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Theory of Structures 2017 2018
Theory of Structures 2017 2018
Theory of Structures 2017 2018
Theory of Structures
Lecturers: Theory of Structures Committee.
Supervised by: Dr. Qais Abdul Majeed Hassan
The specialized branch that deals with the dynamic effects on structures
is structural dynamics.
2) Plane versus Space:
No structure is really planer, but some structural elements such as
beams, trussed bridges and rigid frame buildings are usually analyzed
as plane problems.
On the other hand, some structures, such as towers and domes, the
stresses are interrelated between members that lie in different planes;
these structures are considered as space frameworks under non-
coplanar force system.
3) Linear versus Nonlinear:
In linear structures the relationship between the applied loads and the
resulting deformations are assumed to be linear, this assumption is
based on the following:
a) The material of the structure is elastic and obeys Hooks law.
b) The geometry changes are small and can be neglected when
calculating stresses.
In nonlinear structures the relationship between the applied loads and
the resulting deformations are nonlinear, this relationship exists under
one of the following conditions:
a) The material of the structure is inelastic.
b) The material is within the elastic range, but geometry changes are
significantly large during the application of loads.
Nonlinear behavior of structures is studied within the plastic analysis
and buckling of structures.
4) Statically Determinate versus Statically Indeterminate:
In statically determinate structures the structural analysis can be
performed by statics alone otherwise the structure is called
indeterminate. The analysis of the latter is performed using static
equations together with the equations furnished by the geometry of the
elastic curve of the structure in linear analysis.
5) Force versus Displacement:
Structural analysis can be divided into two methods: force method and
displacement method. In the former, the forces are treated as the basic
unknowns and the displacement are expressed in terms of forces;
whereas in the displacement method the displacement is the
fundamental unknowns and the forces are expressed in terms of
displacements.
Q-L ( 2017-2018) Ch.1-2
Theory of Structures-1 CH-1: Introduction
(a) Beam
(c) Frame Structure
Fb
Fb
Fa a b
b c
a O Fc
Fb o
Fa
are considered part of the external forces and are to balance the other external
loads in a state of equilibrium. There are mainly three types of supports, roller,
hinge and fixed supports.
In an idealized state, the resultant of all forces may be represented by a single force
specified by three elements:
1) The point of application.
2) The direction.
3) The magnitude.
In analysis, the direction means the slope of the action line, while the magnitude of
the force may be positive or negative; therefore, in mentioning the reaction force,
both the numerical magnitude and the sense of the action line must be
indicated.
2.2.1. Hinge or Pin Support:
A hinge support is represented by the symbols shown in Fig. (2.3-a), it can resist a
force in any direction but cannot resist the moment of the force about the
connecting point, as illustrated in Fig. (2.3-b). (Two unknowns and one degree of
freedom).
Fig. (2.3)
2.2.2. Roller Support:
A roller support is represented by the symbols shown in Fig. (2.4-a); the reaction
acts perpendicular to the surface through the center of the connecting pin; it cannot
resist moment and lateral force along the surface of the support as illustrated in
Fig. (2.4-b). (One unknown and two degrees of freedom).
Fig. (2.4)
Rx
o
Mo
Ry
(a) (b)
Fig. (2.5)
2.3. Equations of Conditions or Construction:
Simple structures such as beams, trusses and rigid frames may be considered as
one rigid body sustained in space by a number of supports.
A compound form of a structure, mounted on a number of supports, may be built if
more than one simple structure is connected together by hinges, links or rollers.
For both the simple and compound structures, the external force system, external
loads plus support reactions, must satisfy the equations of equilibrium, if the
structure is at rest, Fx 0 , Fy 0 and M a 0 .
In the compound type, the connecting devices enforce more restrictions on the
force system acting on the structure, thus providing additional equations of static
to supplement the equations of equilibrium; these equations are called equations
of conditions or construction, c, (c=1 for a hinge, c=2 for a roller and c=0 for a
beam without internal connection).
2.3.1. Internal Hinge:
RF x 0
RF y 0 c=1
F
MF 0
MF 0
(a) (c)
o
(b)
Fig. (2.6)
2) At least three elements of reaction are necessary to restrain a body in stable
equilibrium. The cases shown in Fig. (2.7- a, b and c) illustrate rigid bodies
subjected to restraints by three elements of reaction, these restraints can be
solved by the three available equilibrium equations, Fx 0 , Fy 0 and
M a 0 , then the system is said to be statically stable and determinate.
Fig. (2.7)
Q-L (2017-2018) Ch.2-4
Theory of Structures-1 CH-2: Stability and Determinacy of Structures
(a) (b)
Fig. (2.8)
Q-L (2017-2018) Ch.2-5
Theory of Structures-1 CH-2: Stability and Determinacy of Structures
(a) (b)
Fig. (2.9)
(a) (b)
r=4, c=1 r=7, c=2
r = c+3 r > c+3
4 = 1+3 7 = 2+3
4=4 7>5
Determinate, but unstable Indeterminate to the 2nd degree,
(Internal instability) but unstable (Internal instability)
r=6, c=2
r , c+3
6>5
Indeterminate, but unstable (Internal
(a) instability)
(Three hinges on the same line of action)
r=7, c=2
r , c+3
7>5
(b) Stable and Indeterminate to the 2nd degree
Horizontal Movement
(a) (b)
r=5, c=2 After changing the arrangement of
r = c+3 support:
5 = 2+3 r=5, c=2
5=5 r = c+3
Determinate, but unstable 5 = 2+3
(Internal instability) 5=5
Stable and Determinate
4m
3m
Stable and
11 3 14 7 14
Determinate
Stable and
Indeterminate
14 3 17 8 16
to the 1st
degree
Note-1: for stability check the same rules used for beams can be applied.
Note-2: if there are more than two members connected by an internal hinge, then
the total number of the equations of conditions, c, will be as in equation (2-3):
c= No. of members at hinge - 1 (2-3)
Examples:
Stable and
Indeterminate
10 9 39 9 0 27
to the 12th
degree
Stable and
Indeterminate
10 9 39 9 6 33
to the 6th
degree
Note-3:
There is another easier approach to calculate the degree of indeterminacy of
frames; the frame members should be cut in a way to reduce the structure to
several simple statically determinate parts, the number of restrains removed to
accomplish this result gives the degree of determinacy of the frame, as shown in
equation (2-4).
m 3 a d c
(2-4)
Where:
m = is the degree of indeterminacy of the frame.
a = is the number of cut members.
d r3
r = is the number of reaction elements within the section.
c = is the number of equations of condition, as in equation (2-3).
Structure, Frame a 3a c
r-
part
d d m Classification
Stable and
3 0
Indeterminate
4 12 0 3 0 0 12
to the 12th
3 0
degree
Stable and
3 0
Indeterminate
4 12 3 3 0 0 9
to the 9th
3 0
degree
moving along the length of the beam. The magnitude of the vertical support
reaction at A, RA, will change depending on the location of this unit load. The
influence line for RA, (Fig. 3.2-b), show the value of RA for different locations of
the moving unit load. From the ordinate of the influence line at C, it is found that
RA = 0.5 when the unit load reaches point C.
(a)
(b)
(c)
V
Shear Force, V (+) Clockwise, +ve
2) Consider a generic location for the unit load, at distance x, then solve for the
equilibrium of the whole system to obtain the response parameter for that
location of the unit load with respect to x. by substituting the values of x along
the structure, the influence line for that parameter is obtained.
Q-L (2017-2018) Ch.3-2
Theory of Structures-1 CH-3: Influence Lines for Statically Determinate Structures
Example 3-1
Draw the influence line for the vertical reaction at A and B of beam AB shown in
Fig. (3.3).
I.L. for RA and RB: Ex: 3-1
Assume a unit load (UL=1) is moving
along beam AB and is located at distance x
from support A, 0<x<10.
M A 0 10 m
1 x RB 10 0
10 m
1
x
RB 0
10 I.L. RA
F y 0
x 1
RA RB 1 RA 1
10 0
x I.L. RB
RA 1
10
By substituting the values of x from 0 to 10 Fig. (3.3)
the influence line for either RA or RB can
be obtained.
Example 3-2
Draw the influence line for the shear and moment at point C located 2 m from
support A of beam AB shown in Fig. (3.4).
I.L. MC
Fig. (3.4)
for 0<x<2:
F y 0
RA 1 VC 0 x UL=1
M MC
x A Mc
1 1 VC 0
10 2 m VC
RA
x M
VC
10
@ x 0 VC 0
2
@ x 2 VC 0.2
10
for 2<x<10:
F y 0
RB 1 VC 0
C x UL=1
x M B
VC 1 M
10 Mc x
@ x 2 VC 0.8 VM
c
8m RB
@ x 10 VC 0 M
1 2 1 2 3 4 1 2 3
(a) (b) (c)
Fig. (3.5)
2) To draw the influence lines for the reactions at supports, the moment at the
fixed end or the shear force at an internal hinge the structure must be divided
into two pieces, as shown in Fig. (3.5-a).
3) To draw the influence lines for the moment and shear at any other point on
the structure which must be divided into three pieces according to the
position wanted, as shown in Fig. (3.5-c).
4) The supports are assumed to be fixed points where the IL for them should be
equal to zero.
5) If the IL for two points were known then the line for that parameter can be
drawn, a line can be drawn using two points or a point and a slope.
6) The structure part cannot be broken or bended but it can be tended.
7) The internal hinge is able to move if the adjoining part allowed that
movement.
3.3. Construction of Influence Lines for Beams using a Simple Fast
Procedure:
There is a fast procedure to draw the influence lines for beams, as shown below:
3.3.1. Influence Lines for Reactions at Supports:
Lift the support, upward, one unit and keep the other supports fixed with zero
values, as shown in Fig. (3.6).
A B
10 10
m1 m
0 I.L. RA
1
I.L. RB
0
Fig. (3.6)
Q-L (2017-2018) Ch.3-5
Theory of Structures-1 CH-3: Influence Lines for Statically Determinate Structures
(a) (b)
Fig. (3.7)
3.3.3. Influence Lines for Shear at Any Point within the Beam:
The influence line for the shear at any point is drawn as follows: Lift the right part
of the cut member, upward, with an amount equal to (length of right cut/length of
beam); then pull down the left part of the cut member, downward, with an amount
equal to (length of left cut/length of beam); keeping the distance between the two
points of cut equal to one unit, the two points of shear at a cut are separated with
one unit, as shown in Fig. (3.8).
