Iahpw t{ImUo-I-c-Whpw ChnsS ImWn-
. bYmY-n Jp-Bs Ah-X-cWw Xmsg hnh-cnpw {]Im-c-
amWv Dm-bXv.
Hmw-Lw
Atd-_y-bnse am ]-W-n ssZhw Xs Hcp Zmks\
{]hmN-IXz ZuXy-n-\mbn sXc-s-Spp. {]t_m-[\w Bcw-`n-
p-Xv kzw ]-W-nepw tKm{X(Jpssdiv)nepw Xs thW-
sav Atl-tmSv Bm-]n-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Cu {]h-\-
n\v {]mcw-`-ambn thn-bn-cp \ntZ-i- am{Xta Atm
\I-s-pq. Ah an-hmdpw aqp -hn-j-b--f-S-n-b-Xm-bn-cpp:
1. Cu al-XvIr-Xy-n\v kzbw Xm-sd-Sp-t--sX--s\-sbpw
{]h\w GXp coXn-bn thW-sapw {]hm-N-Is\ ]Tn-n-pI.
2. bmYmYy-s-p-dn {]mcw-` -]-cm-aiw; Npp-]m-Sp-ap P\-
-fn ew]nSn-n-cp-Xpw Ah-cpsS A_--\-b-n\p t{]c-I-
ambn hn- n- c p- - X p- a mb sXn- m- c - W - I - f psS s]mXp- h mb
J\w.
3. icn-bmb \b-ns {]t_m-[\w; a\p-jys hnPbku`m-
Ky-n\v \nZm-\-amb ssZhn-I-amK-Zi-\-ns {]mY-anI Xz-
-tfbpw auen-I-[a--tfbpw Ipdn {]Xn-]m-Z\w.
{]t_m-[-\m-cw-`-n\v tN-hn[w AXo-h-kp--c-amb GXm\pw
sImp-sIm-p -h-N-\--fm-bn-cpp Cu BZy-L kt-i-. Ah-
bpsS `mj AXyw kv^pShpw ihpw kc-f-hp-am-bn-cpp. A\p-
hm-N-Im-`n-cp-Nn-v A\p-Kp-W-ambn, Ah Ghpw apnb Iem-`w-Kn-
bn IS- s - S p- - X m- b n- c pp. lrZ- b - - f n Ah Akv { Xw
16 Jp-B ]T-\-n\v Hcp apJ-hpc

IWs Bp-X-d-pp; cN-\m-ku-Ip-am-cy-n aXn-a-dv A[-

c- Ah kzbw Dcp-hn-p-t]m-Ipp. {]mtZ-in-I-ph Xptemw IqSp-
X-em-bn-cpp C-hbn.
kmh-eu-InI kXy--fmWv D-S--sa-nepw sXfn-hp-Ifpw
kmy-fpw D]-a-Ifpw Ae-m-c--fp-sams A\p-hm-N-I-hr--
n\v kp]-cn-Nn-X-amb kao-]- Np-p-]m-Sp-I-fn \ns-Sp-n-p--Xm-
bn-cpp. Ah-cpsS Ncn{X]mc--cy-fpw A\p-Zn\w Ahv Zriy-
am-bn-cp ZrjvSm--fpw Ah-cp-sS-s hnizm-k-]-chpw [man-
Ihpw kmaq-ln-I-hp-amb sshI-ey--fp-am-W-h-bn {]Xn-]m-Zn-n-cp-
Xv. Fnte, Ah Ahsc kzm[o-\n-p-am-bn-cp-pq.
Cu Hmw Lw Dtiw \mep hjw XpSp. Cu L-
n Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS {]t_m-[-\-ns {]Xn-[z\n aqp -cq-]--
fn {]I-S-ambn:
Hv: GXm\pw \ a\p-jy Cu {]t_m-[\w kzoI-cnv apkvenw
]mn-bmbn cq]w-sIm-m k--cmbn {]hm-N-Is IqsS \np.
cv: hen-sbmcp hn`mKw Bfp-I A-X-sImtm kzmYw-
sImtm ]qhm-Nmc {]Xn-]-n-sImtm FXnn\v aptm-p-hp.
aqv: a-bp-sSbpw Jpssd-in-I-fp-sSbpw AXn-cp-I ISv Cu
i_vZw Iptd-qSn hym]-I-amb hr--fn Fn-p-Sn.
cmwLw
Chn-Sw-ap-X {]t_m-[-\-ns cmw -Lw Bcw-`n-p-I-bmbn.
Ckv-em-anI {]m-\hpw ]g- PmlnenXpw Xn Cu L-
n AXn-I-Tn-\-amb Poha-c-W-k-a-cw-Xs \Sp. B ]c-c
Fsm-Xp hj-tmfw XpSp. a-bn am{X-a, Jpssdin
tKm{X- n am{Xa, Atd- _ y- b psS an- ` m- K - - f nepw ]g-
bmYm- k v X n- X n- I Xzw \ne- \ n- m- \ m- { K- l n- n- c p- - h Cu {]m-
\s in-sImv XI-m Xp\n-n-dn. AXns\ ASn--
am Fm AS-hp-Ifpw Ah {]tbm-Knp. hymP-{]-Nm-c-W-
\Sn. Zqjym-tcm-]-W--fp-sSbpw ZpjvX--fp-sSbpw sI-gn-p-
hnp. _lp-P-\--fn ]e-hn[ kwib-fpw Bi-b-p-g--fpw
krjvSnp. hnh-c-an-m P\--sf \_n-bpsS kt-i- {ihn-
p--Xn\nv XSp. Ckvemw Bt-jn-p--hsc {Iqchpw arKo-
b-hp-amb aZ\-]o-U-\-n-c-bmn. Ah-s-Xnsc km-n-
tIm-]-tcm-[hpw kmaq-lnI _ln-jvI-c-Whpw Gs-Spn. Ahsc
F{X-ta tin-np Fm, At\-I-am-fp-I kztK-l--fp-t]-
nv cp-hw A_n-ko-\n-bm-bn-tev ]em-b\w sNm \n_-
n-X-cmbn. HSp-hn aqmw-hw Ahsmw aZo-\-bn-tev lnPvd(]-
 Jp-B ]T-\-n\v Hcp apJ-hpc 17
em-b-\w)sNt--Xmbpw hp.
Fm, Cu AXn-i-hpw A\p-Zn\w in-{]m-]n-p-sIm-n-
cp--Xp-amb FXnp-I-sfmw Dm-bn-cp-npw {]m\w hf-cp-I-
bm-bn-cpp. GsX-n-ep-sam-cm Ckvemw kzoI-cn-msX Hcp hotSm
tKm{Xtam a-bn Ah-ti-jn-n. Xv _-s ]ecpw
Ckvemw Bt-jn-p-sIm-n-cn-pp F-Xm-bn-cpp, H-t\Iw hncp-
am-cpsS i{XpX in-s-Sm Xs ImcWw. X-fpsS ktlm-
Z-co -k-tlm-Z-c-mcpw afpw Pmam-Xm--fp-amb ]ecpw Ckv-em-an-I-
{]-t_m-[\w AwKo-I-cnp Fp am{X-a, {]m-\-ns k
`S- m- c m- b n- o- c p- I bpw sNbv X n- c pp. X- f psS c- n- s bpw
amwk- n- s bpw `mK- a mb Acpa- n- S m- - f nXm, X- f psS
t\scs ka-tcm-p-I-cmbn \n-pp!
asmcp {]tXy-I-X-IqSn: ]g-In-b-fn Pmlnen-Xpambn _w
hntZnv hf-cp \qX-\-{]-m-\-n-te-v B\bn--s-p-sIm-n-
cp--h BZyta kaq-l-n Ghpw \-h-cmbn AwKo-Imcw t\Sn-
b-h-cm-bn-cpp; {]m-\-n hp-I-gn tij-am-Is Ah
]qthm-]cn \bpw ]cn-ip- -kz-`m-h-N-cy-I-fp-amPn kmXzn-I-c-
mbn amdn. Ccw \ a\p-jysc Xn-te-m-Ijn-p-Ibpw Ahsc
C{X-ta \-h-cmbn ]cn-hn-n-p-Ibpw sNbvXp-sIm-n-cp Hcp
{]m-\-ns aln-abpw tabpw a\-n-em-m-Xn-cn-m temI-
n\v km[y-am-bn-cp-n.
Xo{h-hpw -ZoL-hp-amb Cu kwL--\-n-\n-S-bn kt`m-Nn-
Xhpw Ah- i ym- \ p- k r- X - h p- a mb GXm\pw Dz- e - { ]- ` m- j - W -
Am-lp {]hmN-I\v Ah-X-cn-n-p-sIm-n-cpp. \Zo-P-e-ns
Hgppw sImSp-mns D{K-Xbpw XoPzm-e-I-fpsS B{I-a-W-ti-jn-
bp-ap {]uVhpw Bth-i-\n`-c-hp-amb {]`m-j-W-; B hmKv[m-
c-I-fn-eqsS, Hcp-h-iv, hnizm-kn-Iv Ah-cpsS {]mcw-`-Np-a-X-e-
I Adn- b n- p- s Im- S pp;
Ah- c n kwL- S - \ m- t _m[w hfn; Ahv `n- b p- s Sbpw
[manI- ta- b p- s Sbpw kz`m- h - ] - c n- i p- n- b p- s Sbpw in- W -
\In. kXy-Zo-\ns t_m[-\-co-Xn-I hnh-cn-p-sIm-Spp. hnP-b-
ns hmKv Z m- \ - fpw kzK- s - p- d n ktm- j - h m- b pw-
sImv Ah-cn B-_ew ]Ip; a-tbmSpw ss[cy-tmSpw
Db at\m-ho-cy-tmSpw ssZh-amK-n ITn-\m[zm\w sNm
Ahsc t{]cn-np. Fsp hnj-a- Xc-Ww-sN-m\pw FXnp-
I-fpsS F{X-h-enb sImSp-m-p-I-tfm-sS-Xn-cn-Sm\pw kZm k--cm-
Ip- a mdv, XymK- n- s bpw A- W - n- s bpw i- a mb
18 Jp-B ]T-\-n\v Hcp apJ-hpc

