Samvadam 2

kvt\l-kw-hmZw 113
]Xn-s\v
thZhpw KoXbpw ssZhn-Itam?
""Cy-bnse ssl-h-th-Z- ssZhn-I-am-sWv AwKo-I-cn-p-

p-tm?''
hnZy, hnm\w Fsm-s-bmWv thZ-sa ]Z-ns AYw.
A[ym--m-\-sa-mWv AXns hnh. thZ- A]u-cp-tj-b-
-fm-sWv hniz-kn--s-Spp. AXv a\p-jy-\nan-X-a-spw ssZh-
t{]m--am-sWpw Nne thZ-]-n-X-m Ah-Im-i-s-Sm-dpv.
Fm thZ- kzbw A-c-sam-c-h-Im-i-hm-Z-ap--bn-p-n.
Ncn-{X-nse Fm P\-k-aq-l--fn-tepw ssZh-Zq-X-m \ntbm-
Kn-X-cm-bn-p-spw ssZhn-I-k-tiw \I-s-n-p-spw Ckvemw
knm-n-pp. AXn-\m thZ- Bcy-mv Ah-XoW-amb
Znhy-k-t-i--fpsS `mK-am-hm-\p km[yX \ncm-I-cn-mt\m \ntj-
[n-mt\m \ymb-an. F, A-c-samcp km[yX Xo-bm-bp-apv.
Fm Cv \ne-hn-ep Ev, bPpv, kmaw, AYhw Fo \mep
thZ- ssZhn-I-am-sWv Icp-Xm-h-X. Ah a\pjy CS-s]-S-ep-
Iv \nc-cw hnt[-b-am-b-Xn-\m auen-IX \jvS-am-hp-Ibpw A]u-
cp-tj-b--f-m-Xm-hp-Ibpw sNbvXn-pv. Cmcyw thZ-hn-izm-kn-I
Xs Ak-n-Kv[-ambn hy-am-n-bn-pv. tUmIvS cm[m-Ir-jvW
Fgp-Xpp:
""Bcy-m Ah-cpsS BZna hmk-e -
- p-\nv X-fpsS Ghpw
hne-]n-Sn k-s \ne-bn Cy-bn-tev sImp-h Znhy-{]-
tNm-Z-\-apsm Km\- tiJ-cnp kwc-n-t--Xns Bh-
iyw ]pXnb cmPyv CXc tZh-msc Bcm-[n-p hf-sc-b-[nIw
P\--fp-ambn Ahv CS-s]-tS-n-h--tm t\cn--Xn-\m Ah
kam-l-cn--s--Xmbn s]mXpsh hniz-knphcpp...
""hf-sc-m-e-tmfw AYh-th-Z-n\v Hcp thZ-ns Av
ssIh-n-cp-n. Fnepw \psS Ctm-gs Dt-iys kw_-
n-t-S-tmfw EtKzZw t]mse-s AYh-th-Zhpw kzX-{--
114 ssZhw, aXw, thZw
fmb D-S---fpsS Ncn-{X-]-c-amb kam-lm-c-am-Ipp. Nn-bpsS
Hcp ]nm-e-bp-K-n \nan--s Cu thZ-n hym]np
\np-Xv hn`n--amb Hcp at\m-`m-h-as{X. X ]Xp-s--Xps
Iog-S-n-sm-n-cp cmPyv app-m-bn-cp P\- Bcm-[n-n-
cp tZh-m-cp-sSbpw `qXt-{]-Xm-Zn-I-fp-sSbpw t\v sshZn-Im-cy-m
ssIsm Hp-Xov at\m-`m-h-ns ê-sf AXp ImWn-
pp''(`mc-Xob Zi\w, amXr-`qan {]nnwKv B v ]n-jnwKv I\n
enan-Uv, tImgn-tmSv. ]pdw 44, 45).
thZ--fnse ssZh-k-]-n t]mepw Kpcp-X-c-amb amw kw`-
hn--Xmbn tUm. cm[m-Ir-jvW hne-bn-cp-pp.
1017 kq-fpw 10472 Ep-Ifpw 8 AjvS-I-fpw 10 a-e--
fp-ap EtKz-Z-nse ]mw a-e-s-p-dnv cm[m-Ir-jvW ]d-
bpp: ""]mw aew ]nm-ev Iqn-t-Xm-sWv tXm-
pp. thZ-kq---fpsS hnIm-k-ns Ah-km-\-L--n {]Nm-
c-n-en-cp ho-W - f- mWv AXn-eS-
- n-bXv F Imcy-n kwi-
b-an. BZy-Im-es `n-\n`-c-amb Ihn-X-bpsS P-kn--amb
hWw CXn Zmi-\nINn-bpsS hnfv Iev tcmK-_m-[n-X-am-
b-t]mse ImW-s-Spp. krjvSn-bpsS Dhw apX-emb hnj-b--
sf-p-dn-p Dulm-t]m-l{- ]-[m-\ - f- mb kq- CXn ImWmw.
Cu Aaq--fmb knm--N-I-tfm-sSmw AYh-th-Z-Im-e-
n-tep tN A-hn-izm-k-]-c--fmb BIj-tWm-m-S\ a{-
fpw CXn ImWm-\pv. `mh-{]-[m-\--fmb kq--fn kzbw
A\m-h-cWw sNbvX a\-ns {]mb-sa--ens\ kqNn-n-p--h-
bmWv Dulm-t]m-l--fmb kq--sf-n, A-hn-izm-k-]-c-amb
kq- ImWn-p-Xv, Atm-tgv Cy-bnse BZn-a-\n-hm-kn-
I-fpsS knm--fpw BNm-c--fp-ambn sshZn-Im-cy-m ]cn-N-b-
spIgn-n-cpp FmWv. ]mw aew ]nm-e-p-m-b-
XmWv F-Xn\v Ch kmyw hln-pp''(Ibid ]pdw 47).
EtKz-Z-nt]mepw Hcp ssZhn-I-{K--n\v Hpw tbmPn-m--
hn-[-ap PmXo-bX IS-p-Iq-Sn-b-Xmbn ImWmw:
""{_m-tWmky apJ-amkoZv
_mlq- cm-P-\yx- IrXx
Ducp XZky bssZziyx
]Zv`ymw iqt{Zm APm-bX'' (EtKzZw 10: 90: 12)
(B {]Pm-]-Xnv {_-W apJ-ambn, apJ-n \np]--ambn.
{Xn-b _mlp--fn \np-f-hmbn. Ducp--fn\nv sshiy-\p-
mbn. Ahn-Ss ]mZ--fn\nv iq{Z P\np.)
EtKz-Z-ns cmw `mK-ns Ah-Xm-cn-I-bn, thZ--fnse
apgp-h `mKhpw Cv e`y-a-spw Ah-bn ]eXpw Iqn-t-
s-n-p-spw Ahy-hpw Zpcq-l-hp-amb ]eXpw Ah-bn-ep-spw
kvt\l-kw-hmZw 115
F.hn. IrjvW-hm-cn-b hy-am-pp.

""thZ- {]am-Z-ap--tfm Fmw Dsm-p-tXm As''v
tUm. Fkv. cm[m-Ir-jvW Xs Indian Religions (t]Pv 22)epw sXfn-
bnp ]d-n-pv. \tc-{-`q-j Fgp-Xpp: ""{ItaW ]mTm-c-
- fpw
imJ-Ifpw \ne-hnhcn-Ibpw tem]n-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Nne {_m-
W--sfbpw thZ--fn Ds-Spn. Cs\ kwln-Xbpw {_m-
W-hp-samw IqSn-p-g--tm hymk Ahsb ]p\\nWbw
sNbvXn-cnmw. A-s\-bmhmw hymk thZw ]Ip-s IY \ne-
hnh-Xv... Ch-bn\nv \apv A\p-am-\n-m-hp-Xv kwln-X-Ifpw
{_mlva-W-fpw IqSn-p-gv A thZ-taXv, {]h-N-\-taXv, imJ-
tbXv Fv Xncn--dn-bm-\m-hmsX h Hcp Ime-L--ap-m-bn-cp-p-sh-
mWv''(sshZnI kmlnXy Ncn{Xw, ]pdw 51, 53).
kXy-{hX ]t-ens `mj-bn, ""lnp-a-X-ns BZy -t{km-Xv
thZ-amWv. apgp-hn-`m-K-fpw AXn-t\mSv Iqdp]pep-Ibpw AXns
auen-IX AwKo-I-cn-p-Ibpw sNpp. Nne thZ-kq-- \jvS-
s-n-pv. Fnepw Ctm \ne-hn-ep--h-Xs [mcm-f-amWv'' (Hin-
duism Religion and Way of Life. Page 5).
EtKzZw ]mw a-e-nse ]mw kq-n kzw k-
tlm-Z-cs\ ssewKn-I-th-gvNp Wn-p ktlm-Z-cn-bpsS `mjbpw
ssienbpw Hcp ssZhnI {K-n\v Hpw A\p-tbm-Py-a. A{]-
ImcwXs kqcy-{K-l-W-sbpw N{-{K-l-W-sbpw kw_-n
EtKz-Z-n-sebpw AYh-th-Z-n-sebpw {]kvXm-h- A_--P-Sn-
e-fpw A-hn-izm-km-[n-jvTn-X--fp-as{X. AXn-\m thZ--fn
\owsNt ]e-Xp-apsv {]apJ sslh ]n-X-m Xd-
np ]d-n-pv. Kpcp- \n-Xy-ssN-X-\y-bXn Fgp-Xpp: ""thZ-
Ghpw \nIr-jvS-am-bn-p lnwkv A\p-aXn \Ip-p-shv am{X-
a, Ah-sbmw sNt--Xp-X-s-bm-sWv hnh-cn-p Htsd a{-
-fpv. \njv]--a-Xn-I-fm-bn-p Bpw AXv In-sv `mhn-
m Ign-bp--X. lnp--fpsS Ghpw DIr-jvS-amb {ipXn thZ-
am-sWv ]d-bp AtX \mhp-sImv AXn Ghpw lo\-amb
a{--fp-sp IqSn ]d-tb-n-h-cp-Xv GsXmcp ]n-Xpw ZpxJ-
I-c-amb A\p-`hw Xs-bmWv. Fm, Nne ]n-X-m Ncn-{X-k-
Xy--tfmSv \oXnImWn-msX, thZ--fnse \owsN-s-tS--Xmb
Cu a{-sf km[q-I-cn-m\pw \ymbo-I-cn-m\pw {ian-p-Xv Hcn-
epw -hy-am-sWv ]d-bm-h-X.''(Kpcp-Ipew amknI. D-cWw,
`mc-Xob \thm-m-\-ns cq]-tcJ, t]Pv 212)
Npcp--n, \ne-hn-ep thZ- ssZhn-I-tfm A]u-cp-tj-
b-tfm BsWv thZ-hn-izm-kn-I t]mepw Ah-Im-i-s-Sp-I-bn.
Ah-bn ]eXpw Iqn-t-s-n-pv, Ir{Xn-a-n-c-bm-bn-pv,
]eXpw \jvS-s-n-p-apv. Fm CXn-sempw Ap-X-an. thZ--
fpsS Ncn{Xw Bp-a-dn-bn-tm. AXns Ime-s-p-dn-p-t]mepw
Kpcp-X-c-amb A`n-{]m-b-hy-Xym-k-am-Wp-Xv. {InkvXp-hn\p apv 6000
hj-am-sWpw 4500 BsWpw 3000 BsWpw 1500 BsW-p-
sams hmZn-p--h-cpv. CtX-p-dnv Jn-X-ambn Bcpw Hpw
]d-bp-n. Bcy-m Cy-bn-se-nb tij-amWv Ah t{ImUo-I-
cn--sX Imcy-n ]m--c-an. thZm-h-X-c-W-n\pw t{ImUo-
I-c-W-n-\p-an-S-bnse kpZoL-amb Ime-hy-Xymkw Ah-bnse Kpcp-
X-ca- mb am-pw Ir{Xn-a - pw Imc-Wa - m-hpI kzm`m-hn-Ia - s{X.
tUm. cm[m-Ir-jvW Fgp-Xpp: ""Bcy-m IqsS sImp-h Nne
[mc-W-Ifpw hnizm-k-fpw Ah Cy-bpsS an XpSv hnI-
kn-np. Cu kq- \nan--Xn\p tijw hfsc \o CSmew
Ign-m-bn-cpp Ah kam-l-cn--s-Xv''(`mc-Xob Zi\w, ]pdw 46).
thZ- {]Im-in-X-amb {]m\ sshZn-I-`mj Xs Cn-
spw \ne-hn-ep kwkvIrXw AXns cq]m--c-am-sWpw thZ-
Im-e-n-\p-tijw hf-sc--gn-mWv AXp-m-b-sXpw \tc-{-`q-
j Ds-sS-bp ]n-X-m hy-am-pp (sshZnI kmlnXy
Ncn{Xw, ]pdw 27, 39).
C-c-n-ep Fm a\pjy CS-s]-S-ep-I-fn\npw Iqn-t-
ep-I-fn\npw shn-p-cp--ep-I-fn\npw Iqn--e-ep-I-fn-
\npw Xopw tamNn-Xa - mb, Ah-Xc- Ww sXmn-tX-hs - c-bp Ncn{Xw
a\p-jy-cm-in-bpsS apn sXfn-p-\np {Kw Jp-B am{X-
am-b-Xn-\m-emWv AXns\ \ne-hn-ep GI ssZhn-I-{K--sav ]d-
bp-Xv. AXv ]qhnI ssZhnI {K--sf-sbmw kXy-s-Sp-p-
Ibpw sNpp.
""`K-h-XvKo-Xbpw ssZhn-I-a-s-mtWm Xm-fpsS A`n-{]mbw?''
\ne-hn-ep thZ- a\pjy CS-s]-S-ep-Iv hnt[-b-am-bn-p-
sv tUm. cm[m-Ir-jvW, F.hn. IrjvWh - m-cn-b, \tc-{-`q-j,
kXy-{h-X -]-t t]mep thZ-]-n-X-m Ak-n-Kv[-ambn hy-
am-n-b-XmWv.
alm-`m-c-X-n Ipcp-t-{X-bp--`q-an-bn Iuc-h-tcmSv bpw
sNm ]m-h-m sN-tm ]m-h-ho-c-\mb APp-\\v
_p-P-\-sf sImm henb ZpxJw tXmn. APp-\s tXcm-fn-
bmb IrjvW APp-\s Am-\-p B lrZbZu_eyw
amm ]d-p-sIm-Sp XtXzm-]-tZ-i-amWv KoX-sbv hniz-kn--
s-Spp. hymk-a-ljn-bmWv KoX-bps-sS-bp alm-`m-cXw \nan-
Xv.
{ioIr-jvW `K-hms Ah-Xm-c-am-sWpw AXn-\m KoX `K-
h-ZvKo-X-bm-sWpw {]N-cn-n--s-Spp. Fm `K-hm Hcn-epw
a\p-jy-cq-]-n Ah-X-cn-n-spw Ah-X-cn-n-n-s-p-amWv {]ap-
J-cmb sslh ]n-X-mcpw ]cn-jvIm-fpw hy-am-p-Xv.
kvt\l-kw-hmZw 117
kzman Zbm-\ kc-kzXn Cmcyw tNmtZym--c-cq-]-n Cs\

Ah-X-cn-n-pp:
""{]iv\w: Cuiz-c Ah-Xmcw kzoI-cn-p-ptm?
Dcw: C. Fs-m "AP GI ]mXv' (35-53), "k]-Km-
Xp-{I-a-Imbw' (408) Fp XpS-nb bPpthZ hN-\--fn\nv
]c-ta-iz-c Pw sImp-n-sv a\-n-em-Ip-pv.
{]iv\w:
bZm bZm ln [aky
m\n`-hXn `mcX
A`yp-m\ a[aky
XZm-m\w krPm-aylw (`K-hXv KoX A: 4 tmIw 7)
[a-n\v tem]w hcp-tm-sgmw Rm icocw [cn-pp Fv
{ioIrjvW ]d-bp-p-tm?
Dcw: thZ-hn-cp--am-b-Xp-sImv CXv {]am-W-am-Ip-n. [am-
mhpw [as cn-m COn-p-h - \p-amb {ioIr-jvW "Rm
bpKw tXmdpw Pw ssIsmp injvS P\-sf ]cn-]m-en-p-Ibpw
ZpjvS-msc kwl-cn-p-Ibpw sNpw' Fn-s\ B{K-ln-n-p-m-
bn-cnmw. As\ sNp-X - n tZmj-sam-p-an. Fs-m "]tcm-
]-Im-c-mb kXmw hn`q-Xbx' -k-\--fpsS icocw, a\v, [\w
Fn-h-sbmw ]tcm-]-Im-c-n-\m-bn-p--Xm-Wtm. Fmepw {ioIr-
jvW CXp-sImv Cuiz-c-\m-sWv hcp-hm Xc-an''(kXymY
{]Imiw, ]pdw 304, 305).
Cuiz-c\v Ah-Xm-c-ap-m-hn-sv {iohm-Kv`-Sm\ Kpcphpw Ak-
n-Kv[-ambn hy-am-n-bn-pv (hmK-v`-Sm\-s kqW IrXn-I,
]pdw 357359, 751, 752. amXr-`qan {]nnwKv B v ]n-jnwKv I\n
enan-Uv, tImgn-tmSv).
KoX-Xs Ah-Xmc k]s \ncm-I-cn-pp:
Ah-Pm-\n amw aqVm
am\pjow X\p am {inXw
]cw `mh-a-Pm-\tm
aa `qX atl-izcw
tamLmim tamL ImtWm
tamL-m\m hntN-Xkx
cmkn amkpcn ssNh
{]IrXow tamln\ow {ioXmx
(`qX--fpsS atl-iz-cs\ ]c-a-amb Fs `mhs Adn-bm aqV-
m Fs am\p-jn-I-amb ico-cs B{i-bn--h-\mbn sXmbn a\-
n-em-pp. As\ Fs [cn-p--h-cpsS Bi-Ifpw Ah
sNp Ia-fpw Ahp m\hpw \njv^-e--fmWv. Ah
Ahn-th-In-Ifpw a\-ns\ tamln-n-p cmk {]Ir-Xn-sbbpw
Akpc {]Ir-Xn-sbbpw B{i-bn-p--h-cm-Ipp.''- A[ymbw 9, cmP
hnZym cmPKply-tbmKw, tmIw 11, 12).
KoX-bnse Ccw kq- Znhy-h-N-\--fm-hm-\p km[yX
\ntj-[n-m-\m-hn. Fm {ioIr-jvW `K-hm-\m-bn-cp-p-sh
k]w Xopw sXmWv. KoX-bpsS Xs D]-cyp {]kvXm-h-
n\v ISIhncp--hp-amWv. {ioIr-jvW ssZh-Zq-X-\m-hm-\p km[y-
X-bmWv Gsd-bp-Xv. Fm At-l-ns hyhpw kXy-k--
hp-amb Ncn{Xw e`y-a-m--Xn-\m Cm-cy-n Jn-X-am-sbmcp
\nK-a-\-n-se-pI km[y-a.
KoX-bpsS hyhpw Jn-X-hp-amb Ncn{Xw e`y-a. AXv alm-
`m-c-X-bp--tm-S-\p-_-n-mtWm cNn--s--sX Imcy-n t]m-
epw hoW hyXym-k-apv. KoX-bpsS Imehpw hnhm-Z-hn-t[-b-amWv.
{InkvXp-hn\p apv Amw \qm-n-em-sWpw \memw \qm-n-em-
sWpw aqmw \qm-n-em-sWpw {InkvXp-hn\p tijw cmw \qm-
n-em-sWpw \memw \qm-n-em-sW-p-samw A`n-{]m-bm--c-apv.
Cu Ahy--X-sb-p-dnv tUm. cm[m-Ir-jvW Fgp-Xpp: ""`K-h-
ZvKoX alm-`m-c-X-ns bYmY `mK-am-sWv \mw kzoI-cn-m
Xsbpw AXn ]e Ime-L---fn-sebpw IrXn-I Dsm-n-
n-p--Xp-sImv \apv KoX-bpsS Imesn Ddv ]d-bm-\m-hn.''
(`mc-Xob Zi\w, `mKw 1, ]pdw 481).
KoXm-Imhv Xs Imes hnhn[ Nnm-[m-c-Isf ka-\z-bn-
n-p-Ibpw kam-l-cn-p-I-bp-am-Wp-m-b-sXv tUm. cm[m-Ir-jvW
XpSp ]d-bpp.
GXm-bmepw KoX ssZhn-I-am-sWv At-l-n\v A`n-{]m-b-an.
""Zi\w, aXw, kZm-Nm-c- Fn-h-bpsS D]-tZ-i--f-S-p {K-
am-WXv. AXns\ {ipXn-sbtm AYhm Cuiz-co-b-amb Acp-f-m-
sStm Icp-Xp-n. kvarXn-sbv ]d-bm-hp--XmWv''(Ibid ]pdw 477).
Npcp-- n KoX-bn ssZhnI kt-i - f
- psS Awi-fpw Bi-
b-fpw Dm-hm-sa-nepw AsXmcp ssZhnI {K-a. Hcp ssZhnI
{K-am-sWv KoX kzbw Ah-Im-i-s-Sp-n-s-Xpw {it-b-as{X.
kvt\l-kw-hmZw 119
]sm-Xv
Jp-B ss__n-fns A\p-I-c-Wtam?
""apl-Zv Xs Imes blqZss{IkvXh ]n-X-m-cp-ambn

_--sv ]Tn Imcy- kzw `mj-bnepw ssien-bnepw Ah-
X-cn-n-p-I-bm-Wp-m-bXv. ]qh-k-aq-l-sf kw_-n Jp-B-
sbpw ss__n- f n- s bpw hnh- c Ww Htc - h n- [ - a m- h m ImcWw
AXmWv' Hn-tesd Cwojv ]pkvX-I--fn Cu hn-[-ap ]cm-
aiw hmbn-m-\n-S-bmbn. CXn-s\-p-dnv Fp ]d-bpp?''
Ckvem-an-t\mSv sImSnb i{XpX hp-]p-ep ]mm-Xy Fgp-
p-Im hym]-I-ambn {]N-cn-n Xopw hymP-amb Btcm-]-W-am-
WnXv. Cu Btcm-]-W-n\v kXy-hp-ambn hnZq-c-_w t]mep-an-sv
Jp-B\pw ss__nfpw Hcm-hrn hmbn-p Ghpw hfsc thKw
t_m[y-amIpw.
am\-h-cm-inv ssZhn-I -Po-hn-X-hy-h kan-m \nbp--
cmb kt-i-hm-l-I-cmWv {]hm-N-I-m. AXn-\m Ah-cn-eqsS
ka]n-X-amb ssZhn-I-k-mK-n GIX Zriy-am-hpI kzm`m-hn-
I-as{X. ssZh-Zq-X- m-cpsS A[ym-]\
-
- f- n\nv A\p-bm-bn-I hyXn-
N-en-n-m-bn-cp-p-sh-n aX-n-S-bn sshhn-[ytam sshcp-
[ytam Dm-hp-am-bn-cp-n. F; ssZh-Zq-X-m-cpsS ASn--Sn-bp
\ntbmKw kw`-hn--Xp-Xs apKm-an-I-fpsS amK-n\nv Ah-
cpsS A\p-bm-bn-I hyXn-N-en--Xn-\m-emWv.
apl-Zv \_n \ntbm-Kn-X-\mb Imev tami-bp-sStbm tbip-hn-
stbm kt-i-fpw A[ym-]-\-fpw X\-Xmb kz`m-h-n \ne-
hn-ep-m-bn-cp-n. PqXss{IkvXh kaq-l- Ah-bn Kpcp-X-c-
amb Ir{Xn-a-fpw shn-p-cp--ep-Ifpw Iqn-t-ep-Ifpw \S-n-
bn-cpp. AXn-\m B {]hm-N-I-m {]t_m-[\wsNbvX Imcy--
fn sNdnb Hcwiw am{X-amWv ss__n-fn-ep-m-bn-cp-Xv. Ah-bp-
ambn apl-Zv \_n-bn-eqsS Ah-XoW-amb hnh-c-W- Hp-h-
cnI kzm`m-hn-I-amWv. As\ kw`-hn-n-p-apv. ss__n-fnepw Jp-
B-\nepw ImW-s-Sp kmZriyw AXs{X.
aX-ns ASn-m\ knm--amb ssZh-hn-izm-k-nXs
PqXss{IkvXh ho-Whpw apl-Zv \_n-bpsS {]t_m-[-\hpw
Xn {]I-S-amb A-chpw sshcp-[yhpw ImWmw. apl-Zv \_n
IWn-i-amb GI-ssZ-h-kn-m--amWv kaq-l-k-aw kan-Xv.
Fm PqXss{IkvXh kaq-l- C-s-tmse Apw hnI-
e-am-b ssZh-hn-izm-k-amWv shp-]p-enbn-cp-Xv. \_n-Xn-cp-ta\n
CXv AwKo-I-cnv A\p-I-cn-n-sv am{X-a, At-l-n-eqsS Ah-
XoW-amb Jp-B AXns\ \nin-X-ambn FXnpI IqSn sNbvXp.
""blq-Z-m ]d-bpp: "Dssk ssZh-]p-{X-\m-Ipp.' ss{IkvX-h
]d-bpp: "aninlm ssZh-]p-{X-\m-Ipp'. CsXmw Ah hmb-sImv
]d-bp \ncY-I-amb P]-\--fs{X. Ah, Xp-apv kXy-
\n-tj-[-n-e-I-s--h-cpsS hmZ-tmSv kmZriywhln-pp'' (9:30).
""Amlp ]p{X-msc kzoI-cn-n-cn-p-p-shv hmZn-p--hsc
XmoXv sNm-\p-amWv Cu {Kw AhXoW-am-bXv. Ahv Cm-
cy-s-p-dnv bmsXm-c-dn-hp-an. Ah-cpsS ]qhn-Ipw Dm-bn-cp-
n. Ah-cpsS hmb-If - n\nv han-p-Xv Kpcp-Xc
- a
- mb hmp-Xs.
shdpw I-am-W-h ]d-bp-Xv''(18: 4, 5).
""Amlp aqh-cn Hcp-h-\m-Ipp Fp hmZn--h Xo-bmbpw
kXy-\n-tj-[n-I-fm-bn-cn-pp. GI-ssZ-h-a-msX thsd ssZh-ta-bn.
Ah X-fpsS Ccw hmZ--fn\nv hnc-an-n-s-n Ah-cnse
\ntj-[n-Isf thZ-\m-\n-c-X-amb in _m[n-pIXs sNpw.
C\nbpw Ah ]m-]n-p-Ibpw ssZh-tmSv am-t]-n-p-Ibpw
sNp-nt? Amlp Gsd s]mdp-p--h\pw amv \Ip--h-\p-
atm''( 5: 73, 74).
Cs PqXss{IkvX-h- k-aq-l-s-tmse As blq-
Zcpw ss{IkvX-hcpw tbip-hns Ipcn-ip-a-c-W-n hniz-kn-p--
h-cm-bn-cpp. Fm Jp-B CXns\ i-ambn \ntj-[n-pp.
""blq-Z ]dp: "akolv Cuk-_v\p -ab-ans\ ssZh-Zq-Xs\ R-
sImp-I-f-n-cn-pp.' kXy-ntem, Ah-c-t-ls h[n-
n-n, {Iqin-n-p-an. ]nstbm, kw`hw Ahv Ahy--am-hp-I-
bm-Wp-m-bXv. At-ls kw_-nv `nm-`n-{]m-b-ap--hcpw kwi-
b-{K-kvX Xs. Ahv AXn-s\-p-dn-sm-c-dn-hp-an; Duls
]n]-p--X-msX. Ah-c-t-ls Dd-mbpw sImn-n''(4: 157).
ssZh-sbpw ssZh-Zq-X-m-scbpw kw_-nv A_--P-Sn-e-amb
At\Iw {]kvXm-h-\-I ss__n-fn-epv. Ah-sbmpw Jp-B-\nen-
sp am{X-a; Ah-bpsS kXy-k-hpw IrXyhpw hkvXp-\n-jvThp-
amb hnh-cWw \Ip-p-apv. DZm-l-c-W-n\v Nne-Xp- am-{X-an-hnsS
]dbmw:
""shbn-em-dn-b-tm tXm-n-eqsS Im-hmb ssZhw \S-p
i_vZw Ah tIp. ssZh-k-n-[n-bn \n-Iv a\p-jy\pw `mcybpw
kvt\l-kw-hmZw 121
tXm-nse hr-n-S-bn t]mbn Hfnp'' (D]n 3:8,9).

