LUU BA THUAN GIAO TRINH MAY XAY DUNG (Tai ban) NHA XUAT BAN XAY DUNG HANOI - 2011LOI NOI DAU Thue hign chu chung déi mdi ndi dung va phuong phap gidng day nhdm khong ngiing nang cao chat long déo tao ctia Trung Dai hoc Xéy dung Ha Noi, trong ndm hoc 2006 - 2007, BG man May xéy dung dé tién hanh chink ly lai dé ctang mon hoe may xdy dung ma bdy lau nay bG mén van gidng day cho sinh vien cde nganh cong trinh va kinh té'xdy dung. Day la dé tai nghién citu khoa hoc do chting toi chii tri, c6 su tham gia gop ¥ hicn ctia tap thé can bé gidng day trong B6 mén. Ching téi da bao cao dé tai nay tai hdi nghi Rhoa hoc va cong nghé Tring Dai hoc Xéy dung ndm 2006, nhan dip ky niém 50 ném dao tao va 40 ném thanh lap truéng va dé duoc hai ding khoa hoe danh gia dat két qua toi. Theo dé eving ny, noi dung mén hoc may xay dung edn duge tink gin va cdi tién eho phit hop vdi phiong thite dao tao tin chi ma Truéng Dai hoc Xay dung dang thie hidn va cép nhat vdi nhiing mdy xdy dung madi dang chige sit dung Gi nutde ta viing nhut trén thé gigi Xuait phat ti? yeu cau trén, ching toi bién soan cudn sdch git? nguyén tén stich: Noi dung eg bn cita "Gido trinh May xéy dung’. Trong cuén sich nay, ching toi trinh bay nhitng vdn dé cét loi vé phan by thuyét va cdc vi du tinh todn ed bin déi vai cde loai méy xay dung dang dude sit dung phé bién ngoai thye te, nhém tao diéu kién thudn loi cho sinh vién ede nganh Cong trinh vat Kinh te xy dung thude Truting Dai hoc Xdy dung dé dang hoc tép va nim duge nhitng noi dung co ban cia mon hoc My xéy dung. Vi vdy, cin scich nay le tai liéu tham khdo bd ich khong nhitng déi vdi cde thay (cd) gida thude BO mén Co gidi hod xdy dung va b6 mén May xay dung cing nhit sinh vien ede nganh néi trén etia Truting Bai hoc Xéy dung Ha Noi mé cin doi vdi cde thay (ed) va sinh vién ede nganh thuée ede truing dai hoc k§ thudt khae trong qua trinh gidng day va hoc tap mon hoc May xay dung hode Mdy thi cong. Béng thi no cing la tai liu tham khdo hitu higu cho cde h¥ su va ede can 6 k¥ thudt c6 lién quan dén link vue May xdy dieng noi chung.Trong khi bién soan cudn sch nay, chiing t6i dé dua vio cudn "May xay ding” do nguyén Truing b6 mon May xay dying Nguyén Van Hing chii bién nhung da cé nhiéu thay déi vé b6 cue vie tinh gicin noi dung cho phi hgp vdi dé cwong mdi, déng thai bd sung nhigu vein dé moi ma cudn “May xdy dung” con chia day di Chung t6i xin chan thanh edm an ede ban déng nghiép dae biét la PGS. TS. Dang Quée San - chii nhiém dau tién cia BG mon May xdy dung ve khoa Co khi May xay dung - truang dai hoc Xay Dung da dong gop nhiéu ¥ hién quy bau. Trong qua trinh bién soan va in dn, chac chin cuén sdch sé khong tranh khoi nhitng thiéu sot, chung toi rat mong nhdn duve su gop y cua ban doc Chiing toi xin chan thanh cém on! Tae giaChuong 1 VAN DE CHUNG VE MAY XAY DUNG Li. KHAI NIEM CHUNG L1.1. Dinh nghia va cong dung cia may xay dung May xy dung 1a danh tir chung dé chi céc may va thiét bi phuc vu cho viée co giéi hod cong téc xay dung co bin. May xay dung gitip con ngudi hoan thanh khéi lugng xay dung co ban cuc ky to Ién ma néu chi dung sc lao dong thit cong cia minh thi con nguiii khong thé nio hoin thinh duge: ching déng vai trd chit yéu trong vige nang cao nang Susit lao dong, day nhanh tign do xay dung va nang cao chat Iugng cdc cong trinh; déng thai g6p phéin dam bio an toan lao dong va gidi phéng con ngudi khéi nhimg cong vige het stte nang nhoc 1 Phan loai may xay dung C6 thé dua vao nhiéu dac diém dé phan Joai may xay dung, tuy nhién, déi voi nhing ngudi sit dung may xay dung thi thudng dua vio cong dung cia chting dé phan loai. Theo cOng dung, may xay dung duge phan chia thinh cdc nhém sau: 1. Mdy phdt luc dé phat ra nguén dong luc cung cap cho cdc co cau va cae bd phan céng tée cla may. 2. May van chuyén dé van chuyén vat ligu xay dung, hang hod va ngudi... tirnoi nay dén noi khdc. ‘Tuy theo phutong van chuyén, may van chuyén lai duoc chia thanh: - May van chuyén ngang cé phuong van chuyén song song vi mat dat. Dién hinh cia nhém may nay dang duge ding phé bién trong thyc té hién nay la 6t6, may kéo. - May van chuyén theo phuong thang dig hay con goi li may va thiét bi nang. Hai nhém may trén c6 qué trinh van chuyén dugc tién hanh theo chu ky. ~ May van chuyén lién tuc c6 qué trinh van chuyén duoc tién hanh mét cach lién tuc theo céc phuong song song, vudng géc hoac nghiéng so véi mat dat. Dién hinh cia nhém may nay 1a bang tai, vit tai. Ngoai ra, cn c6 gau tai, xich tai tam va van chuyén bing khi nén3. May lam dai dé phuc vu cho viée cv gidi hod cong tdc dat. Ching dec phan thanh - May chuan bi mat bang. g6m c6: May cit cay. may nhé ge cay. may x6i dat - May dao da . gm c6: May dao mot géu, may dio nhiéu eiu ~ May do - chuyén dat, gm cé: - May dam nén dat 4. May ia cO NEN MONG, OM CO. - Cc loai may déng (ha) coe va ép coe: - May Khoan tao 16 thi cong coc nhéiz - May cam bac tham dé gia c6 nén dat; 5. May san xudt dé, gdm cé - May nghién dé: ~ May sang dé: - Té hop may nghién va may sang da; 6. May phuc vu cng tdc bé ting cot thép, gm 6. - May tron bé tong: - May van chuyén va may bom be tong: - May dim bé tong: - May gia cong cét thép. 7. Cac loai may chuyén ding niu: May citu boa: may ri bé tong nhua: may sin xuat gach, ng6i: may lam cong téc hodn thién: may bom nude. 1.1.3. Cau tao chung ctia may xay dung May xay dung néi chung thudng gém cé cac hé théng chinh va céc co cau sau - Thiét bi dong luc hay dong co: - Hé thong truyén dong: - Hé théng di chuyéi; - Hé thong diéu khién: - Thiét bi Fim viée: - Khung va bé may: - Céc co cau nhu: Co cau quay. co cau nang ha thiét bi lim viéc...1.2, THIET BI DONG LUC TREN MAY XAY DUNG 1.2.1, Cac loai dong co thuong ding tren may xay dung 1.2.1.1 Dong co dot trong: (Dong co xang va Diezen) Dong co dét trong do nha bac hoe Diezen ngudi Dic thiét ké, ché tao ra tir nim 1894 nhung dén nay né van duge sit dung rong rai trén may xay dung dac biét 1&6 nhimg may thudng xuyén di dong nhu 6 16, may kéo, tu hod va can truc tu hanh. Dac diém cua dong co det trong La: Hén hgp xang hoge dau Diezen va khong khi nén duge dét chdy 6 bén trong xi lanh tao ra dp suat, dy pittong chuyén dong tinh tién trong xi lanh, qua thanh truyén (tay bién) lam cho truc khuyu cia dong co quay. Dong co dét Irony c6 wu nhuge diém sau: a) Un diém. ~ Khéi dong nhanh. - Dé dang thay doi t6e do quay bang cach thay déi long xang hoac dau Diezen phun vio trong xi lanh(thuéng goi 1a tang hay gidm ga). - Tinh co dong t6t, lam viée chi dong, khong phu thudc vio diéu kién khdch quan uhu dong co dign. hb) Nhuwe diém - Khong dao duoc chiéu quay (chi quay mot chiéu) = Chiu qua tai kém. ~ Str dung nhién liéu (xdng hoac dau Diezen) dat tién va gay 6 nhiém modi trudng. ~ Phu thude vao thdi tiét, mia dong lanh thuéng khé khoi dong. 1.2.1.2. Dong co dién (C6 hai loai: Dong co dién mot chiéu va xoay chiéu) Dong co dién mot chiéu thutmg ding 6 nhimg may di dong theo mot quy dao nhat dinh. Dong co dién xoay chiéu thudmg ding 6 nhing may c6 dink. Vi du: Can truc thap, imiiy tron betong. Dong 6 dign c uu nhuge diém sau: a) Un didn - Ket caiu nh6 gon nhe song c6 kha nang vuot qua tai tot. ~ Higu suat cao nhat trong cdc loai dong co (80 + 85%). - Khéi dong nhanh, dé ding thay déi chiéu quay cua truc dong co (déi voi dong co dign xoay chiéu, ding dang dign ba pha) - Khong gay 6 nhiém moi trudng. diéu kién lam vise t6t, sach sé - DE ing ty dong hoi,Vi cé nhimg uu diém trén nén dong cu dién dang duoc sit dung rong rai nhat trong cac loai dong co ding trén may xay dung cing nhw tong di song cua chting ta. b) Niue diém - Khong thay déi duoc téc d6 quay néu dizn ép nguén dign én dinh: ~ Tinh co dong kém vi phu thudc vao nguén dién. 1.2.1.3. Dong co thuy luc va dong cokhi nén Dong co thuy luc hoat dong duoc li nho dong nang cua dong thuy luc c6 tri sé ap suat can thiét do bom thuy luc tao ra. Dong co khi nén hoat déng dug la nhé dong nang cita dang khi nén c6 tri s6 dp suat can thiét do may nén khi tao ra. Uu nhuge diém ciia hai loai dong co nay 1a: a) Uu diém: ~ Lam viéc an toan va ém, khoi dong nhanh. - C6 thé thay déi chiéu quay cila true dong eo. - Khong gay 6 nhiém méi truding b) Nhuoc diém: Phai cé bom thuy luc (hoe mily nén khi) va hé thong éng dan thuy luc (hoac din khi nén), lam cho cau tao ctia may tré nén céng kénh. phitc tap va higu suat khong cao do ma sat gitta dong thuy lye (hoac khi nén) va hé thong dng din ciing nhu do hign tugny do ri du (hod khi nén) trong quai trinh lam vee. 1.2.2. Cach bé tri dong co trén may xay dung a) B6 tri mét dong co Trén may xay dung b6 tri mot dong co duy nhat. Cac co cdu cla may duge din dony, chung tir dong co. Céch bé tri nay thutng ap dung véi cae loai dong co dét trong chi dong khi lam viée, khéng phu thud vio diéu kién khéch quan nhw nguén dién. nhién, né cé nhuoc diém Ia: Tren may cin cé hé théng truyén dong dé tru dong co dén céc co cau, 1am cho cau tao chung uy luc tir a may tr nén phtic tap, hiéu suat truyén dong thap; déng thoi khi dong co hong thi ca chiée may xay dung dé ngimg 1am viéc. Vi du nhu: may dao mot gau hoac can truc tu hanh dan déng chung, may ui dat, 616, may kéo.. b) BO tri nhiéu dong co dé dan déng riéng cho ting co cdi: Thuong ap dung véi civ dong co dién hoac dong co thuy luc. Cach bé tri nay gidm duge hé théng truyén luc gitta cdc co cau, cde co cau Lam viée doc lap véi nhau nén né khie phuc duge nhuge diém cla cach bé ti mot dong ca, nghia la khi dong co din dong cho mot co céu nto dé bi hong 8thi chi co cau ay ngimg lam vige, cdn cde co cau khaée van Jam viée binh thudng. Tuy hin. cach bé tri nay lai phu thugc vao nguén dién (néu diing céc dong co dién). Vi du nhu: Cc loai edn truc thap, méy tron bé tong din dong riéng.... ©) Bo iri hin hop (hay 16 hap dong luc), theo so dé hink (1.1). Trong d6: 1 - Dong co chinh (thutng 1a dong 2 1 co dot trong hoac dong co dién xoay chiéu). Cac bo phan 2 va 3 hi a ° “dc bo phan 2 va 3 cé cic phuong dn sau: ol phuong > * Néu bd phan 2 1a may phat dién mot chiéu > thi cdc bo phan 3 sé IA cdc dong co dién mot chiéu dan dong ring cho timg co cau; Hinh 1.1. So dé bd wi héu hop dong co Vi du: Céc Joai may dao mot géu van nang hoic can tryc tw hanh din dong riéng * Néu bo phan 2 [8 bom thuy luc thi 3 sé 1a céc dong co thuy luc dan dong riéng cho tiing co cau. Vi du: Cain truc 6t6 dan dong thuy luc. * Néu bo phan 2 [& may nén khi thi 3 sé 1a cae dong co khi nén din dong riéng cho cae co cau 1.3. HE THONG TRUYEN DONG (HTTD) TRONG MAY XAY DUNG 1.3.1. KI niém chung vé hé thong truyén dong trong may xay dung a) Cong dung cia HTTD. HTTD duge ding dé truyén chuyén dong quay tir truc dong co dén cdc co cau vi céc bo phan cong tac ciia may xay dung. Trong khi truyén chuyén dong, ching lam thay ddi téc dé quay, (tic 1a thay déi momen quay). Doi khi chting lam thay déi dang va quy luat chuyén dong. Vi du: Truyén dong banh ring - thanh rang dé bién chuyén dong quay cia banh rang thanh chuyén dng tinh tién ciia thanh rang, b) Ly do phai diing hé thong HITD trén may xdy dung Trén may xay dumg ngudi ta phai bé tri hé théng truyén déng bdi vi: - Tée d6 quay cita cde dong co tigu chudn thudng Ién hon tc do cila cae co cau VA ciic bo phan cong te ca may xay dung. Néu ché tao dong co c6 toc do quay nhd phir hop véi tc 46 quay cia céc bo phn cong téc thi kich thuc va trong Iuong cia dong co 8 rit 16n, céng kénh, gid thanh dat. - Néu én may xay dung bé tri mot dong co va cde co cau duge din dong chung tir dong co dé thi cin phai cé HTTD dé truyén chuyén dong tir dong co dén tat cd céc co cau ella may véi ede te do khdc nhau.