BthihnIm-c- Ah-cn Do-]n-np. adp-h-iv, AtX {]`m-

j-W--fn, {]Xn-tbm-Kn-I-sfbpw Be-ky-\n-{Z-bn ebn-n-cn-p
kamK-hn-ap-J-scbpw ]qh-P-\-k-ap-Zm-b--fpsS Zpc-I-Y-I-f-\p-
kva-cn-np-sImv ITn-\-ambn XmoXv sNp-I-bp-mbn B]qhn-
I-N-cn-{X-am-hs, X-dn-hp--Xm-bn-cpp. X \nXyhpw IS-
p-t]m-Im-dp, XI-Sn \mSp-I-fpsS \jvSm-h-in-jvS- Iv
]mTw ]Tn-m Ahsc in-bmbn DZvt_m-[n-np.
BImi`qan-I-fn Zriy-am-bn-cp-Xpw kzPo-hn-X-n kZm
A\p-`-h-s-n-cp--Xp-amb kphy ZrjvSm-- \nc-n-smv
GI- s sZh- X z- n- s bpw ac- W m- \ - c Pohn- X - n - s bpw km[pX
kaYn- - s p. _lp- s sZ- h Xz- n- s bpw ]c- t em- I - \ n- t j- [ - n-
sbpw a\p-jys kzm[n-Im-c-hmZ-n-sbpw A\m-im-kyX, Bg-
n-en-d-n-s-p {]kv]-jvS-amb sXfn-hp-IsImv hy-am--
sp. AtXm-sSmw FXn-cm-fn-I-fpsS Hmtcm kwi-bhpw Zqco-I-cn-
p-Ibpw Hmtcm Bt-]-n\pw hy-ambn adp-]Sn \Ip-Ibpw
sNbvXp. X kzbw IpSp-n-bn-cp-tXm A\ysc IpSp-m-\p-]-
tbm-Kn-n-cp-tXm Bb Hmtcm Ipcppw As\ kaY-ambn Agn-
p-am--sp.
Npcp--n, Pmln-en--Xns\ \m\m-`m-K-p-\nv he-bw-sNbvXv
]c- a m- h [n CSp- p- I bpw c- s - S m ]gp- X n- m- - h n[w sIWn-
bns-Sp-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. _pn-bp-sSbpw bpn-t_m-[-n-sbpw
taJ-e-bn AXn\v Hpw \n-sm-dp-Xn-bn-s-mbn. AtX-k-abw,
ssZh-ns tIm]im]--sf-p-dnv kXy-\n-tj-[n-Iv ap-dn-
bn-p-\In. Ay-\m-fns `b--c-X-I-sfbpw \c-I-in--bpsS ImTn-
\y-s-bpw-Ip-dnv Ahsc `b-s-Spn. Ah-cpsS Zpjn kz`m-h-
N-cy-I-sfbpw kXy-hn-tcm-[-sbpw kXy-hn-izm-kn-I-fpsS t\sc-bp
aZ\--sfbpw in-bmbn A]-e-]np; ssZhm-`o-jvS-n-e-[n-jvTn-
X- a mb Da- k wkv I mc\mK- c n- I - X - I - f psS \nam- W - n\v Fm-
epw \nZm-\-am-bn-cp-n-p kp{]-[m\ [man-I- Xz- Ah-
cpsS apmsI kan--s-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
Cu Lw, ]e D]-L---f-S-n-b-Xm-bn-cpp. AXn-tem-tcm -L--
nepw, {]t_m[\w IqSp-X hym]-I-am-bn-sm-n-cpp. {]h-
\hpw Hw {]Xn-tcm-[hpw in-bmPn-p-hp. hnizm-km-Zi--
fnepw Iaco-Xn-I-fnepw hyXy-kvX-cmb P\-]-Z--fp-ambn CS-s]-tS-
-Xm-bn-hp. CXn-s\mw A\p-tbm-Py-ambn Am-lp-hn-\nv
e`n- kti--fn hnj-b-v sshhn-[yw IqSn-qSn-h-cn-I-bpw-
sNbvXp CXt{X hnip--Jp-B-\n am Pohn-X-L--ns ]m-
 Jp-B ]T-\-n\v Hcp apJ-hpc 19
ew.
aqmw-Lw
a-bn {]m\w AXns {]h-\-n apgp-In- ]Xnaq-
p-hjw ]nn-p-. Atm-gmWv AXn\v s]mSp-s\ aZo-\-bn Hcp
tI{w ssIh-cp-Xv. AhnsS {]m-\-n\v XZ-\p-bm-bn-Isf Atd-
_y-bpsS Fm -`m-K--fn\npw GIo-I-cnv Hcn-Sv Hcp-an-p-Iqm
km[y-ambn. \_nbpw `qcn-`mKw apkv-enw-Ifpw lnPvdsNbvXv aZo-\-
bn-sen. {]t_m-[\w, CtXmsS aqm-as L-n {]th-in-
p-I-bmbn.
nXn-K-Xn-I-fpsS Nn{Xw, Cu L-n ]msS amdn--gn-n-
cpp. apkvenwkaqlw hyh-m-]n-X-ambn Hcp cmjv{S-n-\v A-Sn-
d ]mIp--Xn hnPbwhcnp. ]g-a-bpsSPmln-en-Xns[zP-
hm-l-I-cp-ambn kmbp-[-kw-L--\- \Sp. ]qh{]-hm-N-I-m-cpsS
kap-Zm-b-fp (PqXcpw {InkvXym-\n-Ifpw)ambn CS-s]-tS-n-hp.
apkvenw kwL-S-\-bpsS Dns ]e-Xcw I]-S-hn-izm-kn-I
(ap\m-^n-Jp-I) ISp-Iq-Sn. Ahsc t\cn-tS--Xmbpw hp.
As\, ]p- h js ITn- \ - a mb kwL- - \ - Xc- W w-
sNbvXv, HSp-hn {]m\w hnP-b-ns L--n-se-n-b-tm
Atd-_y apgps AXns sImSn-q-d-Snbn hp-I-gn-bp-Ibpw
kmh-eu-In-I-amb {]t_m-[-\-kw-cw-`--fpsS IhmSw Xpd--s-Sp-
Ibpw sNbvXp. Cu L-n\pw ]e D]-L---fp-m-bn-cpp. Hmtcm
L-nepw {]m-\-n\v khn-ti-j-amb Bh-iy--fp-ap-mbn.
Cu Bh-iy--\p-kr-X-amb {]`m-j-W--fmWv Amlp Xncp-
ta-\nv Ah-Xcn-np-sIm-n-cp-Xv. Ah Nne-tm Xosm-cn -{]-
kw-K--fpsS coXn-bn-em-sW-n, Nne-tm cmP-Iob hnfw-_-c--
fpsS cq]-n-em-bn-cpp. Ah-bn Nn-eXv in-W-\ntZi--fm-W-
n ap-Nn-eXv kwkvI-cW{][m-\-amb kmtcm-]-tZ-i--fm-bn-cpp.
kaq-l - ns LS-\bpw cmjv{S-ns \nam-Whpw \mK-cn-IX - bpsS
kwhn-[m-\hpw GXp-hn-[-n thWw; Pohn-X-ns _lp-ap-J-
amb taJ-e-I Fsp Xz--fn-e-[n-jvTn-X-am-hWw; I]-S-hn-
izm-kn-I-tfm-S-\p-hn-t \b-sav; cmjv{S-n\v hnt[-b-cmb
hna-X-tcm-(Znn-I)sSs\ hn-Ww; thZ-m-tcm-Sp kao-
]-\ns kz`mh-sav; bpm-h--bn-ep i{Xp-P-\-X-I-tfmSpw
DS-Sn sNbvX kap-Zm-b--tfmSpw Fp \bw ssIsm-Ww;
kthm-]cn, hnizm-kn-I-fp-tS-Xmb Cu k--kwLw `qtem-Iv
PK- n- b - m- h ns {]Xn- \ n- [ n- I - s f \ne- p _m[y- X - I - f psS
\nhl-W-n\v X-sf-s Fn-[-samw ]mI-s-Sp-Ww
20 Jp-B ]T-\-n\v Hcp apJ-hpc