A B C D
a b
L
b/L
1 I.L. VB
a/L
Fig. (3.8)
a. If the right side of the shear cut is fixed then the left side will be pulled down
for one unit.
b. If the left side of the shear cut is fixed then the right side will be lifted
upward for one unit.
3.3.4. Influence Lines for Bending Moment at Any Point within the Beam:
The influence line for the bending moment at any point is drawn as follows: Lift
the point upward, with an amount equal to (ab/L), where a is the length of the left
portion, b is the length of the right portion and L is the total length of the beam, as
shown in Fig. (3.9).
A B C D
a b
L
ab/L
I.L. MB
Fig. (3.9)
a. If the right side of the moment cut is fixed then the left side will be pulled
down with 45o, as shown in Fig. (3.10-a).
b. If the left side of the moment cut is fixed then the right side will be pulled
down with 45o, as shown in Fig. (3.10-b).
c. At any unfixed point, the two points of moment stick together and are lifted
upwards with an amount equal to (ab/L).
B C D E D B C D E D
A A
(a) (b)
Fig. (3.10)
3.3.5. Influence Lines for the Bending Moment at Supports:
The influence line for the moment at supports is drawn as follows:
The support will be fixed at zero value and the unfixed side of the structure, either
the left or the right, will be pulled down with 45o, as shown in Fig. (3.11).
A B C D
I.L. MC 45o
Fig. (3.11)
Ex: 3-3
For the beam shown, draw the I.L. for following:
1) The reactions at A and C.
2) The shear at C, F, G, I, J, K and L.
3) The bending moment at A, C, F, I, J, K and L
Ex: 3-3 B I C J D E K F L G H
A
m
3m 1m 1 1m1m 4m 1m1m 2m 1m 2m
+1 +1
I.L. RA
-1
+2
+1
I.L. RC
I.L. VC-L
-1 -1
+1 +1
I.L. VC-R
I.L. VF-L
-1 -1
+2/3 +1
I.L. VF-R
+2/3
I.L. VG-L
-1 -2/3
+1 +1
I.L. VG-R
Ex: 3-3 B I J D E K F L
C G H
A
m
3m 1m 1 1m1m 4m 1m1m 2m 1m 2m
+1/2
I.L. VI
-1/2
-1
+1 +1
I.L. VJ
I.L. VK
-1 -1
+2/3
+1/3
I.L. VL
-2/3
+3
I.L. MA
45o
-3
I.L. MC
45o
-2
I.L. MF
45o
-2
Ex: 3-3 B I J D E K F L
C G H
A
m
3m 1m 1 1m1m 4m 1m1m 2m 1m 2m
+1/2
I.L. MI
-1
45o
I.L. MJ
-1
45o
I.L. MK
-1
+2/3
45o
I.L. ML
-2/3
-4/3
Ex: 3-3 B I C J D E K F L G H
A
m
3m 1m 1 1m1m 4m 1m1m 2m 1m 2m
Ex: 3-3 B I C J D E K F L G H
A
m
3m 1m 1 1m1m 4m 1m1m 2m 1m 2m
Ex: 3-3 B I C J D E K F L G H
A
m
3m 1m 1 1m1m 4m 1m1m 2m 1m 2m
A A
w w A1 =0.5(y1+y2) A
w
y1 A y2 A2 y
A I.L. 1 I.L. A2 = Ay
L1 L2
The maximum value of the parameter due to the live load would be equal to
the dashed area multiplied by w.
Fig. (3.12)
2) The shape of the influence line, including the maximum value, may be a
scalene triangle; the uniformly distributed load must be located on the area so
that the length A will produce the same value on the influence line drawing, y,
as shown in Fig. (3.13).
(x) (A-x)
x=Aa/L
w y c y
I.L. y = c (1 A / L)
A
a b Dashed Area = Ac (1 - A / 2 L)
L
The maximum value of the parameter due to the live load would
be equal to the dashed area multiplied by w.
Fig. (3.13)
Solution:
Ex: 3-4 x
y1
x
y 6m a bm 6 6 m y2 3 8 m 3 ym3 y2 y 0.7
y1 6 34 y2 2 3
3 10 l10 12 10 4 6 10 103 8
m 6*6/12=3 m m m m
A1 A3 6 m
A1 y1 10
6 m A3 y3
I.L. Mx-x * 6
y2 A2
6/ m
A
ab 66 1 y2 3 y3 y2 10
y1
23 y2 2 2 y3 0m.75
l 12 = 4 6 3 8
3 Fig. (3.14)
M x x ve wDL A1 A2 A3 wLL A1 A3
M x x ve 18 1 12 3 1 12 2 1 3 3 22 1 12 3 1 3 3
2 2 2 4 2 2 4
M x x ve 18 1 12 3 1 12 2 1 3 3 22 1 12 2
2 2 2 4 2
1
M x x ve 18 18 12 1.125 22 12 2 18 7.125 22 12 128.25 264 137.75 kN .m
2
3.5. Influence Lines for Girders with Stringer and Floor-Beam Systems:
In bridge construction, where a long-span girder is used, the live loads are not
applied directly to the main girder, but they are transmitted from the stringer (slab)
to the girder by a floor beam system as the one shown in Fig. (3.15, a and b).
Stringer (Slab)
Floor Beam
Girder
(b)
(a)
Fig. (3.15)
3.5.1. Influence Lines for the Upper Segment of Girders with Stringer and
Floor-Beam Systems:
Consider the system shown in Fig (3.16) which consists of five panels each of (6 m)
long. To draw the influence lines for the upper segment, the same past rules for
beams are applied as shown in the following example:
Ex: 3-5:
Draw the IL for R2, VH, V3, M3, Vx, Mx on the upper beam.
Ex: 3-5
Hinge 3m Gap Stringer (Slab)
Floor Beam H x M
M M M
M M M
x
Girder 0 1 2 3 M 4 5
E
M M M M M M M
A D M
M B C M
m
6 6Mm 3 m
3 m
6 m
3m 3m
M 12 m
Ex: 3-5
Hinge
H 3m Gap
M x M
M M
M
x
0 1 2 3 M 4 5
E
M M M M M M
A D M
M B C M
m
6 6m
M 3 m
3 m
6 m
3m 3m
M 12 m
+1
I.L. R2-Top
I.L. VH
-1
I.L. V3-L-Top
-1 -1
+1/2 +1
I.L. V3-R-Top
I.L. M3-Top 45o
-3
+1/2 +1/2
I.L. Vx
+3/2
-1/2 -1/2
I.L. Mx
-3/2 -3/2
3.5.2. Influence Lines for the Lower Segment of Girders with Stringer and
Floor-Beam Systems:
Ex: 3-6-a:
For the same structure of Ex: 3-5, draw the IL for RB and V2-3-Bottom.
To construct the influence lines for those two parameters in the lower beam, the
following steps should be followed:
1) Draw the required influence line for the lower beam only, the girder,
following the previous rules, regardless of anything above it. (Drawn in
dotted lines), (the Premier Drawing, PD).
2) On that plot, transfer the effect of the connection point between the upper and
lower segments of the system (Floor Beam) and find their coordinates by
proportions.
3) Transfer the effect of the upper segments (Slab) based on the supporting points
from the previous step (Floor Beam), connecting the selected points with
regards of the shape of the upper segments (Slab), (the Final Drawing, FD).
+9/7 +1
I.L. RB-Bottom, PD
-1/7
+9/7
I.L. RB-Bottom, FD
+4/7 -5/28 -1/7
+2/7
I.L. V2-3-Bottom, PD
-3/7 -1/7
+4/7
+2/7
I.L. V2-3-Bottom, FD
-2/7 -5/28 -1/7
Ex: 3-7:
For the structure shown below, draw the IL for R B, VB-L, VB-R and MB, then find
the maximum bending moment at point B due to a concentrated load of 90 kN and
a uniformly distributed live load of 15 kN/m and a uniformly distributed dead load
of 10 kN/m.
Ex: 3-7 Gap Hinge
M M
1 2 3
M M M
A Hinge B C
2 m M2 m 2 m 2m M4 M
m m
2 mM2 m
H2
2m i
y2= +5/3
n
y1= +1/3 1 m
g
m M
I.L. RB e
M
z1= +10/3
m
x
M
I.L. RB
z1= -2/3
m
2) UL not @ D
F y 0 GD 0 GD G
From joint G a 4
9
GD
4 0
y D
4 9
F 0 a
2 2
a 0 kN
For member b:
To solve member b the section n method is used, section (1-1) then M A 0 , the
force in member (b) can be determined.
Since point (A) does not lie above, under, left or right sec (1-1), therefore 4 point
are necessary for the solution, two before the section, A and B and two after the
section, C and E.
J I b b H G F
M M
AH AH
a
M
AF a
MAF
A BC BC
B C D E
Sec (1-1)
M
Ex: 3-8 J I H G F
1) UL @ A b
a
M
M
A 0 b 0 kN M 4m
2) UL @ B M
A
M A 0 b 0.75 kN B C D E
3) UL @ C 4 @ 3 m = 12 m
M
M A 0 b 0 kN I.L. Fa
4) UL @ E
M
-2.46
A 0 b 0 kN
I.L. Fb M
-0.75
M
3.7. Influence Lines for Girders with Stringer and Floor-Beam Systems in
Trusses:
For girders in trusses the UL moves on the girder and the loads are transformed to
the truss through the connecting points between the girder and the truss.
Notes:
1) If the girder was regular then the truss will be drawn without the girder,
because the supports of the girder will be the same joints for the truss, but if the
girder was irregular, it should be drawn with the truss to show the points of
connection between them.
2) If the demand was to draw the IL of a parameter within the upper beam of the
girder, the simple fast procedure could be applied, but for the bottom part the
traditional method will be used.
Ex: (3-9)
Draw the influence for members DB of the structure shown in figure below, where
the UL moves across the floor-beam.