""A\-cw Im-hmb ssZhw AcpsNbvXp: t\mpI, a\p-
jy \-Xn--I Adnv \n Hcp-h-s\-tmse Bbn-on-
cn-pp. C\n Ctm Ah ssI\on Poh-hr--ns I\n-IqSn
]dnv Xnv Fspw Pohn-m CS-h-c-cpXv''(D]n 3:22).
Ckvem-anse ssZh-k-]-n\pw hnizm-k-n\pw IS-I-hn-cp--
amWv Cu {]kvXm-h-. ssZh-Zq-X-msc kw_-nv ss__n-fn-
ep ]eXpw Ahn-iz-k-\o-b--fm-sWp am{X-a; Ahsc AXyw
Ah-tl-fn-p--hbpw sImSpwIp-hm-fn-I-fmbn Nn{Xo-I-cn-p--h-bp-
amWv. t\ml-sb-p-dnv ]d-bpp: ""t\mlv hov IpSnv elcn
_m[nv \-\mbn IqSm-c-n InSp. ]nXm-hns \X Inv
Im\m-\ns ]nXm-hmb lmw shfn-bn sNv ap cv ktlm-Z-c-m-
tcmSv hnhcw ]dp. tiapw bms^Xpw IqSn Hcp hkv{Xw FSpv
Ccp-h-cp-sSbpw tXmfp-I-fn-embn Cv, ]nd-tImv \S-p-sNv ]nXm-hns
\X adp. apJw Xncnp \S--Xn-\m Ah ]nXm-hns \X
In. aZy-e-lcn hnp-Wv Xs Cfb ]p{Xs {]hrn-sb-p-
dnv Adn--tm t\mlv ]dp: Im\m i]n--s--h. Abm
kzw ktlm-Z-c-mv ASn-a-I-fn ASn-a-bm-bn-cnpw. Imhv
tians\ A\p-{K-ln-s''(D]n 9: 212-6).
aZy-]nv el-cn--Sn-sv \-\m-hp-Ibpw Hcp Ip-hp-an-msX t]c-
p-nsb i]n-p-Ibpw sNbvX t\mlv Jp-B ]cn-N-b-s-Sp-p
]c-a-]-cn-ip--\mb \qlv \-_n-bn\ns-{Xtbm hyXy-kvX-\s{X.
{]hm-N-I-\mb A{_-lm-an-s\-n ss__n ]d-bpp: ""maw
cq-am-b-Xn-\m A{_mw {]h-kn-p--Xn-\mbn CuPn-]vXn-tev
]pd-sp. CuPn-]vXn {]th-in-p--Xn\p apv A{_mw `mcy kmdm-
tbmSv ]dp: "\o kp-cn-bm-sWv F\n--dnbmw. CuPn-]vXp-Im
\ns ImWp-tm "Ch Cbm-fpsS `mcy-bmWv' Fp ]dv F-
s sImp-Ibpw \ns Poh-t\msS hnSp-Ibpw sNpw. \o \nanw
F\np \ hcm \o Fs ktlm-Z-cn-bm-sWv ]d-bpI. \o \nan-
w Fs Poh cn-p-Ibpw sNpw.' A{_mw CuPn-]vXn {]th-
in--tm kv{Xo AXyw kp-cn-bm-sWv CuPn-]vXp-Im Ip.
Ahsf I ^tdm-hs {]`p--m ^tdm-hs apn Ahsf]n
{]iw-knp kwkm-cnp. kv{Xosb ^tdm-hs Ac-a-\-bn-tev Iqn-
sm-p-t]mbn. Ah \nanw ^tdm-h A{_m-an-t\mSv Zbm-]qhw
s]cp-amdn. Abmv BSp-am-Sp-I-sfbpw `rXy-m-scbpw `rXy-I-sfbpw
s]I-gp-X-I-sfbpw H-I--sfbpw \-In''(D]n 12: 1016).
kzw kl-[an-Wnsb `c-Wm-[n-Im-cnv hnp-sIm-Spv km\w
kzoI-cn-p \oN-cn \oN-\mb ss__n-fnse A{_mapw Jp-B
]cn-N-b-s-Sp-p BZi-im-enbpw XymK-k--\pw [oc\pw hn-
h-Im-cn-bp-amb C_vdmlow \_nbpw Xn Hcp Xmc-Xayw t]mepw
km[y-a.
{]hm-N-I-\mb temn-s\-p-dnv ss__n ]d-bpp: ""tkmh-
dn ]mm temv `b-sp. AXp-sImv Abm cp ]p{Xn-am-
scbpw Iqn tkmh \K-c-n\nv t]mbn ae-bn Xma-knp.
AhnsS Hcp Kpl-bn Ah ]p{Xn-am-tcm-sSmv ]mp. aq ]p{Xn
Cf-b-h-tfmSv ]dp: "\psS ]nXmhv hr-\m-bn-cn-pp. `qan-bnse
\S--\p-k-cnv \tmSv CW tNcm `qan-bn Hcp a\p-jy-\p-an. hm,
\apv ]nXm-hns\ hov IpSn-nmw. ]nXm-hn-t\m-sSmw ibnv ]nXm-
hn\nv k-Xn-Isf t\Smw!' Ap cm{Xn Ah ]nXm-hns\ hop
IpSn-np. aq-]p{Xn AI-p-sNv ]nXm-hn-t\m-sSmw ibnp.
Ah Ftm hp ibn-stm Ftm Fgp-tp t]msbtm
Hpw Abm Adn-n. ASp Znhkw aq aI Cf-b-h-tfmSp
]dp: "Cse Rm \psS ]nXm-hn-t\m-sSmw ibnp. Cp
cm{Xnbpw \apv ]nXm-hns\ hov IpSn-nmw. A\-cw \o AI-
p-t]mbn ]nXm-hn-t\m-sSmw ibnv \psS ]nXm-hn-eqsS \apv
k-Xn-Isf t\Sn-sb-Spmw.' Ap -cm-{Xnbpw Ah ]nXm-hns\
hov IpSn-np. Cf-b-]p{Xn Fgp-tp sNv Abm-fpsS IqsS
ibnp. Ah Ftm hp ibn-p-shtm Ftm Fgp-t-p-
t]m-sbtm Hpw Abm Adn-n-. As\ temns cp
]p{Xn-amcpw ]nXm-hn-\m K`-h-Xn-I-fmbn. aq-h Hcp ]p{Xs\ {]k-
hnp. Ah\v tamhm_v Fp t]cnp. Abm-fmWv Ctm-f-ap tamhm-
_n-b-cpsS ]nXmhv. Cf-b-hfpw Hcp ]p{Xs\ {]k-hnp. Ahv s_-
Ao Fv t]cnp. Abm- f mWv Ctm- f - a p At- \ n- b - c psS
]nXmhv''(D]n 19: 30-38).
AXyw lo\hpw \oNhpw tO-hp-amb hrn-bn-tes--Xmbn
ss__n ]cn-N-b-s-Sp-nb tempw Pohn-X-hn-ip-npw ssewKnI
kZm-Nm-c-n\pw Pohn-X-Imew apgp-h \ne-sIm ]cn-ip-n-bpsS
{]Xo-I-amb eqXzv \_nbpw Hcn-epw ka-am-hp-I-bn. Acm-P-I-hm-Zn-
I-fmb Ima-sh-dn-b-m sa\-p-m-nb I-Y-I ]cn-ip--cmb
{]hm-N-I-m-cpsSta hp-sI-p-I-bm-bn-cpp ss__n. Ccw
Fm-hn[ A]-{`w-i--fn\npw Xopw tamNn-X-amWv hnip--
JpB-.
{]hm-N-I-Xz-ns bYmY Ah-Im-in-bm-bn-cp Gim-hn\nv
Ahpw ]b]m-b-khpw \In AXp hmp-I-bm-bn-cpp ss__n-
fns `mj-bn bmtm_v: ""Hcn- bmtm_v ]mbkw Dm-n-
sm-n-cn-p-tm Gimhv shfn-bn\nv hni-p-h-ep Ib-dn-
hp. "B sNa ]mb-k-n Hcp `mKw F\nv XcnI. Rm
hni-p-h-e-bpp' Fv Gimhv bmtm-_n-t\mSv ]dp. "BZyw
\ns Pm-h-Imiw F\np hnpI' Fv bmtm_v ]dp.
Gimhv adp-]Sn ]dp: "acn-m-dm-bn-cn-p F\nv Pm-h-Imiw
sImv Fp {]tbm-P\w?' bmtm_v ]dp: "BZywXs FtmSv
{]Xn sNpI.' Gimhv A{]-Imcw {]Xn sNbvXp. Pm-h-
kvt\l-kw-hmZw 123
Imiw bmtm-_n\p hnp. XpSv bmtm_v Gim-hn\v Ahpw

]b]m-b-khpw sImSpp.''(D]n 25: 2934).
kzw tPyjvT hni-p-h-e--tm AXns\ NqjWwsNbvXv
Abm- f psS Pm- h - I miw Xn- s b- S p {Iqc- \ mWv ss__n- f nse
bmtm_v. Fm Jp-B-\nse bA-vJq-_v\_n hnip-\pw am-
io-e\pw ]ca acym-Z-m-c-\p-as{X. ss__n hnh-c-W-a-\p-k-cnv
bmtm-_ns ]nXmhv CkvlmJv Iw ]d--h-\mWv. ""CkvlmJv
Kdm-dn Xma-knp. Ahn-Ss \nhm-kn-I Abm-fpsS `mcy-sb-n
At\z- j n- - t m Ah Fs ktlm- Z - c n- b mWv Fv Abm
]dp. ImcWw, Ah Fs `mcy-bmWv Fp ]d-bm CkvlmJv
`b-sp. "dns_ kp-cn-bm-Ib - m Ahp thn e-hm-knI
Fs sIme-s-Sp-n-tbpw' Fv Abm Nnnp''.(D]n 26:
67).
XnI h-\bpw NXnbpw sNbvXmWv bmtm_v ]nXm-hns
A\p-{K-lhpw {]mY-\bpw km-Zn-Xv. tPyjvT ktlm-Z-c Gim-
hns Ah-Imiw A\ym-b-ambn Xn-sb-Sp-p-I-bm-bn-cpp Abm
(D]n 27: 138).
ss__n hnh-c-W-a-\p-k-cnv bmtm-_ns `mcym-]n-Xmhv em-
_m sImSnb NXn-b\pw `mcy dmt^ hn{K-lm-cm-[-I-bp-amWv
(D]n 29: 25-30, 31: 17-23). {]hm-N-I-\mb bmtm-_ns ]p{Xn
hy`n-N-cn--s--Xmbpw blqZm aIs `mcysb hy`n-N-cn--Xmbpw
ss__n ]d-bpp (D]n 38: 13-30).
ssZh-Zq-X-\mb ZmhoZv Xs cmPys ]m-f-m-c-\mb Dudn-bm-
bpsS `mcy _Xvti-_sb hy`n-N-cn--Xmbpw Ahsf `mcy-bm-m-\mbn
Dudn-bsb bp-ap--Wn-bn-te--bv sImn--Xmbpw ss__n ]d-
bpp (imap-th 11: 11-6). {]hm-N-I-\mb tkmf-a ssZhimk\
[n-cnv hne--s--hsc hnhmlw Ign--Xmbpw ss__n-fn ImWmw
(cmPm--m 11: 1-14).
]qh-{]-hm-N-I-m-cpsS ]nme injy-m {]hm-N-Im-[ym-]-\-
-fn\nv hyXn-N-env ss]im-NnI Zpt_m-[-\-v hiw-h-Z-
cm-b-tm kzw A[a-fpw kZm-Nmccmln-Xy-fpw {]hm-N-I-
m-cnepw Btcm-]n-p-Ibpw AXv thZ-]p-kvX-I--fn Iqn-tp-
I-bp-am-bn-cpp. Cs\ ssII-S--s ]qh-th-Z--fpsS A\p-I-c-
W-amWv hnip Jp-B-s\v AXns\ kw_-n t\cnb Adn-sh-
n-ep-ap Bcpw Btcm-]n-p-I-bn. ssZh-Zq-X-m-sc-n {]N-cn-n-
-s I--Y-I Xncpn Ah-cpsS bYmY Ah A\m-h-
cWw sNp-I-bmWv Jp-B. AXp-sIm-p-Xs ss__n- ]cn-N-
b-s-Sp-p {]hm-N-I-m-cn ]ecpw NXn-b-mcpw sXm-Sn-Ifpw
sImSpw Ip-hm-fn-Ifpw {Iqc-m-cp-am-sW-n, Jp-B-\n-e-h Fm-
epw Ghpw amXrIm tbmKy-amb kZvKp-W--fpsS DS-a-I-fmb
alZv hyn-I-fmWv; a\p-jy-cm-in-bpsS alm-m-cmb amK-Zi-Icpw.
Ccp-]-Xv
Jp-B ssZhn-I-{K-tam?
""Jp-B ssZhn-I-{K--am-sW-m-Wtm apkvenw-I Ah-Im-i-

s-Sm-dp-Xv. AXv apl--Zns cN-\-b-spw ssZhn-I-am-sWpw
F-s\-bmWv a\-n-em-hpI? Fm-W-Xn\v sXfnhv?''
Jp-B ssZhn-I-am-sW--Xn\p sXfnhv B {Kw Xs-bmWv.
apl-Zv \_n-bp-sSbpw At-l-n-eqsS Ah-XoW-amb Jp-B-
sbpw hy-amb Nn{Xhpw Ncn-{Xhpw a\p-jy-cm-in-bpsS apn-epv.
\_n-Xn-cp-ta-\n-bpsS Pohn-X-ns Dpw ]pdhpw cl-kyhpw ]c-ky-
hp-amb apgp-h Imcy-fpw Hsm-gn-bmsX tcJ-s-Sp--s-n-pv.
B[p-\n-I-tem-Is alm-m-cpsS Ncn{Xw t]mepw B hn[w hni-Z-
ambpw kqva-ambpw Ipdn--s-n-n-s--XmWv hkvXpX.
A-Xm--Im-c-n Bp-In-S-n-cp Bdmw \qm-nse
Atd-_y-bn-em-Wtm apl-Zv P\n-Xv. acp-`q-an-bpsS amdn Xopw
A\m-Y-\m-bmWv Atlw hfp-h-Xv. sNdp--nXs CS-b-
hr-n-bn-tes apl--Zn\v Fgp-Xmt\m hmbn-mt\m Adn-bp-am-bn-
cp-n. ]mT-im-e-I-fn t]mhp-Itbm aX-N-I-fn ]s-Sp-p-Itbm
sNbvXn-cp-n. a kmln-Xy-Im-c-m-cp-sSbpw Ihn-I-fp-sSbpw {]kw-
K-I-cp-sSbpw tI{-am-bn-cp-s-nepw \m]Xp hb-p-hsc Atlw
Hscm-- hcn Ihn-Xtbm KZytam ]Zytam cNn-n-cp-n. {]kw-K-]m-
Shw {]I-Sn-n-n-cp-n. kK-kn-n-bpsS AS-bm-f-sampw At-l-
n Zriy-am-bn-cp-n.
Bo-b-X-tbmSv AXn-Xo-{h-amb B`n-ap-Jy-ap-m-bn-cp apl-Zv
a-bnse aen-\-amb A-co--n\nv amdn [ym\-nepw {]mY-
\-bnepw hym]r-X-\mbn. GIm--hmkw Gsd CjvS-sp. hnip
IAv_-bn\nv aqp Intem-ao- hS-p ae-ap-I-fnse lndm-Kp-
l-bn GIm--hm-k-a-\p-jvTn-sh apl--Zn\v BZy-ambn Znhy-k-
tiw e`np. XpSp Ccp-]-n-aqp hj--fn hnhn[ k`-
-fn-embn e`n Znhy-t_m-[-\--fpsS kam-lm-c-amWv hnip-- Jp-
kvt\l-kw-hmZw 125
B. AXv km[m-cW AY-n-ep KZytam ]Zytam Ihn-Xtbm

A. Xopw khn-ti-j-amb ssien-bmWv Jp-B-tXv. AXns\
A\p-I-cn-mt\m AXn-t\mSv a-cn-mt\m InS-]n-Sn-mt\m Ct-
hsc Bpw km[n-n-n. temIm-h-km\w hsc Bpw km[n-p-
I-bp-an.
A\p-bm-bn-I ssZhn-I-sav Ah-Imi-s-Sp Hn-tesd {K-
temI-p-v. Fm kzbw ssZhn-I-sav {]Jym-]n-p
Hscm {Kta temI-p-q. Jp-B-\m-W-Xv. Jp-B ssZh-
n\nv Ah-XoW-am-b-Xm-sWv AXv At\Iw XhW Bhn-
m-hnp {]Jym-]n-p-p. AtXm-sSmw AXn-ems-nepw kwi-
b-ap-s-n, 114 A[ym-b--fp Jp-B-\nse GsX-nepw Hc-[ym-
b-n\v kam-\-amb Hc-[ym-b-sa-nepw sImp-h-cm AXv shp-hn-
fn-p-p. AXn\v temI-p GXp kmln-Xy-Im-c-sbpw ]n-X-
sbpw _pn-Po-hn-bp-sSbpw klmbw tXSm-sa Imcyw DWp-
Ibpw sNbvXp. Amlp ]d-bpp: ""\mw \psS Zmkv Ah-X-cn-n-
n-p Cu {K-s-p-dn-v, AXp \n \npXp Xstbm
Fp \n kwi-bn-p-p-sh-n AXp-t]m-ep Hc-ym-b-sa-
nepw \n sImp-h-cn-I. AXnv GI-\mb Am-lp-hn-s\-Iq-Sm-
sX, kIe Iqm-fn-I-fp-sSbpw klmbw tXSn-sm-p-I. \n kXy-
hm-mscn AXp sNbvXp-Im-Wn-p-I.''(Jp-B 2: 23)
{]hm-N-I-Imew sXmn-tmfw \nc-h[n \qmp-I-fnse Ckvemw
hnai-I-cmb F-a Ihn-Ifpw kmln-Xy-Im-c-mcpw Cu shp-hn-
fnsb t\cn-Sm {ian-n-p-v. cn-sem-c-\p-`hta Ahsm-sbpw
Dm-bn-p-q. alm-`q-cn-]-hpw ]cm-Pbw k-Xnv Jp-Bs A\p-
bm-bn-I-fmbn amdp-I-bm-bn-cp-p. Ah-ti-jnp--h ]cm-Pn-X-cmbn
]nm-dp-I-bpw. \_n-Xn-cp-ta-\n-bpsS Imes {]apJ kmln-Xy-Im-c-
m-cm-bn-cp e_oZpw lm\pw IA-v_p_v\p kpssl-dp-samw Jp-
Bs apn \ncp-]m-[nIw Iog-S-n-b-h-cn s]Spp.
ba-\n\n-s-nb Xzpss^-ens\ Jp-B tIp--Xn
\nv Jpssd-in-I hnen. GtXm Ax-{]-tNm-Z-\-m AXp
tIm-\n-S-bmb {]apJ Ihnbpw Kmb-I-\p-amb Atlw ]d--Xn-
-s\-bmWv: ""ssZh-amW! Ah kh-i-\pw kh--\p-atm.
Rm\n-tm {ihn-Xv Ad_n kmln-Xy-nse AXp-ey-amb hmIy-
-fs{X. \nw-ibw, Ah AXypIrjvSw Xs. at-Xn-s\-mfpw
]cn-ip-hpw. Ah F{X Bib kpjvSw! AY-]qWw! Fp-ta
at\m-lcw! Gsd BIj-Ihpw! CXp-t]m-ep Hpw Rm\n-Xp-hsc
tIn-n. Am-lp-hmW! CXv a\p-jy-h-N-\-a. kzbwIrX-hp-a.
ssZhnIw Xs, Xo. \nw-ibw ssZhn-I-hm-Iy--fm-Wnh.''
apKo-d-bpsS aI heoZv Ckvem-an-sbpw {]hm-N-I-sbpw ISp
FXn-cm-fn-bm-bn-cpp. Jp-B HmXn-tm-\n-S-bmb Abm Xs
A`n-{]mbw Cs\ tcJ-s-Spn: ""CXn Fs-n-m am[p-cy-
apv. ]pXp-a-bpv. AXyw ê-k-ar--am-WnXv. \n-b-ambpw CXv
AXyp-Xn {]m]npw. asmpw CXns\ Iogvs]-Sp-p-I-bn. CXn\p
Xmsg-bp--Xns\ CXv XIv Xcn--W-ampw. Hcn-epw Hcp a\p-
jy-\n-s\ ]d-bpI km[y-a.''
hnh-c-a-dn {]hm-N-Is {][m\ {]Xn-tbmKn A_q-Plv heo-
Zns\ kao-]nv Jp-Bs\ kw_-nv aXnv Ipd-bvp Fs-
nepw ]d-bm-\m-hi - y-sp. \n-lm-b\- mb heoZv tNmZnp: ""Rms\p
]d-bs; Km\w, ]Zyw, IhnX, KZyw XpSn Ad_n kmln-Xy-ns
GXp imJ-bnepw F\np \n-sf-m-tfsd ]cn-m-\-apv. Am-
lp-hmW! Cu a\p-jy ]d-bp Imcy-v Ah-tbm-sSmpw kmZr-
iy-an. Amlp kmn! B kwkm-c-n Akm-[m-cW am[p-cyhpw
khn-tij ku-cy-hp-apv. AXns imJ-I ê-k-ar-hpw Xfn-
cp-I iyma-kp--c-hp-amWv. Dd-mbpw AXv atXp hmIy-t-mfpw
DIr-jvS-amWv. CXc hmIy- khhpw AXn\p Xmsgbpw.''
CXv A_q-Pl - vens\ AXy-[nIw Akz-\ - mn. Abm ]dp:
""Xm Bcm-sW--dn-bmtam? Ad-_n-I-fpsS AXyp--X-\mb t\Xm-
hmWv. bph-k-aq-l-ns Bcm-[y-\mWv; Fnpw Xm Hc-\m-Y-
s-s\ ]n]-p-Itbm? Ahs {`m P]-\-sf ]mSn-p-I-
gvp-Itbm? Xm-sf-tm-ep alm-mXv Ipd-n-emWv. AXn-\m
apl--Zns\ ]pOnp XpI.''
A_q-P-lvens eyw ]ng-n. Al---Sn-s heoZv ]dp:
""apl-Zv Hcp Pme-hn-Zy-m-c\ - mWv. ktlm-Zc
-
- sf Xn Xn-pp.
`mcym`Xr-_w apdnpIf-bpp. IpSpw-_-`-{ZX XIpp. \mn
Ipg-- krjvSn-p Hcp Pme-hn-Zy-m-c am{X-amWv apl-Zv.''
F{X {ian-npw heo-Zn-s\-tm-ep {]K--\mb kmln-Xy-Im-c\v
Jp-B-s-Xnsc Hc-cw ]d-bm km[n-n-s-Xv {it-b-as{X.
\m]Xp hb-p-hsc \_n-Xn-cp-ta\n Pohn-X-n-sem-scm Ifhpw
]d-n-n. AXn-\m Atlw A-A-ao (hniz-kvX) F t]cn-
em-W-dn-b-s-n-cp-Xv. A-c-samcp hyn ssZh-ns t]cn s]cp-
w ]d-bp-sav k]n-pI t]mepw km[y-a. am{X-a; AXyp-
Ir-jvS-amb Hcp {Kw kzbw cNn-p Bsc-nepw AXv Xt-X-s-
pw X\n--Xn Hcp ]p-an-spw ]d-bp-sav {]Xo-n-m-h-X.
AYhm {]hm-N-I Jp-B kzw krjvSn-bm-sWv Ah-Im-i-s-
n-cp-s-n Atd-_y P\X At-ls AXy-[nIw BZ-cn-p-am-
bn-cpp. Fm At-l-n\v e`n-Xv sImSnb ]oU-\--fmW-tm.
temIv AkwJyw {K- cNn--s-n-pv. Ah-bn Gsd
{it-b-am-bh Ncn-{X-n Nne am- krjvSn-p-Ibpw hn-h-
v \nan--am-hp-Ibpw sNbvXn-pv. Fm hnip Jp-B-
s\-tmse, Hcp P\-X-bpsS Pohn-Xs ka-{K-ambn kzm[o-\n-p-Ibpw
]cn-hn-n-p-Ibpw sNbvX asmcp {Khpw temI-n. hnizm-
kvt\l-kw-hmZw 127
kw, Pohn-X-ho-Ww, Bcm-[\, BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\-, hyn-Po-

hnXw, IpSpw- _ - c wKw, kmaq- l nI taJe, km- nI hyh,
kmwkvIm-cnI aew, cmjv{Sob LS\, `c-W-k-{-Zmbw, kz`m-h-
coXn, s]cp-am--{Iaw XpSn hyn-bp-sSbpw IpSpw-_-n-sbpw kaq-
l-n-sbpw cmjv{S-n-sbpw temI-n-sbpw Fm Ah--I-
sfbpw hyh-I-sfbpw hnip- -Jp-B ASn-apSn amnadn-p-I-bp-
mbn. \nc--c-\mb Hcm Cu hn[w ka-{K-amb Hcp alm-hn-hw
krjvSn {Kw cNn-p-sav k]n-m-\m-hn. i{Xp--sf-tmepw
hnkva-b-I-c-amb hiy-i-n-bm Iogvs]-Spn an{X-amn amn, Ahsc
Xopw ]pXnb a\p-jy-cmn ]cn-hn-n {K-amWv Jp-B.
cmw Jeo^ Da-dp ^mdqJv Cu KW-nse Gsd {it-b-\mb
hyn-bs{X. Cpw Jp-B Bg-n ]Tn-m k--cm-hp--
h A\m-bmkw AXns A\p-bm-bn-I-fmbn amdpp.
Jp-B am\-h-k-aq-l-ns apn kqW-am-sbmcp PohnX
hyh kan-pp. a\pjy a\-p-Iv kam-[m\w km-\n-
p-Ibpw hyn-Po-hn-Xs hnip-hpw IpSpw-_-hy-h-sb sskzc-
ap-Xpw kaq-l-L-S-\sb Btcm-Ky-I-chpw cmjv{Ss `{Zhpw temI-
s {]im--hp-am-p-Ibpw sNp ka-{K-amb {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-am-
WXv. Imem-Xo-Xhpw tZim-Xo-Xhpw \nXy-\q-X-\-hp-amb C-c-samcp
Pohn-X-]-Xn Dsm-p Hcp {Khpw temIv thsd-bn.
temI-nse tImSn--W-n\v IrXn-I-fn-sem-p-t]mepw Jp-B-\n-s\-
tmse ka-{K-amb Hcp Pohn-X-{Iaw kan-p-n-. \nc--c-\mb
Hcmv Cu hn-[-samv cNn-m-\m-hp-sav, t_m[-ap Bcpw Ah-
Im-i-s-Sp-I-bn.
a\p-jy-Nn-sb Pzen-nv hnNm-c-hn-Im-c--fnepw hnizm-k-ho-
-W--fnepw hn hnhw krjvSn hnip- -Jp-B Ncn-{X-
n Xpey-X-bn-m, Fm-epw GXp \mp-Impw amXr-Im-
tbm-Ky-amb kaq-ls hms-Spv ]pXn-sbmcp kwkvIm-c-n\pw
\mK-cn-I-Xbvpw Pw \In. \qn--Xn-\mev A[ym-b--fn, Bdm-
bn-c-n-tesd kq-fn, F]mdm-bn-c-n-tesd hmp-I-fn,
aqp en Ccp- ] - n\mem- b n- c - t mfw A- c - - f n
hym]npInS-p Jp-Bs {][m\ \ntbmKw am\-h-k-aq-l-ns
amK-Zi-\-amWv. apXp `mK-ambpw Aq-n-\m]Xv Jn-I-I-
fmbpw hn`-Pn--s Cu {K-ns {][m-\-{]-tabw a\p-jy-\mWv.
Fnepw Ahs amK-kn-nv klm-b-I-amw-hn[w Nnsb Dt-
Pn-n-m\pw Imcy- t_m[y-s-Sp-m\pw hnm\w hnI-kn-n-
m\pw Bh-iy-amb Ncn-{Xhpw {]h-N-\-fpw imkv{X-kq-N-\-I-fp-
samw AXn-epv. Cu cwK-smw Am-es P\-Xbvv Xopw
Am-X-am-bn-cp Imcy- hnip-- Jp-B A\m-h-cWw sNp-
I-bp-mbn. Nne-Xp-am-{X-an-hnsS tNpp.
1. Amlp ]d-bpp: ""kXy-\n-tj-[n-I Nnn-p-nt? D]-cn-
tem-I-fpw `qanbpw Hn-t-Xm-bn-cpp. ]noSv \ma-hsb ths-
Spn.''(21: 30)
Cu kXyw imkv{Xw Is-n-bXv Jp-B Ah-XoW-ambn
At\I \qm-p-I ]nn tij-am-sW-Xv kphn-Zn-X-as{X.
2. ""Poh-\p--Xn-s\-sbmw Pe-n\n-mWv \mw krjvSn-Xv''
(21: 30). Cu hkvXpX imkv{X--m Is-n-bXv kao-]-Im-e-
p- am-{X-amWv.
3. ""AXn-\p-]p-dsa Ah D]-cn-tem-I-n-sbpw kwhn-[m\w \nh-
lnp. AXv [qfn(s\_pe)bmbn-cpp'' (41: 11). Cu krjvSn-c-lkyw
imkv{Xw A\m-h-cWwsNbvXXv ASp-- Im-e-mWv.
4. ""kqcy AXns \nWnX tI{-n k-cn-p-sIm-n-cn-
pp. AXv {]Xm-]-im-enbpw kh--\p-amb Am-lp-hns {Iao-
I-c-W-as{X.''(36: 38)
tIm \n-kn-s\-tm-ep {]ap-J-cmb imkv{X- t]mepw
kqcy \n-e-am-sWv hniz-kn-p--h-cm-bn-cpp. ASp Imew
hscbpw kqcy Nen-p-p-sh kXyw AwKo-I-cn-m ùXnI
imkv{X--m k--cm-bn-cp-n. Fnepw Ah-km\w Jp-Bs
{]kvXmhw kXy-am-sWv k-Xn-m-\-h \n_-n-X-cmbn.
5. ""D]-cn-tem-Is \mw kpc-n-X-amb ta]p-c-bmn. Fnpw
Ah \psS {]m]-nI ZrjvSm-- {in-p-t-bn.''(21: 32)
ASp-- Imew hscbpw Jp-Bs hnai-I Cu hmIy-ns
t]cn ]cn-lmkw DXnpI ]Xn-hm-bn-cpp. Fm Gsd amc-I-
amb tImkvanIv civan-I-fn\nv `qan-sbbpw AXnse Pp-Pm-e--
sfbpw a\p-jy-scbpw Imp-c-n-p Hmtkm ]mfn-I-sf-p-dn
Adnhv Cv kmh-{Xn-I-amWv. A-co--ns Cu tap-c-bmWv
D-I `qan-bn ]Xnv hn]-p-I hcp-p-Xv XS-bp-Xv. Imem-
h-sb \nb-{n-p--Xnepw AXn\v A\]-amb ]pv. aen-\o-
I-cWw ImcWw AXn\v t]md ]ptam F Bi ]cn-nXn
imkv{X--m \nc-cw {]I-Sn-n-m XpS-n-bn-cn-pp. Pohn-
X-an-hnsS km[y-am-h-W-sa-n Jp-B ]d kpc-n-X-amb
tapc A\n-hm-cy-as{X. izk-\-n-\m-h-iy-amb hmbp-hns a-
es `{Z-ambn \ne-\np-Xpw Cu tap-c-Xs.
6. ""\mw `qansb sXmnepw ]h-X-sf BWn-I-fp-am-n-bn-t?''
(78:7). ""`qan-bn \mw Dd ]h-X--fp-m-n-bn-cn-pp, `qan Ah-
sc-bp-ambn sXn-tm-hm-Xn-cn-m. `qan-bn \mw hnim-e-amb hgn-I-
fp-mn, P\w X-fpsS amK-a-dn-bm''(21:31).
`qan-bpsS kp-en-X-Xz-n ]h-X- hln-p ]v ASp-
-Imew hscbpw Am-X-am-bn-cpp. Fm-env `qI-- XS-
bp--Xnepw `qtKm-f-ns B-cn-Ihpw _mly-hp-amb LS\ kwc-
kvt\l-kw-hmZw 129
n-p--Xnepw Ah-bpsS ]v {]apJ `qK`-im-kv{X--m-scmw