CsX-m-am-bn-cpp B {]`m-j-W--fnse {]ta-b-. Ah-bn-eqsS

apkv-enwIv Ahiyw Bh-iy-amb ]cn-io-e-\-ap-d-I A`y-kn-np.
Ah-cpsS sshI-ey-fpw Zu_ey-fpw Nqn-m-Wnp. ssZh-
amK- n Poh[\- X ym- K - n\v Ahsc DZyp- - c mn. hnP- b -
nepw ]cm-P-b-nepw, ktm-j-nepw km-]-nepw, kpn-
Xn-bnepw Zp-xn-Xn-bnepw, kam-[m-\m--co--nepw ASn-b-c-L-
--fnepw As\ `n--fmb ]cn-X-xn-Xn-I-fn AXXn-\-\p-
bp--amb kZm-Nm-c -in--W- Ahv \I-n. XZzmcm, \_n-
Xn-cp-ta-\n-bpsS hntbm-Km\cw Ahn-Sps {]Xn-]p-cp-j-m-cmbn
kXy-{]-t_m-[-\- Zu-Xyhpw temtIm-m-c-W -Ir-Xyhpw bYm-tbmKyw
\nh-ln-m Ahsc khYm k--cmn. adp-h-iv, hnizm-
kn-Ipw Ahn-izm-kn-Ipw A-hn-izm-kn-Ip-samw Ah-
cpsS Ahm--c- ]cn-K-Wnv, bmYmYyw {Kln-n-m ]cam-
h[n {ian-p-t]mp. a[pcarZp-e-ambn D]-tZ-inpw I-i-ambn KpW-
tZm-jnpw ssZh-in--sb-p-dnv `b-s-Sp-nbpw {it-b--fmb
kw`-h--fn\nv ]mTw]Tn-m DZvt_m-[n-npw \m\m-hn-t[\,
Ahcn {]t_m-[-\-_m-[yX ]qo-I-cn-m {ian-p-hp.
CXt{X, hnip--Jp-B-\n aZ\n (a-Zo-\-bn Ah-X-cn-n--s-
) A[ym-b--fpsS ]m-ew.
{]t_m-[-I-{Kw
Cu hnh-c-W-n\nv, Jp-Bs Ah-X-cWw Hcp {]t_m-[-
\-tm-sSmamWv Bcw-`n-sX hkvXpX hy-am-Ip-pv. {]mcw-
`w- ap-X ]cn-]qn-hscbp Ccp-]-n-aqv kwh--c-n-\Iw
Cu {]t_m-[\w ]nn Hmtcmtcm L-fnepw D]-L---fnepw
Ah-bpsS _lp-hn[- Bh-iy--\p-Kp-W-ambn Jp-Bs Hmtcm
`mKw Ah-Xcnp-I-bmbn-cpp. Cn-[-samcp {K-n tUmIvS-
td-p- _n-cp-Z-n-\p Xnko-kn-se--t]m-semcp cN-\m-coXn ImWp-
I-bn-s-Xv kv]jvS-amWv. {]t_m-[-\-ns hnImk ]cn-Wm-a-
smw AhX-cn-p-sIm-n-cp Jp-Bs sNdp-Xpw- h-ep-Xp-
amb `mK- Xs {]_---fpsS cq-]-n {]Im-i\w sN-
s-Sp-I-bmbn-cpn. {]XypX, {]`m-j-W--fmbn Ah-X-cn-p-Ibpw
AtX-cq-]-n {]N-cn-n--s-Sp-I-bp-amWv sNbvXXv. AXp-sIm-p-
Xs Ah- {]`m-j-Wssien-bn-emWv. Cu {]`m-j-W--fm-hs Hcp
tImtfPv s{]m^-k-dpsS eIvN coXn-bn-em-bn-cp-n; BZi-{]-t_m-
[-Is {]`m-j-W--fm-bn-cpp. At-l-n\v lrZ-b-tbpw akvXn-
jvI-tbpw hnNm-c-tbpw hnImc-tbpw Htc-k-abw hio-I-cn-
t- - X p- m- b n- c pp, `n- c p- N n- I - t fbpw `n - a - \ - p- I - t fbpw
ssIImcyw sNt- - X p- m- b n- c pp, {]mm- \ nI- {]- h - \ -
 Jp-B ]T-\-n\v Hcp apJ-hpc 21
p at[y AkwJyw `n ]cn-Xx-n-Xn-I-f-`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-t--
Xpm-bn-cpp. Xs hmZw, km[yamb Fm hi--fn-eq-sSbpw P\-
a-\-n {]Xn-jvTn-pI, hnNm-c-K-Xn-I-fn hn-hm--I-amb amwhcp-
p hnIm-c--fpsS then-tb-- krjvSn-pI, {]Xn-{]h-
\--fpsS \s-sm-Sn-pI, A\p-bm-bn-Iv kwkvI-cW ]cn-io-e-
\- \IpI, Ah-cn Bth-ihpw B-ss[-cyhpw hf-pI,
i{Xp-sf an{X-fpw \ntj-[n-Isf hnizm-kn-I-fp-ambn ampI, {]Xn-
tbm-Kn-I-fpsS hmZ-ap-J-sf XIp-Ibpw Ah-cpsS [man-I-in
\in-n-p-Ibpw sNpIAs\ Hcm-Zi-ns {]t_m-[-I\v,
Hcp {]m-\-ns t\Xm-hn\v Ahiyw Bh-iy-amb Fmw At-
l-n\v sNt--Xp-m-bn-cpp. AXn-\m, Cu {]h-\-n-
S-bn Amlp {]hm-N-I\h-X-cn-n {]`m-j-W- Xo-bmbpw
Hcp BZi- {]-t_m-[-\-n\v t]m-hn-[-am-bn-cnpwBbn-cn-p-
Ibpw thWw. tImtfPv eIvNd-dpsS coXn AXn-e-t\z-jn-p-Xv icn-
b.
Bh\w Fp-sImv?
Jp-B-\n hnj-b--fpsS C{X-tbsd Bh\w Fp-sIm-
m-sW Imcyhpw Chn-sS- \-t]mse a\-n-e-mm-hp--XmWv.
Hcp {]t_m-[-\-ns, {]h\ \nc-X-amb Hcp {]m-\-ns
kzm`m- h n- I - a mb Xm]cyw, AXv GXv LsbmtWm
XcWwsNbvXp-sImn-cnpXv B L-hp-ambn _-s Imcy-
am{Xw ]cm-ain-p-I-sb--Xs{X. {]m\w Hcp Ls
t\cn- S p Ime- a - { Xbpw AtX L- ns Bh- i y- Xs
Bhn-p-sIm-n-cn-Ww. A\-c-L---fn ]d-tb Imcy-
sf kv]in-cpXv. Iptd amk-tfm Iptd-tbsd sIm-X-
stbm th-n-h-mepw icn. Fm, Htc-Xcw Imcy- Htc
ssien-bnepw hmIy-n-ep-am-Wm-hn--s-Sp--sX-n ImXp-I
Ah tIp-tIp aSp-p-w; Bkzm-Z-I-cn hnc-kX P\n-pw. AXn-
\m, AXXv L--fn Bhnv ]d-tb kwKXn-IXs
Hmtcm {]mh-iyhpw ]pXn-b-]p-Xnb hmIy--fnepw, \hw-\h-fmb
ssienI-fnepw, ]p-\mb lmh`mh--tfmsSbpw Ah-X-cn-n-t-
-Xpv. Fn am-{Xta Ah Ghpw {]nb-c-ambn lrZ-b-fn
ew-]n-Sn-p-Ibpw {]t_m-[\w Hmtcm L-nepw ZrV-`-{Z-ambn
aptm-p-\o-p-Ibpw sNq. AtX-k-abw {]t_m-[-\-n-\-Sn-m-
\amb BZiknm- - BZy- h - k m\w Fm L- - f nepw
ZrjvSn-]-Y-n-en-cn-t-Xpw Bh-iy-amWv; A, Hmtcm L-
nepw AXm-hn--s-p-sIm-n-cn-Ww.
22 Jp-B ]T-\-n\v Hcp apJ-hpc

Cu Imc-W--fmemWv, Ckv-em-an-I- {]-t_m-[-\-ns Hcp L-

n Ah-X-cn Jp-B-\n-Im-[ymb--fn-semw Htc-Xcw hnj-b-
, hmp-Ifpw ssien-Ifpw amdnamdn -h-cp-Xv. AtXm-sSmw
ssZh-ns GIXzw, Znhy-Kp-W-, ac-Wm-\--c-Po-hnXw, ssZh-
k-n-[n-bn-ep hnNm-cW, cmin-I, {]hm-N-I-ZuXyw, Znhy-
{K- - - f n- e p hnizm- k w, `n, a, ssZhmWw XpSn
{]m-\-ns Hcp L-nepw Ah-K-Wn-m\cp-Xm auen-I-
hn-j-b- Jp-B-\n-epS-\ofw Bhn--s-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cn-
pp. Cu auen-I-hn-izm-km-Zi- A]-sa-nepw Zp_-e-am-
bm {]m\w AXns icn-bmb ssNX-\y-tm-Sp-IqSn aptm-p-
\o-pI km[y-a-s--Xp-Xs ImcWw.
t{ImUo-I-cWw
A]w Nnn- p- - ] w, Jp- B Ah- X - c n-- {Ia- n
X s
\_n-Xn-cp-ta-\n AXv t{ImUo-Ic- n-m-Xn-cp-s
- X-p-sImv F {]iv\hpw
CtX hnh-c-WwsImv ]cn-lr-X-am-hp-p.
Ccp-]-n-aqv hj-mew Jp-B Ah-X-cn-p-sIm-n-cp-Xv
{]t_m-[-\w Bcw`n-pIbpw hnIknpIbpw sNbvX {Ianem-
Wv. {]t_m-[-\-ns hf--\p-k-cn-p Cu {Iaw {]m\w
]cn-]qWX {]m]n--tijhpw DNn-X-am-bn-cn--bns-v AXn-\m
kv]jvS-amWv. A\--c- n-Xn-hn-ti-j--\p-Kp-W-amb asmcp
{Iao-I-c-W-amWv {]t_m-[-\ -]-cn-]qn-ptijw Bh-iy-am-bn-p-
f- f Xv .
Jp- B s {]Y- a - kw- t _m- [ n- X Ckv - e m- a n- s \- p- d nv Xosc
Acpw A]-cn-Nn-X-cp-am-bn-cpXp-sImv {]mcw-` -_n-p-hn\n-p-
Xs A[ym- ] \w XpS- t - - X p- m- b n- c pp. {]t_m- [ \ ]cn-
]qnv tij-am-hs, Ah Jp-B-\n hniz-knv Hcp ]mn-
bmbn cq]w-sIm P\-am-bn-oncpp. {]hm-N-I Xmzn-I-
ambpw {]mtbm-Kn-I-ambpw kqW-amn Xsf hln-n _m[yX
XpSv \nh-ln-m Ah _m[y-cpambn-cpp. AXn-\m,
Ctm {]Y-ahpw {][m-\-hp-amb Bhiyw, hnizm-kn-I-fpsS Cu
kaqlw kzw _m[y-X-Ifpw Pohn-X -\n-b-a-fpw ]qh-{]-hm-N-I-
cpsS kap-Zm-b--fn {]I-S-am-bn-cp sshI-ey-fpw \-t]mse
Adn-n-cn-p-I-bpw, As\ Ckvem-an-s\-p-dnv A]-cn-Nn-X-amb
temI- n\v ssZhn- I - \ ntZiw Fn- p- s Im- S p- m aptmp
hcpIbpw sNpI F-Xm-bn-op.
 Jp-B ]T-\-n\v Hcp apJ-hpc 23
hnip-J - p-B Fn-[ap {K-am-sWv a\-nem-bn-g- nm,
Hmtcm hnjbw Hmtcm e-mbn kzcq-]n-p-I-sb-Xv AXns
{]Ir-Xn-bp-ambn s]mcp--s-Sp--X-sv kzbwXs hy-am-
hp--XmWv. aZo-\m-Im-es {]Xn-]m-Z-\- am-Po-hn-Xm-[ym-]-\-
v at[ybpw ao Ime-L--nse {]ta-b- aZ\o in-
W - n - S - b n e p w
{]mcw-`-Ime {]`m-j-W- ]nme {]t_m-[-\-v \Sp-hnepw
adnpw amdn-am-dn -h-c-W-sa-v Jp-Bs {]IrXn Xm]-cy-s-Sp-p.
As\, kqW Ckv-em-ans ka-{K-am-sbmcp Nn{Xw A\p-hm-N-
I- Z r- j v S n- b n sXfn- p- h - c Ww; Hcn- epw Hcn- S pw AXv
A]qWtam `mKn-Itam Bh-cpXv. Jp-B-\nI {]t_m-[\w AXns
kqW-Xv tijw CXm-Wm-h-iy-s-Sp-Xv.
C\n, Jp-B Ah-X-c-W-{I-a-n t{ImUo-I-cn-m-s
]n-m-es P\-Xv {]tbm-P-\-{]-Z-amI-W-sa-n Hmtcm
kqhpw Ah-X-cn Imehpw XobXnbpw Ah-X-c-W- ]-m--ehpw
]cn-Xx-n-Xnbpw tcJ-s-Spn, Jp-Bs At`-Zy-amb Hc-\p-_-
-ambn {]kno-I-cn-t-n-h-cp-am-bn-cpp. CXm-Is, Znhy-h-N-\-
-fpsS Hcp kam-lmcw Fs-t-p-ambn t{ImUo-I-cnp kpc-
n-X-am-n-sh--Xp-sImv Amlp Dt-in--sXtm AXn-\p-Xs
hncp--am-bn-p--XmWv. A\y-h-N-\--fpsS Hcp Iepw ]m-fn--
hp-an-msX Znhy-h-N-\- X\-Xmb kwn-]vX- cq-]-n t{ImUo-
I-cn--s-SW-sa-mWv Amlp Dt-in-n-cp-Xv. Ipn-Ifpw hr-
cpw, kv{Xo-Ifpw ]pcp-j-mcpw, \K-c-hm-kn-Ifpw {Kmao-Wcpw, ]n-
Xcpw ]ma-ccp-samw AXp- hm-bn-Ww; Fm -Im-epw Fm-tZ-
ipw Fm- X cw ]cn- X x- n- X n- I - f nepw AXp hmbn- - s - S Ww;
ss[j-Wn-I-ambpw sshm-\n-I-ambpw `n-hn-Xm-\--fn-ep a\p-
jy, X-fn\nv ssZhw Fm-{K-ln-pp, Fm-{K-ln-p-n
Fs-nepw AXp-aptJ\ Adn-n-cn-Ww-CXm-bn-cpp Am-lp-
hns CwKnXw. Znhy-h-N-\--fpsS C-c-samcp kam-lm-c-tm-sSmw
Hcp \o Ncn-{Xhpw Fgp-Xn-n-Sn-n-t-n-h-m, A\n-hm-cy-ambn
AXpw hmbn--W-sa-p-h-m, {]kvXpX ssZhn-Im-`ojvSwXs
hn^-e-am-bn-o-cp-sav hy-amWv.
Jp-Bs \ne-hn-ep t{ImUo-I-c-W-{I-as hnain-p--
hv B {K-ns Dtiyey--sf-n Hpw Adn-p-Iq-
1. \_n-v {]hm-N-IXzw e`nv GXm\pw hj- Ign-mWv Ap t\cs
\akvImcw \n_--am-b-sX-nepw s]mXp-hn \a-kvImcw B Zn-hkw sXmt
\n_--am--s-n-cp-p. \a-kvImcw \n_--a-m-Xn-cp Hcp ka-bhpw Ckvem-
an Dm-bn-cp-n-n-.
24 Jp-B ]T-\-n\v Hcp apJ-hpc