- Dong co thudng c6 téc do quay déu nhung cde bd phan cong téc cla may chuyén dong véi céc t6e do thay déi theo mot quy luat nhat dinh hoge chuyén dong tinh tign khi lam vige. ©) Phan loai HITD. HTTD wen may xay durg thu cae loai sau day - Truyén dong co khi, gém c6: Truyén dong ma sattruyén dong an khép va truyén dong cap: - Truyén dong thity luc: - Truyén dong khi nén - Truyén dong dién; - Truyén dong hén hop. Trong dé: Truyén dong co khi. truyén dong thiy luc va truyén dong hén hop dang duge ding phé bién trén sndy xay dung 1.3.2. Truyén dong co khi (THCK) trén may xay dung 1.3.2.1, Phan loai va céc thong sé co ban cia TDCK a) Phan loai: TOCK noi chung cé ba dang chinh: + Truyén dong bang iid St: Tiviiy dé 06 th dong dai va truyén dong truc tiép gidta cde dia ma sat trong li hop. ong wid tgp md digw hin 1 truyén - Truyén dong bang an khop: Cling c6 truyén dong gian tip nhu truyén dong xich va truyén dong trye tip nhu: Truyén dong binh ring, truyén dong true vit - binh vit, ~ Truyén dong cap. So sdnh uu nhuge diém cia tru dong ma sat va tuycn dong an khép, ta thay: + Truyén dong ma sat c6 hign twong truct khi lam viée nén c6 higu suat thap hon truyén dng an khép. Song nhé cé truot ma truyén dong ma sat lai cé kha nang dim bao an ton cho may khi qua tai + Khi lam viéc, truyén dong ma sat ém hon truyén dong an khép. én dong an khép. + Truyén dong ma sat thudng c6 tudi tho thiip hon truy + Viée ché tao va cham sdc, bio quin: Truyén dong ma sat don gidn hon nén n6 ré hon truyén dong an khép. Fea bin ctiee TICK b) Cac thong s - Téc d6 quay ctla truc chi dong i n, va truc bi dOng [2 n,. don vi bi (vong/ phiit) - Ti sé truyél (-1) 10- Neu n,> hi i >1. trudng hop d6 ting véi truyén dong gidm t6c Vi du: Truyén dong xich trong xe may Honda; -Néun, gc 6m clla day dai tren banh dai chu dong. c) Ui nhac diém cia TDD * Uu diém: - Truyén Iye em do dai e6 tinh din héi - im bio an toln cho may khi qué tai - Ciiu tao don gin, dé ché tao, gid thanh ha = Cham séc. bio quan dé ding va thuan tign. * Nhuge diém ~ Kich thude eng kénh, tudi tho thiip. - Do co hign tugng truot gitta day dai va banh dai nen ti sé truyén cla b6 truyén dai khong 6n dinh va higu suat tia né thaip. cia dai - Khi chua lam vige, truc va 6 truc cua ede ban dai di chiu luc cang ban nén anh hudng dén tudi tho cla ching 1.3.2.3. Truyén dong binh rang (TBBR) a) Cong dung va phan loaiz * Cong dung: TOBR 18 loai dign hinh ciia truyén dong an khép duge ding dé tuyén chuyén dong sida hai true gin nhau, yeu ciu khong truot khi im viee. * Phan loa - Dua vio vi trf tuong déi gitta hai truc, TDBR duge chia thanh: + TDBR dé truyén chuyén dong gitta hai truc O, vi O, song song quay nguge chiéu nhau (hinh 13a, b). Trong trudng hop nay Day [i trudng hop duge sit dung phé b + TDBR dé truyé thinh + TDBR dé truyén chuyén dong g ngudi ta diing hai bénh rang hinh tra an khép ngoai véi nhau. in trén may xay dung. chuyén dong gitta hai truc O, va O, song song quay cing chiéu h rang tru an kh6p trong véi nhau. ). Truting hop nay, hai bi a hai true vudng géc nhau (hinh 1.3e, g). ‘Truong hop nay, ding binh rang hinh nén, ta hai truc chéo nhau. + TDBR dé truyén chuyén dor ‘Truong hop nay, ding biinh rang tru chéo (hinh 1.3h),- Truyén dong bin: ring - thanh rng dé bién chuyén dong quay ctia banb rang thimh chuyén dong tinh tign ctia thanh rang (hinh 1.31) Hink 13, Cac loai ruven ding binh rang ~ Dya vao dang rang 66 banh ring tu véi ring thing (hink 1.3a) hoae banh ring nén \6i rang thang (hinh 1.3e) binh rang véi rang nghiéng (hinh [3by; binh ring c6 rang chit V (hinh 1.34) va b.inh ving vdi rang cong (hinh 1.3b va 1.3g) Trong dé rang thing duoc ding khi t6e dé quay cia biinh ring nho. cae trudny hap khie duge dimg khi We 6 quay eita banh rang Ién vi cin truyén mo men xoan 1én Negoai cdc truyén dong dénh ring thong thudng neu tren, trong may xay dung ngudi nh rang hinh tinh, TDBR hanh tinh ed kich thude nho, gon cua TDBR hanh tinh duos ta con ding tuyén dong hon TDBR thong thubng. Su do cau tao va nguyen Ly Kim ¥ thé hign tren hinh 13k TDBR hanh tinh gém co. Eainh rang trung tam (hay cn goi Li banh rang mat 181) 6 1 Banh rang nay ¢6 tam quay c6 dinh va chi quay Xung quanh minh né (nhu mat -risi); Cac binh rang hanh tinh s¢ 2 due lien Ket dong hoe véi nhau qua cin H. Cac bénh ring M4hah tinh via quay Xung quan minh 6 va tam cita ching lai quay xung quanh tam ciia banoh rang mat wi, nghia 18 né thye hign chuyén dong quay hinh tinh nhu tdi dat quay Aung quanh mat i. Banh rang ¢6 dinh so 3 c6 tam ting véi tam cia banh ring s6 1 va an kh6p trong véi céc banh ring hanh tinh b) Cac thong so co ban cia TPBR. ~ Ti so truyén +TY s6 truyén cia TDBR thong thudng: (1-8) n,, Z, - te do qua Va s6 rang eta bainh rang chit déng: ny, Zy - We dO quay vA sO ring cita banh rang bi dong + Ty s6 truyén cla truyén dong banh rang hanh tinh duoc xtc dinh theo cong thiic ty = (1-8a) Trong d6: Z, - sé rang ciia banh ring trung tam an khép ngoai so 1 Z $6 rang eta bainh rang an khép trong sé 3. (hinh 1.3): + Duiing kinh vong Woh chia - Vong Wn di qua tani an khop O gidia cde rang eda biinh rang: d, eda binh rang chit dong va d, ca banh rang bi dong, (hinh 1.3A). + Duong kinh vong ton dinh rang: D, (vong tron di qua dinh rang). + Duong kinh vong tron chan rang: D¢vong tron di qua chan rang). + Bude ring t Buge xac dinh bing khong cach gitta tam an khép O cia hai cap rang lién tigp nhau, nam ten vong tron chia. Day [& mot doan cung (xem hinh 1.3A). + M6 dun an khép (mm) (1-9) Hai binh rang thong thudng an khép duge véi nhau 1a chting phai cd cling buée ring t.nghia 2 e6 cling m6 dun. Vi vay, ta e6 dinh Ly: Dieu kién dé hai banh rang thong dung dn khép disc voi nhaw kai ching phdi cd rting mé dim dn kip Tir d6. xae dinh duoc dung kinh vong won chia: - Vi banh chu dong: d, - Vii bin rang bi dong: d, = mZ,. + Khoaing cach gitta hai truc (hinh 1.3A):d, +4 a 2 MZ) nim) (1-10) trong d6: Z, - s6 rang cla binh rang chit dong: banh ring bi dong Hinh 1.3A. Cac thong s0'ca bain eta truyén dong bénh rang ©) Un nhc diém ctia TPBR: *Uudiem: - C6 higu suat cao (cao nat wong céc TDCK). - Kich thude nhé gon nhung cé kha nang truyén tai lin - Tudi tho cao, lam viéc t6t trong pham vi tée dé va cong suai Lon. * Nhuge diém: ~ Ché tao kh6, ddi hoi dd chinh xc cao, gid thinh cao. - C6 tigng én khi lam vige véi te d6 quay Ién ~ Chiu va dap kém. Chaim s6c, bilo gun phic tap 1.3.2.4. Truyén dong Truc Vit - Banh Vit (TV-BV) a) Khai nigm vé truyén dong TV-B\ Truyén dong TV-BV gém cé truc vit s6 1 va binh vit s6 2. duge ding dé tuyén chuyén dong gitfa hai true chéo nhau mot g6c 1 90° (hinh 1.4). True vit Lu truc bith tru c6 ché tao dudng ren vit tren mat tru cla tryc. Ren nay an khép véi cic rang cédang cong cia binh vit, hinh (1.4a). Do do truyén dong TV- BV chi Kim vige khi true vit Ia chit dong va binh vit 1A bi dong. Neuoc tai, né khong lam vige (khong quay dice his kha nang ty ham eda ren vit 16,EES b) Hinh LA. Trayen doy true vit = béuh vit bi Cae thong soca bain ctia truyén dong TV-BV - So moi ren tren truc vit Z,, thong thuding Trén meiy xy dung thudn, sirdung truc vit c6: 7, Sor tren bainh vit Z, c6 thé toi 100 ring. - Ty sot en ny. Zy~ We dO quay Vaso moi ren ella true vit: ne Z.+ We dd quay va sd ring cua hanh vit Thutng Z, = | va Z, rat ln nen truyén dong TV- BY cé ty sé truyén I6n. - Buse ren trén true vit (t) bang bu6e ring cua hinh vit do én vong tron chia, c6 don inn, ~ Mo dun doe ctia true vit bang mo dun ngang cita banh vit t m= (mm) - Duong kinh vong tron chia di qua tam an khép gitta ren truc vit va banh vit due ste dinh theo cong thife: rang cla d, = m.Z, (doi v fi truc vil): d= m.Z. (d6i v6i banh vit). - Khoang cach a dudng tam true vit va tim binh vit:trong d6: @ - Gée nang cita ren truc vit; m - médun doc cua truc vit. - Diéu kién ty ham cia truyén dong TV-BV: tga 50 thudng ding hop gidm te true vit - banh vit (hinh 1.6d) hode hop gidm we binh ring 3 cp (trong hop gidm t6c c6 ba cap banh rang) nhut hin 1.6e. Ngoai ra, én may xay dung. ngudi ta cdn sir dung hop giim téc hinh tinh, Loai nay c6 kich thuéc nho gon va hicu suit cao hon cic hop gidim te véi cde binh rang thong thudng. Cac hop gidm t6e néi chung dé ding duge isu chun héa, nhd vay tao diéu kign thuan loi cho vige Kap Kin va ché tao hang loat hop gisim te ¢) Xdc dinh ty sO wruyén cia hop gidm t6c + Nou bist tc dd quay cia céc truc trong HGT thi ty so truyén cita hop gidm 6 due xc dinh nhu sau’ 20ny a (1-12) My ny My My Ng trong dé: Chi sé duge ki higu IA truc du tien hay truc chi dong (truc vao) cla hop gidm te: Chit “B" duoc ki hiéu 1a truc bi dong ha y fa truc cudi cling (truc ra) ctta HGT; ny. ng ~ tc dd quay ca truc chi dong va truc bi dé ny, - toc do quay cu truc trung gian. + Néu bi {sO rang cita cdc bénh rang trong HGT: z,, 2. Zs thi ty h6p gidm tée duoc xde dinh nhu sau: i, = i). i s6 truyén cla Véi hop gidim tc hinh (1-6b), ty 6 truyén ca hop gidm t6 2 A Vi DU THONHAT (Thi hanh tink todn truyén dong co khi) Cho so dé dan dong tang chit dng ctia bang tai nhurhinh vé duéi day. Biét - Cong suat trén truc ra cla hop giam toc (true cia tang chu dong): N, KV - Toe do quay truc ra cla hop gidim te: n,= 25 vong/phnit; - utng kinh bainh dai chii dong: D, = 200 mm, binh dai bi dong: D, = 400 mm: ‘Ty sO truyén cia hop gidm toc mot cap banh rang tru vi rang thang: i, = - Hi u suat ca bo truyén dai hinh thang: n, = 0.95: - Higu suat cua hop g ium te (gdm bo truyén banh rang va c&c 6 tuc) n,= 0,92. Tinh cong suat va te do quay ciia dong co dién, tir dé chon dong co din dong cho tang cha dong ctia bang tai Truyén dng dai ef hinh thang D Bong oa den SSBai gidi: 1. Xée dink cong sudt dong co dién Cong suat yeu cau ciia dong co duge xac dinh theo cong thitc: (1-13) trong 46: N, - cong suat trén truc ra cla hOp gidm téc (truc ciia tang chii dong). Theo dau bai: N,= 6,5 kW; 1 - hiéu suat chung cla co cau: T= NaN = 0,95. 