Nama : Ridwan Budiarjo

NRP : 3114100027
THE ANSWER OF REVIEW QUESTIONS OF CHAPTER 12
1. Discuss the premise that the owner has an inherent or implied right to make reasonable
changes in a project ?
Answer : The owner does not have an inherent or implied right to make unilateral
changes to the contract. That right must be obtained contractually. When an owner makes
a change to the contract, the contract time and amount may or may not be affected. In
most instances changes tend to increase the amount but do not generally include an
extension in the time. Changes are often referred to or interpreted as extras. The owner
has the right to make change within the general scope of the contract, the contractor is
obligated to perform the work necessitated by the change, the change must be in written
form and must be signed, an adjustment to the contract price and/or contract duration will
be assessed by some means or can be predetermined.

2. What is a cardinal change? What are the risks to an owners representative who
authorizes a cardinal change? What are the risks to a contractor who permorms the work
required for a cardinal change?
Answer : Changes which are not covered in typical changes clauses. The owners
representative who authorizes a cardinal change should make a new agreement, if the
contractor protests and subsequently is successful in having the change declared cardinal,
damages may be claimed for the owners breach of the contract. The contractor would be
the party claiming a cardinal change when the method of performance is changed
appreciably and to the contractors detriment, the change may cause the contractor to use
up or exceed the firms bonding limits.

3. It is common for contracts to stipulate that changes in the work be authorized in wirting
by someone in authority. Under what conditions might a verbal change be considered
valid?
Answer :
- Should not have been anticipated
- Should not have been anticipated
- Was mpt open to observation
- Could not be discovered until work under the contract was undertaken
- In emergency conditions, courts regularly state that the written requirements can be
waived

4. How does a field change differ from a change order?

Answer : Change order : whenever a change is ordered by the owner, it is usually referred
to as a change order
Field change : If the change has no impact on the contracts duration or amount, it is
common to refer to it as a field change. Field change can often be authorized by
 personnel in the field without direc owner approval. Field change are typically minor and
are required to facilitate the construction effort
5. What is the difference between additional work and extra work?
Answer : Extra work consists of work that is outside and entirely independent of the
contract. Essentially, it is work that need not be performed in order to satisfy the terms of
the original drawings and
specifications. Additional work consists of work requested in the original contract could
not be completed.

THE ANSWER OF REVIEW QUESTIONS OF CHAPTER 13

1. One of two possible situations must generally exist for a differing site condition or
changed condition to be valid, what are they?
a. The actual conditions differ materially or are at variance with the conditions
indicated in the contract documents
b. The actual conditions are of an unusual nature and differ materially or are at
variance with what the contractor should have reasonably anticipated
2. By contract, what must generally be done by the contractor to ensure the payment will be
received for performing work required by a changed condition?
a. The contractor used reasonable diligence to fully inspect the work site
b. Give the owners representative a prompt notification of the discovery of the
differing site conditions and that the conditions not be disturbed before the
owners representative has had an opportunity to observe them. The architect or
owners representative must be permitted to verify the conditions, observe the
changes if necessary, and begin to keep accurate records on the portion of the
contract
3. Under what conditions might a contractor successfully claim a differing site condition
even though the information to bidders stated that the contractor had to perform an
independent site investigation?
a. The contractor is cautioned that details shown on the subsurface conditions are
preliminary only
b. The owner does not warrant or guarantee the sufficiency or accuracy of the
information shown or the interpretations made as to the type of materials and
conditions to be encountered
c. The contractor shall have no claim for additional compensation or for an
extension of time for any reason resulting from the actual conditions encountered
at the site differing from those indicated in the subsurface information
4. What are the implication for a contractor when the contract documents state that by
submitting a bid the contractor certifies that a site visit was made and full responsibility is
assumed for all subsurface conditions?
a. The contractor is not permitted by contract to recover any of the cost associated
with delays or inefficiencies on the job as a result of differing site conditions