sS--XmWv ]c-amYw. tIhew Ncn{Xkmaq-ln-I-imkv{X hnZymYn-

Ip-thn Ah-XoW-am-sbmcp {K-am-Wn-sX-p-hsc Ah [cn-
p-sh--Xmbn tXmpp.
Jp-Bs {Ias kw_-n-v hmb-\-m Adn-n-cn-t
asmcp hkvXpX, ]nm-e-m-c AXns Im--sf--XmWv.
{]XypX, \_n-Xn-cp-ta\n Xs-bmWv Am-lp-hns \ntZ-i-{]-Imcw
Jp-B Cs cq]-n t{ImUo-I-cn-Xv. Hc-[ymbw Ah-X-cn-
p-tm Xs Xncp-ta\n Xs Fgp-p-Im-sc hnfn-nv AXv
FgpXn-sh-n-p-Ibpw C A[ymbw C A[ym-b-ns ]nd-In
Asn apn tN-W-sav \ntZ-in--pIbpw ]Xn-hm-bn-cpp.
Hcp kzX{ A[ym-b-am-bn-cn-m Dt-in--s-SmsX h `mK-hp-am-
W-h-X-cn-p--sX-n AXv C A[ym-b-n C ev
tcJ-sSp--W-sav Ahn-Spv \ntZiw \Ipw. A\-cw AtX
{Ia-a-\p-k-cnv Xncp-ta\n Xs \a-kvIm-c-nepw ap k`--
fnepw JpB ]mcm-bWw sNbvXncp-p. AtX-{I-a-n Ahn-
Sps kJm-fpw AXv lrZn--am-n. CXm-bn-cpp Jp-Bs
t{ImUo-I-c-W-n\v kzoI-cnp-h k{-Zmbw. BI-bm, hnip-
-Jp-Bs Ah-X-cWw ]qn-bm-bn-p-s-Xv Hcp AwKo-IrX
Ncn- { X- b m- Y mYy- a mWv. AXns Ah- X m- c - I \mb Amlp
XsbmWv AXns kam-l-mhpw. AXv lrZb-n Gp-hm-
nb {]hm-N-I\neqsS-s-bmWv AXv t{ImUo-I-cn--sXpw.
CXn-sempw Bpw ssII-S-m Ignbp-am-bn-cp-n.
{Km-hn-jvI-cWw
apkv-enw-Iv {]mcw-`-L--ns \a-kvImcw \n_-
-am--n-bncpp.1 Jp-B]m-cm-bWw \a-kvIm-c-ns Ah-iy-L-
S-I-ambpw \n-bn-n-cpp. Xn-anw Jp-Bs Ah-X-c-W-n-
s\mw AXv a\-x]m-T-am-p ]Xnhpw apkv-enwI-fn \S-nhp.
Hmtcm `mKw Ah-X-cn-pw-tXmdpw Ah-cXv lrZn--amn. As\,
\_n-Xn-cp-ta\n Xs Fgp-p-Im-sc-smv Jp-B tcJ-s-Sp-n-
sh-nn-cp Cu--\-a--ep-I-fnepw FnI-j-W--fnepw tXmXp-
p-I-fnepw ]cn-an-X-am-bn AXns kpc-n-XXzw. {]XypX, Ah-
X-cn-p-sIm-n-cn-s-s Zi--W-n\pw iX--W-n\pw XpSv
Bbn-c--W-n\pw a\p-jy-lr-Z-b--fn AXv ap-{Zn-X-ambn; Hcp sNIp-
2. \_n-Xn-cp-ta-\n-bpsS Pohn-X-Im-e-p-Xs injyam-cn ]ecpw hnip Jp-
B ]qW-amtbm `mKn-I-amtbm FgpXn kqn-n-cp--Xmbn hnizm-k-tbm-Ky-
amb \nth- Z - \ - - f n\nv a\- n- e m- I p- p- v . Cs\ Fgp- X n- s h- - h - c n l.
Dkvam, Aen, A_vZp-m-ln_v\p akv-Du-Zv, A_vZp-m-ln_v\p Awcn-_v\n Bkz-
v, kmenw auem lpssZ-^, sskZp_v\p km_n-Xv, apB-Zp_v\p P_, D_-p_v\p
IAv_v, A_q-sskZv, ssJkp_v\p kI Fn-h Ds-Sp-p.
 Jp-B ]T-\-n\v Hcp apJ-hpc 25
m\pw Hc-cw amn-a-dn-m CS-ap-m-bn.
\_n-Xn-cp-ta-\n-bpsS hntbm-Km-\-cw Atd-_y-bn aXw-am--p-
gw Xe- s ]m- p- I bpw AXns\ t\cn- S m- \ p bXv \ - n Ahn-
Sps kJm-v c-cq-jn-X- t]mcm-- \S-t-n-h-cn-Ibpw
sNbvX- p . JpB BZyw a\x- ] m- T - a m- n- b n- c p Htsd
kzlm_nI t]mcm--fn c-km-n-I-fmbn. CtX-p-Sv,
Jp-Bs kwc--W-n\v GI-amKw B{i-bn-p-Xv bp-a-
spw lrZ-b-^-e-I--fn-se--t]mse {K-m-fp-I-fnepw AsX-
gpXn kqn-m Gm-Sp-sN--W-sapw Da Nnn-p-dp. Cu
Imcyw Hmw -J-eo^ A_q-_-Iv-dn\v hni-Zo-I-cn-p-sIm-Sp-p. A]w
Btem-Nn--tijw A_q_-Iv AXn-t\mSp tbmPn-p-Ibpw \_n-
Xn-cp-ta-\n-bpsS Fgp-p-Im-c (ImXn_v) Bbn-cp sskZp_v\p
km_n-Xns\ Cu tkh-\-n\v \ntbm-Kn-p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
\_n-Xn-cp-ta\n enJn-X-cq-]-n hnt-p-t]mb Jp-Bs Fm
`mK-fpw tiJ-cn-pI, kzlm-_n-I-fn Bcp-sS-sbmw ] Znhy-
{Kw apgp- h - \ mtbm `mKn- I - a mtbm Fgp- X n- s h- - s - - X m- b ptm
AXpw Ic--am-pI,2 IqSmsX Jp-B lrZn--am-n-b-h-cpsS
kl- I - c Ww tXSp- I bpw sNpI. Cu aqp am[y- a - - f p- s Sbpw
kwbp kmy-m ]cn-]qW kp_-X Dd-p-h-cp-n-b-tijw
Jp-Bs Hmtcm hmpw k\n-jvIjw "apkzv-l^n' tcJ-s-Sp-
pICXm-bn-cpp \nnX hyh. C{]-Imcw hnip Jp-Bs
B[n-Im-cn-I-amb Hcp tImn Fgp-Xn--m-dmn, \_n Xncp-ta-\n-
bpsS ]Xv\n l^vk-zbpsS ] kqn-m-t\-]np. {]kvXpX
tImn ]Im-\pw X-fpsS ssIh-i-ap tImn-I AXp-ambn
Hp-t\mn icn-s-Sp-m\pw P\v s]mXp A\p-hmZw \Ip-
Ibpw sNbvXp.
Atd- _ ybn Fm- b n- S pw Ad- _ n- X - s - b m- b n- c pp `mj.
Fm hnhn[ {]tZ-i--fp-sSbpw tKm{X--fp-sSbpw kwkm-c-`m-j-
I-fn A]-kz] hyXym-k--fp-m-bn-cpp; \psS \mSp-I-fn
Htc `mj kwkm-cn-p--hn-S-bns hnhn[ \K-c--fnepw
Pn-I-fn-ep-sams hyXym-k- D-Xp-t]mse. Jp-B Ah-X-
cn-Xv a-bn Jpssd-in-I kwkm-cn-p-h `mj-bn-em-bn-cpp.
F-nepw CXc {]tZ-i-mpw tKm{X-mpw Ah-c-h-cpsS Dm-
c-W {]tbm-K-co-Xn-I-f\p-k-cnv AXv hmbn-p-sIm-m BZy-n
A\p-hmZw \I-nbn-cpp. hmp-I Xv ]cn-Nn-X-amb Dm-c-
W-co-Xn-bn hmbn-pp F-X-msX, CXp-aqew AY-hy-Xym-
k--sfmpw kw`-hn-p-am-bn-cp-n. Fm, ANn-tcW Ckv-em-
an\p {]Nmcw knn-p-h--tm ]qh-nXn XpS-cp-Xv A\m-im-
26 Jp-B ]T-\-n\v Hcp apJ-hpc

