Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Mycoviro Sept. 19 2017 Herpesviridae1
Mycoviro Sept. 19 2017 Herpesviridae1
FSK
C. LATE PHASE
- B-proteins are transported back to the nucleus
- B-proteins transform circular DNA in nucleus to concatemeric DNA
Repeated sequences of nucleotides
- Concatemeric DNA is replicated and transcribed to form late mRNA
Page 1 of 9
MYCOLOGY AND VIROLOGY (MIDTERM) - HERPESVIRIDAE MLS 3G DCM.CAC.NDI.FSK
- Late mRNA is transported to the cytoplasm - Establish latent infections in nerve cells
- Replicated concatemeric DNA is cleaved to form viral DNA Favorite hide out of HSV
- Some late mRNAs in the cytoplasm are translated to structural y- Dorsal root ganglia of spinal cord
proteins - Recurrences of HSV infections are common
- Structural y-protein are transported to nucleus - responsible for a spectrum of diseases
- Some late mRNAs in the cytoplasm are translated to viral glyocproteins Gingivostomatitis
- Viral glycoproteins attach to nuclear membrane Lesions in the gingiva or gums
- Viral nucleocapsids bud off from nuclear membrane with viral Singaw
glycoprotein to form enveloped progeny viruses Keratoconjunctivitis
- Enveloped progeny viruses pass through ER and Golgi apparatus Encephalitis
- Eveloped progeny viruses are released from Golgi apparatus to outside Genital Disease
the cell by exocytosis Infections of newborns
Page 2 of 9
MYCOLOGY AND VIROLOGY (MIDTERM) - HERPESVIRIDAE MLS 3G DCM.CAC.NDI.FSK
Page 3 of 9
MYCOLOGY AND VIROLOGY (MIDTERM) - HERPESVIRIDAE MLS 3G DCM.CAC.NDI.FSK
HSV-1 is the most common cause of sporadic, fatal encephalitis in - Safe sexual practices
USA - Experimental vaccines are still being developed
b. NEONATAL HERPES
HSV-1 and HSV-2 infections of newborns usually from the mother VARICELLA-ZOSTER VIRUS
Three categories of disease in babies with neonatal herpes - VZVs belong to Subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae
- Lesions localized to the skin, eye, mouth - VZVs belong to Genus Varicellosvirus
- Encephalitis with or without localized skin involvement - VZVs are Human Herpesvirus Type 3
- Disseminated disease involving multiple organs including the CNS. - VZVs establish latent infections in nerve cells
Worst prognosis in newborns with disseminated disease is usually - VZVs are morphologically identical to HSVs
viral pneumonitis or intravascular coagulopathy - CPE of VZVs are more focal and spread much more slowly than those by
Many survivors are left with permanent neurologic impairment HSV
- VZVs have no animal reservoirs
LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS OF HSV A. VARICELLA
Page 4 of 9
MYCOLOGY AND VIROLOGY (MIDTERM) - HERPESVIRIDAE MLS 3G DCM.CAC.NDI.FSK
- Subclinical Varicella is rare - Most common complication in elderly is Postherpetic Neuralgia (nerve
- Incubation of varicella is typically 10 to 21 days pain) that may continue for months
- Malaise and fever are the earliest symptoms followed by rashes
- Rashes usually appear first on the trunk, then on the face, limbs and LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS OF VZV
mouth
- Rashes last about 5 days - Multinucleated cells are seen in stained smears of scrapings or swabs of
- Complications are rare and mortality is very low the base vesicles (Tzanck smear)
- Complications include encephalitis and pneumonia - Rapid diagnostic procedures to detect VZV antigens or DNA
- If you are infected by varicella, it doesnt mean that youll get infected - VZV isolation and identification using cell cultures of human cells
by zoster - Electron microscopy can differentiate VZV from Poxviruses
1. Varicella-zoster virus is inhaled; infects mucosal cells in nose and - Serologic tests
throat
2. The virus infects nearby lymph nodes, replicates, and enters the EPIDEMIOLOGY OF VZV
bloodstream
- VZV occur worldwide
3. Infection of other body cells occurs with replication in liver, spleen, - Varicella occur more in children
resulting in secondary viremia
- Zoster occurs more in adults previously affected with varicella
4. The virus causes successive crops of skin lesion, which evolve into
blisters and crusts
Varicella is spread by:
5. Immune system eliminated the infection except for some virions that
a. Airborne droplets
establish latent infections inside the nerve cells
b. Direct contact
6. If immunity wanes with age or other reason, the virus persisting in
the nerve ganglia can infect the skin, causing herpes zoster
TREATMENT AND PREVENTION OF VZV
7. Transmission to others occurs from respiratory secretions and skin
- Varicella in normal children is mild and requires no treatment
PATHOGENESIS OF ZOSTER - High risk patients exposed to Varicella can be protected by
immunoglobulin before onset of varicella
- Skin lesions are histopathologically identical to Varicella - Acyclovir, Valacyclovir, Famicyclovir, and Foscarnet can be used as
- There is an acute inflammation of sensory nerves and ganglia antiviral drugs