2 m 1 m1 m 2 m 1 m1 m 2 m Ex: 3-9
M M M M M M M
1
H I
D E F G
4m
M
A C
B
3m 3m
M M
Solution:
First of all find an idea for the solution of the truss member, DB.
1) Analyze joint F, Fy 0 , find AF.
2) Sec (1-1), F y 0 , find DB.
Then select the points to apply the UL, one before the section, D, and three after
the section, E, F and G, the load would be applied on the upper joints of the truss.
1) UL @ D:
1.0 Ex: 3-9
From joint F:
F
D E F G
y 0 AF 0
4m
From sec (1-1) M
F y 0 DB 0 A
B
C
RA 3m 3m
M M
2) UL @ E:
From whole truss: 1.0 Ex: 3-9
2 D E F G
M C 0 RA
3 4m
From joint F: M
A C
F y 0 AF 0
RA
B
3m 3m
From sec (1-1)
M M
5
F y 0 DB
6
3) UL @ G:
1.0 Ex: 3-9
From whole truss:
M
D E F G
C 0 RA 0
4m
From joint F: M
F y 0 AF 0 A
B
C
4) UL @ F:
Ex: 3-9 1.0
From whole truss: 1.0
EF FG
1 D E F G F
M C 0 RA 3 4m AF
From joint F: M DE
A C D
F y 0 AF 2
RA
B DB
3m 3m AF
From sec (1-1) M M A AB
5
Fy 0 DB 6 RA Sec (1-1)
5 5 5 Ex: 3-9
y1 H I
6 6 6y 5
1 D E F G
3 2 3
5 5 5 A C
y2
6 6 6y 5 B
2
3 2 3 +5/6
M
y3 y2 5 10
, y2 y3 +5/3 -5/6
2 3 3 9 M M
y1
I.L. DB m
y2 y3
m m -10/9
-5/3 M
M
Ex: (3-10)
Draw the influence for the floor beam reaction at (u3) and the force in members (a)
for the structure shown in figure below, where the UL moves across the floor-beam
from (u0) to (u4).
2m Hinge 2m
1
M M
u0 u1 1 u2 E u3 u4
a 3m
M M
A 1 B
4 @ 4 m = 16 m
M
Solution:
1) For the reaction at (u3)
To draw the IL for the reaction at (u 3), the simple fast method may be used. Lift up
the support at (u3) one unit and connect the supporting points with regard to the
shape of the upper beam.
2m Hinge 2m
1
M M
u0 u1 1 u2 E u3 u4
a 3m
M M
A 1 B
4 @ 4 m = 16 m
M +3/2
M +1
E M
I.L. (u3) E
-3/2
M
E
1) UL @ (u0):
From the whole truss:
1.0
M B 0 Ay 1.0 u0 u1 1 u2 u3 u4
F y 0 By 0
a
From sec (1-1) A M B
F
1
y 0a 0
Ex: 3-10
2) UL @ (u1):
From the whole truss: 1.0
3 u0 u1 1 u2 u3 u4
M B 0 Ay
4
1 a
Fy 0 B y 4 A M
1
B
3) UL @ (u2):
From the whole truss: 1.0
u0 u1 1 u2 u3 u4
1
M B 0 Ay 2
a
1
Fy 0 B y 2 A M
1
B
3 1 5
F y 0 a 0 a
5 2 6
4) UL @ (u4):
From the whole truss: 1.0
M 0 B 1.0
A y
u0 u1 1 u2 u3 u4
F 0 A 0
y y a
From sec (1-1) A M B
1
F y 0a 0 Ex: 3-10
Then apply these values with dotted lines as shown in the premier drawing, PD,
below.
Transfer the effect of the upper segments (Slab) based on the supporting points
from (Floor Beam), connecting the selected points with regards of the shape of the
upper segments (Slab), as shown in the Final Drawing, FD, below.
.
Gap Ex: 3-10
2m Hinge 2m
1
M M
u0 u1 1 u2 E u3 u4
a 3m
M M
A 1 B
4 @ 4 m = 16 m
M
5 +5/6
y1 6 25 M
y1 E
10 8 24 I.L. (a), PD
-5/12 +5/6
y2 5
4 y2 M M
6 8 E y1
I.L. (a), FD E y3
M
5 E y2
-5/12 m
y3 6 5
y3 M e
4 8 12 E
1
1
1
I.L. RA-V-AB
-1
2
1.5
1
0.5
I.L. RA-V
-1 -1
2 -2
1.5
1
0.5 1
-1
I.L. RA-V
-1 -1
-2
Ex: (3-11) kN kN kN
Gap Hinge
20M 30M 10M M
M
0 00
2m 2m
M M
A B
Hinge
2m 2 m M4 m 4m 2m 2m 2m
M M M M M M M
2
1.5
1
0.5 1
I.L. RA-V
kN kN kN
20M 30M 10M
0 00
-1 -1
RA max ML 10 2 30 1.5 20 1 85 kN -2
kN kN kN
20M 30M 10M
0 00
RA max ML 10 0 30 2 20 1.5 90 kN RA max ML 90 kN
kN kN kN
20M 30M 10M
0 00
RA max ML 10 1 30 0 20 2 30 kN
kN kN kN
20M 30M 10M
0 00
RA max ML 10 2 30 1 20 0 50 kN
kN kN kN
20M 30M 10M
0 00
RA max ML 90 kN RA max ML 10 1 30 2 20 1 90 kN
kN kN kN
20M 30M 10M
0 00
RA max ML 10 0 30 1 20 2 70 kN
Deformations
Displacements, Rotations,
Vertical
Displacements
(Deflections, V)
Horizontal
Displacements, (H)
Mm Mm
2
dx y
2
dA dx I
EI E I2
Mm
dx
EI
If the deformation is a rotation then the rotation will be:
Mm
dx
EI
Where:
M= is the moment in the structure due to the applied loads.
m= is the moment in the structure due to a unit load or a unit moment applied at
the section where the displacement or rotation is required.
EI= material properties.
dx= infinitesimal length of the structure, as shown in Fig. (4.1- a and b).
A B M
10 10
m C m
10
A m B m
10 C 10
m 10 1 m
m
(a) (b)
Fig. (4.1)
Ex (4-1):
Find the maximum deflection at the free end of the beam shown below.
w 1 w
M
10 10
1 x wx 2
A m 0 B M M wx m B
10 m 10 2 2 x 10
L
m 10 1 m 10 m
m 1 m
10 m
m1
A 0 B m m 1 x x B
10 L m 10
1 x 101
m 10 1 m
10 10 m
m 1 m m
0
Solution: m
Mm
B V dx
EI
wx 2
x
L 2
w x3 w L4 w L4
L L
w x4
B V dx dx 0
0
EI 0
2 EI 2 EI 4 0
8 EI 8 EI
w L4
B V
8 EI
4.2.1.1. The Basic Steps of the Unit-Load Method for Beams and Frames:
The basic steps to be followed for finding the displacement or slope of beams or
frames by the virtual work method (Unit-Load method) are summarized as:
1) Depending on the number of deformations required, additional virtual
structures must be created each with a unit-load or a unit-moment at the
location of the deformation.
2) From the actual structure, compute the bending moment (M) due to the applied
external forces.
3) From each virtual structure, compute the bending moment (m) due to the unit
load or the unit moment applied in the direction of the required deformation or
slope.
Mm
4) Compute the integral EI
dx
over the entire members of the beam or frame
which will provide the desired deformation.
5) The bending moment shall be taken as positive if sagging and negative if
hogging (in the case of beams).
Mm
6) The positive EI
dx
implies that the desired displacement is in the
direction of the applied unit load and negative quantity will indicate that the
desired displacement is in the opposite direction of the applied unit load.
Ex (4-2):
For the structure shown below, find the deflection at points B and C due to the
applied loading.
100 kN
B C D
10 m
A 10 10 10
10 mI m m
2I
m 2m 10 2 m 410
m
10 m 10 10
m
m m m
Solution:
1) To solve this problem with the U-L method, a new virtual structure must be
created for each deformation needed, therefore, three structure will be needed
as follows:
a) The actual structure with 100 kN
C D
the original applied loads B 10 m
A 10 10 10 M
to calculate M. 10 m m m
I 2I
b) A new virtual structure, m 2 m 10 2 m 4 m
10
w/o the applied loads, 10 m 10 10
m
m 1 kN m C m D
but with a unit virtual B10 m
A 10 10 10 m1
load applied at (B), to m m
find (m1) for the 10 mI 2I
m 2 m 10 2 m 410
m
calculation of (B). 10 m 10 10
m
c) Another new virtual m m 1 kN m
B D
structure, w/o the C 10 m
A 10 10 m2
applied loads, but with a 10 10
mI m
m 2I
unit virtual load applied m 2 m 10 1 2m 410
m
at (C), to find (m2) for 10 m k 10 10
m
the calculation of (C). m N m m
10
2) For each structure calculate the reactionsmdue to the loads applied.
3) Each structure should be divided into portions based on the following:
A change in loadings.
A change in section properties.
A change in direction (for frames).