ky-am-bn-tmn.
acp-`q-an-I Xmn Ad-_n-I temI-ns hen-sbmcp `mKw
A[o\-s-Sp-n. CXc P\-]-Z- Ckv-em-an {]th-in-p-sIm-n-
cpp; Ad_nA\-d-_n -k--e\w Ad-_n-`m-jsb KWy-ambn kzm[o-
\n-p. taenepw CXc Dm-c-W-co-Xn-I-f-\p-k-cnv Jp-B hmbn-m
A\ph-Zn--p-Xv ]e Ipg-pw Imc-W-am-tb-p-sav \ymb-
ambpw Bi-I-fp-mbn. DZm-l-c-W-n\v, Hcp-h A]-cv ]Yy-a-
m coXn-bn ]mcm-bWw sNp-tm Znhy-h-N-\- t_m[-
]qhw Ae-tm-e-sSp-p-I-bm-sWp [cnv ]c-kv]cw hg-p-
m-tbmw. tIhew `mjm-]-c-amb Cu eLp-hy-Xym-k-Xs
Imem- - c - n am- n- c p- ep- I v hmXn Xpd- p- s Im- S p-
spw hcmw; Ad_nA\-d_n k-e\w-sImv `mjm-ssh-IrXw
kw`-hn-m hnI-e-`m-j-bn ssIImcyw sNp-I-aqew Jp-Bs
`mjm-`wKn hn\-jvS-am-hp-Ibpw sNbvtXmw. Cu hI Imc-W--fm,
Jeo^ A_q-_-Ivdns \ntZ-i-{]-Imcw B[nIm-cn-I-ambn tcJ-
s-Sp--s Jp-Bs AwKo-Ir-X-tIm-n-bpsS icn--Ip-I
am{Xta Ckv-em-anI cmjv{Sm-Xnn-p-n-se-hn-sSbpw {]kn-o-I-
cn-m ]mSp-q-shpw Dm-c-W-t`-Z--tfmsS Fgp-X-s Fm apkz-
vl-^p-I-fp-sSbpw {]km-[\w \ntcm-[n--W-sapw lZvdXv Dkvam
{]apJ kzlm-_n-I-fp-ambn IqSn-bm-tem-Nnv Xocp-am-\np.
Dkv a m, HutZym- K n- I - X - e - n ]Inv \m\m- c m- P y- - f n-
tepw tImn-I Ab-p-sIm-Sp-n-cp, kzno-Jp AIv_-dns
B[n-ImcnI apkz-vl-^p-ambn {]Xy-cw tbmPn--Xt{X Ctm
\psS ssIbn-en-cn-p Jp-B. temI-ns ]e `mK--fn
{]kvXpX B[n-ImcnI tImn-I Cpw nXn-sN-p-pv. Jp-
Bs kpc-n-X-Xz-n Bs-nepw AWp-thmfw kwi-b-ap-
s-n kwi-b-\n-hr-n-h-cp-pI kpkm-[y-amWv. ]n-am-{^n--
bnse ]pkvX-I--S-bn\nv Hcp-tImn hmn, Pmh-bn Jp-B
a\x-]m-T-am-nb Hcm ]mcm-bWw sNp--Xp-ambn AXns\ Xn-p-
t\m-s; AYhm, temI-nse hInS sse{_-dn-I-fn kqn-
n-cn-p, Jeo^m Dkvams Imew-sXm-n-tmfw ]e \qm-p-I-
fn Fgp-X-s apkzv-l^p-I-fp-am-sbm-p-t\m-s. Bsc-nepw
hn-]pn hyXymkw ImWp ]w, Ncn-{X-{][m\-amb B alm
Ip-]n-Snw temIs Adn-bn-m Xo-bmbpw Abm _m[y-
- \ mWv !
Jp-B ssZh-Z--amb {Ktam Fv Hcmv kwi-bn-m
kzmX-{y-apv; ]t, \psS ssIh-i-an-cn-p Jp-B Hcp
G-p-d-n-ep-an-msX, apl--Zv\_n temI-k-aw kan-n-cp
 Jp-B ]T-\-n\v Hcp apJ-hpc 27
JpBXs F hkvXpX Hpw kwi-b-n-\n-S-an-m Ncn-{X-
bmYm-Yyw am{X-amWv. am\-h-N-cn-{X-n C{X-ta nc-s asm-
cp- I m- c yhpw ImWp- I bn. CXns kp_- - X - b n kwi- b w- ] p-
ep Hcmv, tdma Fw]-b Fsmcp km{amPyw temI-
p- m- b n- c ptm Fpw apK- f - m Cy `cn- n- c ptm Fpw
s\tm-fn-b Fsm-cm Pohn-n-cptm Fpw kwi-bn-m-hp--
XmWv. Ccw Ncn-{X-bmYmYy--fn kwibw {]I-Sn-n-p-Xv
Adn-hn-s-b, Adn-hp-tISns e-W-amWv.
]T-\-coXn
hnip Jp-B t]msemcp {Ks At\-I-m-bn-c-am-fp-I
At\Iw `n Dt-iy--tfmsS kao-]n-pI kzm`m-hn-I-amWv. Cu
Fm Xc-m-cp-tSbpw Dt-iy-Xm]-cy- IW-n-se-Spv D]-tZiw
\IpI km[y-amb Imcy-a. At\z-j-I-cpsS Cu tLmj-bm-{X-
bn, Jp-B a\-n-em-m\pw a\p-jys Pohn-X-{]-iv\--fn
Fp -amK-\ntZ-i-am-WXv \Ip--sX--dn-bm\pw B{K-ln-p
kXym-t\z-j-I-cn am{Xta F\nv Xm]-cy-apq. A-s\-bp--
hv Jp-B ]T-\-kw-_--ambn Nne D]-tZ-i- \Im\pw
s]mXp-hn Cu hnjb-I-ambn t\cn-Sm-hp Nne {]bm-k- ]cn-
l-cn-m\pw Rm {ianmw:
HcmJp- B - \ n hniz- k n- s, hniz- k n- m- X n- c n- sCu
{Kw a\-n-em-m bYmY-n-em-{K-ln-p-p-thm? FnemZyw,
t\ct cq]- h Xv I r- X - a mb [mc- W - I - f n\npw kn- m - -
fn\npw A\p-Iq-etam {]Xn-Iq-etam Bb Xm]-cy--fn\npw
a\-ns\ km[y-am-Ip-n-S-tmfw ap-am-p-I; {Kln-m-\p-t-in-
- p - a m{Xw Xpd- - l r- Z - b - t msS ]T\w Bcw- ` n- p- I - . A- s \- b -
msX, Nne {]tXyI Nnm- K - X n- I a\- nshv ]mcm- b Ww
sNp--h JpBs hcn-I-fn kzw Nnm-K-Xn-I-fmWv hmbn-
pI. Jp- B s Kw- t ]mepw Ahsc kv ] in- p- I - b n. Hcp
{K-s -kw-_-npw Bim-ky-a Cu ]T\-coXn. hnti-jnv,
Jp-B Ccw hm-b\-mv AXns Bi-b-{]-]--n-tev
hmXn Xpd-p-sIm-Sp-p-Itb C.
Jp-B-\n kmam-\y-am-sbmcp m\w am{Xta Hcmp-t-iy-
ap-q-sh-n Hcm-hrn hmbn-m aXn-sb-p-hcmw. Fm B
a l Z v
{K--ns Bg--fn-en-d-n-s-m-\m-{K-ln-p--h ctm \mtem
XhW hmbn-mepw aXn-bm-Ip--X. ]e {]mhiyw, Hmtcm Xh-Wbpw
Hmtcm {]tXyI coXn- b n hmbn- t - - X pv . Hcp hnZymYn- s b-
28 Jp-B ]T-\-n\v Hcp apJ-hpc