0,92 = 0,874 Thay céc sé lieu trén vio cOng thie (1-13), ta xéc dinh duoc cong suat yeu edu ciia dong co: 2. Xic dinh te dé quay ctia dong co dién Toe dO quay cla dong co duoc xc dinh theo cong thitc: neni (I-14) Trong cong thie (1-14): N, - t6e do quay truc ra cla hop gidm t6c, theo dau bai: n,= 125 vong/phiit: i - ty s6 truyén chung cita co cau: eee eee Dy ery 4=8 Thay gid tri cla n, va i vao cong thie (1-14), ta xéc dinh duoc t6e do quay cila dong co din n= 125.8 = 1000 vong/phuit Dua vao cong suat va tc d6 quay cla dong co vita tinh 6 trén, ta chon duge dong co dign din dong co cau. Khi chon dong co, can luu ¥: Dong co duge chon phi cd cong suat c@in thiét N.2 N, va téc do quay gan vi gid tri n, vita tinh 6 ren Tuy nhién, khi chon cong suat dong co, cho phép vuct tai 5 - 10%. ‘Theo nguyén tac dé, tra bang 1.1, ta chon dong co dién khong déng bo nhan higu 13286/965 c6: Cong suat N, = 7,5kW va t6c do quay n, = 1000 vong/phtt. 22Bang 1.1. Dong co dién khong dong bo kiéu 4A | Cong suat, | SO vong quay dong co ny, aul 1500 750 7 0.55 TIA2/2840 | TLA4/1390. | 80B8/700 0,75 71B2/2810 71B4/1390 | mz z 90LA8/700 il | 80A2/2850 | - " 80A4/1420 I 80, \6/915 90LB8/700 13 | 8082/2850 | 80B4/1415 _ 90BC/920 100L8/700 I 2.2 | 90L2/2840 90L4/1425 1 112MA8/700 )S2/2880 100S4/1435 100L6/950 112MB8/700 1001.2/2880, ~ 100L4/1430 112MA6/950 13288/720 7 12M2/2900, {ou 2M4/1445 112MB6/950, 132M8/720 132M2/2900 { _132S4/1455 { 3256/965 160$8/730 | _ _B2M2/2900 LE 132M4/1460 _ 160S6/975 160MB/730 | 160S2/2940 | 160S4/1465 _160M6/975 i 80MB/730 _teomepein | eowana6s isomers | 180$2/29: 180S4/1470 ee | 1.3.3. Cac chi tiét dac trung va cum chi tiét dig trong TDCK 13.3.1. Truc (hinh 1.7) a) Cong dung cia true . Truc duge ding dé dé cdc chi tiét may Jap trén true hodc dé truyén momen xodn cho cic chi tiet may lap tren truc nhu ede banh dai, dia xich, binh rang, banh vit,... Truc cd thé dam nhiém mot trong hai cong dung néi trén hay im déng thoi cd hai cong dung. ) Phan logi ruc * Theo dac diet chiu tai trong téc dung lén truc 6; + Truc tam 1 tue chi chiu momen udn. + Truc truyén Ja truc chiu ci momen udn va momen xean. * Theo hinh dang tiét dién ciia truc 5 + Truc won (hinh 1.72) [a truc c6 duting kinh khong thay d6i trén suét chiéu dai ciia no. Truc tron co uu diém dé che tao, song kho hop ly vé sur thay déi tai trong tée dung len truc. Toan 6 chiéu dai tue duoe ché tao véi tigt dign khong déi va bing tiét dign nguy hiém (ist dign Idn nhat) ciia truc, Lam tng khoi Luong truc, King phi nguyén vat 23ligu va Lip rép khé khan. Vi vay, né chi duge ding 6 nhiing méi ghép don gin, truc e6 chiéu dai nhé. + Truc bac (hinh 1.7b) 1a truc c6 dung kinh thay déi wen chigu dai cua truc. Tuy truc nay ché tao phife tap hon nhumg né khac phuc duge cde nhuoc digm cia truc ton nén né duge ding phé bién tren may xy dung. {c soi day thép c6 cuting do cao True mém thudng duge ding + Truc mém cé cau tao dac biét, nb duge che tao tir cudn lai nhu 1d xo nén né cé do bén cao khi chiv xoai im bétong. trong may dim dai dé CI Hinh 1.7, Céc loai truc 1- banh rang; 2 - then thudng; 3 - truc; 4 - then hoa * Theo dang dudng tam cita truc cé. + Truc c6 dung tam 1a dutdng thing: Truc tron, truc ba + Truc ¢6 dudng tam 1a dudng khuyu (hinh 1.7c). Truc khuyu chuyén ding trong céc dong co dét trong. Trong cdc loai truc néu trén, truc bic (hinh 1.7b) duge str dung rong rai nhat trong may xay dung. Cau tao ctia nd g6 cae phiin sau: - Than truc s6 2 dé lap ee chi tiét may trén truc. Vi du: Banh rang. - Ngdng true s6 1 fa phan true duge lap véi 6 true - Vai truc (hay gi truc) sé 3 dé dinh vi céc chi tiét may Lip tren truc. 24Dé c6 dinh cac chi tiét may, khong cho ching di trugt dgc true, thung ding vai truc (hay gi truc): bac chan: dai dc lap 6 dau truc... c) Moi ghép bang then va then hoa (hink 17d) Then Ia mot chi tiét may duge ding trong céc méi ghép dé tuyén momen xoan tir truc sang chi tiét may Lap trén né (vi dy binh ring) hoc ngugc lai Méi ghép then cé hai loai chinh: Then thuémg 2 (xem mat cat B - B ca hinh 1.7d) va then hoa 4 (xem mat cat A - A cua hinh 1.7d). Trong d6, then hoa dugc ché tao lién véi truc. né cé tiét dién ngang nhu mét bong hoa nhiéu canh (méi cénh hoa 1A mét then) (xem mat ct A-A trén hinh 1.74). Then hoa duge ding trong cdc méi ghép ma chi tiét yy Lip én truc vita quay cling véi truc va vita thuong xuyén di chuyén doc truc trong am viéc. khi Vi du: Truc dé lip cdc banh rang gai sO trong hop s6 ciia 6 16, may kéo.va cic loai xe gain may hoac truc bi dong ciia cde loai ly hop. * So vdi then thudng, then hoa truyén duoc momen xoin lén hon va dam bao dé déng tam gidia truc va chi tiét may kip tren truc t6t hon khi chi tiét may dé di chuyén doc truc. 1.3.3.2. 0 true a) Cong dung ctia 6 truc O tuc duge ding dé dé truc, tiép nhan cae luc tae dung Ién truc va truyén qua than may xudng be may. Nh& cé 6 truc ma truc duge dinh vi & vi ti dinh, Néu 1a truc truyén thi né cdn duge quay quanh mot dubng tam da dinh cing nhé 6 truc. inhi b) Phan loai 6 * Dua vao dang ma sat trong 6, c6 hai loai: Loai 6 lan (hinh 1.8) va 6 truot (hinh 1.8b). * Dua vao dac diém chiu lyc c6: - Odo: La 6 chi chiu luc huéng tam. - O chan: La 6 chi chiu lye doc truc. - Od6 - chan: 1a 6 chiu ca luc huéng tam va luc doc truc. Trong may xay dung 6 dé thudng ding dé dé cdc tryc ma trén d6 Lap bainh rang hinh tru c6 ring thing hoac banh dai, dia xich, puly...: 6 da - chan duge ding dé 46 céc truc trén dé lap banh rang nghiéng hoac ring chit V va rang cong. OC * Cau tao 6 lan nhw hinh 1.8a, gém: iu tao clia 6: Vong ngoai 1, vong trong 2, cde con lan so 3 va vong ngan ciich 4 dé gitt cho cée con lan sé 3 lun céch déu nhau va khéng bi x6 léch trong khi lam viéc.Khi 6 lan lam vige sé c6 cae trudng hop sau xay ra Vang ngoai quay cling véi chi tiét may lap trén truc, vong trong cé dinh véi truc. Vi du: O d@ truc cdc banh xe cia xe honda hoac xe dap. Vong trong quay cing véi truc va chi tiét may Lip trén truc, vong ngoai c6 dinh véi than may. Vi du: O d6 true dé lap cac banh rang trong hop sé cita xe honda hoac ot6, may kéo. Tuy theo tinh chat chiu luc cia 6 ma con lan cla 6 lan c6 nhiéu toai: Hinh cau, hinh nén cut, hode hinh tréng, hinh dia, hinh kim...Cé thé 6 mot day hoac hai day con lan trong mét 6. So véi 6 trugt, 6 lan e6 cdc uu diém: Hé s6 ma sat nhé hon (5-10) lan so véi 6 trugt Cham séc, béi tron don gidn hon, khong ding hop kim cita kim loai mau, mite do tiéu chuiin héa va tinh lap lan cao. Vi vay, 6 lan duge ding phé bién ten may xay dung. Tuy nhién, 6 lan c6 nhuge diém: Lap rap kh6, doi hdi do chinh xdc cao, ¢6 dudng kinh Jdn hon va gid thanh ché tao cao néu ché tao véi s6 luong khong 1én. Hinh 18. Cée lout 6 ruc * Cau tau 6 wu C6 hai loai 6 wu U ghep va 6 nguyén Cau tao 6 ghép duye mé ta trén hinh 1.8b Bo phan chinh ca 6 truot 1a 16t 6 (hay cdn gor la bac) s6 2. N6 duge ché tao bing hop kim cia kim loai mau va gém hai nia. Lét 6 duoc dat ¢ bén trong than 6 so 1, Than 6 cling dugc lim thinh hai nia vi duge ghép lai vdi nhau hing cae bulong 3, Cac hu long s6 4 dé lap 6 vi than may. Ngoai ra con c6é 6 nguyén vi lot 6 le hac nguvén hinh tru réng. Than 6 cing duoc Jam ign thanh mt khoi 26Trong hai loai 6 truot néu trén, 6 ghép dugc ding phé bién hon trén may xay dung vi khi lap v6i truc thi 6 ghép duge lap dé dang hon so véi 6 nguyen. Hién nay. trén may xay dung, 6 truot dugce str dung it hon 6 lan. N6 thudng dugc ding dé dé nhiing truc quay véi téc dé chm va chiu tai trong lén. 1.3.3.3. Khop noi truc A. Cong dung: Khép néi duge ding dé néi hai truc hoc cde chi tiét may quay véi nhau; dong thi dé truyén momen xoan, déng mé cic co cau. gidm tai trong dong cing nhu va dap tic dung lén truc va dim bao an toan cho méy khi qué tai. B. Cc loai khép né ‘Theo cong dung. cau tao va nguyén ly Lm vigc. khép néi gém cé: a) Khoip noi chat Khép ndi chat thudng duge ding dé noi chat hai truc déng tam véi nhau. Vi du: N6i hai true ngin dé tao thanh truc dai vi néu 1am truc lign thi né dai qua, ché tao, van chuyén va Lip rap sé rat khé khan. ‘Trong cae khép ndi chat, ngudi ta thudng ding khdp noi Gng (hinh 1.9a). Hai dau truc I va 2 déng tam véi nhau, cing duce Lip vaio trong dng 3: Ong nay duge lap ¢6 dinh v6i dau cia hai true bing chdt s6 4 hodc bang then. Chuyén dong quay duoc tuyén tir truc I qua chét so 4 (hoac then) va ng 3 sang truc 2 Ngoai ra, con c6 khép noi chat kigu dia. N6 gom hai dia cé moayg cua ching duge lap bang then hac lip cé do déi véi dau cla hai tuc. Hai dia nay duoc lap chat véi nhau bang cdc bulong. b) Khop noi ba: Nh@ c6 kha ning bil lai sy sai lech vé tam gitta hai truc ma kh6p ndi bu duoc ding dé néi hai truc khong déng tam hoac cé dudng tam nghiéng vi nhau mot géc a < 40" Khap noi bir gém cic Joai sau: * Khép dan héi (hinh 1.9b) gém c6 hai nua khdp s6 1 va 2, duge lién két vi dau ca hai truc bang then va duoc néi véi nhau bang cac chét sé 4. Dau hinh con cua chét 4 duge bat cing v6i mot nia khdp (thudng 1a nia khép ben trai). dau kia cia chét c6 dang hinh try, duge kip vio 16 cla nia khép con lai: xung quanh phan chét hinh tru cé boc vong din héi s6 3, duge lam bing cao su chiu nén. Momen xodn duge truyén tir ntta khép nay sang ntta khop kia Li nh& cdc chot lién két hai nia khép véi nhau, Khép dan hoi uu viet hon cdc khdp néi khée Ki ngodi cong dung ndi truc, khép dan héi cdn co thé gidm tai trong dong va va dap te dung [én truc, ngan ngita cong hudng do truc bi dao dong xoan, déng thdi né cing c6 kha nang bil tri sur sai Iéch nho vé dutg tam gitia hai truc trong khi néi. Cé duge cae wu diém dé 1A nh’ khép din héi c6 cc vong dan hoi sé 3. 27) Li Ts Ay Hinh 1.9. Cée log khop ndi truc va ly hop v B* Khép calc dang (hinh 1.9¢, d), duoc ding dé ndi hai true c6 dudng tam nghiéng véi haw mot géc 8 < 40°. Nita khép cic dang s6 3 duge Lip véi dau truc sO 1. Nita khép céc dang S64 duoc kip voi dau truc s6 2. Hai nia khép nay dugc lién két véi nhau béi truc chit thap 65 va 6. Néu chi diing m6t khép cde dang dé néi hai truc (hinh 1.9c) thi true chit dong | quay vGi te do déu nhung truc bi dong 2 sé quay véi toc do khong déu. Cdn néu ding hai khop cae dang (hinh 1.9d) Lip qua truc trung gian 2 thi truc bi dong s6 8 sé quay véi tc do déu va cing van te gée véi truc chi dong sé 1. neu 6, Khép cae dang thudng duge sir dung én 610, may kéo va cdc may xay dung di chuyén bang banh hoi dé tuyén chuyén déng tir hop s6 ho’ic hop phan phéi momen dén ciie cau chti dong Ngoai khép din héi va khdp cdc dang. trong khdp ndi bi con cé khép ndi xich. Khép noi xich (hinh 1.9e) g6m c6 hai dia xich | va 2 c6 s6 rang va dung kinh nh nhau kip véi hai dau truc A va B bang then. Mét vong xich 3 an khdp véi rang cita cd hai dia xich nay. Khép di xich thudng duge ding tren xe lu tu hinh din dong chung el Ly hop Ly hop (hinh 1.9g) ciing Ia mot loai khép ndi. No ¢6 dia chi dong s6 | thutng duge lap co dinh véi dau truc dan A, cdn dia bi dng 2 di truyt duge trén truc bi din bing then dong mo ly hop. Ly hop khac KhGp néi 6 cho: No c6 thé ndi hoa hoac then din huréng 4 hoac téch hai truc bat ky Ide no ngay trong khi hai true dang Lim vige. Cdn ede khép n6i_n6i chung (nh da trinh bay 6 tren), ching luén lun néi hai truc véi nhau trong khi hai truc dang Lim vide. chi téch hai true khi can phai sita chita hodc thay thé truc. Dua vio nguyén ly va dae diém lam viée, ly hop duoc chia thanh: Ly hop ma sat va ly hop an khép gidla cae rang hoac cae vau véi nhau. Ly hop ma sat ruyén momen xoan ho lye ma sat sinh ra trén cdc bé mat ma sat. Tuy theo hinh dang bé mat ma sat, c6: Ly hop ma sat dia. ly hop ma sat nén cut, ly hop ma sat hinh tru Ly hop ma sat dia 6 thé cé mot dia bi dong (xem hinh 1.9g) hodc nhiéu dia bi dong (hinh 1.9h) tuy thude gid tri momen xodn ma né phai truyén. Khi can truyén momen xoain Jn thi ding ly hop nhiéu dia bi dong vi nguge lai Ly hop ma sit c6 wu diém: Truyén luc ém, ¢6 kha nang dim bio an ton cho may khi qua tai nhung truyén duge momen xoan nhé hon so véi ly hop an khép, Ly hop ma sat thudng duge ding ten 6t6, may kéo. Ching cé loai luén luén déng (thudng duce ding tren 616 va may kéo binh hoi) va loai lun ludn mé (thutmg duge ding trén may kéo bainh xich c6 cong suat I6n), Ly hop va truyén duge momen xoan 1én hon so véi ly hop ma sat nhung khong truot duoc khi qué ti, N6 thudng duge ding lim ly hgp chuyén hung cia cde loai may dao mot gau biinh xich din dong chung. 