For this example, the structure will be divided into three portions for (B) and two
portions for (C) based on the changes in loadings and section properties.
m1 with Unit-Load at B
m2 with Unit-Load at C
m2-AC m2-DC
C x D
x B x
A 10 10 10
10 m m m
I 1 kN 2I
m 2 m 10 2 m 10 m 410
m
10 m 10 10
m
0.5 kN m m m 0.5 kN x
x 10 m 10 m D
A m2 AB 0.5 x m2 DC 0.5 x 10
10 m
m
B x
m2 BC 0.5 2 x
A 10
0.5 kN
10 m m2 BC 1 0.5 x 0.5 kN
10 m 2m
m 10 m
10
0.5 kN m
10 m
4) To facilitate the solution arrange a table to include the information for each
part as follows:
for B:
37.5 x 2
AB A 02 1EI 50 x 0.75 x
EI
150 50 x 12.5 x 2
BC B 02 1EI 502 x 1.5 0.25 x
EI
12.5 x 2 6.25 x 2
CD D 04 2 EI 50 x 0.25 x
2 EI EI
2 2 4
M AB m1 AB M BC m1 BC M CD m1CD
B dx dx dx
0
E AB I AB 0
E BC I BC 0
ECD I CD
2
50 x 0.75 x 2
502 x 1.5 0.25 x 4
50 x 0.25 x
B dx dx dx
0
EI 0
EI 0
2E I
150 50 x 12.5 x 2
2 2 4
37.5 x 2 6.25 x 2
B dx dx dx
0
EI 0
EI 0
EI
B
1
100 300 100 33.333 133.333 1 100 366.667 133.333 600
EI EI EI
600
B
EI
For C:
AB A 02 1EI 50 x 0.5 x 25 x 2 EI
100 100 x 25 x 2
BC B 02 1EI 502 x 1 0.5 x
EI
25 x 2 12.5 x 2
CD D 04 2 EI 50 x 0.5 x
2 EI EI
2 2 4
M AB m 2 AB M BC m 2 BC M CD m2 CD
C dx dx dx
0
E AB I AB 0
E BC I BC 0
ECD I CD
2
50 x 0.5 x 2
502 x 1 0.5 x 4
50 x 0.5 x
C dx dx dx
0
EI 0
EI 0
2E I
100 100 x 25 x 2
2 2 4
25 x 2 12.5 x 2
C dx dx dx
0
EI 0
EI 0
EI
C
1
66.667 200 200 66.667 266.667 800
EI EI
800
C
EI
Notes:
1) The limits for the integration will depend on the origin selected; either the
beginning or the end of the portion, and the limit will start from zero till the
end of that portion.
2) The beginning of the x distance must be taken either at the beginning of the
portion or at the end, the easiest way will be preferred.
3) If the actual structure is under the effect of one applied load and the
deformation needed to be calculated is at the same location of the applied load,
then there is no need to calculate the moments on the virtual structure, because
it will be equal to the moment due to the applied load divided by the value of
that load, this situation is observed in the previous example with (C).
M M2
m2 M m2
100 100
2
M m 2 AB
dx
2
M m 2 BC
dx
4
M m 2 CD
dx
C
0
EI AB 0
EI BC 0
EI CD
2
M 2
100 AB 2
dx
M 2 100 BC 4
dx
M 2 100 CD
dx
C
0
EI AB 0
EI BC 0
EI CD
2
50 x 2 dx
2
502 x 2 4
dx
50 x 2 dx
100 2 EI
C
0
100 EI 0
100 EI 0
2500 2
2 2 4
x2
2
C x dx 4 4 x x dx dx
100 EI 0 0 0
2
25 x 3 x3
2
4 x 2 x 3
2 4
4x
EI 3 0 3 0 2 3 0
C
2
25 2 4 2 2 4
3 2 3 3
4 2
3 2 3
C
EI 3 2
8 8 64 25
3 8 8 3 6 EI 32
25
C
EI
800
C
EI
Ex (4-3):
For the structure shown below, find the horizontal displacement at (d), the vertical
displacement at (b) and the rotation of (b) due to the applied loading.
d
1 2m
3I
0 c 10
10 kN 1b
m e 1mm
10 m 01 1
1 10
I m 0 2I
0 0 3mm
1 m 1
a m 0 m 10
0
1 4m 4mm m
m
0 10 10
m m m
Solution:
To solve this problem with the U-L method, the following steps are followed:
1) Since three deformations are required, then, d
three virtual structures are needed in 1
3I 2m
addition to the actual one with the applied 0
10 kN 1b c 10
loads, making a total number of four m e 1mm
10 m 01 1 M
structures. 1 10
I m 0 2I
0 0 3mm
1 m 1
a) The actual structure with the original a m 0 m 10
applied loads to calculate M. 0
1 4m 4mm m
m
0 10 10
m m m
1 kN d
b) The 1st virtual structure, w/o the applied 10 m 3I 1 2m
loads, but with a unit virtual load applied at 0 c 10
1b e 1mm
(d), to find (m1) for the calculation of m 1
01 1 10 m1
(H-d). I m 0 2I
0
0 m 1 3mm
1 m m
a 0 10
0
1 4m 4mm m
m
0 10 10
m m m
d
c) The 2nd virtual structure, w/o the applied 1
3I 2m
loads, but with a unit virtual load applied at 0 10
1b c
(b), to find (m2) for the calculation of (V-b). m
01 1
e 1mm
m2
1 10
I m 0 2I
0 m 1 0 3mm
1 1 kN m
a m 10
0 10 m 0
1 4 m 4mm m
m
0 10 10
m m m
Q-L (2017-2018) Ch.4-9
Theory of Structures-1 CH-4: Deformation of Structures
4) Tabulate the results to facilitate solution to include the information for each
portion as follows:
2x x
ab a 05 1EI 2x 0
5 10
bc c 01 3 EI 10 x 2 x 0 0
cd d 02 3 EI 0 - - -
3x x x
be e 04 2 EI 5x
4 2 8
Members M m1
M m1
V N 10 V N 10
10 10 m 10 10 m
m 3m m 3m
x x
10 kN 1 4 1 (3/5) x 1 kN 4 1 (3/5) x
1 0 m 1 m
a a 1 0
0 10 m 0
1 (4/5) x0 m
m 1 (4/5) x0 m 10 m
5 kN 0.75 kN m
0 m m 0 m m
m 10 m m 10 m
3 4 3 4
M 10 x 5 x 2 x m1 1 x 0.75 x 0
5 5 5 5
ab
m2 m3
m2 m3
V N 10 V N 10
10 10 m 10 10 m
m 3m m 3m
x x
0 kN 1 4 1 (3/5) x 0 kN 1 4 1 (3/5) x
1 0 m a 1 0 m
a 0
0 10 m
1 (4/5) x0 m 10 m 1 (4/5) x0 m
m
m
0.5 kN
0 m m 0.125
0 m m
m 10 m kNm 10 m
4 4
m 2 0.5 x 0.4 x m1 0.125 x 0.1 x
5 5
Members M m1
d 1 kN d
1 2m 1 2m
10 kN 0 0 c 10
x m c 10 x m
1 b1 m 1 b1 m
V V
0
10 N10 0
10 N10
m 10 0m m 10 0m
m m
x Mm m mm 1m
10 10
m1 m1 2 x
1
0M m10 x
bc m m
2 m3
d d
1 2m 1 2m
0 c 10 0 c 10
x m x m 1 m
1 b1 m 1 b
V V
0
10 N10 0
10 N10
m 10 0m m 100m
m m
mm 2m mm3m
10 10
0
m2 m m3 0
m
20 x 10 x 2
1 4
3.75 x 2
H d 0 dx 0 dx
0
3 EI 0
2 EI
20 x 2 10 x 3 1 3.75 x 3 4 1 20 1 10 1 3.75 4
2 3 3
1
H d
EI 3 2 3 3 0 2 3 0 EI 3 2
3 3 2 3
1 20 10 240
H d
1
3.33 1.11 40 44.444
EI 6 9 6 EI EI
44.44
H d
EI
5 1 2 4
Mm M ab m2 ab M cb m2 cb M cd m2 cd M be m2 be
V b dx dx dx dx
2) EI 0
EI ab 0
EI cb 0
EI cd 0
EI be
5
2 x 0.4 x 1
10 x 0 2
0 m2cd 4
5 x 0.5 x
V b dx dx dx dx
0
EI 0
3 EI 0
3 EI 0
2 EI
5
2 x 0.4 x 4
5 x 0.5 x 5
0.8 x 2 2.5 x 2
4
V b dx 0 0 dx dx dx
0
EI 0
2 EI 0
EI 0
2 EI
0.8 x 3 5 2.5 x 3 4
V b 1 0.85 2.5 4 1 33.33 26.67 60
1 3 3
V b
EI 3 0 6 0
EI 3 6 EI EI
60
V b
EI
5 1 2 4
Mm M ab m3 ab M cb m3 cb M cd m3 cd M be m3 be
b dx dx dx dx
3) EI 0
EI ab 0
EI cb 0
EI cd 0
EI be
5
2 x 0.1 x 1
10 x 0 2
0 m3cd 4
5 x 0.125 x
b dx dx dx dx
0
EI 0
3 EI 0
3 EI 0
2 EI
1 0.2 x 3 0.625 x 3
5 4 5 4
0.2 x 2 0.625 x 2
b dx dx
EI 2 EI EI 3 0 6 0
0 0
1 0.25 0.625 4 1 25 40
3 3
b
1
8.333 6.667
EI 3 6 EI 3 6 EI
1.67
b
EI
Ex (4-4): (1998) A C
For the structure shown below, use the virtual work 1 B 1
method to find the deformation of point (D) due to 0 1 0 4m
10 kN
m 0 10 m 10
the applied loading; noting that EI constant. m m
D
3m 3 m1
Solution: 10 10 0
mm
To solve this problem with the V-W method (U-L method), themfollowing steps are
followed:
1) Since only one deformation is required, then, only one virtual structure is
needed in addition to the actual one with
the applied loads, making a total number 0 kN A
1 C
of two structures. B 1
0 1
a) The actual structure with the original m kN 0
0 0 4m
10 kN M
m 10
10 m
applied loads to calculate M. m m
D
b) The virtual structure, w/o the applied 3m 3 m1
loads, but with a unit virtual load applied 10 10 0 10 kN
at (D), in the direction of the movement m mm
1 kN A
of the roller (horizontally), to find (m) 1 C
B
for the calculation of (D). 0 1
2/3 kN1
m 0 4m m
2) For each structure find the reactions and 0 m 10
the required moments for each portion. m m 1 kN
D
The reactions are determined using the 3m 3 m1 10 m
ordinary equations of equilibrium, 10 10 0
m m m 2/3 kN
M 0 , F x 0 , and Fy 0
AB A 03 EI 0 -
BC C 03 EI 10 x 0
BD D 05 EI 6x 2 5 x
Member M m
x x
0 kN 1 N 0 kN 1 N
M m
A 0 B 10 A 0 B 10
AB m 1V m
10 0
1 0 kN m 1 0mkN1 V m m
0 0 10 0 0 10
m m m calculate
m mNo needmto
Mm 0
x x
N 1 N 1
M m
BC 10 0 C 10 0 C
10
m V m 1 m V m 1
m 0 0
10 10 kN 10
m m
m m
M 10 x m0
M M
10 N V 10 N V
m 10 10 m 10 10
m m m m
x (4/5) x x (4/5) x
1 10 m 1 10 m
1 kN
D 0 D 0
BD 1 m 1 m
0 10 kN 0 2/3 kN
m m
(3/5) x (3/5) x
10 m 10 m
3 4 2 3 2
M 10 x 6 x m 1 x x x
5 5 3 5 5
1 2
3 3 5
Mm
0 m AB dx M BC 0 dx 6 x
EI 0
D x dx
EI 0 0 5
5 12 2 1 12 x 3 1 4 3 100
5 5
Mm
5
1
D x dx
EI EI 0 5 EI 5 3 0 EI 5 0 EI
Note:
If the rotation in an internal hinge is required, the problem will be solved twice,
because the internal hinge has two different rotations, one on each side of the
internal hinge.