tmse s]knepw t\mp-_ppw ssIbn I-cpXn Bh-iy-amb

t]mbp-I Ipdn-s-Sp-p-Ibpw thWw.
C{]-Imcw hmbn-m k--X-bp--h, Jp-B D-bn-p
NnmIa ]-XnIsf-p-dnv s]mXp-hm-sbmcp hoWw Dt-in-
p-sIm-p-am{Xw cp-X-h-W-sb-nepw BZyw hmbn-t--XmWv.
Cu {]mcw` ]T-\-at[y Jp-Bs kqW-Nn{Xw ka-{K-am-sbmp
\ncon-p-I. AXp--bn-p auen-I- kn-m-- Fs-m-am-
sWv ImWpI. Ah-bn {]Xn-jvTn-X-am-Ip Pohn-X -hy-h-n-Xn-
bpsS kz`mh-sa-m-sWv a\-n-em-m\pw IqSn {in-t--XmWv.
CXn-\n-S-bn ht-Spw h tNmZyhpw a\-n-ep-Zn-p ]w
AsX-n Atm Ahn-sS-sh-p-Xs [rXn-sv Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-
msX, AXv Ipdn- p-
sh-p-Ibpw am-]qhw hmb\ XpS-cp-Ibpw sNpI; Xo-bmbpw
aptm-s-hn-sS-sb-nepw AXn-p adp-]Sn e`n-m-\mWv km[yX.
adp]Sn e`n-p-I-gn-m tNmZy-tm-sSmw AXpw Ipdn-p-shpI.
AYhm, {]Y-a -hm-b-\-bn Xs tNmZy-n-\p-cw e`n-n-s-n
am-]qhw cm-aXpw hmbn-p-t\m-pI. kzm\p-`hw shp-]-d-
m, Ah-Km-l-amb cm-as ]mcm-b-W-n A]qh-ambn
am{Xta GsX-nepw tNmZy-n-\p-cw e`n-m-Xn-cp-n-pq.
khn-kvX-c- ]T\w
Cn[w Jp-B-s\-p-dnv Hcp ka-{K-ho-Ww km[n--tijw
khnkvX-c-amb ]T\w Bcw-`n-t--Xm-Ipp. ChnsS hmb-\-m-
c
Jp-B-\nI in-W--fpsS Hmtcm hi-hpw -]-Tnv t\mp-sN-t--
XmWv. DZm-l-c-W-ambn, am\p-jy-I-ns GXv amXr-I-bmWv Jp-
B A`n-e-j-Wo-b-am-bn-m-Wp--sXpw GXp amXr-I-bn-ep a\p-
jy-\m-W-Xns ZrjvSn-bn A\-`n-e-j-Wo-b-s\pw a\-n-em-m-\m-
{K-ln-p-p-sh-n-cn-s, hnjbw kp{K-l-am-tI--Xn-\mbn, A`n-
e-j-Wo-bhpw A\-`n-e-j-Wo-b-hp-amb a\p-jy-am-Xr-I-I-fpsS `n
khn-ti-j-X-I Xs t\mv _pn Ipdn-p-sh-t--XmWv. A{]-
Im-cw-Xs Jp-B-\nI ho-W-n a\p-jy-tam--n\p \nZm-
\-amb Imcy--tfsX-m-am-sWv Adn-bp-I-bm-Wp-t-iy-sa-n-cn-s,
CXpw hy-X-tbmsS hni-Z-ambn Adn-bm-\p {Iaw, Xs t\mn
tam-tl-Xp--sfpw \mi-tl-Xp--sfpw cp ioj-I- ]c-
kv]-cm-`n-ap-J-ambn Ipdn-p-Ibpw Znh-tk\ Jp-B ]mcm-bW at[y
cp-Xcw Imcy-fpw t\mp-sN-bvXp-t]m-cp-I-bp-am-Ipp. Cs\
hnizmkw, kZm-Nmcw,AhIm-i-_m-[y-X-I, kmaq-ln-IX, \mK-cn-IX,
 Jp-B ]T-\-n\v Hcp apJ-hpc 29
km-nIw, cmjv{Sobw, \nbaw, kwL-S\, bpw, kn Fp-
th Pohn- X - { ]- i v\- - t fm-
tcmn-s\-p-dn-p-ap Jp-B-\n-Im-[ym-]-\- Ipdn-p-sh-p-Ibpw
Hmtcm Pohn-X-ta-J-e-bp-sSbpw s]mXp-hmb Nn{X-sa-s-pw B Fm
Nn{Xfpw kap--bn--s-Sp-tm cq]-s-Sp kqW Pohn-X-
Nn{Xw a\n-em-m {in-p-Ibpw th-XmWv.
C\n, GsX-nepw Hcp {]tXyI Pohn-X-{]-iv\-n Jp-Bs
ho- W - K Xn Is- m- \ mWv Hcmv Dt- i y- s a- n AXn\v
Ghpw sa-amb ]T-\-coXn CXmWv: BZy-ambn _-s {]iv\w
Fm-sWv, XZzn-j-b-I-am-bp {]mNo-\hpw B[p-\n-I-hp-amb {K-
Bg-n ]-Tnv hne-bn-cp-m {in-pI; {]iv\-ns
auen- I - _ n- p- Fs- m- a mWv ? a\p- j y XZv k w- _ - - a mbn
Ctmfw Fsmw Nnn-p-Ibpw {Kln-p-Ibpw sNbvXn-pv?
Fnpw A]cn-lm-cy-ambn Ah-ti-jn-p hkvXp-X-I Fsmw?
{]iv\-n Fhn-sS-s-mWv a\p-jy-Nn KXn-ap-n-\n-p-Xv?
Fsmw hy-ambn a\-n-em-pI; A\-cw, ]cn-lm-cml--
fmb {]iv\- apnshv Jp-B ]mcm-bWw sNpI. C-
s\-sbmcp {]iv\-ns ]cn-lm-cmYw Jp-B hmbn-m-\n-cp-m
AXn-\p-apv ]ehw hmbn-n-cn-m-hp kq--fns _-
s tNmZy-p adp-]Sn e`n-p-sa--XmWv hyn-]-c-ambn
Fs A\p-`hw. Cusbmcp hnj-bhpw AhnsS ad-n-cn-p-m-bn-
cpp F Nn AXn\v apsm-cn-epw a\-n-ep-Zn-n-cn-tb C!
]T\w {]tbm-K-hXvI-c-W-n-eqsS
Cu ]T-\-amK--sfmw Ah-ew-_n-mepw, Jp-B hXv
Fn\v thn-bmtWm B {]h\w kzbw \S-m-Xn-cn-p-n-S-
tmfw Jp-B-\n-s ssNX\yw ]qW-ambn Dsm-m\m-hpIbn-
. Cuko-
sN-b-dn-en-cpp hmbnp {Kln-m ]p Xc-n-ep-, tIh-e-
amb BZiknm---fpsS {K-a Jp-B. t\ct kqNn-
n--Xp-t]mse, s]mXp-sh temI--dn-b-s-Sp aX-k--]--
\p-kr-X-amb X\n aX-{K--hp-a. AXn-\m ]n-I-fnepw ]n-
q-S--fnepw shv AXnse bpn m\cl-ky--sfmw Npcp-
f-gn-p-I-f-bm-sav Icp-Xp-Xpw icn-b. Jp-B {]t_m-[-\-{K-
-amWv; {]m-\-ns amK-ZiI {K-amWv. AXv h-]mtS,
\n_vZ {]Ir-X-\mb Hcp- \ a\p-jys\ GIm--X-bn\np ]pd-
p- s Im- p- h p; ssZh- [ n- mcn- b mb temI- n- - ` n- a p- J - a mbn
\nn; Ak-Xy-n-s\Xn-cn in-bmbn i_vZ-ap-bm At-
30 Jp-B ]T-\-n\v Hcp apJ-hpc

ls {]m]vX-\mn. Ahn-izm-k-n-sbpw A[a-n-sbpw [zP-

hm- l - I s- X nsc At- l s kac- c w- K - n- d n. Hmtcm
hon\npw ip-{]-Ir-Xcpw \nkzmY-cp-amb \ a\p-jysc B
{Kw BIjn-p-Ibpw Ah-sc-sbmw {]hm-N-Is sImSn-q-d-
pIo-gn GIo-I-cn-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. \mns Fm app-aq-e-I-
fnepw Ie-l-Ip-Xp-In-I-fmb Xn-bpsS in-Isf AXv Cf-n-hnp.
kXy-tk-h-Is-Xnsc Ahsc bp-n-\n-dn.
Hcp hyn-bpsS Blzm-\-n\nv {]h-\-am-cw-`n Cu
{Kw, \o Ccp-]-n-aqp hjw, ssZhn-I-cm-jv{S-ns kwm-
]\w hsc, B al{]-m-\-n\v amK-\ntZiw \In-sm-n-
cpp. kXyhpw Ak-Xy-hp-ambn s\Sp-\m-fs tLmc ka-c--fpsS
Hmtcm L-nepw \nWm-b-I-amb Hmtcm hgn-n-cn-hnepw AXv
kwlmc\nam-W--fpsS cq]-tcJ hc-p-Imn.
\mam-Is, hnizm-khpw Ahn-izm-khpw Xn-ep kwL--\-
n, Ckv-em-an-sbpw Pmln-en--Xn-sbpw cWm--W-n Imse-
Spp-shp-I-t]mepw sNp-n. {]kvXpX ka-c-ns Hcp L-
n
-eq-sSbpw IS-p-t]m-Im \ap-v k`-ap-m-Ip-n Fn-cns,
Jp- B s ]Z- hmbn- - X p- s Imp am{Xw B Poh {K- -
nse bmYmYy--sfmw \ap-s-s\ A\m-h-cWw sN-sSpw?
Jp-B ]qW-ambn a\-n-em-m, AXpw ssIbn-ten Ia-cw-
K-n-d-p-Ibpw kXy-{]-t_m-[-\-ZuXyw \nh-ln-p-Xp-S-p-Ibpw
\m\m Pohn-X-ta-J-e-I-fn Jp-B-\nI amK-\ntZ-i--\p-kr-
X-ambn aptm-p-\o-p-Ibpw thXm-Ipp. Atm Jp-Bs
Ah-X-c-W-L--n t\cn Fm A\p-`-h-fpw ]co--W-fpw
\appw t\cn-tS-n-h-cp--XmWv. a-bpsS, A_n-ko-\n-b-bpsS, XzmC-
^ns cwK- \apv Zriy- a mIpw; _Zv d pw DlpZpw apX
lpss\\pw X_qIpw hsc Fm L-fpw \psS apn-eqsS IS-
p-t]mIpw; hgn-at[y A_q-P-lv-en-s\bpw A_q-e-l-_n-s\bpw \mw
Ip-appw; I]-S-hn-izm-kn-Ifpw blq-Z-mcpw \tm-sS-Xn-cnSpw; {]Y-
a-hn-izm-kn-I apX Aap-kvenw A\p-`m-hn-I hsc, ]e amXr-I-
bn-ep a\p-jy-cp-ambn \ap-n-S-s]-tS--Xm-bn-hcpw.
Xo-bmbpw CsXmcp {]tXy-I-Xcw "m\-amKw'-X-s-bmWv.
Jp-B-\nI amK-sav Rm\-Xns\ hnti-jn-n-s. Cu m\-
amK-n GXv L-n-eqsS \mw IS-p-t]m-Ip-tmgpw Jp-B-
\nse Nne kq-fpw A[ym-b-fpw aptm-p-hv, Ah B L-
n Ah-X-cn--Xm-sWpw C-bn amK-\ntZ-i--fp-ambn Ah-
 Jp-B ]T-\-n\v Hcp apJ-hpc 31
X-cn--Xm-sWpw \tmSv ]d-bp-p-sh-Xv CXns Hcp khn-ti-
j-X-bs{X. ChnsS `mjbpw hymI-c-W-hp-ambpw kmln-Xymw-i--fp-
ambpw _-s Fs-nepw kqN-\-I A\p-hm-NI ZrjvSn-bn
]t, s]n-sv hcm-sa-nepw Jp-B AXns Ax-k
B m\-]-Yn-I\p ]Ip-sIm-Sp-p--Xn Hpw-Xs ]nipp
Imp-I-bn-sv Xo.
Cu s]mXp-X-z-a-\p-k-cnv, Jp-Bs \nb-a-hn-[n-Ifpw [manI
kZm- N m- c - i n- - W - fpw km- nIkmaq- l n- I m- [ ym- ] - \ - fpw
\m\m Pohn-X-ta-J-e-Isf kv]in-p auen-I-kn-m--fpw, Ah-
sbmw AXXv thZn- I - f n {]mhnIam- p- t m- g - msX bYm-
tbmKyw a\-n-em-hp-I-bn. kzIm-cy-Po-hn-X-n Jp-Bs\ ]np-
S-cm Hcp hynpw, X-fpsS kmaq-ln-I-m-]-\--sfmw Jp-
B-\nI \b-n-\p -hn-]-co-X-ambn \S-n-sm-n-cn-p Hcp kap-
Zm-b-n\pw Cu {Kw {Kln-pI km[y-a; Ah am-n\p
Xm-d-s-n!
am\p-jy-I-n\v amK-ZiIw
Jp-B AJne a\p-jy-cm-in-bpsS amK-Zi-\-n-\mbn h-
Xm-sW AXns Ah-Im-i-hmZw kphn-Zn-X-amWv. Fm, Ah-X-
c- W - I m- e - L - - nse Ad- _ n- I - t fm- S mWv Gdn- b - I qdpw AXns
kwt_m- [ - \ - s b- t{X Jp- B hmbn- p- t \m- p Hcmv
ImWmI- g n- b p- Xv . Nne- t m- s gms AXv am\- h - I p- e s
s]mXphmbn Blzm\w sNpp-sh-nepw Ad-_n-I-fpsS A`n-cp-Nn-
Ifpw BNm-c-hn-Nm-c--fp-ambn, Atd_y-bpsS A-co-hpw Ncn-
{X-]-m--e-hp-ambn _-s-Sp-n-sm-mWv Jp-Bs {]Xn-
]m-Z-\--f-[n-Ihpw. CsXms ImWp-tm a\p-jy-hK-n\v amK-
Zi-I-ambn h Hcp {K-n C{X-tbsd B\p-Im-en-I-Xbpw
tZio-b-km-ap-Zm-bn-I-p-hbpw Fp-sImm-sWv hmb-\-mc
Nnn-p-t]m-hpp. {]iv\ns icnbmb kz`mhw a\-n-em-Im--
Xn-s- ^-e-ambn, Jp-B ka-Im-en-I-cmb Ad-_n-I-fpsS Dm-c-
WmYw Ah-X-cn-n--XmsWpw ]no-S-Xns\ henp-\on am\p-jy-
I-ns imiz-X- amK-Zi-I-{K--ambn {]Xn-jvTn--Xm-bn-cn--W-
sapw Abm kwi-bn-m-\n-Shcpp.
tIhew hnain-m thn hnain-p--h-cpsS Imcyw Ccn-
s; {]iv\w bYmY-am-bpw a\-n-em-m Dt-in-p--h-tcmSv
F\nv D]tZin-m-\p-Xv, BZy-ambn Jp-B Hp-IqSn hmbn-
p-t\m--W-sa-mWv. Ad-_n-Iv {]tXy-I-satm e-Im-e-]-
cn-Xxn-Xn-I-sImv ]cn-an-X-satm kXy-n tXmm-hp-- h
32 Jp-B ]T-\-n\v Hcp apJ-hpc