Dun--d-n-pv.
7. ""\nbw, \mw D]-cn-tem-Is hnI-kn-n-p-sIm-t-bn-cn-
pp''(51: 47). {]]--L-S-\sb kw_-n {]mY-anI m\-ap--
h-cn-semw HSp-m hnkvabw krjvSn-m Jp-Bs Cu {]kvXm-
hw ]cym-]vX-as{X.
8. tlmf-p-Im-c-\mb kzmaUmw F Pp-im-kv{X- tX\o-
-I-fn IqSv Dm-p-Ibpw tX D]m-Zn-n-p-Ibpw sNp-Xv
s]hK-am-sWv sXfn-bn-Xv 1876- am{X-amWv. Fm Cu
cpw tX\o--I-fnse kv{XoI-fmWv sNp-I-sbv ]Xn-\mep \qm-
v app Xs Jp-B AXns\ ]cm-ain-p hmIy--fnse
kv{XoenwK {]tbm-K-n-eqsS m]n-p-I-bp-mbn. (16: 68, 69)
9. temI-nse Adp-\q-dp -tImSn a\p-jy-cp-sSbpw ssIhn-c-e-S-bmfw
600 tImSn cq]-n-emWv. krjvSn-bnse alm-hn-kvab -
- f
- n-sem-m-WnXv.
Fm hncpnse Cu alm-pXw a\p-jy Xncn--dn-Xv
kao-]-Im-e-mWv. Fnepw hnip-- Jp-B ]Xn-\mep \qm-p-
I-pdw Cu alm-hn-kva-b-n-tev {i Wn-p-I-bp-mbn.
""a\p-jy hnNm-cn-p-pthm, \ap--hs Fp-I tiJ-cn-m-\m-
hn-sv? \ma-hs hncsm-Sn-It]mepw IrXy-ambn \nan-m
Ign-hp--h-\m-bn-cns Fp-sIm-n?''(75: 3,4)
10. kqcy hnf-p-t]mse kzbw {]Im-in-p-Xpw N{ kqcy-
In-cWw Xn {]Imiw {]Xn-_nw-_n-p--Xp-am-sWv temIw a\-n-
em-n-bXv ASp Ime-mWv. Jp-B Cmcyw Ak-n-Kv[-ambn
kqNn-n-n-pv. ""D]-cn-tem-Iv tIm-I-fp-m-p-Ibpw AXn-semcp
Zo]hpw {]Im-in-p N{\pw m]n-p-Ibpw sNbvX-h-\mtcm
Ah al-mb A\p-{K-l-ap-S-b-h-\s{X''(25:61).
Cu Zo]w kqcy-\m-sWv Jp-B Xs hy-am-p-p: ""Ah
{]Im-i-ambn N{-s\bpw hnf-mbn kqcy-s\bpw \n-bn-p.''(71: 16)
11. a\p-jy-P
-
- n ]pcp-j_
- o-P
- n\v am{X-amWv ]s-m-bn-cpp
]Xn-s\mw \qm-p-hsc \ne-\n-n-cp [mcW. kv{XobpsS K`m-
ibw Ipp hf-cm-\p CSw am{X-am-bmWv KWn--s-n-cp-Xv.
kv{XobpsS A-ns ]v Xncn--dn-Xv AXn-\p-tijw am{X-
amWv. Jp-B P-nse kv{Xo]pcpj ]ns\ hy-ambn Dun-
-d-n-pv: ""a\p-jytc, \n-b-ambpw \mw \nsf Hcm-Wn\npw
s]n\npw krjvSn-n-cn-pp''(49:13). ""IqSn-tp-m-hp Hcp
_oP-n\nv \mw \n-b-ambpw a\p-jys\ krjvSn-n-cn-pp''
(76: 2).
12. Ipns enwK-\nWbw \nh-ln-p-Xv ]pcp-j-_o-P-am-
sWv hnip--Jp-B hy-am-n-sb-nepw imkv{X-tem-I-anXv Xncn-
-dn-Xv hfsc sshIn-bmWv. ""{khn--s-Sp Hcp _oP-n\nv
Bs] CW-Isf krjvSn-Xpw Ah-\mWv ''(53: 45, 46).
Hcp Xpn C{n-b - n AkwJyw _oP-f - p-m-hp-sa-nepw Ah-
bn-semp am{X-amWv P\-\-n ]p-tN-cp--sX Imcyhpw Jp-
B-\n-hnsS hy-am-pp. P\n-X-I-imkv{Xw Is-nb \nc-h[n
hkvXp-XI - hnip thZ-{K- - n tcJ-s-Sp-s - -X
- mbn ImWmw.
AXv khn-kvX-c-amb ]T\-aln-p--Xm-b-Xn-\m ChnsS hni-Zo-I-
cn-p-n.
13. ""cv kap-{Z-sf Iqn-tXpw AhXs. Hv cpNn-I-
c-amb sXfn-\o. atXv Nhp Dp-\ocpw. cn-\p-an-S-bn Hcp ad-
bpv. Ah IqSn--e-cp--Xns\ hne-p Hcp XSw''(25:53).
]Xn-\mdmw \qm-n Xpn Aao-dp _lvdv knZv Aen
dCukv cNn an-B-p aam-enIv F {K-n, t]jy
K^ns ASn--n Ccw Pem-i-b--fp--Xmbn tcJ-s-Sp-n-
bn-pv. Fnepw AXv Is-n-b-Xn\p sXfn-hp-m-bn-cp-n.
Fm Ctm _lvssd Xoc-p-\nv aqc Intem-ao- Zqsc
t]jy K^n Dp-kp-hm-en-bn hn ip-P-e-ti-Jcw Dp-
sh--n Ie-cmsX Is-n-bn-cn-pp. As\ \qm-p-I-
pdw Jp-B Adn-bn Imcyw Is-m a\p-jy-k-aq-l-n\v
km[n-p-I-bp-mbn.
14. \qlv\-_n-bpsS I PqZn ]h-X-n-emWv sNp-X-n-b-
sXv Jp-B ]d-bpp (11:44). Charles Berlits t\ml-bpsS \jvS-s
t]SIw (The Lost Ship of Noah) F {K-n 1883- Ing-
Xpn-bnse Adm-dv ]h-X-\n-c-I-fnse PqZn-a-e-bn 450 ASn
\ofhpw 150 ASn hoXnbpw 50 ASn Db-c-hp-ap I Is-n-b-
Xmbn hy-am-n-bn-pv. ]cy-th-Wthf-bn Is-Sp--s Cu
I t\mlm {]hm-N-I-t-Xm-sWv Cv AwKo-I-cn--s-n-cn-pp.
\nc--c-\mb Hcms-, Bdmw \qm-n \ne-hn-ep-m-bn-
cp Fm hnm-\-fpw BPn alm-]-n-X-\p-t]mepw Ccw
Imcy- Is-m Bhn-sv kXy-k--X-bpsS t\cnb Awi-
ap Ghcpw AwKo-I-cnpw. ssZhn-I-sav kzbw Ah-Im-i-s Hcp
{Kw As-, XpSp \nc-h[n \qm-p-I-fnepw apgp temI-
n\pw Am-X-am-bn-cp Ccw Imcy- Xpd-p-{]-Jym-]n-p-
hm ss[cywImWn-p-Ibpw Hsm-gn-bmsX Ah-sbm-sbpw kXy-
am-sWv m]n-X-am-Ip-Ibpw sNbvX-Xp-Xs Jp-B ssZhn-I-{K-
-am-sW--Xn\v A\n-tj-[y-amb sXfn-hmWv. kzbw ssZhn-I-sav
Ah-Im-i-s-Sp Hcp {Kw imkv{X-h-kvXp-X-I A\m-h-cWw
sNm ss[cy-s-p-sh-Xpw ]nm-es a\p-jy[n-j-W-bpsS
Is-e - p-If
- n-sem-p-t]mepw Ahbvv hncp-a - m-bn-s-Xpw Btem-
Nn-p Bscbpw hnkva-b-`-cn-X-cm-m-Xn-cn-n-.
a\\w sNp-I-hgn Zi-\- Dcp-n-cnp ht-mw. imkv{X-
kvt\l-kw-hmZw 131
k-Xy- Is-m\pw Ign-t-mw. Fm Ncn-{X-h-kvXp-X-

I tIhe Nn-bn-eqsS Dcp-n-cn-s-Sp-pI km[y-a-. \nc--c-
\mb \_n-Xn-cp-ta-\n-bn-eqsS Ah-XoW-amb Jp-B KX-Ime kaq-
l--fpsS Ncn-{Xw hni-Z-ambn hni-I-e\w sNp-p. Ah-bn-sem-p-
t]mepw hkv-Xp-\n-jvT-a-sv m]n-m Ckvem-ans hnai-Iv
Ctmfw km[n-n-n-. F; Ah-sbms Xopw kXy-\n-jvT-
am-sWv e`y-amb tcJ-Ifpw {]am-W-fpw sXfn-bn-p-Ibpw sNp-
p.
ssZhnI {K-sav kzbw {]Jym-]n-p Jp-B `mhnsb
kw_-nv \nc-h[n {]h-N-\- \S-m ss[cy-s-p-sh-Xpw
Ah-sbm-sbpw kXy-ambn ]pep-sh-Xpw AXns Aam-\p-jn-
I-Xv aXn-bmb sXfn-hm-Wv.
tSmtm-bn, hnIvS bqtKm, amIvknw tKmn, tjbvIvkv]nb,
tKmbvsY, sjn, an XpS-n Imew \nc-h[n kmln-Xy-Im-c-msc
ImWp-Ibpw, Ah-cpsS cN-\-I-fp-ambn ]cn-N-b-s-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXn-p-
v. Fm \qdv hjw ]nn-Sp-tm-tgpw temI-nse GXv
alZv{K--n-sebpw ]e ]Z-fpw ssien-Ifpw {]tbm-K-fpw Ime-
l-c-W-s-Sp-Ibpw {]tbm-K-n-en-m-Xm-hp-Ibpw sNp-p.
tbip-hns `mj-bmb Acm-an-n temI-s-hn-sSbpw Cv
ss__n-fn-. kphn-ti-j- cNn--s `mj-bnepw ssien-bnepw
Ah \ne-\np-p-an-. Dh hnh-\--fm-b-Xn-\m Ah-bpsS
`mjbpw ssienbpw \nc-cw amdn-sm-n-cn-p-Ibpw sNp-p. Cy-
bnse thZ-`m-jbpw Cv Poh`m-jtbm {]tbm-K-n-ep-tXm A.
Fm ]Xn-\mep \qmp ]nn--ti-jhpw Jp-Bs `mjbpw
ssienbpw {]tbm-K-fpw Cpw Ad-_n-bnse Gw anI--hbpw AXp-
eyhpw A\-\p-I-c-Wo-b-hp-ambn \ne-sIm-p-p. Ad_n `mj Adn-
bp Bscbpw AXv AXy-[nIw BIjn-p-p. Bpw AXns
Bibw A\m-bmkw a\-n-em-m km[n-p-Ibpw sNp-p. Cn[w
\nXy-\q-X-\amb Hcp {Khpw temIv Fhn-sSbpw Hcp `mj-bnepw
Is-m-\m-hn-.
Fm Ccw GsXmcp hnh-c-W-t-m-fp-tasd Jp-Bs
ssZhn-IX t_m[y-am-hm klm-b-I-am-hpI AXns ]T-\hpw ]mcm-
b-W-hp-as{X.
""Jp-B ssZhn-I-sa--Xn\v Xm-fpcn apgp-h sXfn-hp-Ifpw
Jp-B-\n\n-p--h-bm-W-tm. CsX--s\-bmWv kzoIm-cy-am-hpI?''
kzW-hf kzW-\nan-X-am-sW--Xn\p sXfnhp B hf-X-s-
bm-Wv. amhv amhm-sW--Xn\p sXfnhp B hrw Xs-bm-W-tm.
"bphpw kam-[m-\hpw' tSmtm-bn-bp-tS-Xm-sW--Xnpw "hniz-N-
cn-{Xm-ht- emIw' s\lvdp-hn-s-Xm-sW-X
- npw {]kvXpX {K-f- mWv
Ghpw {]_-ehpw kzoIm-cy-hp-amb sXfn-hv. An[w Xs Jp-B
ssZhn-I-am-sW--Xnv Gw ihpw A\n-tj-[y-hp-amb sXfnhv B
{Kw Xs-bm-Wv.
Ccp-]smv
Ckvemapw ]cn-Wm-a-kn-m-hpw
""imkv{X-hn-cp--ambn Hpw Ckvem-an-en-s-m-Wtm ]d-b-s-Sp-

Xv . Fn Ckv e mw ]cn- W m- a - k n- m- s AwKo- I - c n- p-
ptm?''
Jn-X-ambn sXfn-bn--s imkv{X kXy-v hncp--am-b-
sXmpw Ckvem-an-en-s-Xv Xopw icn-bmWv. Fm, imkv{X-
\n-K-a-\-tm Ncn-{X-]-c-amb A\p-am-\--tm CXp _m[-I-a.
]cn-Wm-a-hmZw imkv{Xo-b-ambn sXfn-bn--s H. Ncn-{X-]-c-amb
Hc-\p-am\w am{X-amWv.
]cn-Wmaw cn-\-am-sWv Poh-im-kv{X- ]d-bpp. kqva-
]-cn-Wm-ahpw qe-]-cn-Wm-ahpw. kv]ojy-kn-\-Ip \S-p \nm-
c- am---sf--n-bmWv kqva-]-cn-Wm-a-sap ]d-bm-dp-Xv. a\p-jy-
cn \o-hcpw Ipdn-b-hcpw shfp--hcpw Idp--hcpw BWpw s]-
pw {]Xn-`m-im-en-Ifpw a-_p-n-I-fp-sa-m-ap-tm. Htc IpSpw-_-
n Htc amXm-]n-Xm--fpsS a-fnt]mepw Cu sshhn[yw Zriy-
amWv. Ccw am--sf-p-dn-p kqva-]-cn-Wm-as Ckvemw
FXnp-n. Fm Hcp Pohn asm-mbn amdp AYhm Hcp
kv]ojykv asm-mbn amdp-p-shv Ah-Im-i-s-Sp qe-]-cn-
Wm-as kw_-n-mWv hyXy-kvX-amb ho-W-ap-Xv. AXn-
sempw Akmw-K-Xy-hp-an. ImcWw qe-]-cn-Wm-a-n\v imkv{X-
ntem Ncn-{X-ntem Hcp sXfn-hp-an. tIc-f-nse ]cn-Wm-a-hm-Zn-
I-fpsS ap-Wn-tm-cm-fn-bmb tUm. Ippn ha-Xs Cmcyw
Xpdpk-Xn-n-pv. ""]co--Wm--I-amb sXfn-hp-I-fn-sv ]d-
Xv qe-]-cn-Wm-a-s-p-dnp am{X-amWv. AtX-k-abw, ]co--
W-hm-Z-n-e-S-n-bn-p an Xz--sf-p-dnpw kqva-amb ]cn-
Wm-a-am---sf-p-dnpw ]co--W- \Sn Bin ê-
km-Zn-p-hm imkv{X- - mp Ign-n-pv''(D-cWw: krjvSn-
hm-Zhpw ]cn-Wm-a-hm-Zn-Ifpw, ]pdw 33).
kvt\l-kw-hmZw 133
]cn-Wm-a-hm-Z-ns D]-m-Xm-hmbn hmgv-s-Sp Nmkv

Umhn t]mepw AXns\ A\n-tj-[y-amb Hcp knm--ambn Xd-
np ]d-n-n. Atlw Fgp-Xpp: ""hntijcq]--fpsS hyXn-
cn--Xbpw Ah At\Iw ]cn-h-\-I-n-I-fm tN-s-n-n
FXpw hfsc hy-amb {]iv\-amWv...''
""Fs knm-{- ]-Imcw kneq-dn-b L-n\p apv Xo-bmbpw
Fhn-sS-sb-nepw ASn-p-Iq-Sn-bn-cn-m-hp hn]p-e-amb t^mkn]m-
fn-I-fpsS A`mhw Dsm-p--Xn-ep {]bmkw hfsc hep-XmWv.
CXp hni-Zo-I-cn-m-\m-hmsX XpScpw. Rm\n-hnsS Ah-X-cn-n ho-
W--tfm-Sp, km[p-X-bp FXnhm-Z-ambn \ymb-ambpw CXp--bn-
-s-tmw.''(Hdn-Pn Hm^v kv]ojykv, t]Pv 314. D-cWw, Umhn-
\nkw: {]Xo-bpw {]Xn-k-nbpw, ]pdw 23).
""Umhn IrXn-bnse HXmw A[ym-b-ns Xe-sv "`q-
imkv{X tcJ-bpsS A]qW-X-sb-n' FmWv. t^mkn irwJ-e-
bnse hnS-hp-I-sf-n Umhn \Ip hni-Zo-I-c-W--fmWv A-
Xns D-Sw. Atlw FgpXn: "hnti-j-cq-]--fpsS hyXn-cn--X-
bpw Ah At\Iw ]cn-h-\-I-n-I-fm tN-s-n-n F-Xpw
hfsc hy-amb {]iv\-amWv'' (Hdn-Pn Hm^v kv]ojykv, t]-Pv 291.
D-cWw, Umhn-\nkw: {]Xo-bpw {]Xn-k-nbpw, ]pdw 30).
""Htc {Kqnse hnhn[ kv]ojy-kp-I ]g--ta-dnb ]mentbm
tkmbnIv I]-ns BZy-L- a - mb kneq-dn-b ]mfn-If - n s]sv
{]Xy--s-Sp--Xmbn Am-es DXvJ-\-\- sXfn-bn-n-cpp.
kneq-dn-b\v sXmp-ap-p {It-jy ]mfn-bn Ch-bpsS apKm-an-
Isf ImtW-n-bn-cpp. ]t, e`y-am-bn. CXp Kpcp-X-c-amb {]iv\-
am-sWv k-Xn-p-sImv Umhn Fgp-Xpp: "Cu hnkvXr-X-amb
{]mKvL---fpsS tcJ-I Fp-sImp ImWp-n-s tNmZy-n\v
kwXr-]vX-amb Dcw \Im F\np Ign-bn''(Hdn-Pn Hm^v
kv]ojykv, t]Pv, 313. D-cWw, Umhn-\nkw: {]Xo-bpw {]Xn-k-
nbpw, ]pdw 30).
Nmkv Umhn\p tijw ]cn-Wm-a-hm-Z-n\v Dt]m-Zv_-e-I-amb
sXfn-hp-I-sfmpw e`n-n-n-s-Xv {]tXyIw {]kvXm-hy-amWv. Nnm-
tKm kh-I-em-im-e-bnse `qK` imkv{X-h-Ip-ns sNbam
tUhnUv Fw. dqv Fgp-Xpp: ""Xs knm-hpw t^mkn sXfn-
hp-Ifpw Xn-ep s]mcp-t- -Sn\v kmam\y ]cn-lm-ca - mbn t^mkn
tcJ hfsc A]qh-am-sW-mWv Umhn ]d-Xv. Umhn-\p-
tijw \qncp-]Xv hjw Ign-n-cn-pp. t^mkn tcJ-sb--n-
bp hnm\w hf-sc-tbsd hnI-kn-n-pv. \ap-n-tm cp
en A-Xn-\m-bncw t^mkn kv]ojy-kp-If - p-s-nepw nXn
A{X-sbm-pw amdn-bn-n. ]cn-Wm-a-tcJ Ctmgpw hnkva-bn-n-pw-
hn[w `wK-ap--XmWv. hntcm-[m-`m-k-sa-tmWw Umhns Ime-p-
m- b n- c p- - X n- t \- m Ipd ]cn- W ma DZm- l - c - W - tf \ap-
pq'' (Conflicts between Darwinism and Paloeantology Bullettin Field Mu-
seum of Natural History: 50 Jan 1979, P: 22 D-cWw Ibid ]pdw 23).
Umhn-\n-k-n ]cn-Wm-a-hm-Zn-Ip-Xs hnizmkw \jvS-
s-p-sIm-n-cn-p-I-bmWv. HmIvkvt^mUv kh-I-em-ime 1982-
]pd-n-d-nb, {]apJ Pp-im-kv{X-\pw ]cn-Wm-a-hm-Zn-bp-amb
slmhm-Uns Umhns\ kw_-n Poh-N-cn{X IrXn-bn-en-s\
ImWmw: ""Umhns ac- W - i - X m- _ v Z n- t bmsS hnm- \ - n- \ p
Umhns kw`m-h-\-bpsS hne-tbbpw \ne-tbbpw ]n hym]-I-amb
kwi-b-a-t\m-`m-hhpw Akz--Xbpw Dm-bn-h-cpp''(D-cWw:
krjvSn-hm-Zhpw ]cn-Wm-a-hm-Zn-Ifpw, ]pdw 54).
{]apJ t^mkn imkv{X--cmb o^ KuUpw \okv
Fss{UUvPpw Umhn-\n-k-n hnizmkw \jvS-s--Xn-\m
]pXnb knmw Bhn-jvI-cn-p-I-bp-mbn. hniz-hn-Jym-X-cmb ]cn-
Wm-a-hm-Zn-Ip-t]mepw X aptm-p-h knm--ns Zu_-
ey--sf-p-dnv \m-b-dnbmw. kXy-k--cmb Nne-sc-nepw AXv
Xpdp]d-bm-dpv. {]ikvX ]pcm-Po-hn-im-kv{X-\pw ]cn-Wma
hnizm-kn-bp-amb tUm. tImfn ]mt-gvk Fgp-Xnb In-en-s\
ImWmw: ""]n-I-fp-sS-sbmw apKm-an-bm-bn-cp-pthm Bn-tbm-
]vsS-dnIvkv? Hcp]t, Bbn-cnmw. Hcp-]t Am-bn-cnmw. Cu
tNmZy-n\p Dcw Is-m bmsXmcp amK-hp-an. Hcp cq]-
n\npw asmcp cq]-ap-m-b-sX--s\-sb--Xn-s\-n IY-I
sa\-bm Ffp--amWv; {]IrXn\n[m-cWw Hmtcm L-sbpw F-
s\-bmWv ]np-W--sXp ]d-bm\pw. ]t, Acw IY-I
imkv{X-ns `mK-a. ImcWw Ahsb ]co-W hnt[-b-am-m-
\m-hn'' (1979 G{]n 10-se ]mt-gvks Iv Scopes II The Great
Debate pp. 14-15. D-cWw: Ibid ]pdw 68).
{]apJ krjvSn-hmZ Fgp-p-Im-c-\mb kpemns In-\p
adp-]-Sn--m-bn-cpp tImfn ]mt-gvk-tXv. AXn-e-tlw C{X-IqSn
Ipdn-n-Sp-I-bp-mbn: ""]cn-Wm-a-]-c-amb ]cn-h-\--fpsS t\cn-p
DZm-l-c-W- Fs ]pkvX-I-n Cm--Xn-s\-p-dn-p Xm-
fpsS A`n-{]m-b--tfmSv Rm ]qW-ambn tbmPn-pp. Pohn-n-cn-
p-tXm t^mkn cq]-n-ep-tXm Bb Acw GsX-nepw
Hn-s\-p-dnv F\n--dn-bm-am-bn-cp-s-n Xo-bmbpw Rm\Xv
Ds-Sp-p-am-bn-cpp. Acw ]cn-h-\- Hcp Bn-n-s\-
smv `mh-\-bn hc-n-p-Iq-tS-sbv Xm \ntZ-in-pp. ]-
t, AtX--n-bp hnh-c- Abmv FhnsS\nv e`npw?
kXy-k--ambn ]d-m F\nv \Im-\m-hn.''(Ibid ]pdw 68)
imkv{X-ns Is--ep-I-sfms Umhn-\n-ks in-s-
Sp-n-bn-t-bp-q-shv ASp--Imew hsc i-ambn hmZn-n-cp
kvt\l-kw-hmZw 135
tUm. F.F. \q-Xn-cn-t]mepw adnp]d-bm \n_-n-X-\m-hp-I-

bp-mbn. Atlw FgpXn: ""imkv{X-cw-K-s -]p-Xnb am-
Dsm-m\pw DuP-kz-e-ambn \ne-\nm\pw Umhn-\n-k-n\p
CXp-hsc Ignp. ASp--Im-e-mWv Nn{Xw amdn-bXv. Ctmgpw
Umhn-\n-k-ns {]`bvv s]mXpsh a-te-n-n. Fnepw
Pohs Ncn-{X-nse Nne L--fn-se-nepw ]cn-Wm-a-ns
{]h-\-coXn Umhn k]-n\v A\p-tbm-Py-a F kqN-
\-I-fpv. Umhn-\nkw t\cn-Sp BZys {]Xn-kn.'' (Umhn-
\nkw hgn-n-cn-hn, Iem-Iu-apZn 1076, t]Pv 19).
imkv{X-k-Xy--fpsS t\sc D-bn--s-Sp tNmZy-v
Xr]vXn-I-c-amb adp-]-Sn-I-fp-m-bn-cnpw. Fm ]cn-Wm-a-hm-Z-n\p
t\sc ss[j-WnI Xe-n\nv Db-s tNmZy-smpw
CtX-hsc adp-]Sn e`n-n-n. DZm-l-c-W-n\v Hp-am-{X-an-hnsS D-
cnmw.""Pohn-I-fn \nc--c-ambn hyXn-bm-\- Dm-bn-sm-n-cn-
pp. A\p-Iq-e -hy-Xn-bm-\-sf {]IrXn\n[m-cWw hgn AXn-Po-
hn-n-p--Xn-\m Ah ]mc--cy-ambn ssIam-d-s-Spp. A\p-Iq-e-
Kp-W- kzcq-]n--sv ]pXnb Pohn-hK--fp-m-hpp'' FmWv
Umhn-\n-k-ns hmZw. CXp icn-bm-sW-n GI-tZiw apq-dp-
tImSn hj--pdw Dmb (Cpw \ne-\np) GI-tImi
efn-X-Po-hn-I-fmb Aao-_-I Fp-sIm--h-ti-jnp? Cp ImW-
s-Sp Aao-_-I-fpsS apX-e-ap-d-I-fn \nc--c-ambn hyXn-bm-\-
Dm-bnt? Cs-n Fp-sImv? Ah asmcp Pohn-hK-ambn
]cn-W-an-msX {]Xn-Iq-e- ]-cn-X-xn-Xn-Isf Fs\ AXn-Po-hnp?
apq-dp-tImSn hj--pdw \ne-\n GI-tIm-i--fpsS Hcp
t{iWn AtX-]Sn XpS-cp-Ibpw asmcp t{iWn AkwJyw ]pXnb
kv]ojy-kp-If - n-eqsS kkvX\ - n-If
- n-se-p-Ibpw sNbvXs
- X-p-sImv?
Ccw tNmZy- Umhn-\n-k-ns sskm-nI tijnsb ]co-
n-p--h-bmWv. Cu hkvXpX Xs Ipg-pXmbn Umhn
Xs k-Xn-n-pv. 1860 sabv 22-\v Umhn At-l-ns ]np-
W-m-c\pw lmhmUv kh-I-em-im-e-bnse kky-im-kv{X--\p-
am-bn-cp Akm-t{Kv FgpXn: ""Ip-I-fn\npw A`n-{]m-b -{]-
I-S-\--fn\npw a\-n-em-Ip--Xn-\-\p-k-cnv Fs IrXn-bpsS
Ghpw henb t]mcmbva Fm ssPh-cq-]-fpw ]ptcm-K-an-p-p-sh-
n ]ns efn-X-amb ssPh-cq-]- Fn\p \ne-\npp Fp
hni-Zo-I-cn-m Ign-bmsX t]mb-XmWv.''({^mknkv Umhn FUn-
p sNbvX The life and letters of Charls Darwin F IrXn-bn\nv, F.
Fw. lpssk, Umhn-\nkw: {]Xo-bpw {]Xn-k - nbpw, ]pdw 18,19).
]cn-Wm-a-hm-Zn-I BZy-Im-ev X-fpsS hmZ-n\v sXfn-hmbn
FSppImWn-n-cp \nbm-Xm a\p-jy-cpsS t^mkn-ep-I IW-
tcmKw _m[n km[m-cW a\p-jy-cpsS An-I tNp-sh--Xm-
sWv ]noSv sXfn-bn--s-Sp-I-bp-mbn. AtXmsS arK-Om-b-bp
\nbm-Xm a\p-jys IYbpw Inbpw Ap-t]mbn IYm-h-
ti-j-ambn. ]I-c-samp hbvm-\n-tmfw ]cn-Wm-a-hm-Zn-Ip
km[n-n-n. C{]-ImcwXs-bmWv lv a\p-jys IYbpw. a\p-
jy\pw Bp-c--\p-an-S-bnse {]kn--am-sbmcp In-bm-bmWv ]cn-
Wm- a - h m- Z n- I lv a\p- j ys\ Ah- X - c n- n- n- c p- Xv . Fm
Bp-c-ns XmSn-sbv a\p-jys Xe-tbm-n LSn-nv Ir{Xn-
a-ambn Dm-n-b-Xm-Wv Cu A[ a\pjy t^mkn-sev ]noSv
sXfn-bn--s-Sp-I-bp-mbn. CsXmw ]cn-Wm-a-hm-Zs IYm-h-ti-
j-am-p--Xn AXn-{]-[m-\-amb ]mWv hln-p-sIm-n-cn-p-Xv.
Npcp--n, ]cn-WmahmZ-n\v Fs-nepw imkv{Xob ASn-
-dtbm {]am-W-ns ]n_-etam C. tIhew hnI-e- `m-h-\bpw
A\p-am-\-fpw \nK-a-\-fpw am{X-am-WXv. AXns hnizm-kyX ASn-
Sn \jvSs - -p-sIm-n-cn-p-Ib
- mWv. C-cs
- am-ns\ Ckvemw AwKo-
I-cn-p-ptm F {]iv\w DZv`-hn-p-n-. ]cn-Wma kev]w Hcp
knm--ambn sXfn-bn--s-Sp-tmtg AXns t\sc-bp Ckvem-
ans kao-]\w hni-I-e\w sNp--Xn-eY-ap-q.
kvt\l-kw-hmZw 137
Ccp-]-n-cv
aX- t a- X m- b mepw a\p- j y \m- b m
t]mtc?
""aXw ssZhn-I-am-sW-n temIv hnhn[ aX--fp-m-bXv Fp-