291.3.3.4. Cc loai phanh a) Cong dung va phan loai * Cong dung: Phanh duoc ding tren may xay dung dé han ché 16¢ do hoac dimg han chuyén dong ic chi tiét va cdc cum chi tiét may nhu true quay, tang quay, mam (hodc ban) quay cia quay... va dé han ché sc do hoac dimg hin chuyén dong tinh tién cia co cau di chuyén may xay dung néi chung cing nhu co cau di chuyén xe con mang vat nang cla mot sé loai can truc. * Phan loai phanh: - Dua vao edu tao bo phan Lim vige, phanh gm ¢6: Phanh mé va phanh dai. Phanh mé thutng duge ding trén nhimg may xay dung dan dong dign. Phanh dai thudng duge ding trén céc may xay dung cé cde co cau duge dan dong chung tir mot dong co, Phanh mé tai chia thanh hai loai: + Phanh ma dién - tit + Phanh ma dién - thuy luc - Dua theo nguyén ly lam viée cé phanh thudng mé va phanh thuéng dong, Dudi day, xin gidi thigu cau tao va nguyen ly lam vigc cia mot s6 loai phanh dang duge sit dung tren may xay dung. +b) Phanh ma dign - tit(hinh 1.10a). Day [8 loai phanh thugng déng. Khi chua lam vige, do bi chan béi cde dai Gc sé 10. diu ben tréi cia 1d xo chinh s6 8 ti vao ng 13, ludn ludn muén kéo tay ddn 3 va ma phanh 2 ép vao bénh phanh I. Mat khie, dau bén phai cita 18 xo 8 luén lun muén dat dai 6c 10 va thanh 14 di sang phai, qua dai 6c 12, kéo tay don 5 va mé phanh 4 ép vao banh phanh 1. Nh vay, phanh luén luon & trang thai déng. Khi co cau 1am viée, nam cham 6 cé dign va cé tit tinh. Do dé nam chim sé hit migng thép 16 gin diu dudi cua tay don 7, diy thanh 14 sang trai, Dui tée dung cua 1d xo phu 9, tay don 5 kéo mé phanh 4 téch khdi banh phanh 1. Mat khdc, duéi téc dung trong luong nam cham, tay don 3 va mé phanh 2 cling téch ra khdi banh phanh dén khi han ché hanh trinh 15 cham vao dé phanh phia dudi. Khi d6, phanh duge mé dé co caiu lam viée binh thudng Momen phanh duge diéu chinh bing dai 6c 10, con hanh trinh phanh duoc diéu ckinh nh dai 6c 12 va cai han ché hanh trinh sé 15. 30Hinh 1.10, Cac loai phanh ding tren may vay dung ©) Phanh ma dién - thay Ive (hink [.10b) Day cing [a loai phanh thudng dong. Nguyén ly lim viée ea né nhu sau: Khi chua lm vige. 1 so 6 bi nén béi dai de 9, dudi téc dung lye day cia 13 xo 6, 15 bi kéo di xudng Fam xuat hién luc phanh P & dau trén ca ede tay don 3. im banh phanh. Do dé thanh tru; © luc nay ép cdc ma phanh s6 2 vio sat binh phanh s6 1 dé phanh luon duoc déng Muén mé phanh. ngudi ta cho con day thuy luc 7 lam viéc, day dau tr4i cua thanh truyén 5 di len, 19 xo 6 bi ép lai, qua don dy 4 va 3 Kam ma phan bén phai téch ra khoi banh phanh dén khi cai han ché hinh trinh s6 8 cham vio dé phanh thi mé phanh bén trai duge téch ra khéi binh phanh, Khi dé phanh duge mé dé co cau Lam vige binh thuing. ic dai Ge s6 10 wen thanh diy 4 va cdi han ché hanh trinh sé 8 duge ding dé digu chinh khe hé e gia ma phanh va banh phanh, déng thdi dé cdc ma phanh mo déu sang hai ben. Muén diéu chinh momen phanh thi xiét chat hoac néi léng cdc dai 6c 9 dé diéu chin luc nén ctia 1d xo 6.d) Phanh dai (hinh 1.10) Phanh dai gém cé day dai s6 1 bao quanh banh phanh sé 2. Mo men phanh duce to ra [A do luc ma sat gitia dai vi banh phanh. Dai duoc ché tao tir thép va tren bé mat Lin vige cla né cé gin l6p da hoac amiang di ma sét gitta dai va bénh phanh. Khi co cu chua kim viéc, nh trong luong cia déi trong 5, tay ddn 3 va miéng ngam 4 sinh ra luc dé kéo tay don 3 di xudng 1am cho day dai 1 6m chat lay banh phanh 2. nghia Ki phanh thuting duge dong. ngim (bing thép) s6 4 dé nang déi trong va tay don 3 lén Lam cho day dai | tich khot binh phanh 2. Lite d6 phanh duge mé va eo Khi co cau lam viéc, nam cham 6 c6 dién va c6 tit tinh. Nam cham sé hut mi lam viéc binh thudng 1.4. TRUYEN DONG CAP 1.4.1. Khai niém vé truyén dong cap Truyén dong cap gém c6 ti két hop véi paling cap dé nang (ha) vat theo phuong ding hoac kéo xe mang vat nang di chuyén theo phuong ngang. Doi khi, ngudi ta con é dan dong co cau quay cia mot sé loai may xay dung ding tuyén dong cdp So dé truyén dong cap don gidn dé nang vat duge thé hién trén hinh 1.11. cap hucmg cap nam ngoai patan; 5- Cum puly di dong cia paking 1- Tang nang vat; 2- Cac puly di 3- Palang cap nang vat.: 4- cap thé Cac bé phan chinh cia truyén dong cép gém cé: Cap thép, cde puly c6 dinh va di dong, tang cudn cap, paling cap. 1 Cp thép So dé cau tao cua cap thép duge thé hién trén hinh 1.12. Trong d6, hinh 1.12a mo ti mat cat ngang cia céip. Cau tao cila cép gdm: 32soi day thép c6 dutng kinh tir 0,5 dén 2mm (cd : Cae nhénh $6 1 lai duge ben Cae nhinh cap s6 1 duge bén tir ca idi han bén kéo cao: 1600 - 1800 N/em VGi nau quanh Idi sé 2 thé t6i 3mm) véi 4) al Hinh 1.12. Cain tuo ctia cap thép day gai dé cho cap mém. dé udn khi vong quanh Loi nay duce lam tir day day how tang hoac puly. Dong thoi 1di s6 2 con 6 tac dung tich utr mG, dé tw bdi tron cho cép trong qua trinh Lim vide. Ben ngodi cac soi day thép duwe tring 6p kém dé chéng ri. Tuy theo cach ben cap. c6 hai Loa Cap bén xudi c6 chiéu ben ciia cae soi thép trong timg nhdnh cing chiéu véi chiéu ben eta ede nhainh quanh 1éi so 2 thinh 1.12b), con néu ching nguge nhau thi dé 1 cap ben chéo hay con goi i cip ben ngutoc (hinh 1.1 2c) Trong d6, cap ben chéo e6 do city 1én, khong bi bung ra va khong bi xoan Hai Khi ning cua céc Loai may xay dung. coe Lim vige nén dutoe ding phé bin tong Tuy nhien cap ben chéo c6 tudi tho khong cao bing cap bén xudi. Cip bé day cap. Vi vay, cip bén xudi chi duge ding dé chang buéc vat nang ho: dan huGng trong cdc loai may van thang (thang nang). Song cap bén xuéi c6 uu diém 1a xudi hay bj bung rt hoac bi xoin lai nhat la khi vat nang duge treo ten mot ing vat theo mém va e4 tudi tho cao hon cap ben chéo. 1.4. . Puly qua khi can thay déi hudng cap hoac thay déi Puly la bsinh xe c6 ranh dé cap vor luc eang eta cp Tuy theo dng dung. cé hai loa puly duge din g ten may xay dung: + Puly co dinh dé doi hudng cap (hinh 1.13a), Trong tudng hop nay lye cang esp: + Puly di dong dé giim ue cing ecip (hinh 1.13b). 33Q Lue cing cap: Spas. 2p trong d6: ny - Higu suét cla puly. Ngoai ra con c6 puly can bing duoc ding trong cic paling cap. st fi to a) > Hinh 1.13. Cau tao puly Cau tao cia puly duge thé hién trén hinh 1.13c. Cac thong s6 ea bin cua puly g6m cé: - Chiéu sau h ciia ranh dat cap phai dam bao sao cho cap khong bi tuot ra khoi ranh puly khi vat nang bi lac hoa quay trong qua trinh nang (ha). Dé thod man dicu kién do thi: h= (1.5 +2,5)d, trong dé: d,- dudng kinh cap. biét, vi du: Puly 6 dau can cua cac loai can truc, ma) Mot s6 trudng hop da day hoac may dao gdu ngoam diéu khién bang cép, thudmg cé rdnh sau hon: h = 5d, - Géc nghiéng gidta hai thanh ben ca ranh puly’ = 40-60 Khi ¢ = 60° thi géc léch ( cho phép gitta cap va mat phang puly li = 6 Day rinh puly 1a mot cung dn c6 bin kinh: r= (0.5 + 0.6)d, DO mé hay chiéu rong phia trén cita ranh puly: b= (2 + 2.5)¢, Puly ding trong may xay dung co ché' do lam viée nhe va trung binh duge dite tr ang thi puly duoc diic tit thép diic gang xdm. Khi ché' d9 lam viée nang va rat144. Tang Tar tinh tigh cia cap, déng thoi truyén Lye t6i cap va cde bO phan khic: duce ding dé cudn cap. bién chuyén dong quay cia tang thanh chuyén dong 144.1. Cau tao ctia tang Tang ¢6 dang hinh tru. hinh con hoac hinh ty c6 dong kinh thay déi. Duge ding pho bien tren may xy dung IA tang hinh try (hinh 1.14) Tren tang ¢6 thé quan mot [6p cdp (hin 1.14a) hoae nhigu Lép cp (hinh 1.14b). Trong dé. tang quiin mat lép cap duge ding phé bién hor tren may xay dung. Hinh 1.14. Cau tao cia tong ‘a0 rnh (hinh 1.14a) dé io dé, cde vong cp khéng tiép xtc v6i nhau déng thoi tang dién tich tiép Khi tang quan mot lp cap thi bé mat try cita tang duge ch cho cap nam xtie gutta cap va tan tranh hign tuong cép bi trugt doc theo be mat tang. Nhoy khong bi mai min va tang tudi tho cho cap. Tang quin nhiéu lép cap (hinh 1.14b) thudng due sit dung khi dung Luong cap 1én, hung eve kich thude eéta tang lai bi han ché, 144.2. Cée thing s6 co ban ctia tang a) Dung hung ciia edp cudin veo tang nhiéu lop edp L Lex (D,+md,)mz Vai tang cuon mot Iép cip: D+dZ b) Chic dai hein vide ctia cap cucin ten tang L, L=Ha+(s mD=d i 35Chiéu dai nay phi nhé hon dung lugng cap cuén vao tang: L,< L. Trong hai cong thiic tren: D,,d,- dudng kinh tang va duéng kinh cap, m: m - sO l6p cp cu6n trén tang; a~ bOi suat palang, dé 1a sé nhanh cap treo cum puly di dong va vat nang (6 hinh 1.11: a = 2); H - chiéu cao nang én nhat, c) SO vong cap lam viée cudn trén tang Z: + Véi tang nhiéu 16p, Z duge xdc dinh theo céng thife: 7 zm.(D, +m.) + Véi tang mot dp, Z duge xéc dinh theo cong thiic L (D, +4) d) Chiéu dai lam viée ctia tang Ly: trong d6: 1 - buée cap trén tang; Buéc cép 1a khodng cach gida tam cla hai vong cap lién tiép nhau cudn trén tang. Vi tang tron cé thé lay t = d, (dudng kinh cap). 1.4.5. Céch tinh chon cap a) Xée dinh luc céing cia cap trong palang cdp Thuong sau khi ra khdi palang cp cdn vong qua cde puly c6 dinh (nim ngodi palang) déi huéng réi méi cudn vao tang. Do dé luc cang 1én nhat cia cap cudn vaio tang due xc dinh theo cong th Qt L (1-15) ana trong d6: Q.q- trong lugng ciia vat nang va trong luong cita thiét bi mang TinaeTni~ higu suat cita palang va cia cdc puly déi hudng nam ngoai paling: a bOi suat clia palang cap (6 so dé hinh 1.11: a = 2) (duoc trinh bay 6 muc 1.4.6.2): r- 86 puly déi huéng nam ngoai paling (6 so dé hinh 1.11: r= 2) b) Cdch chon cap va cde chit § khi sit dung cdp dé dam bio an toan Khi chon cap cho ede co cau cla may xay dmg cén phai dya vao cae thong s6 sau: + Luc cang Ién nhat cita cép duge xde dinh theo cong thie (1-15) phai thod man diéu kién: 36(1-16) trong dé S,- luc lam dit cap tic Ii khi luc cing cap dat dén gid tri Sy thi cap bi din: nh s6 an toan, Khi din dong dién, ¢6 thé chon hé s6 an toan nhur sau: Voi ché' do Lam vige nhe: n = 5.0; Voi ché' do lam vige tung binh: n= 5.5: Voi ché do 1am viee nang: n= 6.0: 94 Voi thang may ché ngudsi: n + Dé dim bio cho cap dé ding vong qua céc tang (hoe pu ly) va gép phan ting do fin diéu kién sau: bén lau cua cap thi duong kinh cua cap duge chon, phai thod Dz (k,- Id, (1-17) tong dé: D - dudng kinh tang hoae puly: d_- dudng kinh cap: k,,- he s6, phu thude vio ché d6 lim vige ea may: Vai ché do lam viée nhe: kK, = 16: Vi ché do Lam viee trung bint: k, = 18: Voi ché do lam vige nang: k, = 20. + Dé dim bao an ton, khi sit dung cp can phai twin theo ede quy dinh sau: - Tuyét doi khong duge phép noi edp dé tang chiéu dai cha né khi mun tang chiéu cao nang vat. Cie chi tiét dé 06 dinh dau cap trén cdc tree. trén tang phai di bén va c6 do tin cay cao - Pha dinh wong tigu chuai i kicm tra bio dudng boi tron cho cap thuéng xuyen, dinh ky theo ding quy = S6 soi thép «lt tren chigu dai mot bude bén phai trong giéi han cho phép theo quy pham an toan, néu vugt qua thi phii thay ep méi, Vi du irén mot bude bén vi cép ben xudi la 6 va véi cap bén cheo 1a 12. khi hé so an to: ii cap 6 nhanh (6x19 = 144 1 <6 thi s6 soi dit cho phép 1.4.6. Palang cp 1.4.6.1. Cong dung va phan loai palang cap Palang cap 18 mot hé thong gém ede puly cé dinh va puly di dong duge néi véi nhau bang exip dé gidim Lye cang cap so vi luc kéo cia he théng hoae tang te do kéo ela hé théng so véi We do ela cap. 37Dua vio cong dung néu trén, paling c4p duoc phan thanh * Paling loi luc, goi tit IA paling luc (hay cdn goi 1a palang thuan). Dang palng nay sé Igi vé luc nhung thiét vé dung di va van t6c * Palang loi vé van tc, goi tat 1a palang van t6c (hay palang nghich). Ding palang nay sé loi