So the problem will be solved in two stages:
1) By applying a unit moment on one side of the internal hinge and calculating ()
based on that.
2) By applying a unit moment on the other side of the internal hinge and the other
() will be calculated.
Ex (4-5): (1998)
For the structure shown below; use the virtual work method to find the deformation
of point (B) (represented by the vertical displacement and rotation) due to the
applied loading.
C
20 kN 1
102Im 0 3m
4 kN/m 1 D m 10
10 mB 0 1 m
1 mI 0 3m
0
A 1 m 10
m
1 0 m
2m 2m
0 m
10 10
m m m
Solution:
1) Find (M) from the actual structure with the original applied loads.
20 kN C
10 m 1
10 kN
D 0 3m
4 kN/m 1 m 10
B
B 0 kN 0 kN 1 0
1 m 2 10 kN m
3m 0 2m m
0 m 10 10
A 10 10 kN
m 12 kN m m
1 m
10 kN0
M
m
18 kN.m
10 m
1 kN.m
2) To find the rotation of the internal hinge at point B, two rotations are included:
10
( ) and ( ). m
BC BA
For (BC) a unit moment is applied at the hinge on the side of member bc,
(m1).
C C
1 1/4 kN 1
1 kN.m 0 1 kN.m D 0 3m
10 m m 10Bm 1 m 10
B B 0 kN 0 kN 1 kN.m 0
1 kN.m 1 1/4 kN m
101m 1 m
100m 2 m 2m
3m
0 0 m kN10 10
A A 10 1/4
m m 0 kN m m
1 1 m
0 kN.m
0 0 10 m (m1)
m m kN1 kN.m
1/4
10 m
For (AB) a unit moment is applied at the hinge on the side of member AB,
(m2).
C C
1 0 kN 1
0 D 0 3m
m B 1 m 10
B B 0 kN 0 kN 0 0 kN
1 kN.m 1 m
1 1 kN.m 1 m
2m 2m
10 m 3m 0
0 10 m 0
A 1 kN.m A 10 m0 kN10 10
m 1 kN.m m 0 kN m m
1 10 m 10 m 1 m
0 0 0 kN (m2)
m m 1 kN.m
10 m
3) To find the vertical displacement1 of point B, ( V-B), a unit load is applied at
kN.m
10
point B, in the vertical direction. m
C C
1 0 kN 1
0 D 0 3m
m B 1 m 10
B B 0 kN 0 kN 1 0 0 kN m
1 1
1 kN 0 m
2m 2m
3m
0 1 kN 0 m0 kN10 10
A A 10
m m 0 kN m m
1 1 m
0 0 1 kN (m3)
m m 0 kN.m
10 m
4) Tabulate the results to facilitatekN.m
1 solution to include the information for each
portion as follows: 10 m
AB B 03 1EI 2 x2 0 2 x 5 0
BD B 0 2.5 2 EI 8x 1 x 5 0 0
DC C 0 2.5 2 EI 8x x 5 0 0
D x C
VN M1 (3/5) x V 10 1
3
10 kN x 0 10 m N m4 10 0
4 kN/m
10 3 (3/5)
mx 1 M 1 m10 kN
10
B m
x B
m 10
4 10 10 m kN.m
D m
(4/5)k x 10 m
1 1
10 kN 1
0 10 1 mm 10 m1 10N.m
m 0 kN.m 0 m
V k 1
m
1 m (4/5) x 10 m m 10
N N.10 m 4 kN.m
k M BDm 110 x M CD 1010mm4 x
M N. 10 5 5
kN.m
10 mm x m M CD 8 x
1 kN.m
4 10
x
M BCm10 8x
M AB
2
10 m m
M AB 2 x 2 Calculating (M) for each Portion
D x C
VN m 1 1 (3/5) x V 10 1
3
1/4 kN x 0 10 m N m4 10 0
10 3 (3/5)
mx 1 m1 1 m1/4 kN
10
B m
x B
m 10
4 10 10 m kN.m
D mk x 10 m
(4/5)
1 1/4 kN1 1 kN.m
m 1
10 1 m10 10 m1 N.m
10
0 0 m kN.m
m k 1 kN.m 0 m1
m V m (4/5) x
N 1 N.10 1m10 m4 10 m m 10
1 kN.m
4
k m1 BD 1m 1 x 0.8 x m1CD 10mm x 0.2 x
m1 N. 10 4 5 4 5
kN.m
10 mm m10 m
1mkn.m 0
1 AB10 Calculating (m1) for each Portion
10 mm
D x C
VN m2 1 (3/5) x V 10 1
3
0 kN x 0 10 m N 4 10 0
m
10 3 (3/5)
mx 1 m2 1 m0 kN
10
B m
x B
m
4 10 10 m kN.m
D k x 10 m
m
(4/5)
1 0 kN1 10
10 0 1 kN.m 1 mm 1 10 m1 N.m
10
m mV 10 m 0
k kN.m 0 m
1
1N 1 kN.m m (4/5) x 10 m m m kN.m 10
2 CD
N.
BD 0
10 m m102 m 0
k m 1 10mm
N. m2 10
kN.m
m 10 m m10 m
10 2 AB 1
1mkn.m Calculating (m2) for each Portion
m 10 m
D x C
VN m3 1 (3/5) x V 10 1
3
0 kN x 0 10 m N 4 10 0
m
10 3 (3/5)
mx 1 m3 1 m0 kN
10
B m
x B 4 10 10 m kN.m
D k x 10 m
m
10 01 kN
1 0 kN1 m 10 m 1 10 m
(4/5)
N.m
1 m 1 10
m mV 0 kN.m 0 m
k 1
1N m (4/5) x 10 m m m kN.m 10
3 CD
N.
BD 0
m103m 0
k m 1 10mm
N. m3 10
kN.m
m 10 m m10 m
m 3 AB 0
1 kn.m
10 Calculating (m3) for each Portion
m 10 m
To find (BC):
3 2.5 2.5
Mm M AB m1 AB M BD m1 BD M CD m1CD
BC dx dx dx
EI 0
EI AB 0
EI BD 0
EI CD
3
2 x 0
2 2.5 8 x 1 x 2.5 8 x x
5 5 dx
BC
0
1 EI
dx 0
2 EI
dx
0
2 EI
2.5 2.5
4 x2
2.5
4 x2
BC
1
0 4 x dx dx dx
EI 0 0
5 0
5
2.5 4 x 2 2.5
0 4 x dx EI 2.5 2 12.5
1 1 2
BC
EI 2 0 EI EI
To find (BA):
3 2.5 2.5
Mm M AB m2 AB M BD m2 BD M CD m2 CD
BA dx dx dx
EI 0
EI AB 0
EI BD 0
EI CD
3
2 x 1
2 2.5
8 x 0 2.5
8 x 0
BA
0
1 EI
dx
0
2 EI
dx
0
2 EI
dx
3
2 x 1
2
dx
1 2 x3
1 23
3
3
18
BA
0
1 EI EI 3 0 EI 3 EI
To find (V-B):
3 2.5 2.5
Mm M AB m3 AB M BD m3 BD M CD m3CD
V B dx dx dx
EI 0
EI AB 0
EI BD 0
EI CD
V B
3
2 x 0
2 2.5
8 x 0 2.5
8 x 0
0
1 EI
dx
0
2 EI
dx
0
2 EI
dx 0
Ex (4-6):
For the structure shown below; use the virtual work method to find the rotation of
support (A) due to the applied loading.
4 kN/m
20 kN 10 m
10 m B 2I C E
3I
1 1 1I 1 3m
1
A 0 0 01 D 0 10
0
1
m
m m m0 1 m m
0 3m 4m m 20 m
m 10 10 m10
m m m
Solution:
To solve this problem with the V-W method (U-L method), the following steps are
followed:
1) Since only one deformation is
required, the rotation of support x x
4 kN/m
(A), then, only one virtual
20 kN 10 m
structure is needed in addition to 10 m
the actual one with the applied B 2I C E
3I I 1 3m
x 1 1 1 1 M
loads, making a total number of 0 0 x0 D1 0 10
two structures, the virtual 20 kN 0
x A m m m 10 m m
m
structure with a unit moment 1 3m 4m 2m
0m
applied at support (A), then find 36/70kN 10 10 m10
204/7
the reaction for both structures. m m m mkN
x x
2) Find (M) from the actual
B 2I C E
structure with the original I 1 3m
x 3I 1 1 1
m
applied loads. 1 0 10 x
0 kN 1 0 0 x0
1 kN.m
D
3) Find (m) from the virtual m m xm 10 m m
A
3m100 m 4 m m20 m
structure with a unit moment 1 m
110kN.m 10 m10
applied at support (A). 1/70kN 1/7 kN
x m10x m m m
m
4) Tabulate the results to facilitate
solution to include the information for each portion as follows:
104 x x
AB A 03 2 3 EI 1
7 2 7 2
148 x
BC B 04 2 EI 8 x 2 x2
7 7
CD D 03 1EI - 0
CE E 02 2 EI - 0
Mm
5) To find the rotation of support (A), (A), apply EI
dx
for all portions.