sImv? hyXykvX tZi-mpw Ime-mpw shtsd aX-amtWm
ssZhw \In-bXv? A-s\-bm-sW-n Xs hnhn[ aX-n-S-
bn ]c-kv]c `n-Xbpw sshcp-[yhpw Dm-hm Imc-W-sav?''
am\-h-k-aq-l-n\v ssZhw \Inb Pohn-X-hy-h--bmWv aXw.
a\p-jy Bcm-sWpw Fhn-sS-\np hp-shpw Ftmp t]mIp-
p-shpw PohnXw Fm-sWpw GXp hn[-am-h-W-sapw ac-W-
tijw Fv Fpw Hs-bmWv AXv a\p-jy\v ]d-p-sIm-Sp-p-
Xv. As\ P\-Po-hn-Xs t\h-gn-bn-eqsS \bnv hnP-b-n-se-
n-p-I-bmWv aXw sNp-Xv; sNt-Xv. ssZhw Xs ka-{K-
amb Cu Pohn-X-hy-h Ime-tZ-i-t`-Z-an-msX Fm P\-k-aq-l-
pw km-\n-n-pv. Xs kt-i-hm-l-I-cn-eq-sS-bm-WXv Ah-
X-cn-n-Xv. Fm ssZh-Zq-X-mcpw a\p-jy-cm-inp \Inb Pohn-Xm-
Ziw auen-I-ambn Hp-X-s-bmWv. Amlp Adn-bn-pp: ""Fm
kap-Zm-b--fn-tepw \mw ZqX-msc \ntbm-Kn-n-pv. Ah-cn-eqsS
Fm-h-scbpw Adn-bnp: \n ssZhs am{Xw hWn, hgn,
hnt[-b-ambn Pohn-pI. ]cn[newLn AXn-{I-a-Im-cn-Isf \ncm-I-cn-
pI.''(Jp-B 16: 36)
As\ Hcp P\-X-bn ssZh-Zq-X \ntbm-Kn-X-\m-Ipp. Xs
P\-Xsb ssZhn-I-k-mK-n-tev Wn-pp. Atm Ah-cn-
semcp hn`mKw At-ls AwKo-I-cn-p-Ibpw ]np-S-cp-Ibpw
sNpp. Ah-ti-jn-p--h ]qhn-Im-Nm-c--fn Dd-p-\npp.
ssZh-Zq-Xs hntbm-Km-\-cw {lkztam ZoLtam Bb Imew Ign-
bp--tXmsS At-l-ns A\p-bm-bn-IXs ssZhnI kmK-
n\nv hyXn-N-en-pp. ]nX ]ptcm-ln-X-m Ah-cn A-
hn-izm-k-fpw A\m-Nm-c-fpw hfpp. Bhn[w kaqlw kXy-
ip--amb ssZh-]m-X-bn\nv hyXn-N-en-p-tm hopw ssZh-Zq-
X \ntbm-Kn-X-\m-hpp. kaq-l-nse Hcp-hn-`mKw At-ls
]np-S-cp-Ibpw ap--h ]gb k{-Zm-b--fnXs \ne-sIm-p-
Ibpw sNpp. AtXmsS At-ls A\p-K-an-p--h Hcp aXm-
\p-bm-bn-I-fmbpw Am--h asmcp aX-m-cmbpw Adn-b-s-Spp.
bYmY-n Fm ssZh-Zq-X-mcpw P\-sf Wn-Xv Htc
{kjvSm-hn-tepw Ahs Pohn-X-hy-h--bn-te-p-amWv. C{km-
tb-ey ssZhn-I-k-mK-n\nv hyXn-N-en--tm Ahsc t\h-
gn-bn-tev \bn-m tamsi {]hm-N-I \ntbm-Kn-X-\mbn. ]noSv
At-l-ns A\p-bm-bn-I hgn-]n-g--tm tbip \ntbm-Kn-X-
\mbn. tbip-hns Ww \ncm-I-cnv X-fpsS Zpcm-Nm-c--fn-ep-d-
p-\n--h PqX-m-cmbn Adn-b-sp. tbip-hns\ ]np-Sph-
h {Inkv X ym- \ n- I - f m- b n- op. Cuhn[w kaqlw kXy- ] m- X -
bn\nv hyXn-N-en-p-tm Ahsc kmK-n-tev \bn-m
\ntbm-Kn-X-cm-hp ]pXnb {]hm-N-I-msc A\p-[m-h\w sNmsX
]qhn-Im-Nm-c-sf ]np-S-Xn-\m-emWv temIv hnhn[ aX-
fpw Ah-bvn-S-bn `n-Xbpw sshcp-[y-fpw Dm-bXv.
""\Zn-I ]e-bn-S--fnepw \nm-cw-`nv ]e- h-gn-I-fn-eqsS HgpIn kap-
{Z-n-se-pp. B hn[w a\p-jy hyXykvX amK-a-h-ew-_nv ssZ-
h-n-se-pp. AXn-\m {io\m-cm-b-W-Kpcp ]d--t]mse "aX-
ta-Xm-bmepw a\p-jy \m-bm aXn'sb-Xt icn?''
ssZh-ns {]oXnbpw {]Xn-^-ehpw t\Sm-\p ]mX-bm-Wtm
aXw. Xn-tev hp-tN-cm-\p hgn-tb-sXv \n-bn-t-Xv
{kjvSm-hmb ssZhw Xs-bmWv. AX-h \n-bn-p-Ibpw Xs
ZqX-m-cn-eqsS am\-h-k-aq-ls Adn-bn-p-Ibpw sNbvXn-pv.
]c-kv]-c-hn-cp--amb Imcy- Htc-k-abw kXy-am-hpI km[y-a-
s-Xv kphn-Zn-X-am-Wtm. KWn-X-im-kv{X-n cpw cpw
tNm \mem-sW-Xv icn-bm-Wv. aqm-sW-Xpw Am-sW-
Xpw sXm-Wv. HmIvkn-P\pw ssl{U-P\pw IqSn-tm sh-ap-
m-Ip-sa-Xv kXy-am-Wv. aZy-ap-m-Ip-sa-Xv Ak-Xy-am-Wv. Cn[w
Xs aX-n kXyhpw Ak-Xyhpw GsX-Xv auenI {][m-\-am-
Wv. AssZz-X-amWv kXy-sapw ssZzXw Ak-Xy-am-sWpw {ioi--
cm-Nm-cy ]d-bp-p. ssZzX-amWv kXy-sapw AssZzXw Ak-Xy-am-
sWpw am[zm-Nm-cy m]n-p-p. CXv cpw Ak-Xy-am-sWpw
hninjvSmssZzX-amWv kXy-sapw cmam-\p-Pm-Nm-cy Ah-Im-i-s-Sp-
p. ssZhm-h-Xmc kev]w kXy-am-sWv hniz-kn-p--hcpw Ak-
Xy-am-sWv hniz-kn-p--hcpw sslh ]WvUn-Xam-cn-ep-v.
]p\Pa-k--ev]-ns nXnbpw CXp-X-s. sslh ]WvUn-
kvt\l-kw-hmZw 139
Xam Xs lnp-a-X-nse hnhn[ hnizm-k- kXy-am-sWv

hniz-kn-p-n-sv CXv sXfn-bn-p-p. AXn-\m hnhn[ aX--
fnse GI- s sZ- h Xzw, {Xntb- I Xzw, _lp- s sZ- h Xzw, ssZzXw,
AssZzXw, GI-ssZ-hm-cm-[\, _lp-ssZ-hm-cm-[\, hn{K-lm-cm-[\,
hn{K-lm-cm-[\ sImSnb ]m]-am-sW hnizmkw, ]c-temI hnizmkw,
]p\P--hn-izmkw, a\p-jy-scms ]cn-ip--cm-bmWv P\n-p--
sX hoWw, ]m]n- I - f m- b mWv ]nd- p- - s X {]kv X mhw
t]mep Imcy- Htc-k-abw kXyhpw icnbpw kzoIm-cy-hp-am-
hp-I-bn. Bhp-sav ]d-bp-Xv cpw cpw \mem-sWXpw
Am-sW-Xpw aqm-sW-Xpw kXyhpw icn-bp-am-sWp ]d-
bp--Xp-t]mse ]c-am-_--am-Wv.
AXp-sIm-p-Xs a\pjy CS-s]-S-ep-I-fn\nv ap-amb, kXy-
ip--amb ssZhn-I- kamKw GsXv At\z-jnv Isn AXv
]np-S-cp-I-bmWv thXv. hnP-b-ns hgnbpw AXp-Xs. Xm
hniz-kn-p Imcyhpw AXn\p t\sc hncp--am-bXpw Htckabw
kXyhpw kzoIm-cy-hp-am-sWv, t_m[-ap Bcpw AwKo-I-cn-p-I-
bn. Iayq-Wn-khpw apX-em-fn-hpw Hcp-t]mse icnbpw \-Xp-am-
sWv Ah-sb-p-dn--dn-bp Ah-cpsS A\p-bm-bn-I-fmcpw ]d-bp-I-
bn-tm.
bYmY-n thXv a\p-jys\ \m-p aX-amWv. AYhm,
sFlnIPohn-X - n a\-n\v kam-[m-\hpw hyn-Po-hn-X
- n hnip-
nbpw IpSpw-_-n\v sskzchpw kaq-l-n\v kam-[m-\hpw cbpw
cmjv{S-n\v tahpw `{Z-Xbpw temIv {]im-nbpw kthm-]cn
]c-tem-Iv \c-I-n\nv tamN-\hpw kzK-e-_v[nbpw Dd-p-h-
cp-p aXw. aX-an-msX CXv km[y-hp-a.
""GXv aXhpw kzoI-cn-m-sav Jp-B-\n Xs Dtm. Jp-B
2: 62- Cs\ ImWmw: "Dd-mbn Adn-bpI: Cu {]hm-N-I-\n
hniz-kn--htcm PqX-mtcm {InkvXym-\n-Itfm km_n-Itfm Bcp-am-
hs, Am-lp-hnepw Ay-Zn-\-nepw hniz-kn-p-Ibpw ka-
-f-\p-jvTn-p-Ibpw sNp--hv Ah-cpsS cn-Xm-hn- {]Xn-
^-e-apv. Ah `b-s-Smt\m ZpxJn-mt\m CS-bm-hp--X'. CXn-
s\-p-dnv Fp ]d-bpp?''
blq-Z-cpsS hwio-b-hm-Zs \ncm-I-cn-p hnip--hm-Iy-am-WnXv.
X-fpsS hwiw am{X-amWv ssZh-n\v {]nb-s--hcpw kzKm-h-Im-
in-I-fp-sa-m-bn-cpp Ah-cpsS Ah-Im-i-hmZw. X Fs\ Pohn-
mepw c{]m]n-p-sapw ap--h-scmw \c-Im-h-Im-in-I-fm-bn-cn-
p-sapw Ah hniz-knp. CXns\ Jn-p-sImv Jp-B
]dp: ""hwitam PmXntbm kap-Zm-btam A hnP-b-\n-Zm\w; adnv
ssZh-nepw ]c-tem-I-n-ep-ap hnizm-khpw ka-hp-amWv.''
ssZh-nepw ac-Wm-\-c Pohn-X-nepw bYm-hn[n hniz-kn-
epw ka- - f - \ p- j v T n- epw Xs- b mWv Ckv e mw. B
Bhn[w Pohn-p-pthm Ah apkvenw-I-fmWv. Ah-cpsS hwitam
hKtam tZitam PmXntbm GXm- b n- c p- mepw icn. PqX- mcpw
{InkvXym-\n-Ifpw km_n-Ifpw ssZh-nepw ac-Wm-\-c Pohn-X-
nepw hniz-knv ka--f-\p-jvTn-p--tXmsS Ah Ah-c-
m-Xm-bn-o-cpp. hnizm-k--fnepw Bcm-[-\-I-fnepw BNm-c--
fnepw A\p-jvTm-\--fnepw Pohn-X-co-Xn-I-fnepw kaq-e-amb amw kw`-
hn-pp. ]ns, \ne-hn-ep t]cn-e-h-c-dn-b-s-Sm\pw CS-bn. AXn-
\m Jp-B Chn-sSbpw hnP-b-ns \nZm-\-ambn Dun--d-Xv
Ckvem-ans ASn-m-\--fmb kXy-hn-izm-khpw ka-fpw
kvt\l-kw-hmZw 141
Xs-bmWv .
(hn-i-Zo-I-c-W-n\v Ub-temKv sk {]kn-o-I-cn "kh-a-X-
k-Xy-hmZw' F IrXn ImWp-I.)
Ccp-]naqv
B[p-\nIa\p-jy\v Bdmw\qm-nse
aXtam?
{]hm-N-I aX-m-]-I-\
""tbip ssZh-]p-{X-\m-sWv {InkvXym-\n-Ifpw \n-fpsS \_n ssZh-
ns Ay-Zq-X-\m-sWv \nfpw hmZn-pp. CsXmw kzw
aX-m-]-Isc al-Xz-h-cn-m-\p- tIhew Ah-Im-i-hm-Z--
ft?''
Ckvem-an-s\bpw apkvenw-I-sfbpw kw_-n Kpcp-X-c-amb sXp-
[m-c-W-I-fmWv Cu tNmZy-n\p ImcWw. apl-Zv \_n \psSsbm-
s {]hm-N-I-\mWv. GsX-nepw PmXn-mcp-sStbm kap-Zm-b-m-cp-
sStbm am{Xw \_n-b. apgp-h temI-n\pw kI-e- P-\-n\pw
thn \ntbm-Kn--s ssZh-Zq-X-\mWv. At-ls kw_-nv
hnip--Jp-B ]d-bp-Xv, "temImsI A\p-{K-l-am-bn--msX
\ns \mw \ntbm-Kn-n-n.' (21: 107) FmWv.
A{]-ImcwXs Fm-e-sbpw GXp tZi-sbpw Fm \_n-
am-scbpw X-fpsS kzw {]hm-N-I-m-cmbn kzoI-cn-m apkvenw-
I _m[y--cmWv. Ahn-S-bn Hcp-hn[ hnth-N-\hpw I]n-
m-h-X. apkvenw-I C{]-Imcw {]Jym-]n-m imkn--s-n-cn-
pp: ""]d-bpI: R Am-lp-hn hniz-kn-pp. C_vdmlow,
Ckvam-Cu, CkvlmJv, bA-vJq_v, At-l-ns k-Xn-I Fn-
h-h-X-cn-n--s-n-cp--Xnepw tamsi, tbip Fn-hpw CXc
{]hm-N-I-mpw Ah-cpsS \mY-\n--h-X-cn-n-n-p amK-Zi-
\--fnepw R hniz-kn-pp. Ah-cn-em-tcmSpw R hnth-
N\w I]n-p-n. R Am-lp-hns Bm-\p-hn-I-
ftm.''(Jp-B 3:84)
Jp-B ]d-bpp: ""ssZh-Zq-X Xs \mY-\n\nv X\nv
Ah-X-cn amK-Zi-\-n hniz-kn-n-cn-pp. Cu ZqX-\n hniz-
kn-p--h-cmtcm Ahcpw B amK-Zi-\s hniz-kn-w-Ko-I-cn-n-
cn-pp. Ah-sc-m-hcpw Am-lp-hnepw Ahs ae-p-I-fnepw thZ-
{K-fnepw ZqX-m-cnepw hniz-kn-pp. Ah-cpsS {]Jym-]-\-an-
n-[-as{X: R ssZh-Zq-X-m-cn BtcmSpw hnth-N\w ImWn-
p-n. R hn[n {ihnp. hnt[-b-Xz-aw-Ko-I-cnp. \mYm, R
\ntmSv amn-c-p--h-cm-Ipp. R \nn-te-p-Xs aS-p--
h-cm-Wtm''(2: 285).
{]hm-N-I-m-c aX-m-]-I-scpw Ah ssZhn-I-k-tiw a\p-
jy-cm-in-s-n-p ssZh-Zq-X-mcpw {]t_m-[-Icpw am{X-am-sWpw
Cu hnip--hm-Iy- Ak-n-Kv[-ambn hy-am-pp. AXn-\m
apl-Zv \_n-b Ckvem-ans m]-I. Ckvemw At-l-n-eqsS
Bcw-`n--Xp-a. BZn-a-a-\p-jy apX apgp-h a\p-jypw ssZhw
\Inb PohnX hyh--bm-WXv. B Pohn-X-hy-h P\-s-
n-p-sIm-Sp-m-\mbn \ntbm-Kn-X-cmb kt-i-hm-l-I-cmWv {]hm-N-
I-m. Ah ssZh-ns ]p{X-mtcm Ah-Xm-c-tfm A. a\p-
jy-cn\np Xs ssZh-m \nbp--cmb kt-i-hm-l-I am{X-
amWv. `qan-bn P\-hm-k-am-cw-`n-Xp apX temI-ns hnhn[ `mK-
-fn hyXykvX Ime-L---fn Ccw At\-Im-bncw ssZh-Zq-X-
m \ntbm-Kn-X-cm-bn-pv. Ah-cnse Ah-km-\s In-bmWv apl-
Zv \_n-Xn-cp-ta\n.
Fp-sIm-n-tm ssZh-Zq-Xam hcp-n?
""\_n-Xn-cp-ta\n ssZh-ns Ay-Zq-X-\m-b-sX-p-sImv? ssZh-
ns amK-Zi\w Cpw Bh-iy-at? Fn Fp-sIm-n-tm
ssZh-Zq-X-m-cp-m-Ip-n?''
a\p-jy-cpsS amK-Zi-\-am-Wtm ssZh-Zq-X-m-cpsS \ntbm-K-
eyw. apl-Zv \_np app {]hm-N-I-m-cn-eqsS Ah-XoW-
amb ssZhn-I-k-tiw Nne {]tXyI Ime-mpw tZi-mpw
am{X-ap--h-bm-bn-cpp. temI-hym-]-I-ambn B kt-i--fpsS {]Nm-
c-Whpw Ah-bpsS `{Z-amb kwc--Whpw km[y-am-bn-cp-n-s--
Xmhmw CXn\p ImcWw. GXm-bmepw Ah-cn-eqsS e`y-amb ssZhn-I-
k-tiw a\p-jy- C-S-s]-S-ep-I-fn\nv Xopw ap-amb \ne-bn
temI-nv Fhn-sS-bp-an. Fm ]Xn-\mep \qm-n-\-pdw apl-
Zv \_n-Xn-cp-ta-\n-bn-eqsS Ah-XoW-amb Jp-B apgp-h a\p-
jypw amK-Zi-\-ta-Im ]cym-]vX-as{X. AXv temI-sapw
Fm kuI-cy-s-Sp-amdv a\p-jy-\m-K-cn-IX hfp hnI-kn-n-cpp.
{]hm-N-I \ntbm-Km-\-cw Gsdmew Ignbpwapt As Adn-
b-s-n-cp \mSp-I-fn-sepw Jp-Bs ktiw sNs-p-Ibpw
kvt\l-kw-hmZw 143
{]N-cn-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Jp-B a\p-jy-cpsS Fm-hn[ CS-s]-S-

ep- I - f n\npw Iqn- t - e p- I - f n\npw shn- p- c p- - e p- I -
fn\npw ap-ambn X\-Xmb \ne-bn Cpw \ne-\npp.
temIm-h-km\w hsc AXv An[w kpc-n-X-ambn tijnpw. ssZhn-
I-amb Cu {K-n Hc-cw t]mepw am-n\v hnt[-b-am-bn-
n. AXns kqva-amb kwc-Ww ssZhw-Xs Gs-Sp-p-
Ibpw sNbvXn-cn-pp. Ah hmKvZm\w sNpp: ""Cu Jp-B
\mw Xs Ah-X-cn-n--XmWv. \mw Xs-bm-W-Xns kwc--
I\pw''(15: 9).
a\p-jy-cm-in-mbn \I-s ssZhn-I-amK-Zi\w hnip--Jp-
B-\nepw AXns hymJym-\-hn-i-Zo-I-c-W-amb {]hm-N-I-N-cy-bnepw `{Z-
ambpw kqva-ambpw \ne-\np--Xn-\m ]pXnb amK-Zi-\-n-
stbm {]hm-N-I-stbm Bh-iy-an. AXp-sIm-p-Xs Ign
]Xn-\m-ep-\q-m-n ]pXnb thZ-{K-tam ssZh-Zq-Xt\m Dm-bn-n.
C\n Dm-hp-I-bp-an. Cmcyw Jp-BXs Dun--d-n-pv.
""P\-tf, apl-Zv \_n \n-fn-ep ]pcp-j-m-cn-em-cp-sSbpw ]nXm-
h. {]XypX, Atlw Am-lp-hns ZqX\pw {]hm-N-I-m-cn Ah-
km-\-s-bm-fp-am-Ipp. Amlp kh-kw-K-Xn-Ifpw Adn-bp--h-
\tm''(32: 40).
Bdmw \qm-nse aXw!
""]Xn-\mep \qm-n-\Iw temIw hnh-cn-m-\m-hm hn[w amdn.
]ptcm-K-Xn-bpsS ]mc-ay-X-bn-se-nb B[p-\nI ]cn-jvIr-X-bp-K-n
Bdmw \qm-nse aX-hp-ambn \S-p-Xv hnUvVn--at?''
Imew amdn-bn-pv, icn-bmWv. temI-ns tImehpw amdn-bn-cn-
pp. a\p-jy-\nv hf-sc-tbsd ]ptcm-KXn {]m]n-n-pv. imkv{Xw
hnh-cW
- m-Xo-Xamw hn[w hfp. kmt-Xn-Ih- nZy kar-a
- mbn. hnm-
\w hn hnImkw t\Sn. Pohn-X-ku-I-cy- koam-Xo-X-ambn
h[np. \mK-cn-IX \nWm-bI t\- ssIh-cnp. Pohn-X-\n-e-
hmcw hf-sc-tbsd sa-sp. Fm a\p-jy-\n Ch-sbmw Fs-
nepw auen-I-amb amw hcp-n-bn-ptm? hnNm-c-hn-Im-c--sfbpw
BNm-c-{I-a--sfbpw Bcm-[\mcoXn-I-sfbpw s]cp-am k{-Zm-b--
sfbpw kz`mh kao-]-\--sfbpw A]-sa-nepw kzm[o-\n-n-ptm?
Cs--Xt kXyw? kl-{km-_vZ--pdw A-hn-izm-k-
kaq-ls AS-n-`-cn-n-cpp. ka-Im-eo\ kaq-l-nse nXnbpw
AXp-Xs. A-s-tmse Cpw a\p-jy AtN-X\ hkvXp-sf
Bcm-[n-pp. NXnbpw h-\bpw Ifhpw sImbpw ]g-b-Xp-t]mse
XpS-cpp. aZyw tamn-p-Sn-p--Xn t]mepw am-an. ssewKnI
Acm-P-I-Xz-ns Ah-bpw AXp-Xs. Fn-t\sd, Bdmw \qm-
nse Nne Atd-_y tKm{X- sNbvXn-cp--Xp-t]mse s]Ip-
p-sf B[p-\nI a\p-jy\pw {Iqc-ambn sIme-s-Sp-pp. Av
Hpw cp-sam-s-bm-bn-cp-p-sh-n Cv e-fpw tImSn-I-fp-
am-sWp am{Xw. sshZy-hn-Zy-bnse sshZKv[yw AXv A\m-bm-k-I-
c-am-p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cn-pp. \mw Incm-X-sav Ip-s-Sp-p
Imev kw`-hn-n-cp--t]mse Xs Cpw a\p-jy Xs kl-
Po-hnsb {Iqc-ambn sIme-s-Sp-pp. Av Iqp-aq Im-
bn-cpp sIme-bvv D]-tbm-Kn-n-cp--sX-n Cv h hnkvt^m-
S\ tijn-bp t_mw_m-sWp am{Xw. AXn-\m sIme KWy-
ambn h[n- n- c n- pp. Npcp- - n, temI- p- mb am- s am-
sbpw Xopw _mly-as{X. AIw Apw Cpw HpXs.
a\p-jys a\-sampw amdn-bn-n. AXn-\m auen-I-am-sbmcp amhpw
kw`-hn-n-n. ]nn \qm-p-I-fnse ]pcp-jm--c--fn a\w-am-
hpw AXp-hgn PohnX ]cn-h-\hpw krjvSn BZi-hn-izm-k-
pw aqey-t_m-[-n\pw am{Xta Cpw AXp-m-m km[n-
p-I-bpq. Bdmw \qm-nse am\-h-a-\-n\v kam-[m-\hpw Pohn-
X-n\v hnip-nbpw IpSpw-_-n\v sskzchpw kaq-l-n\v kpc-
bpw cmjv{S-n\v `{Z-Xbpw \Inb ssZhn-I-Po-hn-X-hy-h-v
Cpw AXn-s\m-s-bp Icppw {]m]vXn-bp-apv. {]tbm-K-h-
c-W-n-\-\p-kr-X-ambn AXns ka-Im-enI {]k-nbpw {]m[m-
\yhpw kZv^-e-fpw {]I-S-amIpw; {]I-S-am-bn-pv; {]I-S-am-Ip-p-
apv. hnip Jp-B\pw {]hm-N-I-N-cybpw kan-p ka{K
Pohn-X-hy-h--bn Hcwiw t]mepw B[p-\nI temI-n\v A{]m-
tbm-Kn-Itam A\p-Nn-Xtam Bbn Cs--XmWv hkvXpX. F;
kvt\l-kw-hmZw 145
AXns {]tbm-K-h-c-W-n-eqsS am{Xta am\-h-cmin C-\p-`-

hn-p {]iv\-fpw {]bm-k-fpw ]qW-ambpw ]cn-l-cn--s-Sp-
I-bpq.
Ccp-]n\mev
ssZhw IA-v_-bntem?
""apkvenw-I Fn-\mWv \a-kvIm-c-n IA-v_-bn-tev Xncn-p-