vé van t6c va dudng di nhung thiet vé luc. Pating Igi luc fai gém c6 paling don va palang kép. Palang don chi cé mot diu cap quan vao tang. Palang kép cé hai dau c4p quan vao tang. 1.4.6.2. Paldng don loi luc a) Ca loai palang don loi luc - Paling don loai I c6 nhanh cp ra khdi palang tir puly c6 dinh (hinh 1.15a). Loai nay cé s6 puly bang s6 nhnh cép treo vat - Paling don loai II cé nhénh cap ra khéi palang tir puly di dong (hinh 1.15b). Loai nay cé sé puly trong paling bing s6 nhénh cp treo vat trirdi | b) Cac thong s6'ca ban cia paling don loi luc - BOi suat a 1a thong sé dac trung cia palang loi luc. Né li s6 Kin luc cang cp gidim di so vdi trong lugng vat nang néu bé qua hiéu suat puly va duge xdc dinh bang cong thitc: ast (1-18) m trong dé: n- S6 nhénh cép treo vat; m - S6 nhanh cép cuén vao tang. ‘Trén hinh vé, ta c6 thé xem boi suat a cla pa lang chinh bing s6 nhanh cap treo cum puly di dong va vat nang. Vi du: Palang tren hinh 1.15a c6 a= 4 va paling tren hinh 1.15b c6 2 a) arg arg Hinh 1.15, Céc logi paldng don Igi tue 38- Vain te clit cap cudn vio tang v, duge xc dinh theo cong thie w=ay, (1-19) ~ van t6c cla vat nang(thuong goi la van tc nang vat). Trong - Higu suait cita palang loai I dugc xac dinh theo cong thttc: yt emden) nm (1-20) " r=n) Hicu suat ctia palang loai II duoc xée dinh theo cong thie nt, =e (21) rd=n) Trong dé: 1 - higu suait cua puly: r- $6 puly trong paking. VEDU THUAAL (Thue hanh tink todn truyén ding cp) Cho so d6 ti din két hop véi paking cap dé nang vat tong thang nang hang nh hinh vé bén. Biét KN; in (6c nang vat ¥, = 0.34m/s; Ché do lam vic Trong lugng vat cin nang: Q = rung binh: CD = 25%: Higu suat cita ti = 0.9: Hieu sudt cia pating OM ‘ip: Nya = OQ Higu suit ctia puly déi hudng cp nam ' ngo’ paling: n= 0.95: | Chicu cao nai alte Trén tan; Sn 3 lap cap. Cho phép bo qua trong lugng ban than cita thiet bi mang vat (q = 0) A Yeu cau: rf 1. Tinh chon cap. & 2. Xac dinh cde thong sé co bin cilia tang sé 3: 3. Tinh chyn dong co dign s6 | 4. Tinh chon hop gi te s6 2 39Bai gidi: 1. Tinh chon cap: Luc cang ctia cép cudn vao tang dugc xdc dinh theo cong thtic: + S.= Qa ANN Theo sé liéu trong dau bai, cé: (D2-1) Q= IS4KN - trong luong cita vat nang: q=OKN - trong lugng ban than thiét bi mang vat; a= 3 - boi suat cla palang cap; Nye = 0.9 - higu suat cia palang cap; Ty = 0.95 - higu suat cua puly déi huéng cép nam ngodi palang: r= 1-56 puly déi hudng nim ngoai paling. Thay cic s6 ligu vao cong thite (D2-1), ta c6: 15,4 eeeeeereeeeseeuEnEnEe 3x0,9x0,95 Luc lim dint cap (pha huy cap) S,=kS, Trong dé: k - Hé s6 an toin. V6i ché do lam vige trung binh CD = 25% ta lay k = 5.5 Dé dé: S, = 5,.5x6 = 33KN = 33000N. Theo bang (5-2) trong tai liu tham khdo [2], ta chon cép LK-P co duing kinh d. v6i luc phé huy cap S, = 34800N va gidi han bén cita cdc soi thép ché tao cp 1A 1570N/em’. 2. Xée dinh céc thong s6 co ban cita tang: a) Xie dinh duang kinh tang: 1é cud vo Vi trén tang cudn 3 ldp cap nén ta chon tang tron. Dé dam bao cho cap c6 tang mot cach dé dang thi duéng kinh ngoai bé mat tru cia tang phai thod man diéu kin: D,> (ky - 1d. (b2-2) trong dé: d,- duémg kinh cép, d= 8.3mm; k, - hé s6 ty 1¢. Vai ché do lam vic tung binh thudng chon k, = 18; D, > (18 = 1)8,3 = 141,1mm. bé théa man diéu kign (D2-2), véi thang nang hang, ta chon dudng kinh ctia tang theo tai ligu tham khao [2]: 40b) Xic dinh chiéu dai lam viée ctia cdp cudn lén tang L, L=Hat2nD44) (D2-3) Trong dé: H = 40 m - chiéu cao nang: a= 3- boi suat cia palang cp. Vay: L,= 40x3 (0,23 + 0.0083) = 81.5 m c) Xie dink chiéu dai lam viée ctia tang: a (D2-4) zm(D, +md,) trong 46: 2-86 vong cap cuéin trén tang, duge sic dinh theo cong thitc: L 81. (p25) ss _ nt rm(D, + md.) 3,14%3(0.23+ 3x 0.0083) Vay: z= 34 ving cap cudn trén tang. t- bude cap trén tang, véi tang tron c6 thé La m_ 5616p cap cudn trén tang, thee dau bai: m Thay cic sé ligu vao cong thie (D2-5), ta xée dinh duce chiéu dai tang l= 8 0,0083 - . 14 x 30,23 + 3 0.0983) = 0.0083 m: 282 m d) Xic dinh dung long edp: L=n(D, + md.)mZ = 3,14 (0.23 + 3. 0.0083).3.34 = 81,64m 3) Tinh chon dong ca dién Cong suait dong co duge xe dinh theo cong thie: (D2-6) Sue "= 7000.m, “Tong do: §. = 6kN = 6000 N - luc cang eda cap cudin vio tang: \.= van te cila cap cudn vio tang, duce xée dinh theo eéng thie: W,= 3.0.54 = L.62m/s. 7, = 0.9 - higu suat ctia toi: Vay cong sual dong co: 6000 x 1,62 1000 0.9 O.8kKWTheo bang 1.2, véi ché do lam viéc CD = 25% ta chon dong co dién MTB -311.6 c6 cong sudt N,= 11kW va t6c do quay n= 945 vong/phit. Bang 1.2. Dac tinh ky thuat cua dong co dién : Cong sud, KW Tée do quay, vong/phit | Khoi luong. Loai dong co cp=25% [ cb=40% | cp=25% [ Cb =40% ke a ey 3) i (5) (6) MT-42-8 16,0 13,0 718 724 280 | MT-51-8 22,0 17,0 723, 728 435 | MT-52-8 300 25,5 Rs 730 530 | MT-61-10 30.0 24.0 574 579 ms | MT-62-10 45,0 36.0 577 582 945 | MTK-O11-6 i4 Ld 840 885 47 _| MTK-012-6 22 18 830 870 3 i MTK-111-6 3,5 28 875 900 1 MTK-112-6 5.0 42 875 900 MIK-211-6 73 60 300 910 MTB-311-6 11,0 9,0 990 920 MTB312-6 | 16.0 13.0 900 925 MTB-412-6 30,0 24,0 935 950 MTB-311-8 1S 60 670 690 | MTB-312-8 10 85 680 700 MTB-311-8 16.0 13,0 685 700 MTB-311-6 11,0 75 945 945 MTB-312-6 16,0 11.0 955 950 MTB-41 1-6 22.0 16,0 965 957 MTB-412-6 30.0 22,0 970 960 MTB-312-8 110 73 710 695 MTB-411-8 16.0 11.0 715 710 MTB-412-8 220 16,0 720 7S MTB-512-8 40,0 30,0 730 716 4ACBOAGY3 09 08 1000 860 4AC906Y3 a 17 7: 900. 4AC1O06Y3 : 26 z 920 ne (4ACHI2MA6Y3 | _38 3.2 1000 910 | 4AC1326Y3 75 83 1000 940 | 100 4ACI32M6Y3 10.0 85 1000 940 125 oad4) Fink chon hop gidm toe Van tc ctia edip cud vio tang duge xée dinh theo cong aD.n, 60 60, xD "= 1,62 mfs - van téc cla cép cudn vio ta ie Suy ra t6c do quay cua tang: n, (D2-7) trong dé D - dudng kinh vong tron di qua tam lp cap ngodi cing cuén trén tang duge xe dinh theo cong thite: D=D,+ 2m - 1d, = 0.23 + (2x3 - 1)x0,008. =0.27m Thay s6 vao cong thiic (D2-7). ta xc dinh duge te d6 quay cia tang: 60% 1.62 3.14%0,27 = 114,65 ve , .2/phuit Ty so truyén cla hop gidim te duge xc dinh theo cong thie 94: Dua vio cong suat va ty s6 truyén tinh duoc 6 tren, theo bi vige CD = 25%, ta chon hOp gitim tc If 2-200 66 ty sé trus truc vao (truc cht dong) N = 1 L.SkW va toc d6 quay n =1000v/ph. g 1.3, ting véi ché do 1am i, = 8,32: cong suat trén Bang 1.3. Cong suat tren truc chi ddng (truc yao) cia hop giam toe ve d6 quay. a sOtruyen cD. vong/phut | 8.32 | 9.8 | 19,88) 24.9 3 42 | 41.34 50,94) % Tw Z I 2 la | wi] | om 9 | @ ju | a t6c LI2 - 200 eo [77] 68 lor se] sa) aa 3 [24] 2 | 25 | 59} 52 }42i39] 36) 25 16 | 16] 11 | 40 | j do | 38 $330 21] 47) 13 1 09 | 0.7 | 05 | 100 ; 10 [93 | 8 | 67 55 | 54 27 | 25 | | 61 | 48 lest oe) j 13 | 40 48 (38 26 21) 17 0.7 | 100 io | 8 | 79 | 66 | 54 37 | 25 78 | 61 159 | 42 | 32 16 | 40 63 1) 34 | 2.8 | 22 09 | 100 43Bang 1.3 (1igp she w @|oj|wm ito} o | im | | om ja |u| Hop gidm t6c 112-250 | 600 | 193} ima} is2] 3] 94} 7 | 52 | 43 | 39 | 25 SORE teEEIeEnSaE EEE MTEEEEE 6,4 55 3.6 3 2.6 40 79 6,7 5,3 3.6 2.2 23 18 | 2 100 750 23 | 19,7 | 166 | 13.5] 111 | 94 | 7.6 | 56 | 42 | 25 16,6 | 14,5 | 12,3 | 83 7,3 6,9 45 35 3 40 od 83 66 | 45 3,7 29 2.2 15 1.2 100 1000 27,1 | 23.8 | 20,5 | 17,3 | 14,1 | 11,7 | 9,2 73 6 25 17,8 | 15,6 | 14,1 | 10,2 | 8,9 76 5 42 12 10 8 6 4,9 3.9 3 2 Hop giam t6c 2-350 600 45.7 | 39,6 | 34 | 26,8 | 22,3 | 16.6 12 10,2 | 94 25 34 | 29.4 | 25,7 | 17,2 | 15,2 | 13 I | 7.2) 63 | 40 INL | 16 | 12,5 | 8,5 7°) 55 | 43 | 49 | 2.3 | 100 750 61 | 52 | 43.5 | 32 | 26,5 | 22,4 | 166 | 134] It | 25 35,8 | 31,6 | 29.2 | 19.5 | 17,7 | 16.6 | 12.9 | 84 | 7.3 | 40 214 | 18 | 14.3 | 10.7] 87 | 69 | S54 | 3.6 | 2.9 | 100 1000 71,9 | 61.2 | 50,8 | 37,1 | 33,5 | 2,71 | 21.8 | 17.3 | 14,5 | 25 42.8 39 33 | 24.1 | 211 | 18,1 | 15,6 | 10,2 9 40 28,7 | 23,9 | 192 | 19,9 | 11,7 | 9,2 71 49 3.9 100 | Hop gidm te 112-500 600 137 120 113 | 82,5 | 75,2 | 63,3 | 42,7 | 345 | 31.8 25 102 | 906 | 77 | 536] SI | 441 | 28.7 | 241 | 204 | 40 57.8 | 49 | 38,7 | 26,3 | 236) 19 | 143 | 10 8 100 750, 163 | 140 | 112 103 | 89,2 | 75,6 | 52,7 | 42,2 37 25 121 106 | 84,7 | 61 58,7 | SIS | 32,8 | 284 | 233 72,5 | 61,2 | 48.4 | 32,9 | 296 | 23,6 | 18,2 | 124 10, 100 1000 197 | 178 143 | 122 | 104 | 91,7 | 68,6 | 58,5 145 | 132 | 103.2} 74,2 | 65.4 | 528 | 40,2 | 37 too | 82 | 64 | 44 | 36 | 314] 24 | 1651.5, TRUYEN DONG THUY LUC (TBTL) 1.5.1, Cac dang TDTL va dac diém co ban cua ching n dong thay tinh hay con goi KA TDTL thé tich véi dac diém la: Ap i long khong thay déi trong qua trinh lam viée. «Tr dong cl * Truyén dong thuy luc dong cé ép suat ciia dong chat {ong thay déi khi dong chat Gi vant long chuyén do ‘ao trong qué trinh Lim vig Trong d6 TDTL tinh thudng duoc sit dung rong rai tren may xay dung. TDTL dong chi ding 6 nhiing may 6 ede co cau lam vige v6i van téc 1én. 1.5.2. So dé hé thong TDTL thé tich thudng dimg tren may xay dung So dé he théng TDTL tinh hay TDTL thé tich dang sit dung rong rai tren may xay dung. duge thé hign tren hinh 1.16. Nguyen ly Lim vige cla né nhu sau: Khi cc bom sé iu 1 vé bom. Sau khi qua bom, diu duge ting dp suat dat dude tri s6 can thiét va di dén ede van phan phéi 7. 8, 14. 15, 17. Ngudi ki may chi vige diéu khign ede van nay cho diu dén cdc xi lanh cong tac 9, 11, 12, 13 dé diéu khign cde co cu cia may. Vi mot ly do nio 46, dp suat dau tang vuot qué tri sé cho phép. Khi nay, van an toin 5 va 18 sé mé ra, dau tir bom di qua van an tan tré'vé thing s6 I dé dam bdo an to’n cho ca hé thong thuy luc. 2 lam vigc. chit long (thudng Ki dau) duige hut tir thing cht 08 18 Hinh 1.16. So dé he thong truyén déng thus luc tinh 1. Thiing dau; 2. Bom thuy ue; 3. Van I chiéu; 4. Binh loc dau; 5, 18. Van an tin: 6. Xi lanh tro lye co eau lai; 7. Van phan phéi co cau lai 8.14, 15, 17. Van phan phoi di fe Ni lanh cong tie; 9, 11, 12, 13. Céc xi lanh cong 10, Van tigt Iuu cia xi lank nang vat; 16. Dong cor din dong co cau quay. 451.5.3. Cau tao, nguyén ly Lam viée cia bom thuy luc a) Bom banh rang So dé cau tao ciia bom bénh rang nhu hin 1.17 ‘Theo hinh vé nay, khi bom dang lam vigc: Banh rang 1 quay nguoc chiéu kim dong h6. banh rang 2 quay thuan chiéu kim déng hé. Dau vao cita hit va di men theo khe hé gilfa cdc banh rang va vé bom dé sang cita day. Luu lugng ca bom banh rang duge xéc dinh theo cong thtic sau day: Q, = 2.2Z.m?.b.n, em/phuit (1-22) trong dé Z m - médun an khép, cm; s6 rang cia banh rang chii dong; b - chiéu rong rang ca banh rang chi dong, cm; n- tc dO quay ciia banh rang chi dong, vong/phtit. Bom banh ring cé citu tao don gidn, tao duge dp suat t6i 1000N/em® Cita hit déu véo ‘\ \ 1 Cla day dau di Hinh 1.17. Bom banh rang Hink 1.18. Bom pittong huidug truc 1. Binh ring chi dong; 2. Binh rang bj dong; 1- Khoi xi lanh (bloc xi lanh): 2, 2- Cie xi lanky (Hai banh rang nay thudng c6 s6 rang va-——_—_cita bom; 3, 3° - Cae Pittong: 4. 4'- Tay bien: dung kinh bing nhau); 3. V6 bom. 5- Dia (mam) chi dong; 6- Thanh truyén, 7 - than bom. b) Bom pitting C6 hai loai: Bom pittong huéng truc va bom pittong hudng kinh, trong d6 bom hudng truc duoc sit dung phé bién hon. - So dé cau tao ca bom pittong hudng truc nhu hinh 1.18. 