0 2 0
3 2 4 3
Mm M AB m AB M BC m BC M CD mCD M CE mCE
A dx dx dx dx dx
EI 0
EI AB 0
EI BC 0
EI CD 0
EI CE
104 x x 148 x x
1 8 2 x2
7 2 7 2 7
3 2 4
7
A dx dx
0
3 EI 0
2 EI
1 3 2 104 3 2
104 2
4
4 74 2 1 3
A x dx x dx x dx x x
EI 0 21 2 0
294 0
7 49 7
1 104 x 2 3 2
104 x 3
3 2
4 x 2 74 x 3 1 x 4
4
A
EI 21 2 2 0 294 3 0 7 2 49 3 7 4 0
A
1 104 3 2
2
104 3 2
3
4 4 74 4 1 4
2
4
EI 21 2 2 294 3 7 2 49 3 7 4
312 32 4736 64
A
1
624
1
31.517 9.005 4.571 32.218 9.143 41.07
EI 7 2 49 2 7 147 7 EI EI
or u L t
Generally, the deformation in the truss will be the sum of all deformations:
S u L
or u L t u e
A E
4.2.2.1. The Basic Steps of the Unit-Load Method for Trusses:
The basic steps to be followed for finding the displacement or slope of trusses by
the virtual work method (Unit-Load method) are summarized as:
1) Compute the axial force in various members (S) due to the applied external
forces.
2) Compute the axial force in various members (u) due to a unit load applied in
the direction of the required displacement of the point.
S u L
3) Compute the product A E for all members.
S u L
4) The summation A E will provide the desired displacement.
5) The axial force shall be taken as positive if tensile and negative if
compressive.
6) The positive implies that the desired displacement is in the direction of the
applied unit load and negative quantity will indicate that the desired
displacement is in the opposite direction of the applied unit load.
S u L
determining S and u, the displacement is calculated by: A E , as
shown in the examples below:
1 kN
A B C A B C
L L
F F D
D
E E
1 kN
L L L L
(S) (u)
(The Relative Displacement between (A) and (D) is Required)
A B C A 1 kN B C A 1 kN B C
L L L
F F F D
D D
E 1 kN E 1 kN E
L L L L L L
A B C A 1 kN B C
L L
F F D
D
E E
1 kN
L L L L
(S) (u)
(The Rotation of Member (AE) is Required)
For the previous example to calculate (AE):
A couple is applied on both sides of AE.
Member L u2 Lu2
ab 12 1.25 15
bc 12 1.25 15
cd 12 1.25 15
45
t 50
45 112 .5 rad
1
aB
LaB
L u2 t
LaB
L u2
20
Since the couple applied was clockwise, and (aB) obtained was (ve), then
(aB) will be counter clockwise, aB 112 .5 rad CCW .
dL ve member is too long
dL e
dL ve member is too short
2) Due to fabrication error:
Take only the members with the fabrication errors, (BC) and (Ba).
Member e u2 eu2
BC +3 -1.5 -4.5
Ba -2 -0.75 1.5
-3.0
aB
eu 2
3
rad
LaB 20
Since the couple applied was clockwise, and (aB) obtained was (ve), then
3
(aB) will be counter clockwise, aB 20 rad CCW .
If the total effect on (aB) was required, it will be the summation of all types of
external effect: (applied load drop in temperature + fabrication error)
S u L 693 3
aB u L t u e 112 .5 rad
A E E 20
Ex (4-9):
Compute the horizontal and vertical movement B
of point (C) if bar (AC) was (1 cm) too long.
C
3m
Solution: L 4 3
Since the fabrication error in member AC, 3 4
then the length of AC must be found: A D
The triangle ACD: 4m
AC AD CD
sin 37 sin 90 sin 53
AC 4
AC 2.4 m
3 1
5 C
The triangle ACa:
32.4
4 3
3 Aa 3
cos 53 Aa 1.44 m o
4
5 AC 5 A 53 37o D
a
4m
Ex (4-10):
If the length of each bar of the truss shown in figure B
is (1000 mm) and EA is equal to k for tension
A
members and 2k for compression members, C
calculate the vertical displacement at point C.
k 40000 kN for tension bars
D P=80 kN
EA L
2 k 80000 kNfor compressio n bars
D
Solution:
Since all bars have the same length then the angles
B
between each two bars is equal to 60 o.
Let point E be the center of AC A o
60o
3 AE AE 3 60o 60o o 60o C
sin 60 AE 0.866 m 60 60
2 AB 1 2
D P=80 kN
Since there is only one load on the structure and is D mL
0.866 m 0.866
applied at the same location and direction of the
L L
deformation required, point C, then the forces in the
bars of the virtual structure, u, will be equal to the forces of the bars in the actual
structure divided by the value of the load.
S S
u
P 80
F x 0 Ax 0
2) Bar Forces:
Forces in Truss Elements, S, due to
Start with Joint C: External Applied Loads
F x 0 B
30o 30o
CB cos 30 CD cos 30 0 BA=80 kN o BC=80 kN
60 60o
L L
CB CD BD = 80 kN
F y 0
AB = 80 kN CB = 80 kN
CB sin 30 CD sin 30 80 0 A 60o 60o C
CB CD AD = 80 kN CD= -80 kN
L L
CB sin 30 CB sin 30 80 0
80 kN 80 kN
L L
80 BD = 80 kN
2CB sin 30 80 CB
2 sin 30
60o 60o
CB 80 kN BA=-80 kN BC=-80 kN
L 30o 30o L
CD 80 kN D
Joint A:
The same procedure leads to:
B
AB 80 kN
AD 80 kN 0 kN A
L C
Joint B:
F y 0 80 kN
L
D P=80 kN
D L
BC sin 30 BA sin 30 BD 0 0.866 m 0.866 m
80 0.5 80 0.5 BD 0 L
160 kN
L
BD 80 kN L
S u L S
V C u
3) A E 80
S
S L
S2L
V C 80 0.007 m
A E 80 AE
HW (4-1):
If the area of each bar of the truss shown in
figure is (2700 mm2) and the movement of 2w w
roller (D) was limited to (50 mm), calculate L L
A B C
the value of (w).
Notes for Solution: 10 m
L
To find the deformation of the roller at D, D
D
a unit load is applied at that point and in 10 m F 10 m E 10 m
the direction of the rollers movement. L D L D L
Find the reactions, S (in terms of w) and
S u L
u, then w will be found by applying D A E 0.05 m
.
Ex (4-11):
For the truss shown in the figure below, if (E=2104 kN/cm2) and the area of each
vertical member is (4 cm2), each horizontal member is (6 cm2) and each diagonal
member is (10 cm2), find the following:
E F G H
1) The vertical displacement at (B).
Solution:
1 S2 L
V B
E
100 A 0 kN
4m
L
D
LA
L Area B C D
Member 100 kN
(cm) (cm2) 3 Lm 3m 3m
Horizontal 300 6 50 kN L L 50 kN L
Vertical 400 4 L 3m L
L
Diagonal 500 10
S u1 L S u1 L
V B
1
1
10312.5 0.515625 cm
AE E A 20000
E F G H E F G H
4m 4m
0 kN L 0 kN L
D D
L L
A B C D A B C D
100 kN 1 kN
3 Lm 3m 3m 3m 3m 3m L
L
50 kN(S) L L 0.5 kNL L L
50 kN 1.5 kN
L 3 Lm (S) L L 3m (u2) L
L L
L L
0 kN
L
S u2 L 1 S u2 L
V D
AE E A
V D
1
3593.75 0.179688 cm
20000
E F G H E F G H
4m 4m
0 kN L 0 kN L
D D
L L
A B C D A B C D
100 kN 1 kN
3 Lm 3m 3m 3m 3m 3m L
L
50 kN(S) L L 0 kN L L L
50 kN 0 kN
L 3 Lm (S) L L 3m (u3) L
L L
L L
0 kN
L
Re lative B & H
1
2156.25 0.107813 cm
20000
1 kN 1 kN
E F G H E F L G HL
4m 4m
0 kN L 0 kN L
D D
LA LA
B C D B C D
100 kN
3 Lm 3m 3m 3m 3m 3m
L
50 kN(S) L L 0 kN L L L
50 kN 0 kN
L 3 Lm (S) L L 3m (u4) L
L L
L L
0 kN
L
1
1406.25 0.000234375 rad
GH
300 20000
Member L, cm S, kN u1=S/100 u1 L
AB 300 0 0 0
BC 300 0 0 0
CD 300 0 0 0
EF 300 -37.5 -0.375 -112.5
FG 300 -37.5 -0.375 -112.5
GH 300 0 0 0
EA 400 -50 -0.5 -200
FB 400 0 0 0
GC 400 -50 -0.5 -200
HD 400 0 0 0
EB 500 62.5 0.625 312.5
BG 500 62.5 0.625 312.5
GD 500 0 0 0
0.0
V B t u1 L
V B t u1 L 12 10 6 40 0 0
Chapter Five
Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Structures by the
Method of Consistent Deformations
5. The Method of Consistent Deformations:
5.1. Introduction
Most structures in the real world are statically indeterminate structures, which can
be identified when:
No. of unknown Reactions or Internal forces > No. of equilibrium equations
For such structures, Statics (equilibrium) alone is not sufficient to conduct
structural analysis. Compatibility and material information are essential.
Compatibility means that the structure must fit together no gaps can exist and
the deflected shape must be consistent with the constraints imposed by the
supports.
There are two approaches of analysis for statically indeterminate structures
depending on how equations of equilibrium, load displacement and compatibility
conditions are satisfied:
1) The force-based method of analysis.
2) The displacement-based method of analysis.
The method of consistent deformations is one of the earliest methods available for
the analysis of statically indeterminate structures, using the first approach of
analysis, the force-based method.
This method involves analyzing the indeterminate structure as a stable determinate
one, as shown in these steps:
1) Check the determinacy of the original structure and if it is found as
indeterminate, determine the degree of indeterminacy.
2) Remove enough restraints (the same number as the degree of determinacy)
from the indeterminate structure to make it stable and statically determinate.
The structure after removing the restraints must be stable and determinate.
The removed restraints are called redundant restraints.
The sense of the redundant can be arbitrarily assumed.
After removing the restraint corresponding to the redundant, the structure
obtained is called primary structure.
3) Draw a diagram of the primary structure, and number it as (0), then calculate
(M) or (S), according to the type of structure, whether flexure or axial, with
external loads only.