\np-Xv? IA-v_-bn-emtWm ssZhw? As-n IAv_ ssZh-
ns {]Xo-Itam {]Xn-jvTtbm?''
Ckvem-ans ho-W - n ssZhw GsX-nepw {]tXy-I - e- v
]cn-an-Xt\m IpSn-bn-cp-s - -h
- t\m A. ssZh-n\v {]Xn-aI - tfm {]Xn-
jvT-Itfm C.
""Ingpw ]Sn-mdpw Am-lp-hn-t-Xm-Ipp. \n FhnsS
Xncn-mepw Ahn-sS-sbmw Ahs hZ-\-apv. Amlp AXn-hn-
im-e\pw kh--\p-as{X.''(Jp-B 2: 115)
""BIm-i`- q-an-If
- psS kI-e- kw-KX- n-Ifpw Amlp Adn-bp-p-shv
\n-f-dn-bp-nt? Hcn-epw aqp-t] Xn cl-ky-kw-`m-jWw
\S-p-n, Ah-cn \mem-a-\mbn Amlp CmsX. As-n
Ap-t]-cpsS cl-ky-kw-`m-jWwBdm-a-\mbn Amlp CmsX \S-
p-n. clkyw]d-bp-h - CXnepw Ipd-m-hs IqSp-Xe
- m-hs, Ah-
sc-hn-sS-bm-bn-cp-mepw Amlp Ah-tcm-sSm--apmbncnpw.'' (58:7)
""a\p-jys\ krjvSn-Xv \mam-Ipp. Ahs a\-n-ep-W-cp
tXm-ep-I hsc \ma-dn-bpp. Ahs IWvT-\m-Un-tb-m Ah-
t\m-S-Sp--h-\s{X \mw.''(50: 16)
temI-sa-p-ap apgp-h a\p-jy-scbpw AJn-e -Po-hnX taJ-e-
I-fnepw GIo-I-cn-p ka{K Pohn-X-]--Xn-bmWv Ckvemw. AXns
Bcm-[-\m-{Iaw hnizm-kn-Isf GIo-I-cn-p--Xn A\]-amb ]p-
h-ln-pp. CXp km[y-am-h-W-sa-n Fm-h-cp-sSbpw Bcm-[-\m-
coXn Htc-hn-[-am-th--Xp-tm. AXn-\m \a-kvIm-c-n hniz-sa-
p-ap hnizm-kn-Iv Xncn-p-\nm HcnSw A\n-hm-cy-as{X.
AXv ssZhs am{Xw Bcm-[n-m-\mbn BZy-ambn \nan--s I-
Av_-bmbn \n-bn--s-Sp-I-bm-Wp-m-bXv. AXp-sImv B hnip
tZhm-ebw temI-P-\-Xsb GIo-I-cn-p tI{-_n-p-hmWv. ssZhw
{]tXy-I-ambn IpSn-bn-cp--s CStam ssZh-ns {]Xo-Itam
{]Xn-jvTtbm Hp-a. adnv, AXv GI-ssZ-hm-cm-[-\-bpsS {]Xo-I-
amWv.
""\nw-ibw, a\p-jymbn \nan--s {]Ya tZhm-ebw a-
bn nXnsNp--Xp-X-s-bm-Ipp. AXv A\p-Kr-lo-Xhpw temI-
-m-I-am\w amK-ZiI tI{-hp-am-bn-s{X \nan--s-n-p-Xv.''
(Jp-B 3:96)
""Cu an-cs \mw P\-v Hcp tI{hpw A`-b-m-\-hp-
ambn \n-bn-Xpw kvacn-pI''(2:125). ""hnip--tK-l-amb IA-v_m-e-
bs Amlp P\-v (kmaq-lnI Pohn-X-ns) \ne-\n]n-
\p B[m-c-amn \n-bn-n-cn-pp''(5: 97).
AXn-\m hnip tZhm-e-b-s-b Bcm-[n-t-Xv, AXns
\mY-\mb ssZhs am{X-amWv. ""AXn-\m \n Cu an-c-ns
\mYs\ hW-p-hn''(106:3).
Nne {]apJ Ncn-{X-Im-c-m t]mepw sXn--cn-p-Ibpw sXmbn
tcJ-s-Sp-p-Ibpw sNbvX-Xp-t]mse IAv_ Hcp I. Ip-sImv
\nan--s ]{-p -ao- \ofhpw ]p-ao- hoXnbpw ]Xn-\p-
ao- Db-c-hp-ap Hcp an-c-amWv. IAv_ F ]Zw Xs L\NXp-
cs(Iyq_v)bmWv {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-p-Xv. \nam-W-Nm-Xp-cntbm
in]-`w-Kntbm Ie-Itfm sImp-]-Wn-Itfm Hp-an-m emfn-Xy-
ns {]Xo-I-am-WXv.
Fm temI-nse Ghpw {it-b-amb `h-\-am-WXv. \qdp
tImSn-tbmfw a\p-jy \nXyhpw \s Npcp-n-bXv Ap t\c-sa-
nepw AXns t\sc Xncnp\npp. \nc-h[n \qm-p-I-fn-
eqsS IS-p-t]mb tImSm-\p-tImSn hnizm-kn-I-fpsS apJw Ay-hn-{i-
a-n-\mbn Xncn-p-h-bv-s-Xpw IA-v_-bpsS t\sc-bmWv. P\-hn-
Im-c--fp-ambn Cuhn[w sIp-]n-Wp InS-p Hcp an-chpw
temIv thsd-bn. ssZh-ns `h-\-am-WXv. AXp-sIm-p-Xs
apgp-h a\p-jy-cp-tS-Xp-amWv. GIssZhm-cm-[-\-bpsS {]Xo-Ihpw Fm
GI-ssZ-hm-cm-[-I-cp-sSbpw {]mY-\-bpsS Zni-bp-am-WXv.
""Fn-\mWv apkvenw-I IA-v_p Nppw Id-p-Xv? FmWv
AXns {]tbm-P\w? HcY-hp-an-m BNm-c-at AXv?''
ssZh-amWv Xs Fs\ Bcm-[n--W-sav Xocp-am-\n-t-Xv.
]qh-{]-hm-N-I-\mb C_vdmlow \_n-bpsS Imew sXmt-bp ssZh-
\n-n-X-amb Bcm-[-\m-Ia-am-WXv. \app tXmn-b-Xp-t]m-se-b-
tm \mw ssZhs hW-t-Xv. As\ Bbn-cp-psh-n
kvt\l-kw-hmZw 147
\apv bp-sav tXmp coXn-I Bhn-jvI-cn-m-am-bn-cpp.

Fm Bcm-[\mIa- GsXm-s-sbpw Ftm, GXp-hn-[-
sapw ssZhw IWn-i-ambn \nW-bn-n-pv. Xs ZqX-m-cn-eqsS
kaq-ls ]Tn-n-n-p-apv. Ah-bn Fs-nepw Iqn-tmt\m
shn-p-dbv-mt\m amwhcp-mt\m Bpw A\p-hm-Ztam Ah-Im-
itam C. IA-v_p Npp-ap Id-hpw Cuhn[w \nWnX cq]-
ap, ssZh-\nZn-jvS-amb Bcm-[\m Ia-amWv. Fm CXns
]nn al-mb bpnbpw AY-hp-ap-sv A]w Btem-Nn-
m a\-n-em-m-hp--XmWv.
a\p-jy {]]-LS-\-tbmSv XmZmyw {]m]n-pp; AXnse
Ap-XI - c
- a
- mb kwhn-[m-\t- mSv Dt-cp AXn-hn-in-jvSa
- mb Bcm-
[-\m-Ia-am-WXv . hnip IA-v_-bm-W-Xns tI{-_np. P\w
AXn\p Nppw Id-pp. kuc-bq-Y-nse {Kl- kqcy\p Npp-
sa--t]mse. ]c-am-Wp-hnse Ce-Ivt{Sm-Wp-I \yqn-b-kn\p Nppw
Id-p--Xp-t]mse. Ggp-X-hW Npn-bmte Hcp {]mh-iy-ambn ]cnK-
Wn-p-I-bpq. AYhm Ggp {]mhiyw Npp--XmWv Hcp Xzhm^v.
ChnsS Ggv FXv {]]--L-S-\sb {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-pp. `qJ--
Ggm-Wtm. kap-{Zhpw Ggp-Xs. BIm-ihpw Ggm-sWv Jp-
B ]d-bpp.
he-Xp-h-i-n\v Gsd {]mapJyw I]n Ckvemw Xzhm-^n
IAv_, XoYm-S-Is CS-Xp-h-i-m-h-W-sav \njvIjn-n-cn-pp.
CXv hf-sc-tbsd {it-b-as{X. CXp-hgn IA-v_p Npp-ap Idw
{]Ir-Xn-hy-h--bp-ambn ]qW-ambpw s]mcp--s-Spp. kuc-bq-Y-
nse tKmf- kqcys\ Npp-Xv, AXv CS-Xp-hiw hcpw-hn-[-
amWv. AYhm Xzhm-^n-te-Xp-t]mse, LSn-Im-c-ns kqNn ]nd-tImv
Xncnbpwhn[-amWv. {Kl- kzw A--n Id-p-Xpw Bhn-
[w Xs. [qa-tI-Xp- kqcy-\p-Nppw Nen-p-Xpw AtX Znibn-
emWv. A_oP-k--e\w \S-pw-apv ]pcp-j-_o-P- A-
n\p Nppw Id-p-Xpw Bn-tmv sshkn-emWv. As\ hnin-
jvS-amb Cu Bcm-[-\m-Iaw {]]--hy-h--tbmSv hnkva-b-I-c-amw-
hn[w tbmPn-p-h-n-cn-pp. ]c-am-Wp- ap-X KmeIvkn hsc-bp
{]hn-im-e-amb Cu {]]--ns `mK-amWv Xms\pw Ah-sbms
{kjvSm-hmb ssZh-n\v hgn, hW-p--t]mse Xm\pw Ahs\
am{Xw Bcm-[npw A\p-k-cnpw Pohn-t--h-\m-sW-pap- t_m[-
ap-Wp Cu A\p-jvTm\w Xms\-s\ sNp-sa--Xns {]Xo-
Im--I-amb {]Jym-]\w IqSn-bmWv.
IA-v_p Npp-ap Id--ns AXn-a-l--chpw AXyw
hnkva-b-I-c-hp-amb Cu AY-X-e- Adn-bm km[n-Xv ASp--
Im-ev am{X-amWv. C\nbpw ]nSn-In-m ]e am\-fpw AXn-\p-
m-tbmw. ssZh-\nZn-jvS-amb Bcm-[\ Ahs krjvSn-I-fmb a\p-
jy AXns bpnbpw \ymbhpw a\-n-em-bmepw Cs-nepw
\nnX cq]-n \nh-ln-m _m[y--cmWv.
t{X{]Z-n-Whpw IAv_m Xzhm^pw
""lnp- t{X-n\p Nppw {]Z-nWw sNp--t]m-se--s-
bt apkvenw-I IA-v_p Nppw Id-p-Xv?''
C_vdmlow {]hm-N-I-\mWv hnip IAv_ ]p\\nan-Xv .
ln\v hnfw-_cw sNbvXXpw Atlw Xs. Atlw ]WnX
I-Av_-bn {]Xn-a-Itfm {]Xn-jvT-Itfm hn{K-l-tfm Nn{X-tfm
Hp-ap-m-bn-cp-n. F, GI-ssZ-hm-cm-[-\-bvm-bmWv C_v-
dmlow \_nbpw ]p{X Ckvam-Cu {]hm-N-I\pw IqSn AXv ]Wn-
XXv. lns `mK-ambn AXn\p Nppw Id-p k{-Zmbw Ap-
apX Xs \ne-\n-p-t]m-n-cpp. Fm ]nm-ev P\w
A-hn-izm-k-pw A\m-Nm-c-pw ASn-s-Sp-Ibpw AtX
{]hm-N-I-m-cpsS t]mepw Nn{X- AXn tImdn-bnv Ahsb Bcm-
[n-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. IA-v_-bnepw AXn\p Nppw \nc-h[n hn{K-l-
{]Xn-jvTnv Ahsb Bcm-[n-m XpSn. As\ GI-ssZ-
hm-cm-[-\-bpsS {]Im-i-\-ambn \S-p-h-n-cp IA-v_p Npp-ap
Idw hn{K-lm-cm-[-\-bmbn ]cn-W-anp. Cu L-n-emWv {]hm-N-
I-\mb apl--Zv\_n \ntbm-Kn-X-\mbn hn hnizm-k-hn--h-n-
eqsS Ah-cpsS a\wamn Ah-sc-sm-p-Xs IA-v_-bnse hn{Kl-
FSp-p-amn AXns\ ipo-I-cn-Xv. As\ IA-v_p Nppw
Id-p Bcm-[-\m-k-{-Zmbw Ckvemw XpSpw \ne-\nn.
Fm AXv hn{K-lm-cm-[-\bvp ]Icw GI-ssZ-hm-cm-[-\-bvmn
amn. \-cmbn \nh-ln-n-cp {]kvXpX Iaw am\y-ambn hkv{Xw
[cnp am{Xta \nh- l n- mhq Fv \njv I jnp. A{]- I mcw
AXnse Fm Xn-Ifpw tO-X-Ifpw Ah-km-\n-nv AXns\
ipo-Icnp.
aX--fp-sS-sbmw t{kmXv auen-I-ambn Hpw AXv ssZh-
n\n-p-am-b-Xn-\m Bcm-[-\-I-fnepw A\p-jvTm-\--fn-ep-samw
kam-\X Is-pI kzm`m-hn-Ia - mWv. Cy-bn-tev IpSn-tb-dn-m
Bcy-m C_vdmlow {]hm-N-Is A\p-bm-bn-Ifpw ]nap-d-m-cp-
am-bn-cp-p-sh Nne Ncn-{X-K-th-j-I-cpsS \nK-a\w ChnsS {]tXyI
]cn-K-W\ Aln-pp. AXn-\m C_vdmlow \_n-bn-eqsS \Sm-
-s Bcm-[-\m-Ia-ns cq]-]-cn-Wm-a-n-\n-S-bmb A\p-jvTm-
\-am-bn-cnmw ChnsS \ne-\n-p-h-cp t{X-{]-Z-nWw. GXmbm-
epw ssZhs {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-m {]Xn-a-Ifpw {]Xn-jvT-Ifpw hn{K-
l-fpw m]n-p--Xn-s\bpw Ahsb Bcm-[n-p--Xn-s\bpw A-
Xns `mK-ambn Ah m]n `h-\-sf Npp--Xn-s\bpw Ckvemw
A\p-Iq-en-p-n-sp am{X-a; i-ambn hne-p-Ibpw sNpp.
Bcm-[-\m-\p-jvTm-\--fnse kam-\X aX--fpsS t{kmX-ns\
kvt\l-kw-hmZw 149
kw_-n kXy-k-hpw hkvXp-\n-jvT-hp-amb At\z-j-W-n\pw

AXp-hgn aX-]c
- a
- mb GIX Is-m\pw ssIh-cn-m\pw Ign-m
AXv AXn-a-l-mb t\-am-bn-cnpw. A-c-sam-c-t\z-j-W-n\pw
]T-\-n\pw Cu N {]tNm-Z-I-am-sb-n!
Ccp-]-v
hn[n-hn-izmkw
ùXn-I-hm-Z-nepw Ckvem-anepw
""ssZhw kh-i-\pw kh--\p-am-Wtm. Fn temI-nse

a\p-jy-scmw Fn-[-am-bn-cn-p-sapw F-s\-bmWv Pohn-p-I-
sbpw ssZh-n\v apIqn Adn-bnt? Znhy-m-\-n\v sXp-]-
m-\n-S-bn-m--Xn-\m Fmw apIqn ssZhw Xocp-am-\np hn-p-
spw AXn-sempw amw hcp-m-\mpw km[y-a-s-p-at CXn-
\Yw? ssZh-hn-[n-\ - p-kr-Xa
- mbn Ncn-p a\p-jy Xopw Akz-
X-{-\t? ]ns, \n_-n-X-ambn sNp Ia--fpsS t]cn
Ahs\ inn-p-Xv \oXn-bmtWm?''
aX-hn-izm-kn-Ifpw \ntj-[n-Ifpw Cu hnj-b-I-ambn \nc-cw kwi-
b--fp--bn-pI ]Xn-hmWv. AXn-\m Cu hnjbw A]w hni-Z-
ambn Xs ]cm-ain-p-Xv ê-{]-Za - m-bn-cn-p-sav {]Xo-n-pp.
ssZh-hn-[n-sbbpw a\p-jy-kzm-X-{y-sbpw kw_-n Ckvem-
anI hoWw hni-Zo-I-cn-p--Xn\p apv a\p-jym-h-sb kw_-
n ùXnI k]w ]cn-tim-[n-p-Xv \m-bn-cnpw.
1. ùXn-I-hm-Zn-I A{]-am-ZnXzw I]n P\n-X-I-im-kv{X-a-\p-k-
cnv a\p-jy Xopw Akz-X-{-\mWv. Ahs hnImc hnNm-c-
fpw Xocp-am-\ - fpw Ia-f - p-samw ico-cL - S- \
- b
- psS krjvSn-bmWv.
ssPh-h-kvXp- cq]wsImp-Xv Poh-tIm-i--fn \nmWv. Ah-
bvp-nse t{Ima-tkm-ap-I-fnse Po\p-I-fn-ep P\n-X-I-tIm-Up-I-
fmWv Pohn-I-fpsS kz`mhw \nW-bn-p-Xv. a\p-jys nXnbpw
CXp-Xs. AXn-\m Icp-Wbpw {Iqc-Xbpw kkz-`m-hhpw Zpxkz-
`m-hhpw kXvIa-fpw ZpjvIa--fp-samw P\n-XI tImUp-I-
\p-kc - n-m-Wp-m-Ip-Xv. a\p-jys ico-c{- ]-IrXw apX hnImc hnNm-
c- hsc Ahsb A-ambn A\p-[m-h\w sNp-I-bmWv. Pohn-
X-nse apgp-h Imcy-fpw Ia-fpw Cu hn[w P\n-X-I- tIm-
Up-I-fn tcJ-s-Sp--s-n-p-sv AXp-kw-_--amb imkv{Xw
Ah-Im-i-s-Spp. Ah-bn\nv AWp-A-fhv sXmt\m Ahsb
ewLn-mt\m Bpw km[y-a. AYhm a\p-jy Xopw Xs
ico-c-L-S-\v hnt[-b-\mWv. akvXn-jvI-n-sbpw \mUo-hyq-l--
fp-sSbpw ]ZmY-]-c-amb LS-\-bmWv Ahs `mK-t[bw ]cn-]qW-
ambpw Xocp-am-\n-p-Xpw \nb-{n-p-Xpw. AXn Bpw CS-
s]-Smt\m GsX-nepw hn[-n ]p-h-ln-mt\m km[y-a. AXn-
\m B[p-\nI ùXnI P\n-X-I -im-kv{X-a-\p-k-cnv a\p-jy {]Ir-
Xn-hn-[nv hnt[-b-\mWv. AXn\nv ]pd-p-I-S-m-\m-Im--hn[w
]qW-ambpw Akz-X-{\pw. \mw icn, sXv, \, Xn, [aw,
A[aw, hn\bw, Al-mcw, I\nhv, {IqcX Fsms ]d-bp-Xv
Po\p-I-fnse P\n-X-I-tIm-Up-I-fpsS ê-am-bp-m-Ip--h-bmWv. imco-
cn-Im-tcmKyw t]mse Xs-bmWv Pohn-X -hn-ip-nbpw. tOX A\m-
tcmKyw t]msebpw. AXn-\m alIr-Xy--fpsS t]cn Bfp-
Isf hmgvp-Xv imco-cn-Im-tcm-Ky-ns t]cn A`n-\-n-p--
Xp-t]mse AY-iq-\y-as{X. lo\-Ir-Xy--fpsS t]cn CI-gvp-
Xv A\m-tcm-Ky-ns t]cn A]-e-]n-p--Xp-t]m-sebpw.
2. Nmkv Umhns ]cn-Wm-a-kn-mw aptm-p-h-bvp
i-amb Hcm-i-b-amWv "]mc--cy-\n-baw'. AX-\p-k-cnv a\p-jys
kz`m-hhpw s]cp-am-hpw Pohn-X-co-Xn-bp-samw bpKm--c--fn-eqsS
Xe-apd Xe-ap-d-I-fmbn XpSp hcp--h-bmWv. ss]Xr-I-ns ]nSn-
bn\nv IpX-dn-am-dm-\mpw km[y-a. a\p-jy sNp \-
bp-sSbpw Xn-bp-sSbpw _oP- Xs ]qh-]-c--c-bnse GtXm
{]]n-Xm-hn-\m \nt-]n--s--Xm-bn-cnpw. Abm-fn-e-Xp-m-bXv
apKm-an-I-fnse apXp-ap-- \nt-]n--Xns êhpw. AXn-\m
An-bn \nv amhp-m-hp--Xp-t]mse A\n-hm-cy-ambpw ]mc--
cy-n \nh ]nd-hn-sb-Sppw. AXp-sIm-p-Xs Bpw X-
fpsS kz`m-h-co-Xn-Ifpw s]cp-am k{-Zm-b-fpw Ia-]-cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw
Xocp-am-\n-p--Xn-semcp ]p-an. Fmw Aew-L-\o-b-amb ss]Xr-
I-n\pw ]mc--cy-n\pw hnt[-b-amWv. a\p-jy Ime-ns
ssII-fnse Ifn-mh am{Xw.
3. ImdamIvkpw s{Û-dnIv GwKkp-aps-sS-bp ùXn-
I -Zmi-\n-I-cpsS ho-W-n, a\p-jy kmaq-ln-Im-h--I-fp-
sSbpw km-nI LS-\b - p-sSbpw kmwkvIm-cnI kml-Nc- y-n-sbpw
krjvSn-bmWv. tIhe ùXnI Xe-n\nv Ncn-{Xs hymJym-\n-
-h Cu hoWw kaYn-m-\mbn kam-\-amb kml-N-cy-n
kaq-l-n ImW-s hnZqc kmZr-iy-sf t]mepw tXSn-n-Sn-p-
I-bp-mbn. a\p-jys kz`m-hhpw s]cp-am-hpw hnIm-c- hn-Nm-c-fpw
kvt\l-kw-hmZw 151
Ia -k-{-Zm-b-fpw Pohn-X -k-ao-]-\--fp-samw _mly-amb Imc-

W--fm kw`-hn-p--Xm-sWv Ah-c-h-Im-i-s-Spp. P\--fnse
\-Xn--I Ah Pohn-p kml-N-cy--fpsS kzm[o-\-X-bm
kw`-hn-p-X - m-sW ho-Wa - w-Ko-Ic - n Cu hn`mKw icnbpw sXpw
[ahpw A[ahpw \ymbhpw A\ym-b-hp-sams kml-N-cy--fpsS
krjvSn-bm-sWv hmZn-pp. Chn-sSbpw hyn Xopw Akz-X-
{-\mWv; kml-N-cy--fpsS hn[nv ]qW-hn-t[-b\pw.
aX-\n-cm-k-ns apJ-ap-{Z-b-Wn ùXn-I -hmZw A\n-tj-[y-
ambn Icp-Xp D]-cyp ho-W--sfmw a\p-jy Xopw
Akz-X-{-\m-sWv hnfw-_cw sNpp. kzhpw kzX-{-hp-amb
CO-tbm Xocp-am-\-ti-jntbm Bp-an. {]Ir-Xn-\n-b-a--fm
_n- X - \ m- W - h . Aew- L - \ o- b - a mb hn[n- b psS Cc. Chm
]mhvtemhv FgpXp-p: ""{]Ir-Xn-bn-ep asm hyh--I-sfbpw
t]mse a\p-jy Hcp hyh--bmWv. {]Ir-Xn-bpsS Aew-L-\o-bhpw
kmam-\y-hp-amb \nb-a-v a\p-jy Iogvs]-n-cn-pp'' (Psy-
chologic Experimental, D-cWw: AenPm Aen Cv s_tKm-hnv
"Ckvemw cmP-amKw', ]pdw 39).
s{Û-dnIv GwKkv ]d-bpp: ""a\p-jy Ahs ]cn-tXm-h-
-bp-sSbpw tPmen-bp-sSbpw D]--amWv''(D-cWw Ibid, ]pdw 39).
a\p-jy-s\m-gn-p Poh-Pm-e-sf kw_-n-t-S-tmfw CsX-
mw icn-bmWv. Fm a\p-jy Xopw Akz-X-{t\m {]Ir-Xn-
\n-b-a--fm _n-Xt\m A.
1. ]n-Ifpw arK-fpw Cg-Po-hn-Ifpw Pe-Po-hn-I-fp-samw Ah-
bpsS P-hm-k-\-I-\p-kr-X-am-bmWv \ne-sIm-p-Xv. Ahsb
ewLn-mt\m adn-I-S-mt\m Ahbvv km[y-a. P-hm-k-\-I-fpsS
Imcy-n a\p-jy-t\-m anI-p-\np \nc-h[n Poh-Pm-e--
fpv. B P-hm-k-\-I-fmWv Ah-bpsS \ne-\n]pw kpc-bpw Dd-
p-h-cp-p-Xv. Fm P-hm-k-\-I \nb-{n-m-\-h-bvm-hn.
hni-p-h-e ]ip-hn\v ]pv Inn-bm Xnm-Xn-cn-m km[y-a.
Zmlnp hnh-i-bmb ]nv shw Inn-bm IpSn-m-Xn-cn-m Ign-
bn. sImm hcp tImgn-bpsS apn-e-I-s ]qh tImgn an-
p-Itbm amp ]d-bp-Itbm sNm-dn. tX\o-v \nWn-X-amb cq]-
n-e - msX AXns IqSv \nan-m-\m-hn. tZim-S\ - ]
-
- nIv hnZq-
c-tZ-i - sf {]m]n-m-Xn-cn-m km[y-a. Fm a\p-jys nXn
adn-mWv. ITn-\-amb Zml-ap--tm shw Inn-bm IpSn-m
sImXn-bp-s-nepw IpSn-m-Xn-cn-m-\-h\v Ignbpw. AXn-i--amb
hni-p--tm Blmcw Inn-bm AXv Ign-m-\m-{K-l-ap-s-nepw
Xnm-Xn-cn-m-\h - \v km[npw. "FSm' Fp hnfn-p-h - t- \mSv "t]mSm'
Fp ]d-bm ]qXn-bp-s-nepw {]Xn-tbm-Knsb t]Sntm BPn-X-
amb kwkvImcw sImtm As\ ]d-bm-Xn-cn-m-\-h\v Hpw {]bm-
k-an. kzw Pohn-X-coXn \nW-bn-m\pw Xocp-am-\n-m-\p-a-h\v
km[npw. aln-X-amb BZi-mbn BmWw \S-p
hn-hI - mcn XnI COm-in sImm-WXv sNp-Xv. taml-sf
sacp-n-sb-Sp-m\pw B{K-l-sf \nb-{n-m\pw CO-I-fpsS ta
ta[m-hnXzw ]pem\pw km[n-p a\p-jy P-hm-k-\-I-fpsS
ASn-a-b; Ah-bpsS bP-am-\-\mWv. ico-c-L-S-\-bp-sStbm ]mc--cy-
n-stbm kml-N-cy-n-stbm krjvSn-bp-a. adnv, kzw `mK-
t[bw Xocp-am-\n-m km[n-p kzX-{-amb AkvXn-Xz-n-
sbpw hyn-Xz-n-sbpw DS-a-bmWv.
2. \n_-n-X-ambn sNp Ia--fpsS t]cn Bcpw hmgv-
s-Sp-Itbm CI-gv-s-Sp-Itbm C. km-\mlt\m inmlt\m
Bhp-I-bn. bP-am-\s \n_--n\p hgn tamjWw \S-p
ASn-atbm hgn-bm-{X-msc Is-dn-bp at\m-tcm-Kntbm Ip-m-c\
- mbn
KWn--s-Sp-I-bn. Fm am-sc-n-ep-aXv sNbvXm ]m]w Npa-
-s-Sp-Ibpw inn--s-Sp-Ibpw sNpw. AXn-\m `qan-bn {]iw-
kbpw Bt-]hpw inbpw c-bp-sams \I-s-Sp-p-sh-Xv
Xs a\p-jy \n_-n-Xm-h--bm _n-X-\-s--Xn\pw H-
sms kzX-{-\m-sW--Xn\pw aXn-bmb sXfn-hmWv. Ah Xo-
pw Akz-X-{\pw {]Ir-Xn-\n-b-a--fm hcn-p-ap-dp--s--h-\p-
am-sW-n lo\-Ir-Xy--fpsS t]cn Bt-]n--s-Sp-Itbm inn-
-s-Sp-Itbm sNp--Xn-eY-an. alIr-Xy--fpsS t]cn-ep
{]iw-kbpw {]Xn-êw \Iepw B hn[w Xs.
3. ùXn-I- hm-Zn-I hniz-kn-p t]mse a\p-jy Xopw {]-
Ir-Xn-bpsS hn[np hnt[-b-s\-n \nb-a-pw hyh--Ipw
N-pw Nn-Ipw Hpw {]kn C. akvXn-jvI-n-sebpw
\mUo-hyq-l-n-sebpw Po\p-I-fnse P\n-XI tImUp-Ipw ]mc-
-cy-n\pw kmaq-ln-Im-h--p-sam--h Ncn-p-sIm-p-atm.
Fm \nb-ahpw hyh-bpw `c-W-L-S-\bpw \oXn-\ymb kwhn-[m-
\--fp-an-m kaq-l-tfm cmjv{S-tfm C. a\p-jy\v ]cn-an-X-
amb kzmX-{y-sa-n-ep-ap-spw kzw Ia-v Hmtcm-cp-cpw
D-c-hm-Zn-I-fm-sWpw {]tbm-K-X-e-n Fm-hcpw AwKo-I-cn-p-
p-s-m-WnXv hy-am-p-Xv.
Npcp--n, GXp aX-hn-izm-kn-tb-mfpw ISp hn[n-hn-izm-
kn-I-fmWv ùXn-I -hm-Zn-I. AtXm-sSmw {]IrXn \nb-a--fpsS ]nSn-
bn \nv IpX-dn-am-dm-\m-hmsX Xopw Akz-X-{-\mbn Ign-bp
b{-k-am-\-amb Pp-hmWv a\p-jy-s\ Ah-cpsS hoWw hkvXp-
\n-jvT-a. CXc Poh-Pm-e--fn\nv hyXy-kvX-amb AkvXn-Xzhpw
hyn-Xzhpw Ah\v AwKo-I-cn-p-sIm-Sp-m GXp Zi-\hpw {]Xy-
b -im-kv{Xhpw A_--]qW-as{X.
hn[n-hn-izmkw Ckvem-anI ho-W-n
kvt\l-kw-hmZw 153
\mw Bcm-bn-cn-Ww? shfp--htcm, kp-ctcm, hncq-]tcm, ]pcp-