BZi-kn-m--hpw Jp-B D-bn-n-p-s-n, As\ h

kZm-Nm-c-X-ztam \nb-a-N-tam hnh-cn-n-p-s-n AXXv m\-
-fn AsXmw Hv AS-bm-f-s-Sp-s.
Hcp {]tXyI `q`m-K-n-sebpw Ime-L--n-sebpw P\-sf
A`n-kw-t_m-[\ sNbvXp-sImv Ah-cpsS _lp-ssZ-h-Xz-]-c-amb
hnizm-kmNm-c--sf Jn-p-p-sh-Xpw, \ymb-kaY\-n\v
Ahp Npn- e p- a p hkv X p- X I- f hew- _ n- p- s Imv GI- s sZ- h -
Xzs m]n- p- p- s h- Xpw Jp- B s ktiw Imen- I tam
{]mtZ-in-Itam BsWv hn-[n-I-]n-m aXn-bmb Imc-W--f.
]cn-K-W-\obamb hkvXpX CXmWv: _lp-ssZ-h-Xz-J--\-ambn
Jp-B D-bn-p Imcy- Atd-_y apiv-cn-p-I-fp-sS-sb-
-t]mse temI-nse atXp _lp-ssZ-hXz-hn-izm-k-n\pw Xpey-
\n-e-bn _m[-I-am-Ip-nt? A{]-Im-cw-Xs, GI-ssZhXz m]-
\-n\v Jp-B kan \ymb- e-Im-e-]-c-amb Nnd
\op-t]m-p-I-tfmsS Fm Ime-tZ-i--fnepw {]tbm-P-\-{]-Z-at.
"AsX' FmWv adp-]-Sn-sb-n, Hcp {]tXyI Ime-L--n Hcp
{]tXyI kap-Zm-bs- A`n-ap-Jo-I-cnv Do-X-ambn FXp-sIm-p-
am{Xw Hcp kmh-eu-In-I-k-t-is Imen-Ihpw {]mtZ-in-I-hp-ambn
ap{Z-Ip-m Hcp \ymbo-I-c-W-hp-an. BZyw \nc-t]--ambn (Ab-
stract) Dbn- - s - Xpw GsX- n- e p- s amcp ]cn- X x- n- X n- b p- a mbn
kwtbm-Pnn-msX hni-Zo-I-cn--s--Xp-amb Hcp {]Xybimkv{X-
hpw PohnX-hy-hbpw -Nnm-{]-m-\hpw -Ctmfw temI-p-m-
bnn-s--XmWv ]c-amYw. HmaXv: A{X-ta kqW-amb \nc-
t]-X km[y-a. km[y-sa-ns, B coXn-bn Do-X-amb
BZi-kn-m-- {K-m-fp-I-fn Ah-ti-jn-p-I-b-msX
Xe-ap-d-I-fpsS Pohn-X-n Aen-p-tNv {]mtbm-KnI Pohn-X-
hy-h--bmbn cq]w-sImpI Xosc Akw-`-hyhp-amWv.
Nnm-]-chpw [man-Ihpw \mK-cn-I-hp-amb Hcp {]m-\s cmjv-
{Sm--co-b- Xe-n {]N-cn-n-pI ey-am-sW-n XpS--n-
s AXns\ XnIpw cmjv{Sm--co-I-cn-m {ian-p-sIm--W-
sa-n. AXv ^e-{]-Z-hp-a F-XmWv ]c-amYw. am\-h-Po-hnX
hyhn-Xn--Sn-m-\-ambn B {]m\w D-bn-p BZi-kn-
m---sfbpw auen-I-X-z--sfbpw {]m-\-ns P-`q-an-bn-
s ]qW-i-n-tbmsS kan-p-I-bmWv bYmY-n-te-hpw
icn-bmb amKw. BcpsS `mjbpw BNm-c-hn-Nm-c-fpw kz`m-h-N-
cy-I-fp-ambn {]m-\-\m-b-I Cgp-In-tn-cn-p-pthm B P\-
X-bpsS a\-n AXns\ Icp-n-Sn-n-p-I-sb--Xm-hWw AbmfpsS
{]Y- a - { ]- h \w. As\ Xs knm- - kzw \mn
 Jp-B ]T-\-n\v Hcp apJ-hpc 33
{]mhn-I-am-p-Ibpw XZ-Sn-m-\n Hcp Pohn-X-hyh hnP-
b-I-c-ambn sIn--Sp-p-Ibpw sNp-I-hgn temI-ns apn Hcp
amXrI kan-p-I-bmWv IcWo-b-am-bn-p-Xv. Atm, A\y-
cm-Py-fpw P\-fpw Atmv {i-Xn-cn-p-w. Nnm-io-e-cmb Bfp-
I aptm-p-h-v {]m-\s a\-n-em-m-\pw Ah-c-h-cpsS \mSp-
I-fn AXns\ \S-nh-cp-m\pw {ian-p--XmWv.
Npcp--n, Hcp NnmIa-]-Xn Bcw-`-n Hcp {]tXy-
I-P-\-X-bn kan--s-Xpw \ymb-k-aY-\-tijn apgps B
P\Xsb t_m[-hm-m-cm-m \ntbm-Kn--s-Xpw {]kvXpX ]Xn
tIhew kmap-Zm-bn-Itam tZio-btam Bbn-cp-p-sh--Xn\v sXfn-hm-
Ip-n. Hcp tZiobkmap-Zm-bnI hyh-sb kmh-tZ-io-bhpw
kmh-P-\o-\-hp-amb hyh--bn\npw kma-bn-I-amb Hcp hyh-
sb imizX-kz-`m-h-ap Hcp hyh--bn\npw thXn-cn-p
khn-ti-j-X-I bYmY-n Ch-bmWv:
tZiobkmap-Zm-bn-I-hy-h Hcp tZi-n-sbpw kap-Zm-b-n-
sbpw A`yp--Xn-p-thnbpw Ah-cpsS {]tXyI Ah-Im-i-
Xm]-cy-p-th-nbpw hmZn-pp; CX-c -P-\-k-ap-Zm-b--fn
{]mhn- I - a m- m- \ - c p- X m BZ- i knm- - - s f- b m- b n- c npw
AXp {]Xn-\n-[m\w sNp-Xv. CXn\v hn]-co-X-ambn, kmh-tZ-iob
hyh Fm a\p-jypw Xpey-]-Zhnbpw Xpeym-h-Im-i-fpw
hmKvZm\w sNp-Ibpw AXns BZi knm---fn kmh-
eu-In-IX Dsm-f-fp-Ibpw sNpp. A{]-Im-cw-Xs, Imen-I-
amb Hcp hyh A\n-hm-cy-ambpw Ime-ns Nne XIn-Sw-a-dn-n-
ep- I pw tijw XnIpw A{]mtbm- K nI- a m- b n- o- c p
BZiknm---fn A[n-jvTnX-am-bn-cnpw. Fm, amdn-sm-
n-cn-p Fm ]cn-tXm-h--Ipw A\p-tbmPy-am-bn-cnpw, Hcp
imiz-XnI hyh--bpsS knm--.
Cu {]tXy-I-X-I IW-n-se-Spv Jp-B Hcm-hrn hmbn-
p-t\mpI; Fnv AXp--bn Pohn-X-hy-h Imen-Itam tZio-
btam kmap-Zm-bn-Itam BsW k]-n\v hmkvX-hn-I-amb
h ASn-m-\hpw Is-m Ign-bptam Fv {im-]qhw Hv
{ian-p-t\m-pI!
hni-Zmw-i--fpsS {K-a
Jp-B-s\-n, AsXmcp khn-kvX-c-amb kmmKnI ]pkvX-
Ihpw \nb- a - k w- l n- X - b p- a m- s Wv Hcp icm- i cn hmb- \ - m- c
t\ct [cnp-sh-n-cn-pp. ]t, Abm-fXv hmbn-p-t\m-p-
tm kmaq-lnI \mK-cn-Icmjv{Sobkm-n-ImZn Pohn-X-ta-J-
34 Jp-B ]T-\-n\v Hcp apJ-hpc