X2 X1
1m 1m 1m 1m 2m
2) The two redundant to be removed in order to make the beam stable and
determinate are the rollers at (C) and (D), referred to as (X 1) and (X2)
respectively.
The structure after the removal of the redundants is called the primary
structure.
(The Primary Structure,
P1 M)
P2
w
A D C B
20 10
1m 1m 1m 1m 2m
Determine the deformations at (C) and (D) of the primary structure due to the
applied loads, (10) and (20), respectively.
5) The deformation at (C) and (D) in the original structure, at the supports, are
equal to zero (unless otherwise stated), therefore, [the sum of the deformations
at each support for the primary, first and second virtual structures will be equal
to zero (or otherwise stated)]. The equations representing this statement are
shown as follows:
10 X 1 11 X 2 12 0
20 X 1 21 X 2 22 0
Where:
M m1 M m2
10 dx 20 dx
EI EI
m1 m1 m2 m2
11 dx 22 dx
EI EI
m1 m 2
12 21 dx
EI
6) By solving these equations the values of (X 1) and (X2) will be found.
7) By satisfying equilibrium requirements, the remaining support reactions on the
structure can be determined.
Note:
The support with a given deformation should be selected as the redundant, for
example, if in the beam shown in figure below with a fixed support at (A), if it was
stated in the question that support (A) suffers of a rotational slip of some amount
then the moment at support (A), (MA) will be the redundant.
P1 P2 w P1 P2 w
X1
C B A C B
A1 m 2m 1m 2m 1m 2m 1m 2m
X1
X1
X1
X1
X1
X1
Solution:
1) To find the reaction of the roller at B:
1) Check the determinacy of the original structure.
The original structure is a frame structure: 3b r 3 j c
b 3 , r 4 3b r 13
13 12 The original structure is indeterminate to
j 4 , c 0 3 j c 12
the 1st degree.
2) Choose the redundant that by removing it the structure will remain stable and
determinate.
Let X1 be (RB).
3) Draw a diagram of the primary structure, and number it as (0), then calculate
all reactions and (M) due to external loads only, for each portion of the
structure.
4) Draw a diagram of the virtual structure, by applying a unit load in the direction
of the redundant, and number it as (1), then calculate all reactions and (m 1) due
to the unit load applied, for each portion of the structure.
AC A 0L Px PL x
CD D 0L 2 0 L
DB B 0L 0 x
1 L3 L3 L3 7 L3
11
EI 3 2 3 6 EI
PL3 7 L3 PL3 6 EI P
X1 0 X1 3 RB
6 EI 6 EI 6 EI 7 L 7
2) To draw the diagrams for axial force, shear force and bending moment for all
members, all reaction must be calculated using equilibrium equations, based on
(RB=P/7):
For the whole structure: (The Original Structure)
M 0 M PL 0 M
A
A A A PL C MA=PL
F 0 A 0
x x
Ay=8P/7 L/2
P 8P
F 0 A P 7 0 A
y y y
7
B
D
P
L P/7
8P/7 C A
PL/7 PL/7 MA=PL
C 8P/7 Ay=8P/7
8P/7
PL/7 D B
PL/7
8P/7 D P
L P/7
8P/7
-8P/7 - -8P/7
+
P/7 P/7
+
8P/7
Axial Force Shear Force
Diagram Diagram
10 m PL/7 10 m
PL/7 +
-
+
-PL
PL/7 -
-PL/7
Bending Moment
Diagram
10 m
Ex: (5-2):
10 kN/m
Use the method of consistent deformations
B C
to analyze the frame shown in figure below 2I
to find the reactions due to the combined
I I 5m
effect of external loading and a vertical
settlement of support (A) of (18 mm ), A D
noting that (E=2105 kN/m2) and 18 mm
( I=310-4 m4). 6m
Solution:
1) Check the determinacy of the original structure.
The original structure is a frame structure: 3b r 3 j c
b 3 , r 6 3b r 15
15 12 The original structure is indeterminate to
j 4 , c 0 3 j c 12
the 3rd degree.
I I I I
X1 A D A D
X3 X3
X3 X2
3) Draw a diagram of the primary structure, and number it as (0), then calculate
all reactions and (M) due to external loads only, for each portion of the
structure.
4) Draw a diagram for each of the virtual structures, by applying a unit load, or a
unit moment, in the direction of each redundant removed, and number them as
(1, 2 and 3), then calculate all reactions and (m 1, m2, and m3) due to the unit
load, or unit moment, applied, for each portion of the structure.
x
10 kN/m
x x x
B C B C B C B C
2I 2I 2I 2I
x I m3 I x x I m2 I x x I m1 I x x I M I x
A D A D A D A D
X3 X
1 3kN X
1 3kN X3
Dy=1 kN Dx=1 kN Dy=60 kN
1 kN.m
MD=1 kN.m
MD=6 kN.m MD=180 kN.m
AB A 1EI 05 0 x 0 1
10 x 2
BC B 2 EI 0 6 5 x 1
2
CD D 1EI 05 180 x 6 1
10
1
1
900 2250 3150
EI 6 0 2 0 EI 6
2 EI EI
5
M m2 6
M m2 5
M m2
20 dx dx dx
0
1 EI 0
2 EI 0
1 EI
5
0 0 6
10 x 2 x
2 5
180 6
20 dx dx dx
0
1 EI 0
2 EI 0
1 EI
1 2.5 x 4
6
6 5
1080 x 05
1
EI 0 0
20 2.5 x 3
dx 1080 dx
EI 4 0
1 2.5 6
4
20 1080 5
1
810 5400 6210
EI 4 EI EI
5
M m3 6
M m3 5
M m3
30 dx dx dx
0
1 EI 0
2 EI 0
1 EI
5
0 1 6
10 x 2 1
2 5
180 1
30 dx dx dx
0
1 EI 0
2 EI 0
1 EI
1 5 x3 1 5 6
6
5 x2 180
6 5 3
30 dx dx 180 x 0
5
180 5
2 EI 1 EI EI 6 0 EI 6
0 0
30
1
180 900 1080
EI EI
m1 m1 5
x x 6
5 5 5
x x
11 dx dx dx dx
EI 0
1 EI 0
2 EI 0
1 EI
1 2 1
5 6 5 5 6
25 25
11 x dx dx x dx 2 x dx
2 2
dx
EI 0 0
2 0 EI 0 0
2
1 2 x3 25 x 1 25 25 6
5 6 3
11
1
83.33 75 158.33
EI 3 0 2 0 EI 3 2 EI EI
m2 m2 5
0 0 6
x x 5
6 6
22 dx dx dx dx
EI 0
1 EI 0
2 EI 0
1 EI
1 x2 1 x3
6 5 6
m2 m2
22 36 x 0
EI 0 2
dx dx 36 dx
5
EI 0 EI 6 0
1 6
3
22 36 5
1
36 180 216
EI 6 EI EI
m3 m3 5
1 1 6
1 1 5
1 1
33 dx dx dx dx
EI 0
1 EI 0
2 EI 0
1 EI
1 1 5 x
6
1 13
5 6 5
33 1 dx
1
0 2 dx 0 EI
1 dx x 0 x 5
0 5
6
5 EI
EI 0 2 0 EI 2
m1 m 2 5
x 0 6
5 x 5
x 6
12 21 dx dx dx dx
EI 0
1 EI 0
2 EI 0
1 EI
1 5x 1 5 x2 6 x2
6 5 6 5
EI 0 2
12 21 dx 6 x dx
0 EI 4 0 2 0
5 6 2 6 5 2
12 21
1
1
45 75 120
EI 4 2 EI EI
m1 m 3 5
x 1 6
5 1 5
x 1
13 31 dx dx dx dx
EI 0
1 EI 0
2 EI 0
1 EI
1 1 x2 x2
5 6 5
5 5x
5 6 5
EI 0
13 31 x dx dx x dx
0
2 0 EI 2 0 2 0 2 0
13 31
1
12.5 15 12.5 40
EI EI
m2 m3 5
0 1 6
x 1 5
6 1
23 32 dx dx dx dx
EI 0
1 EI 0
2 EI 0
1 EI
1 x 1 x2 1 6
6 5 6 2
23 32 dx 6 dx 6 x 0
5
6 5
EI 0 2 0 EI 4 0 EI 4
23 32
1
9 30 39
EI EI
3150 158.33 120 40
X1 X2 X3 0
EI EI EI EI
6210 120 216 39
X1 X2 X3 0.018
EI EI EI EI
1080 40 39 13
X1 X2 X3 0
EI EI EI EI
Note:
Sometimes the problem is provided with more than one displacement of a
support, to solve this kind of problem, the equivalent deformation of that
support, must be added to the displacement calculated.
Si Spport RSupport due to UL at Redundant
Ex: (5-3):
Use the method of consistent deformations to 10 kN 0.002 rad
C
analyze the frame shown in figure below if B I
the of external effects on support (C) 2 cm
1 cm
include, (1 cm) horizontal settlement, (2 cm)
4m
vertical settlement and (0.002 rad), noting I
that (EI=6104 kN/m2), and support (A)
moved perpendicular to the roller surface a
1 A
displacement of (1 cm 1), (+, +). 1 3m
1
Solution:
1) Check the determinacy of the original structure.
The original structure is a frame structure: 3b r 3 j c 13 12 The
original structure is indeterminate to the 1st degree.
2) Choose the redundant that by removing it the structure will be determinate and
stable, let support (A) be the redundant needed; therefore, (X1) will be (RA).
1 A A
1 3m 3m
X1=RA
3) Draw a diagram of the primary structure, and number it as (0), then calculate
all reactions and (M) due to external loads only, for each portion of the
structure.
4) Draw a diagram of the virtual structure, by applying a unit load in the direction
of the redundant, Roller A, and number it as (1), then calculate all reactions
and (m1), due to that unit load, for each portion of the structure.