j-mtcm, kv{XoItfm, Ipdn-b-htcm, \o-htcm? FhnsS P\n-Ww?
Cy-bntem Ctm-t\-jy-bntem? acp-`q-an-bntem ae-{-tZ-itm? ]n-
Wn-m-cs Iqc-bntem ]W-m-cs sImm-c-ntem? GIm-[n-]Xy
hyh-b - ntem P\m-[n-]Xy kwhn-[m-\
- ntem? Ime-ta-Xm-bn-cn-W
- w?
]Xn-s\mmw \qm-ntem Ccp-]-smmw \qm-ntem?
hKw, hWw, tZiw, `mj, Imew, tImew, Ipew, enwKw t]mep
Ccw Imcy--sfmpw Xocp-am-\n-p-Xv \mam-cp-a. \tmSv
Btem-Nn-m-sX-bmWv Fmw \n-bn--s-Xv. A{]-Imcw Xs-
bmWv \psS ac-Whpw. AsX-tm, Fhn-sS-hv F-s\-bm-h-W-
sav Xocp-am-\n-p-Xpw \ma, Fmw ssZh-\n-nXw. Ahs
hn[ntbm, \nWnXw; Aew- L - \ o- b hpw. Ccw Imcy- - f n- s em-
sbpw \mw ssZh-ns hn[n-\n-tj-[-v \np-sIm-Sp-m
\n_-n-X-cmWv. \psS B{K-lm-`n-em-j-fpw CO-Ifpw shdpw
t\mp-Ip-n-I am{Xw. Amlp Adn-bn-pp: ""K`m-i-b--fn
Xm\p-t-in-p--hn[w \nsf cq]-s-Sp-p-Xv Am-lp-hmWv. AP-
\pw bpn--\p-amb Ah-\-msX ssZh-an''(Jp-B 3: 6).
""Ah \nsf krjvSnp. ]noSv cq]-s-Sp-p-Ibpw sNbvXp''
(7:11). ""a\pjym, DZm-c-\mb \ns \mY-s\-p-dnv \ns hn-X-\m-
n-bXv Fsm-mWv? Dn-jvS-cq-]-n \ns LS-I--f-h Iqn-
bn-Wn. kp-en-X-amb BIm-c-h-Snhv \In \ns krjvSn \ns
\mY-\m-W-h''(82: 6-8).
]pcp-js GXp _oP-amWv kv{XobpsS A-hp-ambn kwtbm-
Pn-p--sXv Xocp-am-\n-p-Xv a\p-jy-\, ssZh-amWv. kwtbm-Pn-
p _oP-ns am-n-\-\p-k-cnv a\p-jys {]Ir-X-nepw cq]-
nepw kz`m-h-n-ep-samw hyXymkw kw`-hn-p-p-sh--dn-bp-tm-
gmWv ssZh-\n--b-ns {]m[m\yw a\-n-em-hpI. Amlp tNmZn-
pp: ""\n \nt-]n-p _oP-s-p-dnv \n Nnn-p-
t\m-n-bn-ptm? \n-fmtWm AXns\ krjvSn-p-Xv; AtXm
\mtam?''(56: 58, 59).
e--W-n ]pcp-j-_o-P--fn Amlp X\n-n-jvS-ap
Hns\ K`m-i-b-nse A-hp-ambn _n-n-pp. AXns
kz`m-h-a-\p-k-cnv Ipv BtWm s]tm Bbn-o-cpp. Amlp
Adn-bn-pp: ""BIm-i--fpsS B[n-]Xyw Am-lp-hn-mWv. Xm\p-
t-in-p-Xv Ah krjvSn-pp. Xm\p-t-in-p--hv Ah
s]a-sf {]Zm\w sNpp. Xm\p-t-in-p ap Nnev Ba-
-sfbpw. As-n B km-\-sf BWpw s]p-ambn CS-I-
epp. A{]-Imcw Xs Xm\p-t-in-p--hs\ Ah km-\-c-
ln-X-\m-pp. Ah AKm-[-\pw kh--\p-as{X.''(42: 49,50).
""Amlp Ahs\ _oP-n \nv krjvSn-p-Ibpw cq]-s-Sp-p-
Ibpw sNbvXp''(80:19).
a\p-jys `mK-t[bw cq]-s-Sp-p--Xn \psS Pohn-X-]-m-
-e-n\pw IpSpw-_-]m-c--cy-n\pw imco-cnI {]Ir-X-n\pw
A\]-amb ]pv. B AY-n \psS `mK-t[bw \nWn-X-
as{X; ssZh-\n-n-Xhpw. ssZh-ln-Xs adn-I-S-m-\mp-am-hn.
Amlp ]d-bpp: ""\n-sfbpw \n Dm-p--Xn-s\bpw krjvSn-
Xv Am-lp-hm-Ipp''(37: 96). ""Amlp Xm\n-On-p--hsc ZpamK-
nepw Xm\n- O n- p- - h sc t\amK- n- e p- a m- pp'' (6: 39).
""Amlp hgn-sX-n--hsc t\h-gn-bn-em-m \n Dt-in-p-
pthm? Bsc Amlp hgnsXn-pthm Ah\v \o Hcp hgnbpw
Is-p-I-bn''(4: 88). ""\ns \mY Dt-in-n-cp-p-sh-n `qX-
e-n-ep--h apgps hnizm-kn-I-fmIp-am-bn-cp-p. Fnpw P\-
sf hnizm-kn-I-fm-m \o \n_-n-p-I-bmtWm? Fm
ssZh-ns A\p-a-Xn-bn-msX Bpw hnizm-kn-bm-hpI km[y-
a''(10: 99). ""Ahn-iz-kn--htcm, bYmY-n \o Ahsc XmoXp
sNp-Xpw sNm-Xn-cn-p-Xpw ka-amWv. Ah-cpsS lrZ-b-fpw
{ih-tW-{n-b-fpw Amlp ap{Z-h-n-cn-pp. Ah-cpsS ZrjvSn-I-
fpsS ta Bh-cWw hoWn-cn-pp. Ahv ITn-\-amb in-
bpv''(2: 6-7). ""`qan-bntem, \np-X-stbm `hn-p Hcm-]-
p-an, \maXv krjvSn-p--Xn\p apv Hcp {K-n tcJ-s-Sp-
n- h - n- - msX. An[w sNpI Am- l p- h n\v AXn- e - f n- X - a m-
Ipp''(57: 22).
Fm Fmw ssZh-\n--b-a-\p-k-cn-mWv kw`-hn-p-I-sbv
{]Jym-]n-p hnip-- Jp-B a\p-jy\p \I-s kzmX-{ys
FSpp ImWn-p-Ibpw Dun--d-bp-Ibpw sNpp. P\m Xs
a\p-jy-\n \Xnm-hn-th-N\ - t- ijn \nt-]n-s
- -n-pv. Amlp
]d-bpp: ""Amlp Bm-hns\ kp-en-X-amn AXn\v [am-[a-
t_m-[\w \In''(91: 7,8). ""\ma-h\v In-W-Ifpw \mhpw cp Npp-
Ifpw \In-bnt? hy-amb cp hgn-I ImWnp sImSp-p-Ibpw
sNbvXn-tbm''? (90: 8-10).
AXn-\m a\p-jysmw \bpw Xnbpw sXpw icnbpw
[ahpw A[ahpw sXc-s-Spv kmKnbpw ZpamKn-bp-am-Im-
\p kzmX-{y-apv. An[w kzbw Xocp-am-\nv Pohn-p--Xn-\-\p-
k-cn-m-bn-cnpw ac-Wm-\--c-ap cm-in--I. hnip Jp-B
]d-bpp: ""B kmKw kzoI-cn-p-pthm, AXv Ahs Xs
KpW-n-\p-th-n-bmWv. B ZpamK-a-h-ew-_n-p-pthm AXns
tZmjhpw Ah-\p-Xs. `mcw hln-p--h-cmcpw am-cp-sSbpw `mcw
Npa-p-Ib - n''(17:15). ""aX-n Hcp-hn[ _e-{]-tbm-Kh
- p-an. kmKw
anYym-[m-c-W-I-fn\nv thXn-cnv hy-ambngn-n-cn-pp.
AXn-\m B ssZth-Xc in-Isf \ntj-[nv Am-lp-hn hniz-
kn-p-pthm Ah _en-jvT-amb Ah-ew-_-]m-is apdpsI ]nSn-
kvt\l-kw-hmZw 155
n-cn-pp. AXv Hcn-epw Ap-t]m-Ip--X''(2: 256). ""]d-bpI,

CXv \ns \mY-\n\n-p kXy-amWv. CjvS-ap--hnXv kzoI-
cnmw. CjvS-ap--hv \ntj-[nmw. A{I-an-Iv \mw \cIw
k-am-n-h-n-pv''(18: 29). ""Hcp P\-X-sbbpw Ah kzbw amp-
-Xp-hsc Amlp ]cn-hn-n-p-n.''(13: 11). ""B sXv sNp-
pthm Ah-\-Xns ê-a-\p-`-hnpw''(4: 123). ""Hmtcm hynbpw
Xs {]h- \ - n\v IS- s - n- c n- pp''(52:21). ""Cv \n
{]hn--Xn\v {]Xn-êw \I-sSpw''(45: 28). ""\n {]hn-
-X-msX \nv ]Icw \I-s-Sptam?''(27: 90). ""\ns \mY
Zmkam-tcmSv Hcn-epw A{Iaw {]hn-p--X'' (41: 46). ""P\-
-fpsS Ic- {]hn--Xns ê-ambn Ic-bnepw IS-enepw
Ipgw {]Xy--s-n-cn-pp'' (30: 41). ""\nv h hn]pw
kw`-hn-n-p-s-n AXv \n-fpsS Ic- {]hn--Xns ê-
amWv ''(42: 30). ""\nbw, Amlp a\p- j y- t cmSv Hpw A{Iaw
{]hn-p-n. {]XypX, a\p-jy kzbw Xs A{Iaw {]hn-
p-I-bmWv''(10: 44). ""h-h\pw t\hgn kzoI-cn-m Ah X\n-
p-thn Xs-bmWv kmKw kzoI-cn-p-Xv'' (10:108). ""Hcp \mSn-
s\bpw AXnse \nhm-kn-I A{I-an-I-fm-sb-n-e-msX \mw \in-
n-p-n''(28: 59). ""B \ap-p-thn ITn-\m-[zm\w sNp-pthm
Ahp \mw \psS amK- ImWn-p-sIm-Sppw'' (29: 69).
""Fs DZvt_m-[-\-n\nv apJw Xncn-p--Xm-cmtWm Ah\v
Cu temIv IpSp-mb Pohn-X-am-Wp-Xv. ]p\-cp-m-\- \m-fntem,
Ahs\ \mw A-\mbn Fgp-t]npw. A-tm Ah ]dbpw:
\mYm, \o Fs A-\mbn Fgp-t]n--sXv? `qan-bn Rm
ImgvN-bp--h-\m-bn-cp-tm. Amlp Acp sNpw: icn-bmWv,
\psS ZrjvSm-- \ns-b-Sp- h-tm \o Ahsb ad-
tm. AtX-hn[w Cv \obpw hnkva-cn--s-Sp-I-bm-Ipp. C{]-Im-
c-as{X X-fpsS \mYs kq--fw-Ko-I-cn-msX AXn-cp-I-hn--
hv \mw Cu temIv {]Xn-êw \Ip-Xv. ]c-tem-I- in-tbm
AXn-I-Tn-\hpw Gsd ZoL-hp-as{X''(20: 124-127). ""`mcw Npa-p
Bcpw asm-cp-hs `mcw t]dp-I-bn. a\p-jy\v Xm {]b-Xv\n--X-
msX bmsXm-p-an-. Xm {]b-Xv\n-Xv Xma-kn-bmsX Ah\v ImWn-
-s-Sp--XmWv. A\-cw Ah\v XnI-thmsS {]Xn-êw \I-s-
Sp-Ibpw sNpw''(53: 38-41). ""B AWp-a-Wn-qw \ sNbvXpthm
Ah-\Xv Is-pI Xs sNpw. B AWp-a-Wn-qw Xn
sNbvtXm Ah-\p-aXv Is-pw''(99: 7,8).
Ckvem-anI ho-W-n a\p-jy Xopw Akz-X-{t\m
tIhew hn[n-bpsS ssIbnse ]mhtbm D]-I-c-Wtam Asv ChnsS
D-cn--hbpw AXp-t]m-ep--h-bp-amb \nc-h[n hnip- -hm-Iy-
Ak-n-Kv[a - mbn hy-am-pp. Xs Pohn-X- amKw Xocp-am-\n-m\pw
sXc-s-Sp-m\pw Hmtcm-cp-pw A\p-hm-Zhpw kzmX-{yhpw
\I-s-n-pv. AXn-\m a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-n\v cp hi-apv. \mSv,
Xd-hmSv, tZiw, `mj, Imew, tImew, enwKw, P\\w, acWw t]mep--
h-sbmw Ahs \nb-{-W-ntem ]cn-[n-bntem A. CXmWv Hcp-
hiw. adp-h-iv Xm Fv IpSn-Ww, IpSn--cpXv, XnWw, Xn-
cpXv, Fv ImWWw, ImW-cpXv, tIWw, tI-cpXv, Fv ]d-
bWw, ]d-b-cpXv, Fv sNWw, Fv sN-cpXv, Fs\ Pohn-
Ww, Pohn--cpXv XpS-nb Imcy- Xocp-am-\n-m\pw AX-\p-k-
cnv Ncn-m\pw a\p-jy\v _m[y-Xbpw kzmX-{y-hp-apv. Fm
Cu kzmX{yw A]-cn-an-Xtam Xopw A\n-b-{n-Xtam A. AXn-
\p-]-tbm-Kn-p Ipw ImXpw \mpw aqpw ssIbpw Imepw ico-
chpw Poh\pw ]qW-ambpw a\p-jy-\n-b-{-W-n-e-tm. Ah-sbm-
sbpw ssZhm-[o-\-nepw \nb-{-W-n-ep-amWv. AtXm-sSmw
Ah CjvSm-\p-krXw D]-tbm-Kn-m-\p km[y-Xbpw kzmX-{yhpw
a\p-jy\v ssZhw Xs \In-bn-pv. Cn[w e`y-amb kzmX-{y-
ns tXmX-\p-k-cn-mWv a\p-jys ta _m[yX Npa--s-n-
p-Xv. AYhm Hmtcm a\p-jy\pw X\nv kzmX{yw e`n taJ-
esb Fn[w D]-tbm-Kn-p-p-sh--Xn-\-\p-k-cn-m-bn-cnpw PohnX
hnP-bhpw ]cm-P-bhpw cbpw in-bp-ap-m-IpI. Cu kzmX{yw
Innb hi--fn kzbw kzoI-cn-m\pw \S-m-m-\p-ap Pohn-X -
]--Xn-bmWv ssZhw {]hm-N-I-m-cn-eqsS \In-bXv. D km[y-
Xbpw kzmX-{yhpw D]-tbm-Knv AX-\p-k-cnv Pohn-p--h hnP-
bn-I-fmbn kzKm-h-Im-in-I-fm-bn-ocpw. AXns\ [n-cnpw \ntj-
[npw Xmtm-n-I-fmbn Pohn-p--h ]cm-Pn-X-cmbn \c-I-in-v
Al-cm-hp-Ibpw sNpw. kmKw kzoI-cnv \-h-cmbn Pohn-m
Xocp-am-\nv AXn-\mbn {ian-p Bscbpw Amlp \n_-nv
ZpamKn-I-fm-p-I-bn. adnpw An[w Xs.
a\p-jy\v \I-s kzmX-{y-n\pw km[y-X-p-a-p-d-samcp
Imcyhpw ssZhw Ah-t\m-Sm-h-iy-s-Sp-Itbm Bm-]n-p-Itbm
sNp-n. Amlp Adn-bn-pp: ""Amlp BtcmSpw Ahs Ign-
hn--Xo-X-am-bXv Iev]n-p-I-bn. Hmtcm-cp-cpw {]hn--Xn-\-
\p-k-cn-p cbpw inbpw Ahpv''(2: 286).
AXn-\m ssZhw BtcmSpw A\oXn ImWn-p-n. ""\ns
\mY Xs Zmk-m-tcmSv Hpw A\oXn ImWn-p--h-\''(41: 46).
a\p-jys Xocp-am-\-fpw Ia-fpw ssZh-ns Adn-hn\pw
hn[npw hnt[-b-at? a\p-jy-kzm-X-{y-sbpw ssZh-\n--b-
sbpw _n-n-p In GXv? Fs\? XpS-nb tNmZy--fp-
-bn--s-Sm-hp--XmWv. Fm a\p-jy-\n-hnsS Xs ]cn-[nbpw ]cn-
an-Xnbpw \mbn a\-n-em-pI Xs thWw. A\-- hn-kvXr-X-
amb Cu alm-{]-]--nse Hcp sImp tKmf-amWv `qan. AXnse
]c-tImSn krjvSn-I-fn-semp am{X-amWv a\p-jy. Ah-\n-tmfw
kz-s-p-dn-p-t]mepw ]qWhpw IWn-i-hp-ambn a\-n-em-m
kvt\l-kw-hmZw 157
Ign-n-n. Poh, _pn, Hmain, Bmhv XpS-n-b-h-sb-

p-dn-smpw kqvahpw Jn-X-hp-amb Adnhv Bp-an. Xm
Pohn-p `qan-sbbpw AXpsm-p {]]--sbpw kw_-
n Adnthm, \s ]cn-an-Xhpw. B hnm-\ -km-{am-Pys
kap-{Z-tmSv Xpe\w sNbvXm AXnse Hcp Xpn-t]mepw kzmb-
-am-m a\p-jy-\n-tmfw km[n-n-n. \psS Adn-hns ]cn-
an-Xn-bm-Wn-Xn\p ImcWw. AXn-\m \mw {]]--ns {kjvSm-
hmb ssZh-sbpw Ahs Ia--sfbpw kw_-nv Adn-b-W-
sav iTn-p--Xn-sempw AY-an. ssZh-hp-ambn _-s Fmw
]t-{n-b-pw Ah-bpsS ]cn-an-Xn-Ipw hnt[-b-amb a\p-
jy-_p-npw Nnpw A{]m-]y-amb Aù-Xn-I- m-\-ns]-
-h-bmWv. Amlp Xs ZqX-m-cn-eqsS Adn-bnp sImSp--Xn-\-
pdw AXn-s\-p-dnv Bpw Hp-a-dn-bn. AXn-\m ssZh-hn-[n-
sb-p-dnv Znhy-t_m-[-\--fn-eqsS e`y-am-b-X-msX a\-n-em-m
\apv km[y-a. thZ-{K--n-eqsS e`y-amb m\-a-\p-k-cnv
ssZh-hn-[nbpw m\hpw {]]--sbpw AXn-ep kI-e-Xn-
s\bpw Nqgvp\npp. a\p-jy\pw AXn--Xo-X-\. AtX-k-
abw kzbw Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-m\pw AX-\p-k-cnv Pohn-m\pw Ah\v
kzmX-{yhpw km[yXbpw \I-s-n-pv . AXv A]-cn-an-Xtam
A\n-b-{n-Xtam A. kzmX{yw e`n taJ-e-I-fn ssZhs
A\p-k-cnv Ah \n-bn Pohn-X-]mX ]np-S-c-W-sav Amlp
A\p-im-kn-n-cn-pp. As\ sNp--hv Pohn-X-hn-P-bhpw ]c-
tem-I-c-bpw hmKvZm\w sNbvXn-p-apv. ssZhs [n-cn-m-\p
km[y-Xbpw kzmX-{yhpw a\p-jy\v \I-s-n-cn-pp. As\
sNp--hv ]cm-P-bhpw ]c-tem-Iv ISp in-bp-am-Wp-m-
hp-I-sbv XmoXv \Ip-Ibpw sNbvXn-cn-pp. Npcp--n,
Hmtcm-cp-pw \I-s Ign-hn-sbpw kzmX-{y-n-s-bpw
tXmX-\p-k-cn-mWv Ah-c-h-cpsS _m[yX. AXns \nh-l-W-n-
sbpw ewL-\-n-sbpw ASn-m-\-n-em-bn-cnpw ac-Wm-\-cw
adp-tem-Is cmin-I. AXn-\m \psS kzKhpw \c-
Ihpw t\Sp-Xv \mw Xs-bmWv. kzw Xocp-am-\--fn-eq-sSbpw
Ia--fn-eq-sSbpw cn-sem-ns Ah-Im-in-bm-bn-o-cpp. AXn-
\m Bcpw Xosc A\o-Xn-n-c-bm-hp-n. kXyw Ihn-hmIyw Xs:
"\an-n-ep-bcmw, \Sp-In Xnmw
\Ip-In t\SnSmw
\ap-p-\mta ]Wn-h-Xp-\mIw
\c-I-hp-a-Xp-t]mse.'
hn[n-hn-izm-khpw a\x-im-nbpw
Ia-v Ah-bn-tes-Sp--h eyw h êw Xs
Dm-h-W-sa-n. em`-a-`n-e-jnv hym]m-c-n-tes-Sp--h \jvSw
kln-t-n-h-cpp. hcp-am\w {]Xo-nv hb-te-e-I-fn the
sNp--h hnf-\-jvS-n-n-c-bm-hpp. \mw \psS Adn-hn-sbpw
]cn-N-b-n-sbpw Ign-hn-sbpw ]cn-an-Xn-I-fn \np-sImv Imcy-
IW-p-Iqn AXn-\-\p-k-cnv {]hn-pp. Nne-tm
\psS kz]v\-fpw k]-fpw \nan-j-t\-cw-sImv \new-s]m-
pp. A{]-Xo-n-X-amb BLm-X-sf A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-t-n-
h-cpp. Fnepw Acw hn]-m-[y-X-I Bscbpw \njv{In-b-
cm-m-dn. Bm-hp--Xp-a. hnP-bhpw t\hpw {]Xo-nv Ia-
-fn-tes-Sm-dmWv ]Xn-hv. taml--sfm-sbpw ]qh-Wn-bm-dn-s-
-Xp-sImp am{Xw Bcpw H-pw B{K-ln-m-Xn-cn-m-dn. a\p-jy
sImXn--X InpI; ssZhw hn[n--XmWv.
""BIm-i-`q-an-I-fpsS Xmtm Am-lp-hn \nn-]vX-as{X!
Ah-\n-On-p--hv Ah hn`-h-k-arn \Ipp. COn-p--
hv n]vX-s-Sp-n-sm-Sp-p-Ibpw sNpp. \nbw, Fmw
Adn-bp--h-\s{X Ah''(Jp-B 42: 12).
""\n Nnn-p-nt? \n hnXbv-p hnv, AXn \n-
v hnf apf-n-p-Xv \ntfm? AtXm \mtam? \mw COn-p-I-bm-
sW-n Cu hnf-Isf DW-nb Xmfp-I-fm-pI Xs sNpw! A-
tmtgm \n ]eXpw ]d-p-sIm-n-cnpw. \psS ta ISw
IpSp-n-btm, \mw \n`m-Ky-hm-m-cm-bn-tm-btm Fn-s\''(56:
63-67).
\psS acWw Fhn-sS-hv; Fs\ Fv Bp-a-dn-bn. Fmw
Aew-L-\o-b-amb ssZh-hn-[np hnt[bw. AXns\ Xn-am-m-\mpw
km[y-a. Bbp-ns {lkzssZLy-X-sbm-sbpw Am-lp-hns
Xocp-am-\-a-\p-k-cn-mWv.
""Bcpw Adn-bp-n; \msf Xm Fsms t\Sp-sav; GXp
an-emWv Xs ac-W-sa--dn-bp--h-cp-an''(31: 34).
""Poh-\p--h-bvsmpw ssZh-ln-X-at\y acn-pI km[y-a. ac-
W-k-a-b-am-Is enJn-Xhpw''(31: 145). ""bYmY-n Pohn-n-p-Ibpw
acn-n-p-Ibpw sNp-Xv Amlp am{X-am-Ipp''(3: 156). ""ac-W-am-
Is, \n Fhn-sS-bm-bn-cp-mepw AXv \nsf ]nSn-Iq-Sp-I-Xs
sNpw. \n F{X `{Z-amb tIm-I-fn-em-bn-cp-mepw''(4: 78).
a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-nse \Xn-I, kmKZpamK-, Pbm-
]-N-b- XpS-n-b-h-t]m-se-s ùXnI Pohn-X-nse Imcy-
fpw ssZh-hn-[np hnt[-b-amWv. AtXm-sSmw ssZh-hn-[n-bp-s-
n Blmcw e`n-p-sIm-p-sap IcpXn Bcpw A[zm-\n-msX
AS-n-sbm-Xp-n--gn-bm-dn. ssZh-ln-X-a-\p-k-cn-mWv ac-W-ap-m-
hp-I-sb--Xn-\m tcmK-am-Ip-tm ssZth-O-bp-s-n kpJ-am-bn-
sm-p-sav kam-[m-\nv NnIn \S-m-Xn-cn-m-dp-an. Imcy-t_m-
[-ap--h-cmcpw Pohn-X-ns `mK-t[bw hn[nv hnp-sIm-Spv Be-
kvt\l-kw-hmZw 159
ky-n Ba--cm-hp-I-bn. icn-bmb ]mX ]c-Xn-sb-Spv AXn-

eqsS Pohn-X-]p-tcm-K-Xnpw ey-{]m-]vXnpw ]c-am-h[n {]b-Xv\n-
m-dmWv ]Xnhv. aX-a-\p-im-kn-p-Xpw AXp-Xs. ssZh-hn[n ]pe-
cpI a\p-jy-Ia--fn-eq-sS-bm-Wtm.
""Fm-hpw X-fpsS {]h-\--\p-kr-X-amb ]Z-hn-I
e`npw. Ah-cpsS {]h-\- Amlp Ahv ]qn-bm-n-
sm-Sppw. Ah-tcmSv A\oXn ImWn-p-I-bn''(46: 19). ""kaw
sNpI. \mw \n sNp--sXm-sbpw ImWp--h-\tm''(34: 11).
{]hm-NI - ]d-bpp: ""\n {]`m-X{- ]mY\ ]qn-bm-n-bm
Blm-c-n-\mbn A[zm-\n-msX Dd--cpXv''(Xz_v-dm\n). ""temIm-h-
km\w Bk--amb L-nt]mepw \n-fn-em-cp-sS-sb-n-ep-a-Sp-
Hcp Cu--\ss Ds-n Ah-\Xv \p-sIm-s. Ah-
-Xn {]Xn-^-e-apv.''
Hcn- \_n-Xn-cp-ta\n cp-t] Xn-ep-mb tIkn hn[n
\Sn. ]ncnpt]mb-tm tIkn ]cm-P-b-s--bm ]d-p:
""F\nv Amlp aXn. Ah Ghpw \ kwc--I-\s{X''. CXp
tIm-\n-S-bmb {]hm-N-I Abm-tfmSp ]dp: ""Zu_-eys
ssZhw shdp-pp. AXn-\m inbpw Xt-Shpw t\SpI. Fnpw
]cm-Pn-X-cm-bm Atm \np ]dbmw: "F\nv Amlp aXn.
Ah Ghpw \ kwc--I-\s{X.''
a\p-jy Xs km[y-X-I-sfm-sbpw kzcq-]nv {]Xn-_---
tfmSpw {]Xn-Iqe ]cn-Xx-n-Xn-I-tfmSpw s]mcp-Xm _m[y--\mWv.
hnPbw hcn-m AXv A\n-hm-cy-am-sWv aX-tam-Xpp. ZrV-\n-bw,
nc-Nn-X, XymK-a-\-nXn, ntcm-mlw XpS-n-b-h-sbms
kzmb--am--W-sav AXm-h-iy-s-Spp. ]Wn-sb-Sp-msX Ae-k-
am-bn-cpv ]X-\-fpw ]mfn--Ifpw ]ng-hp-I-fp-sams hn[n-bpsS ta
hp-sI-p-Xv ISp Ip-as{X. A{i--bp-sSbpw A\m--bp-sSbpw
A\n-hm-cy-^-e-v ssZh-hn-[n-bpsS ]cn-th-j-a-Wn-bn-p-Xv AXy-
w A]-e] - \ - o-ba
- mWv. A[zm-\n-msX êw {]Xo-n-p-Xpw IjvS-
X-I kln-msX t\w sImXn-p-Xpw aS-b--amWv. Ia-nt\
Amlp {]Xn-êw \Ip-I-bpq. \njv{In-bXzw \mi-\n-an--as{X.
Hcm {]hm-N-I-t\mSv tNmZnp: ""ssZh-Zq-Xtc, Rm H-Is
_n tijw Am-lp-hn `c-ta]n--Wtam? AtXm AXns\
Agn-p-hnp sImtm?'' {]hm-N-I {]Xn-h-Nnp: ""AXns\ sIn-bn-
SpI. Fnv ssZh-n `c-ta]n-pI.''
Blmcw Ign-msX hni-p-am-dn. shw IpSn-msX Zmlw ian-
p-I-bn. hnn-d-msX hnf-hp-m-hn. ]Wn-sb-Sp-msX ]Whpw.
h hnP-b - v aa-ad - n Iaw A\n-hm-cy-as{X. CXv am-an-m
ssZhn-I- \n-b-a-amWv. CX-dn-bp bYmY hnizmkn kZm Ia-\n-c-X-
\m-bn-cnpw. AXn-\m hn[n-hn-izmkw Be-ky-a; Hup-Iy-amWv
hfpI.
ssZh- hn-[nbpw Znhy-m-\hpw {]Xy-tam {]I-Stam A. AXn-
\m X\nv Am-X-amb Hn-s\-p-dnv Btem-Nnv Akz--
\m-hp--Xn-eY-an. AXn-cp-I-fn-m ssZh-Im-cp-Wy-n {]Xo--
bnv ]Wn-sb-Sp-p-I-bmWv thXv. \ncmi hnizm-kn-Iv A\y-
as{X. ""\n ssZh-Im-cp-Wy-s-p-dnv \ncm-i-cm-h-cpXv''(39: 53).
A[zm-\n-m-\p- ZrV-\n--b-n-\p-tijw am{Xta Am-lp-hn
`c-ta]n-mhq FmWv aX-a-\p-im-kn-p-Xv. ""\o Hcp Imcy-n
ZrV-\n--b-sa-Spp Ign-m ssZh-n `c-ta]n-pI''(3:159).
Npdp-Np-dp-tmsS HmSn-mSn \S-p sNdp--m-c BI-kvan-I-
ambn hmX-tcm-K-n--Sn-s-Spp. ]e-hn[ NnIn--Ifpw \S-n-t\m-
pp. ]t, Hpw ên-p-n. Ah-km\w Atem--Xnbpw
Bbp-th-Zhpw, tlman-tbm--Xn-bp-apssS Fm sshZy-hn-Zy-Ifpw
tcmKw t`Z-am-hp-I-bn-sv hn[n-sb-gp-Xpp. AXn-\m Xm\n\n Hcn-
epw In-en \nn-dn \S-p-I-bn-sv Abm-f-dn-bpp. Fn
Abm AXy-[nIw Akz--\m-hpI kzm`m-hn-I-as{X. C-c-samcp
kml-N-cy-n B tcmKnsb Biz-kn-n-m temI-n-semcp
ùXnI Zi-\-n\pw {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-n\pw km[y-a. Ccp-]Xmw
\qmp I hoc hn-h-Imcn hn.sF. se\n t]mepw hmX-tcm-K-
n-\-Sn-s--tm AXy-[nIw Akz--\mbn Xs B-an-{X-amb
men-t\mSv kb-ss\Uv Bh-iy-s-Xv AXn-\m-em-Wtm. Fm
ssZh- hn-[n-bn ZrV-ambn hniz-kn-p--h kI-eXpw {kjvSm-hn
kanv Bizm-kw sImpp. Ah a\x-k-am-[m-\-tmsS B-
KXw sNpp: ""X\nv ssIbpw Imepw Ipw ImXpw \mpw
aqpw Bbppw Btcm-Kyhpw Poh\pw Pohn-Xhpw \In-bXv ssZh-
amWv. Ah I\n-t-Inb BtcmKyw Xmew Ah Xncn-s-
Sp-n-cn-pp. CsXm-cp ]co--W-amWv. ssZh -hn[n. ]X ]n-
bm ]cm-P-b-am-bn-cnpw êw. an-m hnP-bhpw. hmXhpw tcmK-
hp-sam-p-an-m kzKw {]Xn-^-e-ambn e`npw.''
GI-a-Is amXm-]n-Xm-. ImWn-I-fn Gsd IuXp-I-ap-W-
p \mep hbv {]mb-n B Ipv ac-W-a-S-bpp. Ccw
A\p-`-h-n-c-bm-Ip hyn-I-f-\p-`-hn-p hyYbpw thZ-\bpw
hnh-c-Wm-Xo-X-as{X. \ne-hn-ep IpSpw-_-k-]w apX-em-fn hyh-
-bpsS krjvSn-bm-sWpw kzImcy DS-am-h-Im-i-an-m-Xn-cp kv{Xo
kzmX- { y- ns {]mIrX Iayq- W nv Ime- L - - n Ipn- I
AOamsc Xncn--dn-n-cp-n-spw hmZn Imd amIvkv t]mepw
Xs aIs hntbm-K-n Gsd hnlz-e-\m-hp-I-bp-mbn. 1855-
At-l-ns CjvS-]p-{X FUvKm-dn\v Kpcp-X-c-amb tcmKw _m[np.
Fp-h-b-p AXn-k-aY-\mb B Ipn apjv F Hma-\-t-cn-emWv
Adn-b-s-n-cp-Xv. GI-a-Is tcmK-i---cn-In \o cm{Xn-I
kvt\l-kw-hmZw 161
Dd--sam-gnv Ign-p-Iq-nb amIvkv B L-n GwKkn-s\-