e-I-sf-p-dn kphn-iZ-amb \nb-am-h-en-I AXn ImWp-n-sp

am{X-a, Jp-B Bh-n-q-p \a-kvImcw, kImXv apX-emb
\n_ Ia--sf-p-dnp-t]mepw Bh-iy-amb hni-Zmw-i--fpsS
Hcp \nb-am-hen AXv kan-n-n-s--XmWv hkvXpX. CXpw hmb-
\-m-cs a\-n Bi-b-pgw krjvSn-pp. Jp-B GXY-
nep kmmKnI {K-am-sWv Abm Nnn-p-t]m-Ipp.
hkvXp-X-bpsS Hcp hiw \psS ImgvN-m-Sn Xosc s]Sm-Xn-cp-
- X mWv Cu Nnm- p- g - - smw Imc- W - a m- b n- c n- p- Xv .
ssZhw Hcp {Kw Ah-X-cn-n-pI am{X-a sNbvXn-p-Xv; B
{K-ns hmhpw {]tbm-mhpambn Hcp {]hm-N-Is\ \ntbm-
Kn-p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cn-pp F-Xm-Wm-hiw. P\-v Hcp m
\In, XZ\p-kr-X-amb sInSw AhXs \nan-p-sIm--W-sa-
-m-bn-cpp ssZh-ln-X-sa-n Xo-bmbpw \nam-W-ns Fm
hni-Zmw-i-fpw Ahp e`n-t--Xp-m-bn-cpp. ]t, \nam-
W-kw-_--amb \ntZ-i-smw HutZym-Kn-I-am-bn-s Hcp
Fn-\o-b-sd-qSn \n-bn-p-X-cp-Ibpw \nZn-jvS-]--Xn-b-\p-k-cnv
Atlw sIn-S-\namWw `wKn-bmbn ]qo-I-cn-p-X-cp-Ibpw sNbvXn-
p-s-n-cn-s; Fn-\o-b-sdbpw At-l-m \nan-X-amb sIn-
S-sbpw Ah-K-Wn-p-sImv, cq]-tc-J-bns imJm-]-c-amb
hni-Zmw-i- At\z-jn-p-Xpw AX-hn-sS-bn-s-p-Iv B cq]-
tc-J-bpsS A]q-W-Xsb ]gn-p-Xpw sXmWv.
Jp-B imtJm-]-im-J-I-fpsS {K-a; auen-I-X-z--fpsS
{K-amWv. Ckv-em-anI hyh--nXnbpsS ss[j-Wn-Ihpw [man-I-
hp-amb ASn--d-Isf ]qW-hy--X-tbmsS D-bn-p-Ibpw _pn-
]- c - a mb kaY- \ w- s Impw sshIm- c n- I - a mb kao- ] - \ w- s Impw
Ahsb tap-ta `{Z-am-p-I-bp-amWv AXns kmm IrXyw.
AXn-\-pdw, Ckv-em-an-I -Po-hn-X-ns {]mtbm-KnIcq]s kw_-
n-t-S-tmfw Jp-B \Ip amK-Zi\w Hmtcm Pohn-X-
s-bpw]n khn-kvXcw \nbaN- ]Tn-n-p-sIm-; {]XypX,
Pohn-X-ns Hmtcm taJ-e-bp-sSbpw \me-Xn-cp-I \nW-bn-p-
Ibpw Nne {]tXy-I-m-\--fn {]I-S-amw-hw \mgn-I--p-I
m]n-p-Ibpw sNbvXp-sImv B Pohn-X-ta-J-eI ssZh-ln-
Xm-\p-kmcw Fs\ kwhn-[m-\n--s-S-W-sap \ntZin-p-X-cp-I-
bmWXp sNp-Xv. Cu \ntZim-\p-kr-X-ambn Ckv-em-an-I-Po-hn-X-
n\v {]mhn-I-cq]w \IpI {]hm-N-Is I-hy-am-bn-cpp.
AXm-bXv, Jp-B Ah-X-cn-n auenI-X-z-sf {]tbm-K-hXvI-
cn-p-sImv sshb-nI kz`mh-Ncy-I-fp-sSbpw kmaq-lnIcmjv{So-
b- kw-hn-[m-\-n-sbpw kaq-am-Xr-I-I kan-p-I-bm-bn-
 Jp-B ]T-\-n\v Hcp apJ-hpc 35
cpp {]hm-N-Is ZuXyw. AXn-\p-th-n-bm-bn-cpp, Ahn-Spv
\ntbm-Kn-X-\m-b-Xp-Xs.
hymJym-\-t`-Z-
Jp-Bs\ kw_-nv s]mXpth P\-a\n Xd-p-\np
asmcp tNmZy-anXmWv: ssZhn-I-{K--ns Bhn`m-h-n-\p-tijw
`nn-nepw In-am--cy-nepw s]n-cn-p--h-scbpw kzaXs
Xpw- X p- - a m- n- b - h - s cbpw Jp- B AXn- I - T n- \ mbn `n- p-
pv; AtX-k-abw, Jp-B-\nI \nb-a--fp-sS-s hymJym-\-
-fn kmc-amb A`n-{]m-b-`n--X-I ImW-s-Sp-Ibpw sNpp.
]nm- e ]n- X - mn- S - b n am{X- a , ]qhn- I - c mb
CamapIpw Xm_nCu-Ipw CS-bns, \_n-bpsS kJm-
n-S-bntmepw! CsX{X-tm-f-sa-m, \nb-a-{]-[m-\-amb
Hcp kq-n-s\-nepw khmw-Ko-Ir-X-amb Hcp hymJym-\-ap--
Xmbn ImWp-n. Atm aX-`n--Xsb kw_-n Jp-B-\n-
Im-[n-t]w Chsmw _m[-I-amtWm? As-n Jp-B
hntcm-[n In-Xzhpw `n-Xbpw Fn-[-ap--XmWv?
CsXmcp hn]p-e-amb {]iv\-amWv. khn-kvXc Nv k`-an-
m--Xp-sImv Hcp kmam-\y-hm-b-\-m-cs kwi-b-\n-hr-n--
mh-iy-amb Nne Imcy- am{Xta ChnsS kqNn-n-p-pq. Zo\n
tbmPn- h cpw Ckv - e m- a nI kwL- S - \ - b n Hn- - h - c p- a m- b n- c ns,
tIhew \nba-hn-[n-I-fpsS hymJym-\--fn kXy-k--amb Kth-
j-W-^-e-ambp-m-Im-hp Btcm-Ky-I-c-amb A`n-{]m-b-`n--X-Iv
Jp-B Hcn-epw FXn-c. adnv h{I-ho--W-n\n-p-bn-
sIm-Xpw In-am--cy-n-tev \bn-p--Xp-amb tkzm t{]cn-
X-amb `nn-n-s\-bmWXv `n-p-Xv. Cu cp-Xcw `n-X-I
AX- X ns kz`m- h - n hyXy- k v X - a m- b - X p- t ]mse, A\- - c - ^ - e -
sf hne-bn-cp-p-tmgpw Ah-X-n Xosc kmay-X-bn. AXp-
sIm-p-Xs Ahsb Htc am\-ZwsIm-f-m\pw ]mSp--X.
BZyw ]d `nX DZvK-a-\-ns A---bpw N-e\-_--
amb Pohn-X-ns ssNX-\y-hp-amWv. {]Xyp]--a-Xn-Ifpw {]Xn-
`m-im-en-I-fp-a-S-nb GXp kaq-l-nepw AXp-m-bn-cnpw. _pn-
bp a\p-jy-cp-sS-b-m tIhew s]mp-X-Sn-I-fp-tS-Xmb kaqlw
am{Xta AXn\n- s m- g n- h mIq. ]t, A- s \- b , cm- a Xp
]d `nX. AXv GsXmcp P\-hn-`m-K-n Xe-s]m-n-bn-p-s-
nepw Ahsc inYn-e-am-n--f-n-pv. Acw `n-X-I Btcm-
Ky-ns e-W-a; tcmK-e--W-am-Wv. AXns {]Xym-Lm-X-
Hcp kap-Zm-b-n\pw KpW-{]-Z-am-bn-cn-p-I-bp-an. Cu Zznhn-[-
36 Jp-B ]T-\-n\v Hcp apJ-hpc

amb `n-X-I-fpsS Acw hy-ambn a\-n-em--s-tS--XmWv.

`nX cp-hn[w
Cu hnj-b-I-ambn kw`-hy-amb cp cq]--fn Hv CXmWv:
ssZh-n\pw ssZh-Zq-X-\p-ap A\p-k-c-Wn kap-Zm-bmw-K--
sfmw GIm-`n-{]m-b-m-cm-bn-cn-pp; \nbav ASn-m-\--
fmbn JpB\pw kppw kh-k-Xambn AwKo-I-cn--s-n-cn-
pp. A\-cw, GsX-n-ep-samcp imJm-{]-iv\-ns ]T-\-\n-co-
-W-n cp ]n-X-mAYhm, Hcp tIkns hn[n-bn
cp \ymbm-[n-]-m-]c-kv]cw hntbm-Pn-pp; ]t, Ch-cn-
sem-cm-fpw-Xs B {]iv\-sbpw XXvkw-_--amb Xs A`n-
{]m-b-sbpw Zo\ns ASn-m-\-ambn hymJym-\n-p-Itbm XtmSv
hntbm-Pn-p--h Zo\n-\nv ]pd-m-sWv [cn-p-Itbm sNp-
n. cp-t]cpw Ah-\-hs sXfn-hp-I kan-p-sImv Xsf
kw_-n-t-S-tmfw Kth-j-W-_m-[yX \nd-th-pp Fp-am{Xw.
cn- G-X-`n-{]mbw kzoI-cn-Ww. AYhm cpw kzoIm-cy-amtWm
F {]- i v \ w s]mXp- P - \ - l n- X - n\v tImS- X n- m- c y- a m- s W- n
\mnse An-a-\o-Xn-]o-T-n\pw kmaq-lnI-{]-iv\-am-sW-n kwL-
S-\pwhnp-sIm-Sp-p-Ibpw sNpp.
Zo\ns ASn-m-\-fns A`n{]m-b-`n-X {]I-S-am-p-
I-bt{X cm-as cq]w. As-n, Am-lphpw dkqepw Zo\ns
ASn- m- \ - a mbn AwKo- I - c n- n- n- m Hcp {]iv \ - n GsX-
n e p w
"Ben'tam "kq^n'tbm "ap^vXn'tbm "apX-hn'tbm "eoUtdm' Hc-`n{]mbw
kzoI-cn-p-p. AXns\ A\m-h-iy-ambn hen-p-\on Zo\ns auen-
I-{]-iv\-am-p-p. AXn-e-t-l-tmSv hntbm-Pn-p--hsc aX-{`-
jvScpw kap-Zm-b-{`-jvScp-ambn ap{Z-Ip-p-Ibpw XtmSv Iqdp--h-
cpsS Hcp kwLw cq]-hXvI-cnv, Ch-cmWv kmm apkvenw kap-
Zm-b-sapw ap--h-scmw \c-I-]m-]n-I-fm-sWpw hmZn-p-Ibpw,
apkv-en-am-sW-n Cu kwL-n hp-sIm--Ws-apw Am-
-h-scmpw apkv-en-a-spw tLmjn-p-Ibpw sNpI!
FhnsS-sbms Jp-B `n-X-sbbpw In-am--cy-sbpw
FXnn-ptm Ahn-sS-sbms Cu cm-as `n-X-bm-Wp-t-
in-n-p-Xv. BZyw ]d--Xcw `n-X-I-fm-Is \_n-Xn-cp-ta-\n-bpsS
kn-[nbns AXns Htsd DZm-l-c-W- hn-cp--
XmWv Xncp-ta\n AXns\ A\p-h-Zn-p-I-bp-m-sbp am{X-a A\p-
tam-Zn-p-I-Iq-Sn-sNbvXp. ImcWw, kap-Zm-b-n Nnm-i-nbpw
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 Jp-B ]T-\-n\v Hcp apJ-hpc 37

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