AB A 04 0 1
2 x
BC B 03 10 x x 4 2
x x
A A
3m 1 2 3m
11kN 1
kN 1 1 2
1 kN
5) Write the compatibility equations in terms of the deformations of the primary
and virtual structures, then solve them:
1 1 2
10 X 1 11 S 1 Cx C y 0.002 M C
100 100 100
1 1 2
S1 Cx C y 0.002 M C
100 100 100
1 2 1 1
S 1 0.01 0.01 0.002
2 100 2 2
S 1 0.01 0.0071 0.01414 0.001414 0.009826
x4
3 3
M m1
10 dx
1
10 x dx
1
10 x 2 40 x dx
EI EI 0 2 2 EI 0
10 x 3 40 x 2 3 1 10 3 40 3
3 2
10
1
1
90 180
2 EI 3 2 0
2 EI 3 2 2 EI
270 190.92
10
2 EI EI
11
m1
2
1 x2
4 3
x 4
2
1 2
4 3
dx dx dx x dx x 8 x 16 dx
2
EI EI 0 2 0
2 1 2 EI 0 0
1 x3 1 4 3 83
4 3 3 3 2
x3 8 x2
11 16 x 16 3
2 EI 3 0 3 2 0 2 EI 3 3 2
11
1
21.33 9 36 48 57.165
2 EI EI
190.92 57.165
X1 0.009826
EI EI
190.92 57.165 X 1 0.009826 EI
190.92 57.165 X 1 589.56
X 1 13.6531 13.7 kN
Cx 9.7 kN Cy=19.7 kN 4m
I
1
F y 0 RA
2
10 C y 0 1
1 A
C y 19.7 kN RA
3m
MA 0 RA=13.7 kN
M C C x 4 C y 3 0
M C 19.7 3 9.7 4 20.3 kN .m
Shows how many reactions should be considered as redundant; (c) is the point
in the truss that when separated the truss will be divided into two trusses.
3) The internal indeterminacy degree:
mInt . mTot . mEXT . b r 2 j r c 3
10 kN
B
D
A C
Solution:
1) Check the degree of indeterminacy of the truss:
mTot . b r 2 j 6 4 2 4 10 8 2 10 kN
The Truss is indeterminate to the 2nd degree, total B
indeterminacy. D
mExt . r c 3 4 0 3 1 A C
There is one external reaction as redundant.
mInt . mTot . mExt . 2 1 1
There is one internal member as redundant.
2) Choose the horizontal reaction of support (A) as the
first redundant, and member (AB) as the second 10 kN
redundant. B
X2 D
3) Draw a diagram of the primary structure, and X1
number it as (0), then calculate all reactions and (S) A C
due to external loads only, for each bar of the truss.
4) Draw a diagram of the virtual structures needed, by applying a unit load in the
direction of the redundant, and number them (1, 2, .), then calculate all
reactions and (u1, u2, .), due to that unit load, for each bar of the truss.
10 kN
B B
B
D D 1 kN D
1 kN A
A C C A C
11
u1 L
2
22
u2 L
2
12 21
u1 u2 L
EA EA EA
Ex: (5-5):
Use the method of consistent deformations to analyze the truss shown in figure
below, due to a rise in temperature of (40 oC) for bars (AB) and (BE) in addition to
the external applied loads, and support (E) settles vertically (1 cm); noting that
(EA=1105 kN) and (=1210-6/oC).
C D E
4m
A B
80 kN
3m 3m
Solution:
1) Check the degree of indeterminacy of the truss: C D E
T . In det . b r 2 j 8 4 2 5 12 10 2
The Truss is indeterminate to the 2 nd degree, total 4m
indeterminacy.
A B
Ext . In det . r c 3 4 0 3 1
80 kN
There is one external reaction as a redundant. 3m
3m
Int . In det . T . In det . Ext . In det . 2 1 1
There is one internal member as a redundant.
C D E
2) Since support (E) settles (1 cm), then choose the
X2
vertical reaction (Ey) as the first redundant, and 4m
member (CB) as the second redundant. X1
A B
3) Draw a diagram of the primary structure, and number
80 kN
it as (0), then calculate all reactions and (S) due to 3m 3m
external loads only, for each bar of the truss.
4) Draw a diagram of the virtual structures needed, by applying a unit load in the
direction of the redundant, and give number them (1, 2, .), then calculate all
reactions and (u1, u2, .), due to that unit load, for each bar of the truss.
C D E 60 kN C D E 1.5 kN C D E 0 kN
1
4m
1 kN
1.5 kN 0 kN 1
A B A B B
60 kN A
80 kN 3m 3m 3m 3m
80 kN 3m 3m
1 kN 0 kN
(S) (u1) (u2)
20 X 1 21 X 2 22 S 2
S u1 L S u2 L
10 t u1 L 20 t u 2 L
EA EA
11
u1 2 L 22
u2 2 L 12 21
u1 u2 L
EA EA EA
L,
Member S u1 u2 Su1L Su2L (u1)2 L (u2)2 L u1 u2 L
m
AB 3 0 -0.75 -0.6 0 0 1.6875 1.08 1.35
CD 3 0 0 -0.6 0 0 0 1.08 0
DE 3 -60 -0.75 0 135 0 1.6875 0 0
AC 4 0 0 -0.8 0 0 0 2.56 0
BD 4 80 1 -0.8 320 -256 4 2.56 -3.2
AD 5 -100 -1.25 1 625 -500 7.8125 5 -6.25
BC 5 0 0 1 0 0 0 5 0
BE 5 0 -1.25 0 0 0 7.8125 0 0
1080 -756 23 17.28 -8.1
1
10
EA
S u1 L t u1 L
10
1
1 10 5
1080 12 10 6 40 3 0.75 5 1.25
10 0.0108 0.00408 0.00672 m
1
20
EA
S u2 L t u2 L
20
1
1 10 5
756 12 10 6 40 3 0.6 5 0
20 0.00756 0.000864 0.008424 m
11
u1 2 L 23
0.00023 m
EA 1 10 5
u1 u2 L 8.1
12 21 0.000081 m
EA 1 10 5
22
u2 2 L 17.28
0.0001728 m
EA 1 10 5
X 1 3.5 kN
X 2 50.4 kN
6) After finding X1 and X2, to find the real values for the bar forces, substitute
theses values into the following equation:
k
F S uj X j
j 1
Where:
F the real force in truss bar.
S the force in truss bar after removing the redundant, due to external loads.
u j the force in truss bar due to a unit load replacing the redundant.
Ex: (5-6):
Use the method of consistent deformations to analyze the truss shown in figure
below, due to a rise in temperature of (60 oF) for bars (aB), (BC) and (Cd); noting
that (E= 30102 kip/in2), (A=10 in2) and (=1/150000/oF).
B C
20 in
a d
b c
15 in 15 in 15 in
Solution:
1) Check the degree of indeterminacy of the
B C
truss:
T . In det . b r 2 j 10 3 2 6
20 in
T . In det . 13 12 1
a d
The Truss is indeterminate to the 1st b c
degree, total indeterminacy. 15 in 15 in 15 in
Ext . In det . r c 3 3 0 3 0
There is no external reaction as a redundant.
Int . In det . T . In det . Ext . In det . 1 0 1
There is one internal member as a redundant.
2) Choose member (bC) as the redundant, B C
(X1).
X1
3) Draw a diagram of the primary structure, 20 in
and number it as (0), then calculate all a d
reactions and (S) due to external loads only, b c
for each bar of the truss. 15 in 15 in 15 in
4) Draw a diagram of the virtual structure, by applying a unit load in the direction
of the redundant, and give it number (1), then calculate all reactions and (u1),
due to that unit load, for each bar of the truss.
B C B C
1
20 in 20 in
1
0 kN a d 0 kN a d
b c b c
15 in 15 in 15 in 15 in 15 in 15 in
0 kN 0 kN 0 kN 0 kN
(S) (u1)
11
u1 L
2
EA
Member L, in S u1 S u1 L (u1)2 L
ab 15 0 0 0 0
bc 15 0 -0.6 0 5.4
cd 15 0 0 0 0
BC 15 0 -0.6 0 5.4
Bb 20 0 -0.8 0 12.8
Cc 20 0 -0.8 0 12.8
aB 25 0 0 0 0
Bc 25 0 1 0 25
Cd 25 0 0 0 0
bC 25 0 1 0 25
0 86.4
Members subjected to temperature are: (aB, BC and Cd)
1
10
EA
S u1 L t u1 L
1
10 t u1 L 60 0 25 0.6 15 0 25
150000
10 0.0036 in
11
u1 2 L 86.4
0.00288 in
EA
30 10 2 10
0.0036 0.00288 X 1 0 X 1 1.25 kip Tens
6) After finding X1, to find the real values for the bar forces, substitute this value
into the following equation:
B C
F S u1 X 1 u1 X 1
Fab 0 1.25 0 kN 20 in
Fbc 0.6 1.25 0.75 kN Comp a d
b c
Fcd 0 1.25 0 kN 15 in 15 in 15 in
FBC 0.6 1.25 0.75 kN Comp
FaB 0 1.25 0 kN
FCd 0 1.25 0 kN
Ex: (5-7):
Analyze the truss shown by the method of consistent deformations; Assume that
(E= 2104 kN/cm2) and (A=25 cm2) for all members.
a b
3m
c
d 4m
12 kN
Solution:
1) Check the degree of indeterminacy of the a b
truss:
T . In det . b r 2 j 6 3 2 4
T . In det . 9 8 1 3m
calculate all reactions and (u1), due to that unit load, for each bar of the truss.
1
3m 3m
1
c c
16 kN d 4m 0 kN d 4m
12 kN
(S) (u1)
10
S u1 L
, 11
u1 2 L , EA 500000 kN
EA EA
Member L, m S u1 S u1 L (u1)2 L
ab 4 0 1.333 0.000 7.111
dc 4 -16 1.333 -85.333 7.111
ad 3 0 1.000 0.000 3.000
ac 5 20 -1.667 -166.667 13.889
bd 5 0 -1.667 0.000 13.889
bc 3 0 1.000 0.000 3.000
-252 48.000
Members subjected to temperature are: (aB, BC and Cd)
10
1
252 0.000504 m
500000
48
11 0.000096 m
500000
0.000504 0.000096 X 1 0
X 1 5.25 kN Tens
6) After finding X1, to find the real values for the bar forces, substitute this value
into the following equation:
F S u1 X 1
Fab 0 4 / 3 5.25 7 kN Tens
12 kN
16 kN a b
3m
c
16 kN d 4m
12 kN