46- Nguyén ly lim vige cia bom: Day I bom cé hai xi lanh véi cde pittong ctia chting duoc néi véi dia chii dong 5 bing cac tay bién 4 va 4. Khi dia chi dong 5 quay, qua thanh truyén 6 va cde tay bien 4, 4’, dia 3 day khdi xi lanh s6 1 (trong dé c6 cde xi Janh 2 va 2) quay quanh truc HI; do dé cdc xi lanh 2 va 2’ quay hanh tinh xung quanh truc jay hah tinh cling véi cdc xi lanh I-L. Cac pitting sé 3.3 Mat khic, do dia chii dong so 5 duoc dat nghiéng so véi phuong thing dimg géc « nén khi dia quay. céc pittong cdn chuyén dong tinh tign trong caic xilanh. Trong chu ky thit nhat, khi pittong 3 chuyén dong tinh tign sang phai thi xi lanh 2° duoc thong véi cita hut n trong xi lanh) nén ciing q liu vio, Cdn pittong 3 tinh tin sang trai thi xi lanh 2 duge thong véi cita day du di. Khi dia 5 quay di 180° dé thue hign chu kj iia hit déu va xilanh 2' thong véi cia day dau. Nher vay, ctf img véi nita vong quay cita am v tiép theo thi xi lanh 2 lai thong véit dia s6 5 (g6c quay bing 180°) sé c6é mot xi lanh cita bor hiit dau vao va xi lanh kia day dau di dén cae ca iu ca may Luu lugng ctia bom pittong duge xde dinh theo cong thie i D.n.gae ,cm’/pheit (1-23) Q trong 46: d- dudng kinh trong ciia ede xilanh trong bom. cm: i - sO xilanh ca bom: D- khoing eich gida dung tam ctia hai xi lanh trong bom, em: n= W6e dd quay ctta dia cha dong, vong/phut: u. - Gée nghiéng ctla dia chi dong so véi phuong thing ding. Nhiimg bam pittong 6 thé diéu chinh duge géc nghiéng @ dé diéu chinh Iuu lung duge goi 1a bom c6 diéu chinh; nhiing bom khéng diéu chinh duge géc ct La bom khong digu chinh) Bom pittong tao duge dp sual cia dong chat long khi Lam viée cao nhat trong cdc loai bom thuy ue, c6 thé t6i 5000 N/em* 1.6, HE THONG DI CHUYEN CUA MAY XAY DUNG 1.6.1. Cong dung va phan loai hé thong di chuyen ww Cong dung Hé thong di chuyén c6 chute nang bién chuyen dong quay tir dong co truyén téi cae banh chit dong thinh chuyén dong tinh tign cua may xay dung. déng thdi tigp nhan toan 9 trong Iuong bin than may va cdc tii trong tie dung len may réi truyén xudng dat. 47b) Phan loai hé thong di chuyén ciia may xdy dung He théng di chuyén may xay dung g6m. - Hé thong di chuyén bang xich; - Hé thong di chuyén bing banh hoi; - He théng di chuyén bing banh sat tren ray, - He thong di chuyén tu buéc duge ding trong cdc may dio dat 1am vige trén nén dat rat yu hoac cde ving dam lay - Hé thong di chuyén bing phao ding cho cae may Fam vigc trén mat nude. Trony dé ba loai diu dang dugc sit dung rong rai tren may xay dung 1.6.2. Hé thong di chuyén bang xich He thong di chuyén bing xich dang duoc sit dung rong rai én may xay dung Cau tao cla né duoc thé hién trén hinh 1.19, g6m cé: Dai xich 5 an-khdp véi cdc rang cia dia xich cha dong (con goi 1a bainh sao chu dong) s6 I va vong qua biinh bi dong so 4. Truc cla banh sao chi dong va banh bi dong duoc lap tren khung di chuyén sé 2. Cac con lan ty xich s6 3 chiu to’n b9 trong Iugng cla may va tru qua bé mat tua cua hai c con lan ty ma dp suat cla may xudng dit duge phan b6 tren bé mat tya cia xich. Cac con lan 6 dé d@ nhénh xich phia tren thudng ¢6 6 Luong it hon ee con lan tY xich phfa duéi. Véi dai xich xudng dat. Nh céc loai may xay dung cé bin quay nhu may dio mot ga, cain true tw hanh...thi hé thong di chuyén bing xich cdn c6 truc trung tam s6 7 dé dan hudng cho ban quay khi né quay xung quanh truc nay. Dura vao két cau va ciich lip ghép cdc con lan c6 hai loai: Treo cting va treo dan héi hay treo mém. hé théng di chuyén bang xich gom Hé thong di chu; yén bing xich treo cing (hinh 1.19) c6 dae diém 1a: Cac con lan ty xich s6 3 duge lien keét citing véi khung s6 2 cia ca cau cau di chuyén qua cic 6 do. Hinh 1.19. Hé thong di chuyén bang sich (lout wee cting) 48Loai treo cting ¢6 cau tao don gidin, viée théo Lip cdc banh ty xich khi stra chita hoac thay thé rat dé dang. Mat khdc, né cn dim bao phan bé déu dp suat xudng dat trén sudt chiéu dai bé mat tua cia xich di chuyén nén duge sir dung phd bién trén may xay dung. Tuy nhién. né c6 nhuge diém f& khong thich hop véi r 96 ghé, cé nhiéu map mo, déng thdi khong c6 kha nang gidm va dap do mat dudng gay ra truyén lén khung may va cabin. Lim anh hudg xau dén tudi tho ca may cing nhu stic khoé cla ngudi cong nhan digu khién may. Hé thong di chuyén bang xich treo mém (treo dan héi) khaéc véi loai treo cting 6 cl ic con lan ty xich duge lap thanh timg cp véi nhau va lién két mém véi khung di chuyén qua cdc 1d xo din héi. Nha vay né khac phuc duoc nhuge diém eta hé théng di chuyén loai treo cing dim bao cho dai xich tiép xtic t6t véi mat dudng di dé 1a duéng 26 ghé, c6 nhigu map mo va ting kha ning bim cia xich véi mat dudng. Déng thoi cd kha nang gidm va dap do mat dung gay ra truyén lén khung may va cabin, gop phin nang cao tudi tho ciia may va dim bio stic khoé cho ngudi cong nhan diéu khién méy. Nhung loai nay ¢6 cau tao phiic tap va chi chiu due tai trong nhé nén né chi thich hop v6i nhig may xay dung c6 cong suat va trong luong khong lon. Véi cdc may xay dung c6 trong wong nhé va trung binh, he théng di chuyén bing xich thuéng chi ding hai dai xich J hai ben may. Nhimg may xay dung cé trong long l6n hoac rat In thi hé théing di chuyén cia ching cé thé dang nhiéu dai xich dé tang dign tich tigp xtc cua xich véi mat dat va gidm Ap suit cia may xudng dat, do dé may 6 thé lam viée 6 nhing noi nén dat yeu. So v6i hé théng di chuyén bang binh hoi, hé thong di chuyén bing xich c6 nh@ng wu diém sau: - Do dién tich tip xtic gitta hai dai xich va mat dudng Ién, p suat tuyén xudng dat nho nén may di chuyén bang banh xich cé thé lam viéc ¢ nhing noi nén dat mém yéu, 4m uct, khong c6 duimg x4 ma tai nhiing noi d6, cdc may di chuyén bang bénh hoi khong thé lam vige duge. Vi vay. ede may di chuyén bang banh xich co tinh co dong cao hon. - C6 kha nang bam tot véi mat dubng nén xich ft khi bi trugt tron. - C6 kha nang leo duoc di cao, c6 thé 16i 30° hoac cao hon - C6 ban kinh quay vong nhd. tham chi cé thé quay 360" Tuy nhién, hé thong di chuyén bang xich ¢6 nhuge diém 14 - Trong Iutong ban than Idn. c6 thé chiém 35% trong lugng may - Di chuyén cham chap, nang né va khé khan, chi thich hop di chuyén trong pham vi cOng truding, khong thé di chuyén di xa nhw hé théng di chuyén banh hoi. 1.6.3. Hé thong di chuyén bang banh hoi He thdng di chuyén bing binh hoi gém c6 cau xe va cde bainh xe. Cau xe ¢6 2 loai: chii dong va cau bi dong. Tren cau chi dong ¢6 lip cap binh rang nén (duge goi 1a bd wuyén luc chinh). BO tuyén luc chinh nhin duoc chuyén dong quay tir hop s6 truyén téi, iu 49déng thoi lam tang momen quay, truyén qua hop vi sai va cdc ban truc dén cdc banh xe chi dong lim cho cac banh xe nay quay va day xe di chuyén (xem hinh 2.1 chuong 2). Tren mot chiéc may xy dung di chuyén bing banh hoi c6 thé cé mot, hai hoac ba cdu chi dong. Tuy theo 4p suat hoi trong banh ma co hai loai banh xe: - Loai véi 4p suat hoi trong 1ép thdp, tir 0,08 - 0.4MPa titc 8 - 40N/em’. Loai nay thudng duoc sit dung 6 cac may xay dyng thudng xuyén lam viéc trén nén dat yéu nhu may dao banh hoi, can truc ty hanh banh hoi.. - Loai dp sudt cao, loai nay c6 4p sudt hoi 1én hon 40N/cm?, thudng duge ding trén ot6, di chuyén trén nén dudng citing. He théng di chuyén bang banh hoi cé uu diém: C6 téc do di chuyén nhanh, co dong va linh hoat c6 thé di chuyén di xa song khong thich hop véi nhimg noi nén dat yéu, dia hinh chat hep, c6 d6 d6c cao hoac khong cé dung x4 1.6.4. Hé thong di chuyén bang banh sat trén dudmg ray He théng di chuyén bing banh sat tren duémg ray thudng duge ding & céc loai clin truc thap, cdu truc, céng truc, cdc loai may dio nhiéu géu dio ngang... N6 c6 wu diém: luc can di chuyén nhé, tiép nhan dugc tai trong 16n, két cu don gidn, trong lugng ban than nhd, c6 d6 tin cay va tudi tho tuong déi cao. Tuy nhién né 6 tinh co dong kém vi phu thude vao dung ray, cOng nghé lam dudng ray t6n kém nhiéu cong ste va tién bac Khi may di chuyén trén dudng vong, sé xuat hién luc ma sat gidta g& bénh xe va dudng ray lam tang luc can di chuyén may. 1.7. CAC CHi TIEU KINH TE - KI THUAT CUA MAY XAY DUNG 1.7.1. Nang suat cba may xay dung 1.7.1.1, Dinh nghia Nang suat may xay dung i s6 luong sn pham hi ich ma mdy san xuat duge trong mot don vi thdi gian. Don vi thoi gian thudng 1a gid, ca, hodc nam. 1.7.1.2. Céc loai nang sudt a) Nang sudt ly thuyét: Do nguti thiét ké may xay dung tinh todn ra, hoan toan dua vao ly thuyét. - Déi véi nhimg may lm viéc theo chu ky (vi du: Can truc, may dao dat, may ui dat...) nang suat ly thuyét dugc x4e dinh theo cong thie téng quat: N, =2.Q, [m’/h] (1-24) trong dé: Q - s6 Luong san phdm ma ry sin xudt duoc sau mot chu ky lam viée cita méy; n- s6 chu ky lam vige cita may trdn mot gid. 50- Doi véi nhimg may lam viée lien tue (nhu bang tai, vit tai...) nang suat IY thuyét duge xac dinh theo cong thife N, = 3600.F.v., {m'/h] (1-25) dign tich tiét dién ngang cia dong vat liéu duoc van chuyén, m*; F v= van t6c di chuyén cita dong vat ligu, m/s Vi du: Véi may dao mot gau 1a mot trong loai may xay dung lam viéc theo chu ky dang duge sir dung phé bién thi nang suat cita ching duge xdc dinh nhu sau: Nang suat ly thuyét ciia may duge x4c dinh theo cong thite: (1-26) trong do: q - dung tich hinh hoe ciia gau, m’; T,.- thoi gian mot chu ky lam viée ciia may, s ,. 3600 F eee ; an Bicu thac —— = n - sé chu ky lam viée cia méy trong mot gids ek RO rang ta thay nang suat ly thuyét chi phu thudc vao cdc thong s6 cla may. Vi vay, no duge ding dé so sinh cae may voi nhau khi chon may. b) Nang sudt k¥ thudt Nang suat ky thuat cila my dao mot géu duge xe dinh theo cong thite: Hay m’yh (1-27) Trong dé: k,- he s6 lam diy gau, né ké dén mic do dat chia trong gau day hay voi. Néu day thi k, >1. néu voi thi k,<1. Diéu dé phu thude chi yéu vao trinh dQ tay nghé cla ngudi ldi may. Vi vay, nang suat ky thuat dugc ding dé so sénh trinh do ay nghé cia céc cong nhin diéu khién may k,- hé sé dinh hudng do dé toi xép cia dat, k,>1 c) Nang sudt sit dung (hay nang sudi thie (é) cba may dio mot géu 3600 ky : Tpke (1-28) irorg do: k,,- hé s6 sit dung thai gian Lim vige cha may He s6 nay phu thude cht , Su vao trinh do quan ly ky thuat 15 chtie thi cong cia ede can boVi vay, ning suat sir dung duge ding dé so sdnh trinh dO quan ly va t6 chttc thi cong clia cdc cén bo ky thuat v6i nhau. 1.7.2. Cae chi fhuat cla may xay dung 1.7.2.1. Chi tiéu vé trinh dé sit dung may a) Hé s6'stt dung thoi gian lam vige ctia may (1-29) trong d6: T,- thdi gian thyc t may lam viée 6 hien trudng; T,- thoi gian quy dinh may phai lam vigc. Vi du: Xéc dinh hé sé sir dung thdi gian mot ca lam viée cha may & Viet Nam. Mot ca lam viée & nuéc ta quy dinh 1a 8 gid: T, = 8. Mot ngay nao dé, do mat dign hodc do suong mi hoae do méy bi hong hdc bat thudng nén thuc té may chi Lim vige 6,4 gid, nghia la: T, = 6.4. sit dung thdi gian ca lam viée cia my trong ngay hom dé Bi: b) He s6'sit dung may: k,= (1-30) My - 86 may dang duoc sir dung ngoai hién trudng; M;- téng s6 may hign c6 cia don vi thi cong. c) Nang sudt sit dung ciia mdy tink theo déu nguéi: N, a (3) i trong dé: N,,- nang suat sir dung cia may, m'/h; i - s6 lwong céng nhan phuc vu may d6. 1.7.2.2. Chi tiéu vé trinh d6 co gidi hod. a) Mite do co gidi hod: = 2m 5.100% (1-32) T Miic d6 co gidi hod 12 t sO tinh bing % gitta khéi luong cOng trinh duoc hoan thanh bang may Q,, va téng khdi lugng céng trinh Q,. 