- Distribution of lesions in the skin correspond to areas of innervation - Use of live attenuated Varicella vaccine to prevent chickenpox in
from individual dorsal root ganglion children
- It is believed that waning immunity triggers reactivation of latent VZV - Use of more potent Zoster vaccine to prevent shingles in adults
to cause shingles
- Shingles begin with severe pain in area of skin or mucosa supplied by CYTOMEGALOVIRUS (CMV)
one or more groups of sensory nerves and ganglia - Subfamily Betaherpesvirinae
- Trunk, head and neck are most commonly affected - Genus Cytomegalovirus
- Involvement of the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve - Human Herpes Virus Type 5
manifest with Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus - Establish latent infections in glands and kidneys
Page 5 of 9
MYCOLOGY AND VIROLOGY (MIDTERM) - HERPESVIRIDAE MLS 3G DCM.CAC.NDI.FSK
- Cause massive enlargement of cells they infect - Graft artherosclerosis in heart transplant recipients
- Have largest content among the human Herpesviruses - Allograft rejection in kidney transplant recipients
CMV INFECTION IN NORMAL HOSTS
CMV OFTEN CAUSE DISSEMINATED DISEASE IN UNTREATED AIDS
- Primary infection of older children and adults is usually asymptomatic PATIENTS
but occasionally causes spontaneous infectious Mononucleosis
Syndrome - Gastroenteritis
- Causes 20-50% of heterophile-negative (non-EBV) mononucleosis - Choriorentinitis that may lead to blindness
cases
- Heterophile tests are used to determine if Infectious Mononucleosis is CMV CONGENITAL AND PERINATAL INFECTIONS
due to EBV or not
A blood test which detects the heterophile antibody - Fetal and newborn infections with CMV may be severe
Response to EBV infection - Congenital CMV infection may cause death of fetus in utero
If positive, it is caused by EBV - Newborn CMV infection may involve CNS and RES
Negative, 20-50% it is caused by cytomegalovirus - CMV is the most common intrauterine infection associated with
congenital defects
CMV MONONUCLEOSIS
CLINICAL FEATURES OF CMV CONGENITAL AND PERINATAL
- Mild disease with rare complications INFECTIONS (book Table 33-12)
- Subclinical hepatitis is common
- Hepatosplenomegaly is frequently observed in children under 7 years LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS
old
- CMV gas has been associated with restenosis (contaminated by - CMV is endemic in all parts of the world throughout the year
microorganisms especially CMV which causes thickening of the arterial - CMV epidemics are still unknown
wall and reducing or narrowing of the blood vessel) in patients after - It is more prevalent in children and adults in developing nations and
coronary angioplasty lower socioeconomic groups
- Humans are the only known host
CMV INFECTION IN IMMUNOCOMPROMISED HOSTS - CMVs are transmitted from person to person by close contact with
CMV-bearing material
- Morbidity and mortality are increased in primary and recurrent CMV
infections in immunocompromised hosts TREATMENT AND CONTROL OF CMV
- Pneumonia is the most common complication of CMV infection
- Ganciclovir has been shown to be successful in treating serious life-
OTHER MANIFESTATIONS OF CMV INFECTION IN threatening CMV infections
IMMUNOCOMPROMISED HOSTS - Foscarnet is used to treat CMV retinitis
- Ancyclovir and Valacyclovir have shown benefits in bone marrow and
- Leukopenia in solid organ transplant renal transplant patients
- Obliterative broncholiotis in lung transplant recipients - Isolation of infected individuals especially newborns
Page 6 of 9
MYCOLOGY AND VIROLOGY (MIDTERM) - HERPESVIRIDAE MLS 3G DCM.CAC.NDI.FSK
Page 7 of 9
MYCOLOGY AND VIROLOGY (MIDTERM) - HERPESVIRIDAE MLS 3G DCM.CAC.NDI.FSK
Page 8 of 9
MYCOLOGY AND VIROLOGY (MIDTERM) - HERPESVIRIDAE MLS 3G DCM.CAC.NDI.FSK
HERPES B VIRUS
- Designated as cercopithecine (refers to an Old World Monkey)
Herpes Virus 1 replacing the older name Herpes Simiae
- Virus of Old World monkeys that is highly pathogenic and fatal in
humans
- Infections in humans usually result from monkey bite, respiratory
route, or ocular splash
- Disease in humans present with acute ascending encephalomyelitis
- No treatment or vaccine is available
SUMMARY OF HERPESVIRIDAE
- Are large viruses with a double-stranded DNA genome
- All herpesviruses establish lifelong latent infections
- HSV 1 is usually associated with oropharyngeal lesions and is the most
cause of sporadic, fatal encephalitis
- HSV 2 primarily causes genital infections
- VZV causes chickenpox on primary infection in children and Shingles
after reactivation in adults
- CMV are important causes of developmental defects and mental
retardation after congenital infections
- EBV establishes latent infection in B-lymphocytes, causes Infectious
Mononucleosis and is associated with several human cancers
- KSHV is not as ubiquitous as other herpesviruses and is the cause of
Kaposi Sarcoma, a vascular tumor
Page 9 of 9