gpXn: ""lrZbw \odp-I-bmWv. Xe ]pI-bp-I-bmWv.'' ]noSv apjv ac-
W-a-S--tm At-l-sa-gpXn: ""]mhw apjv acnp....Fs ZpxJw
F{X hep-Xm-sW--dn-bm-atm. Htsd IjvS-m-Sp-I A\p-`-hn-n-
p--h-\mWv Rm. ]t, bYmY ZpxJ-sa-m-sWv Ctm-gm-sW-
\np a\-n-em-bXv.''
Ccw kml-N-cy--fnepw hn[n-bn hniz-kn-p--h Bizm-
k-a-\p-`-hn-pp. Ah-cpsS a\v a{n-pp: ""X\nv Ipns\
I\n-t-In-bXv Icp-Wm-a-b-\mb ssZh-amWv. Xs Hma-\-a-Is\ Xncn-
p-hn-fn-Xpw Ah Xs. Fmw Ahs Aew-L-\o-b-amb hn[n.
Xt-m kvt\lhpw Icp-Wbpw hm-ey-hp-ap {kjvSm-hns
hiw Ipns\ Xncn-t]n-p-I-bmWv Xm sNbvXXv. AXn-\m
Aa ImWn-p-Xv Am-\-mWv. Xopw AY-iq-\yhpw.
kl-\-a-h-ew-_n-m e`n-m-\p-Xv kzK-amWv. A\-iz-c-amb A-
Xns Ihm-S-n Xs Hma-\ -a-I a-kvan-X-\mbn Xs kzmKXw
sNm Imp-\n-tmw.''
hn[n hnizm-k-an-m--h hn]-p-I hcp-tm Ak-ly-amb
Akz--Xpw A-apw ASn-s-Spp. thh-em-Xn-s-Sp-Ibpw ]cm-
Xn ]d-p-sIm-n-cn-p-Ibpw sNpp. Ah-cpsS Bi--bpw Ac-
n-X-t_m-[-hp-a-I-m Bizm-k-h-N-\- t]mepw Ai--am-bn-cn-
pw. Fm Am-lp-hns Aew-L-\o-b-amb hn[n-bn hnizm-k-
an-p--h A\-ev]-amb Bizm-k-a-\p-`-hn-pp. an-mepw
Aa ImWn-mepw ùXn-I- êw Hp-Xs Fv Ah-c-dn-bpp.
F, Aa Akzmyw A[n-I-cn-n-p-I-bmWv sNpI. abpw
kl-\hpw imn-tbIpw. ssZh-k-n-[n-bntem an-p--hv al-
mb {]Xn-êw. Aa A]-cm-[hpw. sFln-I -Po-hnXw apgps
]co--W-amWv. A\p-{K-l- \In-bpw \ntj-[npw ssZh-aXv
\nh-ln-pp. ê-a-dn-bpI ac-Wm-\-cw adp-tem-I-mWv. A\p-
{K-l- e`y-am-Ip A\p-Iq-em-h--bn Bm-Z-n anXXzw
]pe-W-sav aX-am-h-iy-s-Spp; Ah \ntj-[n--s-Sp-tm
abpw kl-\hpw ]men--W-sapw. hnPbw hmKvZm\w sN-s-
Xv Bhn[w {]hn-p--hmWv.
""`bm-i--I, maw, Poh-[-\m-Zn-I-fpsS \jvSw, hnf-\miw Fn-
h-bn-eqsS \mw \nsf \n-b-ambpw ]co-npw. Atm a
Ah-ew-_n-p-Ibpw "R ssZh-n-t-Xm-Wtm, Ah-\n-te-m-
Wtm R aS-t-Xpw Fp ]d-bp-Ibpw sNp--hsc ktm-
j hm Adn-bn-pI. Ahv X-fpsS \mY-\n\nv henb
A\p-{K-l- e`npw. Ahs ImcpWyw Ahv XW-teIpw.
Ah Xs-bm-Ipp kmKw {]m]n--h''(2: 155-157).
CXw-Ko-I-cn-p hnizm-kn-I kzcpw \n`-b-cp-am-bn-cnpw.
X-fpsS hn[n-bn Xopw Xr]vXcpw. AXv Xv A\p-Iq-
etam {]Xn-Iq-etam FXv Ahsc kw_-n-t-S-tmfw A{]-k-
-as{X. hyYbpw thh-em-Xnbpw hnXp-epw hnlz-e-Xbpw hn[n-bn-

semcp hyXym-khpw hcp-p-Ib - n-tm. Ah \jvSk
-
- `-f
- p-sSbpw
ku`m-Ky--fp-sSbpw t]cn hne-]nv Imew Ign-msX, Znhy-Im-cp-
Wy-n {]Xo--bnv kz-Nn--cmbn ]pXnb {]h-\--
fn hym]r-X-cm-hpp. Ah C-se-I-fpsS \jvS--tfmv s\Sp-
hon-Sp-I-b; Ahsb h-am-\- {In-b-I-fnepw `mhn-Ia--fnepw
hf-amn amp-I-bmWv sNpI. As\ bYmY hn[n-hn-izmkw Ia-
t{]-c-I-ambpw a\x-im-n-bpsS \nQ-cn-bmbpw hn-pp. hnI-e-
amb hn[n-hn-izm-k-amWv Be-ky-n-tepw Ia-iq-\y-X-bn-tepw
hgn-sbm-cp-pI. Ckvemw Hcn-epw AXw-Ko-I-cn-p-n.
Ccp-]mdv
Jp-B hmIy--fn sshcp-[ytam?
""Imcy--sfmw \S-pI ssZh-hn-[n-b-\p-k-cn-m-sWv ImWn-p

Iptd Jp-B hmIy-fpw a\p-jy-Ia--\p-kr-X-amb ê-am-
Wp-m-hp-I-sbv hy-am-p \nc-h[n hN-\-fpw ChnsS D-cn-
-s-Sp-I-bp-mbn. hn[n-hn-izm-ks kw_-n Jp-B hmIy-
-fn ]c-kv]c sshcp-[y-ap-s-t CXv sXfn-bn-p-Xv?''
hn[n-hn-izm-ks kw_-n hnip Jp-B h-N-\--fn Hcp-
hn[ sshcp-[y-hp-an. am{X-a-, Ah ]c-kv]cw hymJym-\n-p--hbpw
hni-Zo-I-cn-p--h-bp-amWv. Hcp DZm-l-c-W-n-eqsS CXv hy-ammw.
\ \ne-bn Db \ne-hm-c-tmsS A-S--]qW-ambn \S-
-s-Sp Hcp amXr-Im-hn-Zym-ebw. kaY-\mb {][m-\m-[ym-]-I.
BmY-X-bp kl-{]-h-I. tbmKy-cmb hnZymYn-I. Ipn-
I-fpsS Imcyw Pm{K-X-tbmsS {in-p cn-Xm-. As\ Fm-
hcpw hnZym-e-b-ns \-bnepw Db-bnepw \nWm-b-I-amb ]p-
h-ln-pp. m]\w \m-hp-I-sb kw`-h-n\p ]nn Hn-
tesd Imc-W-fpw \nc-h[n LS-I--fp-ap-s-Yw. C-c-sam-c-h-
-bn hnZym-ebw amXr-Im-tbm-Ky-am-Im ImcWw {][m-\m-[ym-]-I-
\m-sWp ]dbmw. A[ym-]-I-cm-sWpw hnZymYn-I-fm-sWpw cn-
kvt\l-kw-hmZw 163
Xm--fm-sW-p-sams ]dbmw. CXn-teXp ]d-mepw If-hm-In.

Hcn--sempw asm-cn--sempw ]d-m ]c-kv]c hncp--hp-am-
hp-I-bn. Bh-iym-\p-krXw Hmtcm Imc-Whpw FSpp ImWn-p-I-
bm-sW-n k`m-\p-kr-X-amb kXy-{]-kvXmhw am{Xta Bhp-I-
bpq. Fm CXn GsX-nepw Hcp LSIw am{X-amWv kw`-h-
n\p ]nn-sev hniz-kn-p--h-tcmSv AXv \ntj-[n-t-nbpw
hcpw.
a\p-jy-Ia--fpsS nXnbpw Cuhn[w Xs. Hcm \S-p-t]m-
Ish hgn-bn-semcp hr hoWp-In-S-p-Xv ImWm-\n-S-bm-Ipp.
Abmv thW-sa-n hrs\ ImWm--hn[w \S-p-\omw.
As\ sNmsX, Abm hrs\ Xmn-sb-Spv Bip-]-{Xn-bn-
se-n-p-Ibpw ip{iq-jn-p-Ibpw sNpp. As\ sNp-tm
Xs hyXy-kvX-amb Dt-iy-tmsS AXv \nh-ln-m-hp--XmWv.
hr-stbm Abm-fpsS _p--fp-sStbm \nbpw {]Xyp-]-Im-chpw
{]Xn-^-ehpw {]Xo-nmw. A-c-sam-p-am-{K-ln-msX hr-t\m-
Sp kvt\lImcpWy hmeyKpW-Imw-m -hn-Im-c-tm-sSbpw
AXp sNmw. Atm Cu kw`-h-n a\p-jys `mK-p-\nv
Abm-sf-Sp-p Xocp-am-\-n\pw AXns ]nnse Dt-iy-n\pw
XpSp {]h-\-n-\p-samw A\]-amb ]pv. AXn-\m
hrs\ Bip-]-{Xn-bn-se-n-Xpw ip{iq-jn-Xpw B a\p-jy-\m-
sWv ]d-bp--Xn sXtm Akmw-K-Xytam C. AtX-k-abw,
hrs\ Xmn-sb-Sp-m-\p-]t- bm-Kn ssIIfpw ico-chpw Btcm-Kyhpw
Ignhpw Icp-p-sams \In-bXv ssZh-amWv. hr-t\mSv Aenhv
tXmp-Ibpw ip{iq-jn-m Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-p-Ibpw sNbvX a\pw
ssZh-ns Zm\w Xs. AXn-\m ssZh-amWv hrs\ cn--
sX {]kvXm-hhpw kXy-\n-jvThpw hkvXp-Xm-]-c-hp-as{X. Atm
Ccw kw`-h-sf a\p-jy-t\mSv tNp-]-dbmw, ssZh-tmSv
tNp ]dbmw; a\p-jy-t\mSpw ssZh-tmSpw Htc-k-abw tNp
]dbmw. A{]-Imcw Xs a\p-jy-Iaw am{X-am-sWv [cn-p--h-
tcmSv AXns\ \ntj-[nmw. ssZh-ns ]v Dun--dbmw. Cu
coXn-I-sfmw Jp-B kzoI-cn-n-pv. a\-ns Xocp-am-\-nepw
Dt-iy-nepw a\p-jys ]v F{X-sbv temIv Bpw Adn-
bp-I-bn. a\p-jys {Kmly-h-cp-Xnv AXo-X-am-b-Xn-\m ssZhw hni-
Z-ambn ]dpXn-p-an.
kw`-h--sfbpw Ia--sfbpw Ahbvp ]nnse Xocp-am-\--
sfbpw hnip- -Jp-B ssZh-hp-ambpw a\p-jy-\p-ambpw _-s-
Sp-n-b-Xmbn ImWmw. I]-S-hn-izm-kn-I kzoI-cn-n-cp kao-]\w
Xncpn Jp-B ]d-bpp: ""Ahv h t\hpw Inn-bm AXv
ssZh-n-\n-m-sWv Ah ]dbpw. h hn]pw _m[n-mtem,
\ns Ip-s-Sp-p-Ibpw sNpw. ]d-bpI: Fmw ssZh-n- \np-
Xs. Chs-p- ]n? Ch {Kln-p-n-tm''(Jp-B 4: 78).
\bpw Xnbpw ssZh-n- \nm-sWv hy-am-p Jp-
B ChnsS I]-S-hn-izm-kn-bpsS sXmb kao-]-\-n\v Imc-W-m
Ah Xs-bm-sWv ]d-bp-Ibpw AXns t]cn Ahsc Ip-s-
Sp-p-Ibpw sNpp. icn-bmb kao-]\w kzoI-cn-m km[y-X-bp-
m-bnpw adn-smcp \ne-]mSv Ah-ew-_n-X - n-\m-emWv Jp-B Ahsc
Bt-]n-p-Xv.
KpW-tZm-j--fn a\p-jy-Iaw t]mse ssZh-hn-[npw ]p--
Xn-\m AXns Imc-Ws {kjvSm-hn-tev tNp-]-d-bp kao-
]\w kzoI-cn--Xn\v Jp-B-\n \nc-h[n DZm-l-c-W- ImWmw.
""Amlp \n\v h tZmjhpw hcp-p-I-bm-sW-n AXv
]cn-l-cn-m Ah-\-msX ampw km[y-a. AYhm, Ah
\n\v h tZmjhpw hcp-p-I-bm-sW-n Fm-n\pw Ign-hp--
h-\s{X Ah''(6:17). ""Amlp Xm\n-On-p--hsc kmK-n-
em-pp. Xm\n-On-p--hsc ZpamK-n-em-pp. {]Xm-]-im-
enbpw bpn--\p-as{X Ah''(14: 4).
AtXm-sSmw kmKZpamK {]m]vXn-bn a\p-jys ]pw
Jp-B Dun--d-bpp: ""B AWp-a-Wn-qw \ sNp-pthm
Ah AXv Is-p-I-X-s sNpw. B AWp-aWnqw Xn
sNp-pthm Ah AXpw Ispw''(99: 7,8). ""Hcp-\pw asm-cp-
s `mcw Npa-p-n. a\p-jy\v Ah {]hn--X-msX C''
(53: 38). ""Amlp Bscbpw Ahs Ign-hn-\-Xo-X-am-b-Xn\v I]n-
p-I-bn. Hmtcm-cp-pw Ah {]hn--Xn-\p- {]Xn-^-ehpw
in-bp-am-Wp-m-hpI''(2: 286). ""\n\v h tZmjhpw _m[n-n-p-
s-n AXv \ns `mK-p-\np Xs-bp-X - mWv''(4: 79). ""Fm
hniz-kn-p-Ibpw ka--f-\p-jvTn-p-Ibpw sNbvX-hv Ah-
cpsS {]Xn-êw ]qW-ambn e`n-p--XmWv. A{I-an-Isf Amlp
CjvS-s-Sp-n''(3: 57). ""Ahn-iz-kn-p-Ibpw \psS ZrjvSm--
If-hm-p-Ibpw sNbvX-h-cmtcm Ah-cs{X \c-Im-h-Im-in-I. Ah-c-
Xn \nXy-hm-kn-I-fs{X''(2: 39). ""kXy-\n-tj-[n-Itf, Cv \n
Hgn-I-gnhv t_m[n-n-t. \n {]hn--Xns êw Xs-
bmWv \n-fnv A\p-`-hn-p-Xv''(66: 7).
\Xn-I-fn a\p-jys ]pw ssZh-hn-[nbpw Fn[w _-
s-Sp-p-shpw Jp-B hy-am-pp: ""]d-bpI: ssZhw COn-
p--hsc Ah ZpamK-n-em-p-Ibpw Xn-tev tJZnp aS-
p--hsc kmK-n-em-p-Ibpw sNpp''(13: 27). ""kmKw
kv]jvS-am-bn--gn--ti-jhpw Bsc-nepw ssZh-Zq-Xs\ [n-cn-p-
Ibpw kXy-hn-izm-kn-I-fp-tS-X-m amKw ]np-S-cp-I-bp-am-sW-n
Ah kzbw Xncn-p-I-f `mK-tp Xs \mw Ahs\ Xncn-
p--XmWv''(4: 115).
kvt\l-kw-hmZw 165
Npcp--n, Ia--fpsS ês kw_-nv a\-n-em-m

km[n-p a\p-jy\v Nnn-m\pw Xocp-am-\n-m\pw AX-\p-k-cnv
{]hn-m\pw kzmX{yw \I-s-n-cn-pp. Fm Cu
kzmX{yw A]-cn-an-Xtam A\n-b-{n-Xtam A. ssZth-Obvpw
hn[npw hnt[-b-amWv. Cu ]cn-an-Xn-bpsS ]cn-[n-p-n \I-s
kzmX-{y-ns tXmX-\p-k-cn _m[yX am{Xta a\p-jys ta
Npa--s-n-pq. B _m[y-X-bpsS \nh-l-Whpw ewL-\-hp-amWv
Pohn-X-ns Pbm-]-P-b-fpw kzK\c-I-fpw Xocp-am-\n-pI.
AXn-\m Ign-hn-\-Xo-X-amb Hn\pw Amlp Bscbpw \n_-n-
p-n. BtcmSpw A\oXn ImWn-p-p-an. hn[n-bp-sSbpw a\p-jy-
kzm-X-{y-n-sbpw Ah-bpw Ah-bvn-S-bnse _hpw a\p-
jy\v a\-n-em-m km[n-pw-hn[w hnh-cn-p hnip Jp-B
hmIy--fn Hpw sshcp-[y-hp-an.
ssZh-hn-[n-bp-sSbpw a\pjy kzmX-{y-n-sbpw Ah-sb
kw_-n Ckvem-an-I -ho-Ww bYm-hn[n A\m-h-cWw sNp
Hcp kw`hw cmw Jeo^ Da-dp ^mdq-Jns Imev \S-p-I-bp-
mbn. ê-kvXzo-\n tKv _m[np. Gsd Ignbpw apt AXv kndn-
b-bn-tepw ]Sp-]n-Snp. AXn-thKw Bfn--S tcmKw AXv
kv]in-p--h-sc-sbmw sImsm-Spn. acppw NnIn--bp-sampw
ên-n. Hscm amk-n-\Iw ]Xn-\-m-bncw t] acnp. Cu hn]-
ns\ kw_-nv hnh-c-a-dn Da-dp ^mdqJv Hcp kwLw ssk\n-
I-tcm-sSmw kndn-b-bn-tev ]pd-sp. hgn-at[y Xs ASp A\p-
bm-bn-I-fp-ambn, Fp sN-W-sav IqSn-bm-tem-Nnp. A\-c \S-]-
Sn-Iv \ntZiw \In-b-tijw, tcmK-_m-[nX {]tZ-i-tv
t]mtI--Xn-sv Xocp-am-\np. ]I-hym[n _m[n-t-S-t-p
bm{X A]-ISw hcp-n-tb-p-sa--Xn-\m Fm-hcpw XSw \np-
I-bm-bn-cpp. hnh-ca
- d
- n A_q Dss_Z Jeo-^t- bmSv tcmj-tmsS
tNmZnp: ""ssZh-hn-[n-bn \nv HmSn-tm-Itbm?'' B tk\m-\m-b-Is
AKXw hmbn--dn Da-dp ^mdqJv ]dp: ""AsX, Hcp ssZh-
hn-[n-bn \nv asmcp ssZh-hn-[n-bn-tev.'' A]-k-a-bs au\-
n-\p-tijw Atlw XpSp: ""Hcm Hcp ev sNn-dn.
AhnsS Abmv cp Xmgvh-c-I-fpv. ê-k-ar--am-bXpw Am-
Xpw. ê-k-ar--am-bXv kwc-n-p--h\pw Am-lp-hns hn[n-
b-\p-k-cn-t {]hn-p-Xv? Am-Xv t\mn \S-p--h\pw

Am-lp-hns hn[n-b-\p-k-cn-p-I-bt sNp-Xv?''
Ckvem-anse hn[n-hn-izmkw hn]-p-I-fp-sSbpw hn\m-i-n-sbpw
Xmtm-em-h-cp-sXpw ]ptcm-K-Xn-bp-sSbpw t\--fp-sSbpw hnP-b-n-
sbpw hgn-bn hnLmXw hcp--cp-sXpw hy-amb `mj-bn kaq-
ls ]Tn-n-p-I-bm-bn-cpp Da-dp ^mdqJv. ssZh-hn-[n-bpsS hcp-
Xn-bn a\p-jy\p \I-s kzmX-{ys ]c-am-h[n {]tbm-P-\-
s-Sp--W-sa DZvt_m-[-\hpw AXpsm-pp.
Ccp-]-tgv
ASn- a w \ntcm- [ n- m- X n- c p- - s X- p-
sImv?
""Ckvemw ASn-aw \ntcm-[n-n-n-s-mWv Rm a\-n-em-p--

Xv. Fn ka-Xz-sbpw \oXn-sbbpw kw_-nv kwkm-cn-m
Ckvem-an\v F-h-Im-i-am-Wp-Xv?''
a\p-jy-scmw Htc ssZh-ns krjvSn-Ifpw Htc amXm-]n-Xm--
fpsS a-fp-am-sWv Ckvemw {]Jym-]n-pp. AXp-sIm-p-Xs
Ahn-S-bn hnth-N\w Acp-sXv AXv A\p-im-kn-p-p. ""a\p-
jy-tc, Hcm-Wn\n-pw s]n\n-p-as{X \nsf \mw krjvSn-n-
p--Xv. ]ns, \nsf \mw kap-Zm-b-fpw tKm{X--fp-am-n. \n
]c-kv]cw ]cn-N-b-s-tS--Xn\v'' (Jp-B 49: 13).
{]hm-N-I ]d-bpp: ""\n-bw, \n-fpsS ssZhw GI-\m-Wv.
\n-fpsSsbmw ]nXmhpw Hcm Xs. Fm-hcpw BZ-an\n-p-
-h-cm-Wv. BZtam an\n-pw. AXn-\m Ad-_nv A\-d-_n-sb-
mtfm shfp--h\v Idp--h-s\-mtfm bmsXmcp t{ijvT-X-bp-an;
`n-bpsS ASn-m-\-n-e-msX'' (ap-kvenw, A_q-Zm-hq-Zv).
\nb-a-ns apn khcpw kaam-cm-sWv Ckvemw knm-
n-p-p. ]ucm-h-Im-i--fpsS Imcy-n khcpw Xpey-cm-Wv. ]W-
n-sbpw ]Z-hn-bp-sSbpw t]cn-ep {]tXy-Im-h-Im-i- AXm-
kvt\l-kw-hmZw 167
pw A\p-h-Zn-p-sIm-Sp-p-n-. XZ-Sn-m-\-n-ep hnth-N-\-sf