8bj Mie dé trang bi ce gid T, "1p Fp * 00% (1-33) Mec dé trang bi co gidi 1a ty sé tinh bang % gitta chi phi cho trang bi co gidi T., va tong gid thanh cong trinh T. ©) Mite dé trang bi déng Ine my (kWingudi) (1-34) n Miic do trang bi dong luc la ty sé gitia tong cong sual cua cae loai may phuc vu xay dun ‘Ong trinh va téng s6 ngudi tham gia xay dung cong trinh dé hay li cong suat may Linh theo ckiu ngudi tham gia xay dung cong trinh. trong dé: N, - téng cong suat ciia cde may phuc vu xay dung cong trinh (kW); n= téng s6 cong nhan tham gia xy dumg cong trinh dé.Chuong 2 OTO - MAY KEO 2.1. CONG DUNG, PHAN LOAI OTO VA MAY KEO 2.1.1. Cong dung Oto - may kéo IA dién hinh cla méy van chuyén ngang, duge ding dé van chuyén vat ligu, hing hod va ngudi. Rieng may kéo, dac biét Ia may kéo banh xich, c6 thé tré thanh nhimg may ¢6 cong dung khde nhau khi ngudi ta kip ten né nhiing thiét bi lam viel khdc nhau. Vi du: Thiet bi di dat, thiét bi cay bira, thiét bi can truc... du c6 thé kip tren may kéo 2.2.2. Phan loai oto - may kéo. a) Phan loai 616 Dua vio cong dung c6 Ot6 du lich (Toyota, Ford. ..); Ot6 che khach: Ot6 van tii: O10 ke nhu xe edu hy a, xe Kim sach dudng pho. xe van tai bétong. ve choc siéu trong. : Ot chuyen dine ngtenno sicu trang Duta vao dong eo 6: Oto xang, Ot6 diezen va Oto dién. Trong dé Ot xang va diezen dang duwe ding pho bicn, nhung n6 gay 6 nhiém mdi trudng nén tuong lai sé duce thay thé hang oto dicn, dae biét [a cdc xe bus chay trong thanh phé * Duta vio trong tai 6: - Ot6 loai nhe véi trong tai Q <7 tin: - Ot6 loai trung binh v6i Q = 7 — 12 tan; - O16 loai nang véi Q = 12 — 20 tan. Ot6 lori rat nang voi Q > 20 tan * Dua vao s6 cau chit dong cé: Oto met ciiu cht dong, Ot6 hai cau cht dong hoic ba edu chit de S6 ciiu chit dong cing nhiéu thi kha nding bam cla xe voi mat dudny cng Wt song vige quay voling dé Idi xe quay vong sé nang honb) Phan toi méy kéo Dua vao co cau di chuyén c6: May kéo binh hoi va may kéo banh xich. 2. HE THONG TRUYEN LUC (HTTL) CUA OTO, MAY KEO 2.2.1. He thong truyén luc ctia 6 6 mot cau chi dong So dé hé thong truyén lye ciia 6 16 mot edu chit dong duce thé hign trén hinh 2.1 VE Hinh 2.1. Sa do HITL cua 616 mét cau chu dong. 1- Dong co; 2- Li hop chinh: 3- Hop s6; 4- Truc va khdp cdc dang; 5. BO truyén luc chinh; 6- Hop vi sai, trong dé c6 bon banh rang nén 9 va 10; 7- Cie bin truc; 8- Cae ban xe chil dong. Cong dung cua dong co va cdc bd phan trong hé théng truyén luc cia 6 6: 1. Déng co: dé phat ra nguén dong luc cung cap cho co cau di chuyén. 2. Ly hop chinh: Dé tach hoac néi chuyén dong quay ti dong co sang hop s6. Day la ly hop ma sat nén né cdn c6 tae dung dam bao an toan cho dong co khi xe bi qué tai 3. Hop so dé: - Thay déi téc d6 di chuyén te la thay déi luc kéo tigp tuyén clia xe. $6 1 06 tée do di chuyén cham nhat nhung cé luc kéo tiép tuy€n 1én nhat va nguoc lai. - Tao cho xe 6 chuyén dong tign hoae Iii. ~ Khi vé s6 “0”, xe c6 thé dimg tai ché trong mét thoi gian dai ma kh6ng can tat dong co, do dé gidm sé Kin khéi dong dong co va Lam tang tudi tho cho dong co. 4. Khap va truc cae dang duoc thé hién wrén hinh 2.2. C6 hai khép cdc dang: Khop cc dang phia tren gém: Nira khép 3 néi véi déu | (truc ra) cia hop s6; nia khép 4 duoc néi véi truc cdc ding 2. Truc nay 6 chiéu dai Ién va duoc dat nghiéng so 55v6i phutong ngang. Dau dudi cita truc duge néi véi nita khép 7 cla khép cic ding duci, nua khdp 8 phia sau dugc néi véi truc 9. G dau truc 9 c6 lip ciia banh rang chai dong ctia bo truyén luc chinh trong edu chi dong. Vi hop sé va bo truyén lye chinh trong ciu chit dong 6 cla 6t6 cach xa nhau va khong nam trén ciing dé cao nén ngudi ta ding truc va khdp cdc dang dé truyén chuyén dong giita chting nham ha thap céu chi dong xudng. 26p phiin ha thap trong tam cia 6t6. Nhi vay, lam tang dé én dinh cho 6 t6 trong tugng hop xe dang di chuyén véi t6c d6 nhanh va phanh dot ngot Banh xe chi dong Hinh 2.2. Khép va truc cdc dang ding rong HITL 616 5. B6 wuyén Ine chinh: Thuc chat 1a cép bénh rang nén véi bénh chit dong rit nh va banh bi dong Ién we 1a ty sO truyén cla truyén luc chinh 1én. Do 6, né duoc ding dé truyén chuyén dong quay déng thdi lam tang mo men quay tir tryc cac dang sang hai ban truc ciia cu chit dong theo phuong vudng géc voi nhau . 6. Hop vi sai: Trong 46 c6 bén binh rang hinh nén gém hai banh trung tim (hay banh rang mat ui) s6 10 duge lap véi dau cua hai banh truc s6 7 (xem hinh 2.1) v banh rang hanh tinh sO 9 duge lip bing 6 bi véi truc, truc may Lip véi v6 hop vi sai 6. VO hop vi sai lai duoc lp bang bu long véi bénh rang nén bi dong cia truyén luc chinh Khi xe di chuyén thang, vo hop vi sai quay cling véi banh rang bi dng cia truyén Lue chinh, hai banh rang hanh tinh s6 9 chi quay hanh tinh clng v6 hop vi sai xung quanh cdc banh rang mat trdi Lam cho hai binh rang mat tri sé 10 quay xung quanh minh nd v6i t6c do nhu nhau (hinh 2.1). day cdc bén truc 7 quay theo véi t6c do nhu nhaw, nghia la cdc banh xe chit dong 8 quay cing t6c do. Khi xe di vong (vi du vong tréi) thi phn luc ngang cua mat dudng téc dung len banh xe chii dong gan tam quay vong (banh xe ben trdi) sé 1én hon banh xe xa tam quay vong (banh xe ben phai). Qua bin truc bén tréi, phn lyc nay muén git bénh rang mat trdi ben 56tai quay cham lai va Lam cho ede banh rang hanh tinh quay xung quanh true cia né. Nihi c6 viée quay xung quanh minh né ma cae banh rang banh rang mat tri ben phaii va bin true ben phai quay’ nhanh hon hon bain tzuc ben wai, nghia Ki binh ce chii dong ben phai quay nhanh hon bnh xe ben trdi va xe €i vong duoc. Vay. hop vi sai cé cong dung [a tao ra su chenh lech vé clnd dong khi xe di vong ¢ binh xe te do quay cla 7. Hai ban truc: Dé trayén chuyén dong quay tir hop vi sai dén cac banh xe chu dong. 8. Cac banh xe clui dong: Dé bién chuyén dong quay m: ching nhan duoc tir hai ban truc thanh chuyén dong tinh tién cua 6 16. 2.2.2. Hé thong truyén luc (HTTL) cua may kéo banh hoi He thong truyén luc cia may kéo banh hoi, co bin gténg hé théng truyén luc cita 6 : Cong dung cita c: clua 6 16. Tw bo phan wong HTTL cua may keo biinh hoi cing tuong Ww nhu nhign, cé diém khéc la: May kéo banh hoi cdn 6 hop truyén ue cudi citng.duge dat trude cae banh xe chi dong .Thuc chat day la n6p gidm t6c banh ring dé giidm t6c dO va Kim tang momen quay cho bénh xe cht dong tic 1a tang luc kéo tigp turyén cho may kéo 2.2.3. He thong truyén lye cua may kéo banh xich e 9 Hinh Sur dés HITL ett maiy hes batch sich iy hop chinh: 3- hop s6: 4+ bo tuyen tue chinh; = ly hop chuyén husing: 6- hop truyén luc cudi cing: 7- dia xéch chit dong: 8 dia xich bi dor 1- dong co; 9- sich di chuyén: 19+ phanh dai Trong HTTL cia may kéo binh xich (hinh 2.3): Ly hay chinh 2, hop s6 3 va bo urruyén luc chinh 4 c6 cong dung gidng nhu trong HTTL etia 6 t6 di duge trinh bay 6 tréa. Tuy nhién. do miy kéo bain xich cin cé tinh da nang hon va phai im vige 6 STnhing dia hinh phitc tap hon nén HTTL cua may kéo banh xich cd mot diém khée vii 6 16. Cul - May kéo banh xich thuéng khong ¢6 khép va truc ede dang vi may kéo ¢6 te do di chuyén cham nén khong can ha thap trong tam nhu 6t6. Neue lai, né thuding hoat dong 6 nhiing dia hinh phe tap, 6 nhiéu map mo mat dat 1én nén gdm may kéo can duve nang cao; mat khac khodng cach ti hop s6 dén bd truyén ye chinh nho. Boi hai ly do ‘o banh xich thutng khong ding khdp va truc c: banh xich di chuyén véi t6c do 1én méi ding truc va khép cae dang. Vi du: Xe ting phuc vu quan su. mity tren ma may dang. Chi nhii - May kéo banh xich thudng xuyén lam viée 6 nhiing dia hinh chat hep, nén phai c6 ban kinh quay vong nhé, tham chi c6 thé quay 360°. Dé dap ting dugc tinh nang nay. may kéo banh xich khong ding hop vi sai nhu 6 to ma thay vao dé bang hai ly hop chuyén huéng 5 va 5°. Day [8 li hgp nhigu dia ma sat va ludn déng. Khi chang déng thi may kéo di chuyén thing vé pha truéc, muén cho may kéo quay vong sang bén ndo thi téch b6 li hop phia ben dé. Muén quay vong tai ché, sau khi téch ly hop phai ding phanh dai s6 10, dé phanh tang bi dng cia ly hop. - Cing nh may kéo banh hoi, may kéo banh xich can luc kéo tiép tuyén Ién ma khéng can c6 t6c do di chuyén nhanh nén HTTL cia né cing c6 hop truyén luc cudi cing s6 6. Day la hop gidm te véi hai cp binh rang dé lam tang mo men cho dia xich chit déng sé 7, tuc 1a tang luc kéo tiép tuyén cho may kéo. - Nho di chuyén trén hai dai xich s6 9, dién tich tiép xtic gitta mdy kéo va mat d ln, nén ap suat cla may kéo xu6ng dat nhd. Vi vay, may kéo banh xich co thé lam vice trén nén dat yéu, cé kha nang bam tét hon va leo duge déc cao hon so vai Oto va mily kéo banh hoi 2.2.4. Cae bo phan chinh ciia he thong truyén luc 2.2.4.1. Ly hop chinh a) Yéu cau doi voi ly hop Nhu da trinh bay 6 trén, ly hop chinh cia 6t6 may kéo 1a ly hop ma sat. N6 due ding dé truyén (néi) hoac tach chuyén dong quay ti dong co sang hop s6. déng thoi dam bao an toan cho may Khi qué tai. Dé lam duge hai cong dung dé thi Ly hop phai dim bao duge yéu céu co ban sau: + Truyén duoc mé men [én nhat do dong co sinh ra song lai c6 thé truot duroc khi qua tai, nghia [&: Hé s6 du tit momen k ctia ly hop phai thod man diéu kién: Mu = j,0521,15 58trong a6: M,.- mo men ma sat do ly hop sinh ra; mo men [én nhat do dong co sinh ra. Néu hé so k dn hon gidi han cho phép thi khi dong co bi qué tai, Ly hgp vin khong bi truot, dong co khong duoc dim bio an toan va tham chi ¢6 thé bi chét may + Cau tao don gian, thoat nhigt tot + Khi déng ly hop, cic bé mat ma sat vao tip xtic V6i nhau mot céch ém diu va tach ta khéi nhau nhanh chéng. dif khoat khi mé ly hop b) Cai tao ctia ty hop So d6 cau tao cua ly hop chinh trong 616 due mo ta trén hinh 2.4. Phin chit dong cia ly hop gém Banh da (dia chu dong) so | duoe lap Véi diu true A cita dong co bing cae bu long. Dong thai binh di cang dugc lip voi v6 ly hop 86 2 bing cic bu long, Phan bi dong gom: Dia bi dong s6 4 duce licn ke vei true B (true vio hop s6) bang then hoa. Tren hai be mat cha dia 4 66 Kip cdc dia ma sit hinh vanh khan so 5 bang dinh tii mai chim. Khi be mat ct edie dia ma Hinh 24. Ly hep chinh cia 616 sai may bi mon, nho ma dink tin fen thi phai thay the Cae bd phan dé déng mé ly hep gom He thong !6 vo 96 6, dia ép s6 3, cae tay don s6 7 vi 9. ban dap s6 10 vi bac 8. Bac g then hoa nén n6 c6 thé i tru doe truc ay duge lien ket Oi true B bai ©) Nguyen i lam view etia Ly hop va luon ludn dong. Ly hop & trang thai tuon Day Li ly hop ma sat mot dia bi don Jun dong inhi tue nén eta ee 1 No 86 6, qua dia gp so 3 Nh@ Ive ma sit tai ede bo maUtigp stic gidt dia ma Sit 5 ap véi dia bi dong sO 4) va tie biinh di | hainh da (dia chit dong) so Fm’ chuven dong quay tuon lion due truy m sang dia 4. Do dix 4 duoc fitn Ket 64 true B bang then boa nen khi dia + quay sé cho truc B quay theo, nghia Li chuyen dong quay dive irayen tir dong co sang hop s6Muén tach ly hop dé vao s6 thi phai dap chan vao bin dap s6 10, qua don s6 9 lam bac 6 8 di trugt sang trai, qua don sé 7, dia ép s6 3 sé di chuyén sang phai, lam cho cdc bé mat ma sat tich ra khdi nhau va chuyén dong quay khong duoc truyén tir dong co sang hop 6. Sau khi vao s6, mudn dong Ly hop, ngudi lai xe phai nha chan khdi ban dap 86 10. nhd luc tic dung cia cdc 1d xo sé 6, cc bé mat ma sat vio tiép xtie vAi nhau. Ly hop lai tro’ vé trang thai déng va xe di chuyén binh thudng. d) Chit § khi sit dung ly hop + Khi tach ly hgp dé vio s6 thi phai dap chan vio bin dap sé 10 mot cach nhanh chong