Xopw \ncm-I-cn-p-Ibpw sNp-p.
C-s\-sbm-s-bm-bn-cp-npw Ckvemw Fp-sImv ASn-aw
\ntcm-[n-n F {]iv\w hni-Z-amb hni-I-e-\-aln-p-p.
1. apl-Zv \_n-bpsS \ntbm-K-Im-ev temI-sapw {Iqc-amb
ASn-a--amWv \ne-\n-n-cp--Xv. ]pcm-X-\-tdm-an ASna BSp-am-Sp-I-
sf-tmse I-hSw sN-s-Sp hn-\--cv am{X-am-bn-cp-p. HmSn-
tm-Im-Xn-cn-m-\mbn Imep-I-fn-e-Wn-bn--s N-e-I-fp-am-bmWv
Ah `mcn tPmen-It]mepw sNbvXn-cp--Xv. Imen-sm-gp-p-
Iv kam-\-amb e--fm-bn-cpp Ah-cpsS hmk--ew. `-
W-a-msX asm-n\pw Ah-h-Im-i-ap-m-bn-cp-n-. AXpw bP-
am-\s Fn-ep-I-fm-bn-cp-p. Nm-hm-d-Sn-Iv apXpIv ImWn-p-sIm-
Sp-m hn[n--s--h-cm-bn-cp-p Am-es ASn-a-I. Imf-In-
S-bn-se--t]mse ASn-a-InS-bnepw t]mcv kwL-Sn-n-pI km[m-
c-W-am-bn-cp-p. As\ Ah ]c-kv]cw Xn-m-Ip-Xv Iv D-
kn- bP-am-\am-cpsS apJy hnt\m-Z-am-bn-cp-p.
Cy-bnse nXnbpw `n-am-bn-cp-n-. Cy-bn PmXn-hy-h-
-bpsS t]cn-emWv ASn-aw \ne-\n-n-cp--Xv. AXn-\m-eXv ssZh-
\n--b-am-bmWv KWn--s-n-cp-Xv. Ata-cn--bnepw B{^n--bnepw
ASp Imew hscbpw {Iqc-amb ASn-a-hpw hW-hn-th-N-\hpw
\ne-\n-n-cp-p. CXc ]mm-Xy-\m-Sp-I-fpsS nXnbpw AXp-X-s.
C-cs - am-ch
-
- b
- n-emWv Ckvemw Cm-cy-n kaq-ea - mb amw
hcp-n-bX - v. BZy-ambn AXp sNbvXXv ASn-aI - t- fm-Sp kao-]\-
- n
ka-{K-amb ]cn-h\w krjvSn-p-I-bm-bn-cp-p. Ahcpw ap--h-
sctmse a\p-jy-cm-sWv {]Jym-]n-p. B t_m[w Fm-h-cnepw
hfp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Amlp Bm-]np: ""amXm-]n-Xm--tfmSv
\-\n-e-bn hn-p-I. _p--tfmSpw A\m-Y-I-tfmSpw AK-Xn-
I-tfmSpw _p-hmb Abm-tcmSpw AI Abm-tcmSpw kl-
hm-kn-I-tfmSpw bm{X-m-c-t\mSpw \n-fpsS A[o-\-X-bn-ep ASn-a-
I-tfmSpw \abn hn-p-I. Al-m-cnbpw s]m--m-c-\p-amb
Hcm-sfbpw Amlp CjvS-s-Sp--X-'' (4: 36).
\_n-Xn-cp-ta\n Acp sNpp: ""\n-fpsS ktlm-Z-camcpw
_p--fp-am-W-h. Xs Iogn-ep ktlm-Z-c\v Xm `n-p--
Xp-t]m-ep Blm-chpw [cn-p--Xp-t]m-ep hkv{Xhpw \tI-
-Xm-Wv. Ahv Akm-[y-amb Imcyw Ahsc G]n--cp-Xv, AY-
hm, {]bm-k-I-c-amb h tPmen-Ifpw Ahsc G]n-p-I-bm-sW-n
\nfpw Ahsc klm-bn-p-I'' (_p-Jm-cn).
"CXv Fs ASn-a, CXv Fs ASn-akv{Xo' Fn-s\ ]d-bm
]mSn-sv ]Tn-n {]hm-N-I "Ahsc \n-fpsS Iogn hcm
CS-bm-nb Amlp \nsf Ah-cpsS Iogn sImp-h-cm\pw Ign-
hp--h-\msW'v kaq-ls DWn.
\_n ]dp: ""h-h\pw Xs ASn-asb h[n-p ]w Ah-
s\ \mapw h[n-pw. h-h\pw Xs ASn-asb AwK-tOZw sNbvXm
\mw Ah-s\bpw AwK-tOZw sNpw. h-h\pw Xs ASn-asb
jWvUo-I-cn-m \ma-h-s\bpw jWvUo-I-cnpw'' (_p-Jm-cn, apkvenw).
am\y-amb `-Whpw hkv{Xhpw ]mn-Shpw Dd-p-h-cp-nb Ckvemw
CXp-hgn ASn-aI - f
- psS kpc-n-XX- zhpw `{Z-am-n. ap kv{XoI-sf-tmse
hnhm-l-th-f-bn ASn-a-kv{Xo-Ipw hnhm-l-aqeyw \n-bn-p. Jp-
B ]d-bpp: ""\n-fn-ems-nepw kzX-{-I-fmb kXy-hn-izm-
kn-\n-Isf hnhmlw sNm km-nI tijn-bn-s-n \n-fpsS
A[o-\-X-bn-ep kXy-hn-izm-kn-\n-I-fmb ASn-a-kv{Xo-Isf hnhmlw
sNbvXp-sIm-p-I. \n-fpsS hnizm-k-s-p-dnv \mbn Adn-bp-
-h Am-lp-hm-Wv. \n ]c-kv]cw _p--fm-Wv. AXn-\m
Ah-cpsS cn-Xm--fpsS A\p-a-Xn-tbmsS \n-f-hsc hnhmlw Ign-
p-sIm-p-I. Ah-cpsS hnhm-l-aqeyw acym-Z-tbmsS \Ip-Ibpw sNp-
I'' (4: 26).
{]hm-N-I(-k) ]d-bpp: ""\n tIp-Ibpw A\p-k-cn-p-
Ibpw sNp-I. \n-fpsS t\Xm-hmbn hcp-Xv DW-nb apn-cn-
t]m-ep inc-tm-Sp-Iq-Snb \ot{Km ASn-a-bm-bn-cp-mepw icn.''
Jeo^m Da-dp ^mdqJv Bk ac-W-\m-bn-cns `mhn `c-Wm-
[n-Im-cnsb kw_-n N-n-S-bn Xs hnImcw {]I-Sn-n--Xn-
-s\-bmWv: ""A_q-lp-ssZ^x tamNn-n ASn-a-bm-bn-cp kmenw
Pohn-n-cn-p-m-bn-cp-s-n At-ls `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bmbn Rm
\n-bn-p-am-bn-cp-p.''
A_q_Iv kzno-Jv, Da-dp ^mdqJv t]mep hfsc {]ap-J-
cmb A\p-N-cam-cps-Sp kwL-ns kh ssk\ym-[n-]-\mbn
hntam-NnX ASn-a-bmb sskZns aI Dkm-asb \n-bn \_n
sskZn\v Xs ]nXr-k-tlm-Zco ]p{Xn ssk\-_ns\ hnhmlw Ign-n-
p-sIm-Sp-m k--\m-bn.
Ad-_n-I-fmb kzX-{ampw ASn-a-Ip-an-S-bn kmtlm-
Zcyw m]n-pI {]hm-N-Is ]Xn-hns]--Xm-bn-cpp. \ot{Km ASn-
a-bm-bn-cp _nemepw Jiv-A-ao-tKm-{X-m-c-\mb Jmen-Zp_v\p dpssh-
lbpw Xnepw ASn- a - b m- b n- c p sskZpw kzw ]nXr- h y- \ mb
lwkbpw Xnepw ASn-a-bm-bn-cp Jmcn-P_v\p sskZpw ]nm-
ev {]Ya Jeo-^b - m-bn-o A_q-_Iv kznoJpw Xnepw \_n-
Xn-cp-ta\n kmtlm-Zcyw m]n-p-I-bp-m-bn.
ASn-a-Isf Ah-K-Wn-mt\m {]bm-k-s-Sp-mt\m Ckvemw A\p-
h-Zn-n-. Hcn- ASn-asb ]nd-In \Sn hml-\-n k-cn-
p bm{X-m-c-t\mSv A_q-lp-dbvd ]dp: ""\ns ]nd-In Ah-
s\bpw Ib-q. \ns ktlm-Z-c-\m-W-h. \nt-Xp-t]m-ep Bmhv
kvt\l-kw-hmZw 169
Ah-\p-ap-v.''
Cuhn[w ASn-abvv kaq-l-n am\y-amb ]Z-hnbpw AwKo-Im-
chpw ]cn- K - W - \ bpw \In Ahs Ah- I m- i - kwc- n
Ckvemw Ah-t\m-Sp A\o-Xn-sbbpw AXn-{I-a-sbpw sImSnb Ip-
ambn IW-m-p-I-bp-m-bn. AtXm-sSmw ASn-a-bpsS _m[y-X-I-
fnepw in-I-fnepw KWy-amb Cf-h-\p-h-Zn-p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
2. Ckvemw ASn-a-s Hc-Sn-m-\-ambn AwKo-I-cn-p-n-.
An-a-ambn AXn-\-dp-Xn-h-cp-m-\p \S-]-Sn-I-fmWv AXv kzoI-cn--
Xv. ASn-a-- tam-N-\-n\v hn {]m[m\yw \In. Amlp tNmZn-
pp: ""a\p-jy Fp-sImv ZpL-S-amb ]pWy-]mX IS-p-n-
. FmWv B ZpL-S -amK-sav \n\--dn-bmtam? ASn-a-bpsS
tamN-\-am-W-Xv'' (90: 11-13).
Ckvemw kIm-ns Htcm-lcn \n-bn-Xv ASn-a-I-fpsS tamN-
\-n-\p-th-n-bmWv (9: 60). Xs DS-a--X-bn-ep ASn-asb tamNn-
n-epw ap--h-cpsS hi-ap--hsc hmn tamNn-n-epw Ckvemw
\n-bn ASn-a-tam-N-\ -amK--f-s{X. AX-\p-k-cn-mWv \_n-Xn-cp-
ta-\nbpw Ahn-Ss A\p-N-camcpw X-fpsS Iogn-ep-m-bn-cp
ASn-a-Isf tamNn-n--Xv. A_q-_Iv kzno-Jn-s\-tm-ep klr-Z-
b k-ns knwl-`m-Khpw hn\n-tbm-Kn-Xv ASn-a-Isf hmn
tamNn-n-m-\m-Wv. ]p-t]v Fgp-p-w hm-b-\bpw ]Tn-n-p-sIm-
Sp-p ASn-a-Isf {]hm-N-I tamNn-n-n-cp-p.
]e ]m]-pw Ckvemw \n-bn {]mb-n---fn {]Y-
ahpw {][m-\hpw ASn-aIsf tamNn-n--em-Wv. ""Bsc-nepw Hcp hnizm-
knsb h[n-m-\n-S-bm-bm {]mb-n--ambn hnizm-kn-bmb Hc-Sn-asb
tamNn-n--Ww. sIm-s--hs Ah-Im-in-Iv \jvS-]-cn-lmcw
\IpIbpw thWw. Ah \jvS-]-cn-lmcw hnp-sIm-Sp-m-sem-gn-sI''
(4: 92).
i]-Y-ew-L-\w, {hX-a-\p-jvTn-sh `mcym-`m-am ssewKn-
I-_w ]pe t]mep A]-cm-[--fpsS {]mb-n-hpw ASn-
a-Isf tamNn-n--e-s{X. Cs\ ASn-a-- tam-N-\-n\v Ckvemw
hnhn[ amK- \n-bn-p. ]c-tem-Iv AXn-a-l-mb {]Xn-êw
hmKvZm\w \Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp. AXp-sIm-p-Xs Ckvem-anI kaq-
l-n kw`-hn--t]mse hn]p-ehpw hym]-I-hp-amb \ne-bn ASn-a-
I hntam-Nn-X-cmb asmcp Ime-L-hpw Ncn-{Xn-ep-m-bn-n-.
tamN-\-]-{X-sa-gpXn kzmX{yw t\Sm\pw Ckvemw Ah-k-c-sam-cp-
n. AX-\p-k-cnv ASn-abpw bP-am-\\pw tbmPn-p Xocp-am-\n-p
aqeyw \n-bnv kzmX{yw t\Sm ASn-a-Iv km[n-p-am-bn-cpp.
Ccw L--fn kzmX{yw \Im bP-am-\ _m[y--\m-
Wv. AXn-en-S-s]-Smt\m Icm \ncm-I-cn-mt\m Abmv Ah-Im-i-
an-. tamN-\-]-{X-sa-gp-Xp \nanjw apX ASna ASn-a-b-m-Xm-bn,
Iqen--Wn-m-cs m\-s-p-p. ]noSv sNp tPmenv
{]Xn-^-e-ap-m-hp-Ibpw AXv tamN-\-aq-ey-ambn amdp-Ibpw sNp-
p. ap sXmgn-ep-I-fn-eqsS ]W-ap-mn tamN-\-aqeyw tiJ-cn-
m\pw Abm- - h - I m- i - a p- m- b n- c n- pw. C- c - s amcp hyh
bqtdm-n AwKo-I-cn--s-Xv ]Xn-\memw \qm-n am{X-am-sW-
Xv {]tXyIw {]kvXm-hy-a-s{X.
Cs\ hnhn[ hnt[\ tamN\w t\Snb ASn-a-I Ckvem-anI
Ncn-{X-n al-mb m\-a-e--cn-p-Ibpw `c-Ww-hsc ssIbm-
fp-I-bp-ap-m-bn. _nem-ep_v\p d_m-ln-s\-tmse AXp-ey-amb ]Z-
hn-bn-se-n-b-hcpw Ah-cn-ep-v.
3. ASn-a-I Xe-apd Xe-ap-d-I-fmbn XpS-cp Ah-v Ckvemw
AdpXn hcp- n. bP- a m- \ \v ASnakv { Xo- b n Ipn- I - f p- m- b m
Ah bP-am-\s Ipn-I-fm-bmWv ]cn-K-Wn--s-Sp-I-sbpw ap
a-sf-tmse Xs ]qWm-h-Im-i-ap kzX-{-cmb ]ucam-cm-
bn-cn-p-sapw Ckvemw {]Jym-]n-p. AtXm-sSmw bP-am-\s ac-
W-tmsS Ah-cpsS amXm- kzX-{-cmbnocp-sapw AXv
hnfw-_cw sN-bvXp. AtXm-sSmw bP-am-\am X-fpsS Iogn-ep
ASna-kv{Xo-Isf thiy-mhrnp]-tbm-Knv hcp-am-\-ap-m-p
AXyw \oN-amb k{-Zm-b-n\v ]qW-ambpw Adp-Xn-h-cp-p-I-
bpw- sN-bvXp.
4. {Ia-{]-hr--ambn ASn-aw Ah-km-\n-n-m-\m-h-iy-amb kao-
]\w kzoI-cn Ckvemw AXv ]qW-ambpw \ntcm-[n-m-Xn-cp-Xv A\n-
hm-cy-amb Imc-W--fm-em-Wv. bp-n-eq-sS-b-msX ASn-a-I-fp-m-
hp Fm hgn-Ifpw AXv ]qW-ambpw sImn-b-S-p. \_n-Xn-cp-ta-\n-
bpsS \ntbm-K-Im-ev bp--S-hp-Imsc ASn-a-I-fm-p-Itbm h[n-
p-Itbm sNp k{-Zm-ba - mWv \ne-\n-n-cp-X - v. ZoL-Imew CtX
Ah XpS-cp-I-bp-m-bn. i{Xp-cm-jv{S-hp-ambn bp-ap-m-Ip-tm
Ah ]nSn-Iq-Sp Ckvem-an-I- cm-jv{S-nse ]ucamsc ASn-a-I-fm-
p-Itbm h[n-p-Itbm sNp k{-Zmbw \ne-\n-n-cp kml-
N-cy-n Ckvem-anI cmjv{Sw ]nSn-Iq-Sp i{Xp-cm-jv{S-nse _n-
I-fpsS Imcy-n asmcp \ne-]mSv kzoI-cn-pI km[ytam {]mtbm-
Kn-Itam Bbn-cp-n-. Fnpw bp--S-hp-Imsc h[n-p-Xv
Ckvemw hne-n. Ahsc shdpsX hnSp-Itbm {]Xn-êw hmn hn-
b-p-Itbm sNm-sav \ntZ-in-p-Ibpw sNbvXp (47: 4).
bp--S-hp-Imsc apgp-h Xma-kn-n-m kuI-cy-ap kwhn-
[m-\-an-m-Xn-cp--Xn-\m i{Xp-cm-jv{S- sNbvX t]mse-s
Ckvem-an-I c - m-jv{Shpw Ahsc ASn-aI - f - m-p-Ib - mWp-m-bX - v. CtXp-
dn-v {]-apJ Ckvem-anI ]WvUn-X apl-Zv JpXzv_v Fgp-Xpp:
""bp--S-hp-Im-cpsS Imcy-n i{Xp-]w asmcp coXn kzoI-cn-
m k--am-hp--Xp-hsc Fv ASn-a-- k-{-Zm-b-n\v Ah[n
kvt\l-kw-hmZw 171
\n-bn-p. apkvenw bp--S-hp-Im GI-]-o-b-ambn ASn-a--

ns Nfn-p-n Fdn-bs - -Sm-Xn-cn-mthn am{X-am-WX - v. ChnsS
FSp-tm-tX Hcp {][m\ kwK-Xn-bp-v: "shdp-sXtbm {]Xn-êw
hmntbm hn-b-pI' F bp--S-hp-Imsc ]cm-ain-p GI
Jp-B hmIyw _\sc ASn-a-I-fm-p Imcyw ]d-n-n-
. AsXmcp imizX \nb-a-am-hm-Xn-cn-m thn-bm-W-Xv. {]mb-
nw hmn-bp tamN-\s--n ]d-p. {]Xn-^-ew- Iq-Sm-sX-bp-
tamN-\-s-p-dnpw ]d-p. Imc-Ww, Ah cp-amWv kao-]-`m-
hn-bntem hnZq-c-`m-hn-bntem bp--S-hp-Im-tcm-Sp s]cp-am--n
a\p-jy-cm-in-p-thn Ckvemw ]cn-an-Xs - -Sp-m-\p-t-in-p imizX
cq]-. ASn-a k{-Zmbw apkvenw-I kzoI-cn-Xv \n_
kml-N-cy-ns A\n-hm-cyX \nan--am-bn-cp-p. AmsX JWvUn-
X-amb Hcn-kvem-anI hn[np hnt[-b-am-bn-m-bn-cp-n'' (sX-n--cn-
-s aXw ]pdw 62)
\_n-Xn-cp-ta-\n-bpsS Imev bp-S- h - p-Im-cpsS Imcy-n {][m-
\-ambpw Ap- k-ao-]-\-amWv kzoI-cn-n-cp--Xv.
a. i{Xp- _-\--cm-nb XS-hp-Imp -]-I-c-ambn X-
fpsS XS-hp-Imsc Ahv ssIam-dp-I.
b. {]Xn-^-ew kzoI-cnv tamNn-n-p-I. _Zvbp--nse XS-hp-
Im-cpsS Imcy-n am{Xta Cu kao-]\w kzoI-cn-p-q. Ckvem-
anI cmjv{Sw Zcn-{Zhpw XS-hp-Im a-bnse k--cp-am-bn-cp--Xn-\m-
emImw Ah-cn\nv {]Xn-êw kzoI-cn--Xv.
c. cmPy-ns `{Z-Xbvv lm\n-I-c-a-s-n shdpsX hnSp-I.
lpss\bp--nse XS-hp-Im-cpsS Imcy-n \_n-Xn-cp-ta\n Cu
kao-]-\-amWv kzoI-cn--Xv. _\q-ap-kvXz-eJv bp-nse _n-I-fpsS
Imcy-n Ah-ew-_n \bhpw CXp-X-s-bm-bn-cp-p.
d. i{Xp- ]nSn-Iq-Sp Ckvem-anI kaq-l-nse ]ucamsc
ASn-a-I-fm-p--t]mse apkvenw-I-fpsS ]nSn-bn s]Sp XS-hp-Im-
scbpw ASn-a-I-fmn ]m-f-mv `mKn-p-sIm-Sp-p-I. Atmgpw Ah-
tcmSv am\y-ambn s]cp-am-dm\pw X Ign-p Blm-chpw [cn-p-
hkv{Xhpw Xma-kn-p--Xp-t]m-ep CShpw Ahv \Im\pw
i-ambn \ntZ-in--s-n-cp-p.
e. apkvenw-Iv \n_ ]mf tkh\w \n-bn--s-n-cp--
Xn-\m AXn\n-sm-gn-hm-s - aX-\yq-\] -
- - cmPy-c - - mbn
\tI Pnkvb kzoI-cnv XS-hn-em--s-Sp--h-sc-sbmw kzX-{-
cm-p-I. \Pvdm-\nse {InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS Imcy-n \_n-Xn-cp-ta\n
kzoI-cn kao]\w CXm-bn-cp-p. ]nm-ev Ckvem-anI cmjv{S-
nse `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-f-h-ew-_n \bhpw CXp-X-s.
bp--S-hp-Imsc ASn-a-I-fm-p-I-sb--Xv -A-\n-hm-cy-amb kml-
N-cy-n A]qh-ambn am{X-ah - e
- w-_n kao-]\ - a
- m-bn-cp-p. AsXmcp
ncw k{-Zm-b-am-bn-cp-n-. AXp-sIm-p-Xs Ckvemw ASn-a-
w-A-\p-h-Zn-p-sh-Xv \n_-nX ]cn-Xx-n-Xn-bnse Xmm-
enI kao-]\w am{X-a-s{X. apl-Zv JpXzv_v Fgp-Xp-p: ""Hc-Sn-m-
\-sa \nebvv ASn-a-s Ckvemw AwKo-I-cn-n-n-. ASn-a-
-tam-N-\-n-\p-thn hyXykvX amK--fn-eqsS Ckvemw \S-
nb {iaw AXn\p sXfn-hm-Wv. AXns Dd-hn-S- hn-p-I-f-
bm Ckvemw ]c-am-h[n {ian-p. Ckvem-an\v Hbvv Xocpam-\-sa-
Sp-m hm-, AXns ]nSn-bn-sem-Xp-m Hcp \n_-nX
kml-N-cy-ap-m-bn-cp-p. Ckvem-an-\v kzm[o-\-an-m cmjv{S-fpw
P\-X-I-fp-ambn _-s Hcp {]iv\-am-bn-cpp AXv. Ah apkvenw
bp--S-hp-Imsc ASn-a-I-fm-n ItTmc inbvp hnt[-b-am-n.
AXn-\m (A-Sn-a-I-tfm-Sp- \oN-amb s]cp-am--ns Imcy-n-
sem-gn-v, ASn-a-I-fm-p-I-sb Xz-n-se-n-epw) Xp-ey-amb
\bw kzoI-cn-p-hm-\Xv \n_-n-X-am-bn. ASn-a-- k-{-Zmbw
\n-em-m-Xn-cn-p--Xn\v Ckvem-ans\ \n_-n B GI
amKw Ah-km-\n-n-p-hm temI-nse CX-c -i-n-I-fpsS kl-
I-cWw IqSn Bh-iy-am-bn-cp-p. B kl-I-cWw e`n-p \nan-j-
n Ak-n-Kv[-amw-hn[w Ckvemw hy-am-nb AXns al-
mb knm--n-tev aS-p--XmWv. Fm-hpw ka-Xzhpw
kzmX-{yhpw F Xz-n-tev'' (sX-n--cn--s aXw ]pdw
64)
Cpw bp--S-hp-Imsc Ip-hm-fn-I-fmbn Iv XS-hn-en-Sm-dmWv
]Xn-hv. Imcm-Kr-l-nse Ccp-f-S apdn-bn XS-hp-]p-n-bmbn Imew
Ign-p--Xn-s\-m ]Xna-Sv t`Zw Ckvem-an-I- k-aq-l-n-ep-m-
bn-cp Fm ùXn-Im-h-iy-fpw ]qo-I-cn--s-Sp kwhn-[m-\-
am-bn-cp-p-sh--XmWv hkvXp-X. ASn-a-sb hnti-jWw Gsd Atcm-
N-I-am-sW-n-epw.
Hcp kmaq-lnI-L-S-\-bpsS Ahn-`m-Py-`m-K-ambn \ne-\np Hcp
k{-Zm-bs s]s-sm-cp-\m \nbaw aqew \ntcm-[n-p-Xv ê-
{]-Z-a-. ASn-a-- k-{-Zm-bs Am-ev tIhew Hcp--c-hpsIm-
v Ah-km-\n-n-pI km[y-am-bn-cp-n-. A-c-samcp \S-]Sn Dm-
bmepw ]ntv apX kaqlw apgp-h ASn-a-I-sfbpw km[m-c-W
kz-X{ ]ucam-sc-tmse kzoI-cn-m am\-kn-I-ambn k--am-
hp-I-bn-. Hcp kp{]-`m-X-n hntam-Nn-X-cmb Fm ASn-a-I-fp-ambn
kzX-{-k-aqlw ka-`m-h-\-tbmsS s]cp-am-dp-sav {]Xo-n-m-h-X-
. hnhm-l-n-tes-Sm\pw apw CXv hnLmXw krjvSn-pw. hnap
ASn-a-I-fpsS Hcp hKw cq]wsIm-em-bn-cnpw CXns êw.
t\cs e`n-p-t]m-n-cp sXmgnepw kwc--Whpw e`n-msX Cu
hn`m-Kw- sIm-Snb sISp-Xn-Inc-bm-hp-Ibpw sNpw. A{_lmw en-
Ata-cn- sFIy-\m-Sp-I-fnse ASn-a hyh \n-em-
kvt\l-kw-hmZw 173
n- b - t m- g p- mb A\p- ` - h - a n- X n\v kmn- b m- W v . ASn- a - I

kzmX{yw Dsm-m am\-kn-I-ambn k-am-bn-n-m-Xn-cp--Xn-
\m bP-am-\am-cpsS ASp-tv Xncn-p-hv Xsf ASn-a-I-
fmbn kzoI-cn-m Ah-tcmSv Bh-iy-s-Sp-I-t]m-ep-ap-m-bn. AXn-
\m-emWv Ckvemw ASn-a- -k-{-Zm-b-n\v Adp-Xn-h-cp-m {Ia
{]hr-hpw hyh-m-]n-X-hp-amb amKw Ah-ew-_n--Xv.
5. a\p-jy-i-co-c-ns Ne-\--fpsS ta Gs-Sp--s-Sp
\nb-{-W-am-Wtm \nb-aw. AXn-\m \msa-s\ Pohn--W-sav
Xocp-am-\n-p-Xv \nb-a-am-Wv. Ccw \nb-a- \nan-m-\p
BXy-n-I-amb A[n-Im-cm-h-Imiw Bm-sW-Xv a\p-jy-kzm-X-{y-
hp-ambn At`-Zy-ambn _-s-n-cn-p-p. hyn-I tXmn-b-t]mse
Pohnp kaqlw ]qW-ambpw Ac-n-Xhpw Acm-PI-hp-am-bn-cn-
pw. AXn-\m kaq-l-ns kpK-a-amb \ne-\n]n\v \nbaw
A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. AXv \nan-m-\p ]c-am-[n-Imcw ssIb-S-n-h-
bvp--h bP-am-\--am-cmWv. AXn\p hnt[-b-cm-hp--h ASn-a-I-
fpw. AXp-sIm-p-Xs \nb-a-\nam-W-ns ]c-am-[n-Imcw ssZh-
n-\-msX amp-an-s ]c-a-kXyw AwKo-I-cn-m Fm-
hcpw X-sf-tm-ep a\p-jy-cpsS ASn-a-Ifpw Bm-\p-hn-
I-fp-a-s{X. Cu kqvamY-n \nb-a-\nam-W-ns ]c-am-[n-
Imcw `c-W-Iq-S-n\v AwKo-I-cn-p-sIm-Sp-p B[p-\nI kaq-l-
-sfm-sbpw ASn-a- k-aq-l--f-s{X. Ahsc kw_-n-t-S-tmfw
bYmY -tam-N\w Gsd hnZqcw Xs.
\nb-a-\nam-W-ns ]c-am-[n-Im-ctam tkzO ap--h-cpsS ta
ASn-t]n-m A\p-hm-Ztam Ckvemw Bpw \Ip-n-. {k-
jvSm-hn-\p-am-{X-amWv ]c-am-[n-Im-cw. `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I Ahs \nbaw
\oXn-]qhw \S-m-p--h am{X-a-s{X. CuPn-]vXns tPXm-hpw B
cmPy-ns {]Ya apkvenw KhW-dp-amb Awdp-_v\p Bkzns
aI Hcp km[m-c-W-m-cs\ A\ym-b-ambn ASn--Xmbn ]cmXn e`n-
-tm Jeo^m Da-dp ^mdqJv {]Xn-Imcw \S-n-em-n-b-tijw
KhW-tdmSv tNmZn--Xn-Xm-bn-cpp: ""Awtd, \n-sf-tm-gmWv P\-
sf ASn-a-I-fm-m XpS-n-bXv? Ah-cpsS amXm- Ahsc kzX-
{-cm-bn-m-Wtm {]k-hn--Xv.''
ASn-a-s kw_-n Ckvem-an-I- k-ao-]-\-ns A-
Fsv Da-dp ^mdq-Jns Cu tNmZyw Ak-n-Kv[-ambn hy-am-
p-p-v. bYmY hntam-N\w DZvtLm-jn-p Ckvemw Ncn-{X-n-
e-dn-b-s-Sp--Xp-t]m-ep ASn-a--hp-ambn Hcn-epw s]mcp--s-
Sp-n-.

Samvadam 2

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

You might also like

Samvadam 2

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Samvadam 2

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

kvt\l-kw-hmZw 113

""Cy-bnse ssl-h-th-Z- ssZhn-I-am-sWv AwKo-I-cn-p-

F.hn. IrjvW-hm-cn-b hy-am-pp.

kzman Zbm-\ kc-kzXn Cmcyw tNmtZym--c-cq-]-n Cs\

""apl-Zv Xs Imes blqZss{IkvXh ]n-X-m-cp-ambn

tXm-nse hr-n-S-bn t]mbn Hfnp'' (D]n 3:8,9).

Imiw bmtm-_n\p hnp. XpSv bmtm_v Gim-hn\v Ahpw

""Jp-B ssZhn-I-{K--am-sW-m-Wtm apkvenw-I Ah-Im-i-

B. AXv km[m-cW AY-n-ep KZytam ]Zytam Ihn-Xtbm

kw, Pohn-X-ho-Ww, Bcm-[\, BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\-, hyn-Po-

n-p--Xnepw Ah-bpsS ]v {]apJ `qK`-im-kv{X--m-scmw

k-Xy- Is-m\pw Ign-t-mw. Fm Ncn-{X-h-kvXp-X-

""imkv{X-hn-cp--ambn Hpw Ckvem-an-en-s-m-Wtm ]d-b-s-Sp-

]cn-Wm-a-hm-Z-ns D]-m-Xm-hmbn hmgv-s-Sp Nmkv

tUm. F.F. \q-Xn-cn-t]mepw adnp]d-bm \n_-n-X-\m-hp-I-

""aXw ssZhn-I-am-sW-n temIv hnhn[ aX--fp-m-bXv Fp-

Xam Xs lnp-a-X-nse hnhn[ hnizm-k- kXy-am-sWv

{]N-cn-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Jp-B a\p-jy-cpsS Fm-hn[ CS-s]-S-

AXns {]tbm-K-h-c-W-n-eqsS am{Xta am\-h-cmin C-\p-`-

""apkvenw-I Fn-\mWv \a-kvIm-c-n IA-v_-bn-tev Xncn-p-

\apv bp-sav tXmp coXn-I Bhn-jvI-cn-m-am-bn-cpp.

kw_-n kXy-k-hpw hkvXp-\n-jvT-hp-amb At\z-j-W-n\pw

""ssZhw kh-i-\pw kh--\p-am-Wtm. Fn temI-nse

Ia -k-{-Zm-b-fpw Pohn-X -k-ao-]-\--fp-samw _mly-amb Imc-

\mw Bcm-bn-cn-Ww? shfp--htcm, kp-ctcm, hncq-]tcm, ]pcp-

n-cn-pp. AXv Hcn-epw Ap-t]m-Ip--X''(2: 256). ""]d-bpI,

Ign-n-n. Poh, _pn, Hmain, Bmhv XpS-n-b-h-sb-

ky-n Ba--cm-hp-I-bn. icn-bmb ]mX ]c-Xn-sb-Spv AXn-

Dd--sam-gnv Ign-p-Iq-nb amIvkv B L-n GwKkn-s\-

-as{X. hyYbpw thh-em-Xnbpw hnXp-epw hnlz-e-Xbpw hn[n-bn-

""Imcy--sfmw \S-pI ssZh-hn-[n-b-\p-k-cn-m-sWv ImWn-p

Xm--fm-sW-p-sams ]dbmw. CXn-teXp ]d-mepw If-hm-In.

Npcp--n, Ia--fpsS ^es kw_-nv a\-n-em-m

b-\p-k-cn-t {]hn-p-Xv? Am-Xv t\mn \S-p--h\pw

""Ckvemw ASn-aw \ntcm-[n-n-n-s-mWv Rm a\-n-em-p--

pw A\p-h-Zn-p-sIm-Sp-p-n-. XZ-Sn-m-\-n-ep hnth-N-\-sf

\n-bn-p. apkvenw bp--S-hp-Im GI-]-o-b-ambn ASn-a--

n- b - t m- g p- mb A\p- ` - h - a n- X n\v kmn- b m- W v . ASn- a - I

You might also like