va dift khodt, lam cho cdc bé mat ma sat ich ra Khoi nhaw nhanh chong va dia mat ma sat, dong khoat, trinh hién tuong trugt tuong déi gidta chting, gay mon cac thdi sinh nhiét lam néng may. + Khi déng ly hop, thi phai nhac chan khéi bin dap s6 10 mot cach tir tix, lam cho ede bé mat ma sat vao an khép v6i nhau tir tir va ém diu, trénh hién tuong xe bi r6 len va ngudi ngéi trong xe bi day ngia vé phia sau 2.2.4.2. Hop s So d6 hop s6 cua 6t6 nhu hinh 2.5. a) Cau tao cite hop sé: 1 - Truc chii dong (cin goi la truc vao cita hop tren dé c6 Lp e6 dinh binh rang s6 6 - Truc bi dong (hay truc ra). trén d6 c6 cae binh rang gai sO 4 va 5. Céc banh rang nay duge lien két v6i true 6 bing then hoa nén chting cé thé di chuyén doc truc mot cach dé dang, déng thdi vin truyén duoe mo men cho truc. 9 - Truc trung gian, trén truc nay cé lap cé dinh cae banh rang 8, 10, 11, 12, trong dé banh rang 11 an khén wee ; ae Hinh luon an khép véi 2 cla true 1. Bénh rang s6 7 dé ghi 2.5. Hop sé ctia 016 s6 lili cho 616. bj Nguyen Ly lam vige ctia hop s Day 1a hop sé c6 ba s6 tién va mot s6 Iii Khi ly hop dong, truc 1 ca hop s6 quay cling t6e dO véi truc dong co, qua cap binh rang 2 va II, truc 9 quay theo nhung nguoc chicu véi truc 1 va véi 6c do khong déi. Nhiém vu ciia hop s6 la lam cho true bi dong (truc ra) 6 cita hop sé quay véi edie te do khdc nhau va dao duge chiéu quay cla truc 6 dé xe c6 thé chay lui 60So tigh J: Banh rang 2 an khdp vi binh rang [1: Déng thoi gat banh rang 5 vao an khop voi banh rang 10. Day 1A sé c6 ty sO trayén 1én nhat trong cde sé tién va ty so truyén d6 duge xac dinh theo cong thitc (2-1) $6 tién 2: Banh rang 2 an khdp véi binh rang 11; Diy binh rang 4 vao an khép véi banh rang 12. TY s6 truyén cia s6 tién 2 dutge Nae dinh theo cong thik (2-1a) So tién 3: Cac valu rang s6 3 vao an khép truc tigp véi nhau. Sé tién 3 [a sé truyén thang tir truc chi dong sang true bi dong nén c6 higu suat cao nhat. Trong trudng hop nay, t6c do quay cita true chu dong vi bi dong bing nhau, ty s6 truyén ca hop $6 1 hd nhat (i,= 1), do dé xe di chuyén voi van te Ahanh nhat nhung lai c6 luc kéo tiép tuyén nhé nhat in, truc bi dong 6 quay © Trong cic 6 higu véi truc chit dong s6 1 So’ Ii: Banh rang 2 an khép v6i banh ring 11: Day banh rang 5 lui lai vao an khop v6i bénh rang 7; Banh rang 7 Juon ludn an khop voi binh rang 8. Vi c6 thém banh rang 7 nén banh rang 5 quay cing chiéu véi binh rang 8 nhumg nguge chiéu véi banh rang 2, nghia [i truc bi dng sé 6 quay ngwoc chicu vai truc chi dong so 1. Nh& vay, xe sé chay Iii Ty sé truyén cia s6 ltti duoc xc dinh theo cong thie (2-1b) 2y by Ly So véi hop gidm t6e. ta thay hop s6 c6 su khsic bigt co bin sau: + Hop s6 c6 ty sé truyén thay déi bing céch chuyén ddi su an khép cla ca rang. Nho vay. mac dil téc do quay cia truc chu dong (truc vao hdp sd) khong déi nhung c6 thé thay déi duge tc 6 quay cua truc bi déng (truc ra) cla hop s6, do dé thay déi dugc t6c dé chuyén déng ctta miy xay dung. + Cling bing cde chuyén doi su an khdp cua cae binh ring trong hdp sé ma co thé dao duge chiéu quay cita truc bi déng (1ruc re) cla hop sd. Do dé 6 thé thay déi duge hu6ng di chuyén (tién hoa Idi) cla may xay dung. + Ty sé truyén ca hop s6 c6 thé Idn hon 1, bang 1 hoac nhé hon 1. Hop giam toc khong co cae dic diém tren. Ty sé truyén cla hop gidm t6c ludn lun l6n hon 1.Vi DU THUBA (Thue hank tinh todn hép 86) Cho hop s6 cita 616 c6 so dé cu tao nhu hinh bén Biét: - SO rang ca cdc banh rang: Z, = 20: Z,= 40; Z,= 60; Z,= 6; Zp= 10; Zin= 15: Z= 40; Zip= 20. - Tée 4 quay cia truc chii dong s6 1 (hay truc vio) ctia hop sé: n= 1200 vong/phut; - Cong suat tai truc chii dong sé 1: N= 96 kW. Tinh t6c d6 quay va momen ciia truc bi dong s6 6 (hay truc ra) cita hop sO tng véi cdc sé tign 1,2, 3 va $6 Iii. Cho phép b6 qua ma sat gidta cdc bd truyén banh rang va ma sat gidia cae tue vii 6 truc Bai gidi: Xéc dinh ty s6 truyén va t6c d6 quay cua truc 6 tng Véi céc 6 tich va $6 Tt - Soren I 7 2 40 60 TY sé truyén. = e 2015 Téc d6 quay: ny oa = 150 vong/phit Sérién 2 . e Ty s6 truyén: ee % tis 20 20 Toc dé quay n=2 ” =300 vongyphut. iy - Sot La sO truyén thang tirtruc chi dong | sang truc bi dong 6 Ty s6 trayén: ol Téc d6 quay: ny = n= 1200 vong/phiit - $6 it 1222s _%s 60 49 2 ty2y 2y 6 ‘Ty 86 truyén:Toe do quay: ny =120 vong. phut i, 10 Xie dinh mé men quay cila truc 6 ting vii cae sé: Momen quay trén truc chit dong s6 | duge xe dinh theo cong thie: trong dé: N,- cong suat trén truc chii dong s6 1, theo dau bai N,= 96kW: n- t6c dé quay cita truc chi dong s6 I. theo dau bai n = 1200 vong/phit _9,55%10° x96 Do do: M, = 764000 Nm =764Nm 1200 Cong thitc tong quat dé xdc dinh mo men trén truc bi dong sé 6 1a: M=M.i.n ‘Theo dau bai, cho phép bd qua ma sit gia cdc banh rang va ma sat gitta cde h. dtruc nén yn = 1. Vay mémen trén truc 6 ting vdi cdc $6 sé 1a: +S6tién |: M,=My.i,= 764, 8= 6112 Nm + S6tién 2: My = My.i, = 764. d= 3056 Nm + S6tién 3: My= My .i,= 764. 1= 764 Nm + $6 Idi My= My ig= 764. 10=7640 Nm. 2.3. TINH TOAN KEO OTO - MAY KEO 2.3.1. Xdc dinh céc luc cdn tae dung len otd- may kéo Khi ot - may kéo (goi tat 14 “xe") di chuyén, chiing gap cic luc can sau TW = W,+ W,+ W, + W,+W, (2-2) trong dé: W,- luc can lan, duge xée dinh theo cong thitc W, = £(G, + Q,Jcos.a (2-3) W, - luc cin déc, duge xée dinh theo cong thttc: W, = (G+ Q,) sina (2-4) G.. Q: trong Luong a. géc nghiéng cla mat dudng so véi phuong ngang; rong tai cua xe: W, - luc cdn quan tinh, chi xuat hién khi xe chuyén dong c6 gia t6c va duge xéc dinh theo cong tht: 63(2-5) g- gia tc roi ty do; v- van te di chuyén cita xe tai thai diém c6 gia tc, m/s; t- thdi gian gia toe, s; W,- lute cin gid duge xéc dinh theo cong thite: W,= pF = pBH: (2-6) P- dp suat ciia gid, N/m’, phu thuge vao cap gid; F=BH-dien tich cl B, H - chiéu rong phii bi va chiéu cao cia xe, m; Luc cin gié chi duoc ké dén khi xe di chuyén véi van tc 16n (v > 50 km/h) va gap gid to. gid cla xe, m’; W, - luc cain quay vong, chi xuat hién khi xe quay vong. Vige xdc dinh chinh xéc luc can quay vong kha phic tap. Theo kinh nghiém 6 thé iy g’in ding nhu sau: - V6i may kéo banh xich: thudng lay W,= (0,5 — 0,7) Wz - Véi may kéo binh hoi: khi quay vong trén nén dat toi, xop. thudng lay W,= (0.25 = 0,5)W,; khi di chuyén trén nén dat cting va chat thi cd thé bd qua W Trong cde lye edn trén, luc can lan 12 luc can eo ban xuat hién trong moi trudng hop. Luc can quan tinh, luc cin gid va luc can quay vong khong thudng xuyén xuat hicn nén déi véi sinh vien khong hoc chuyén nganh may xay dung, khi tinh toan c6 thé cho phép bd qua ba thanh phén luc cin nay . X4e dinh luc kéo tip tuyén theo céc Ie can Diéu kign cn dé xe c6 thé di chuyén duge la: Lute kéo tigp tuyén cla xe P, phai thing duge cdc lye cin DW téc dung lén xe. a) Véi xe khong kéo theo romo6e: P= LW = (G4 Q,) (fcosa + sina) (2-7) b) Voi xe 06 kéo romode P= EW'=(G,t Q) (feos tsina) + n(G+ Q) (Feosa tsina) — (2-7a) trong dé n= sO 10 mode: G, Q,- trong lugng bin than va trong tai clia ro mode: ‘an lan cla ro moéc. 64Khi « < 10",c6 thé xem cosa = 1; sina *tga =i (do déc cla mat dudng); Trong tudng hop nay, cde cong thiic (2-7) va (2-7a) c6 dang = (G+ Q) (f £1) (2-7b) P= G4 QF ti) +nG,+Q)(f +i) (2-Tc) Datu (+) due lay khi xe lén déc. dau (-) duoc lly khi xe xudng déc. 2 }.3. Xac dinh cong suat cua xe Pw 5 . (2-8) 1000 trong dé: P;- luc kéo tip tuyen cita xe, N: y - van tc di chuyén cia xe, m/s: n= higu suat truyén dong cia xe. 2.3.4, Xae dinh luc bam Luc bam chi xuait hign tai bé mat ticp xtic gitta cae banh xe chi dong v6i mat dudng va duge xae dinh theo cong thite P,=@.G,= eG, + Q)k,.coser (2-9) Quk,.cose wong do: G,,- trong long bam cita xe. D6 1a thanh phan trong lugng va trong tai clia xe phan b6 tren cic bainh xe chu dong: = h@ s6 bam khong nhiing phu thude vao két céu cba eg edu di chuyén va loai dudng ma con phu thudc vaio bién dang cita lop xe va cita dudng: y= he s6 phan bd trong luong bm: Voi xe 6 hai cilu, trong dé chi cé mot cau cht dong. thong k,= (0,65 - 0.7): VGi xe 66 tit cd cde cau déu La chi dong va may kéo Xich. ky= 2.3.8. Diéu kign cin va di dé oto - may kéo di chuyén duve Ia: SW 50 km/h) va gap Bid to W, - luc cin quay vong, chi ké dén khi xe quay vong: khi xe di chuyén thang thi: W, =0. Nine vay. theo du bai, xe chityen dong thing, Gu vt van we 18 km/h nén c6 thé bd qua ba thanh phan luc can: W,. W,. W, Vi vay. phuong trinh (2-12) duge rtit gon: P= W, + W, =(G, + Q,)ifcoser + sino) (2-13) trong d6: G, = L80KN - trong lugng xe: Q. = ISOKN = trong tii cia xe: f= .04 - hé sé cin lan a - g6c nghiéng cua mat dudng so vdi phuong ngang ‘Theo dau bai: tga =i = 6% = 0.06. Suy ra: @ = arctg(0.06) = 3.43" < 10". Via < 10" nén c6 thé xem cosa = 1, sina = tgo Khi d6, phuong tinh (2-13) duge viet duéi dang: P=tG. + Qt Dd (2-14) ‘Thay SO vao phuong trinh (4) ta xc dinh duge : P, = 180 + 180)(0.04 = 0.06) = 36KN = 36000N. 67Khi d6, phuong trinh (2-13) duge viét duéi dang: P= (G+ QF +i) (14) Thay sé vao phuong trinh (4) ta xdc dinh duge: P, = (180 + 180)(0,04 + 0,06) = 36kN = 36000N Thay gid tri P,= 36000N vao cng thife (2-11), ta sé xde dinh duge cong suat cua xe: 2. Xéc dinh van toc ctia xe khi xe chay trén dung bang, i = 0%. Trong truéng hop nay, luc can déc bing khéng, luc kéo tiép tuyén cia xe chi can dit dé khac phuc Iuc lan, Nghia la phuong trinh can bang luc kéo sé cé dang: Py = W,=(G,+ QF (2-15) Thay s6, ta xdc dinh duge: P',= (180 + 180)0,04 = 14,4KN = 14400N Tit cong thiic (2-11), suy ra: yr 1000xNxn _ 1000%225%0.8 PB 14400 =12,5m/s=45km/h 3. Xie dinh do dde 1én nhat ma 616 c6 thé leo duce: Dua vao diéu kign di dé xe di chuyén: Khi xe chay len déc, ta 06: P, < Py. - Luc kéo tigp tuyén: P= (G, + Q,)(feoser + sina) - Luc bim P,= 0G, Hay: P,=O(G, + Q0k,cose. Trong dé: G,- trong lugng bam cita xe; k, - hé sO phan bé trong lugng bam. Thay P, va P, vao bat phuong trinh (2-16) ta cé (G, + Q)(feose + sing) < o(G, + QJk,cosee Trong dé: cosa # 0; chia cd hai vé cho coset, ta duge: (G, + QUEE + tga) < OG, + Qk, Suy ra tga < gk, - f = 0,6x0,65 - 0,04 = 0,35 Vay dd déc t6i da ma 6t6 6 thé leo dUGC: iggy = [BOya, = 0.35 = 35%. 68vi DU THUNAM (Thue hank tinh todn kéo may kéo) Ding may kéo xich DT.75, kéo theo céc banh lu chan ciru dé dam dat. Biét: Cong suat cia may 1a 75 ma luc. Trong luong may kéo: 60KN; Trong luong mot biinh lu: 30kN: Higu sudt truyén dong clia may kéo: 1 = 0,80; Hé s6 can lan cita may kéo va bénh Iu nhu nhau va bing 0,10. 1. Tinh sé banh lu ma may kéo c6 thé kéo duge khi chay lén déc véi do déc i = 10% Skm/h. va van toc 2. Néu kéo theo hai banh lu véi trong Ivgng méi banh la 37,5KN chay trén dung bing thi cé thé cho may kéo di chuyén véi van tc bing bao nhiéu dé phat huy hét cong suat cia nd 3. Néu phai kiém tra bam thi kiém tra khi may kéo chay lén déc hay trén dudng bang néu trén. Tai sao? Déng thé tién hanh kiém tra bam cho may kéo biét hé s6 ba may kéo banh xich: @ = 0.85. Bai gi 1. Tinh s vd vn te dén: v= 4,Skmfh. Xem banh Iu nhu ro mode, ta cé phuong trinh can bang luc kéo tiép tuyén cla may kéo va cdc luc cin téc dung lén may khi may kéo theo rumode chay Ién déc véi van te déu: PL=W, + W,=G,x(feosa + since) + n.G,( f’ cosa + sina) (2-17) Tit phuong trinh (2-17) suy ra: P, -G,,(f cosa +sina) (f' cose. + sin) (2-18) trong dé: G,,= 60KN - trong luong may kéo; G, = 30KN - trong long mot banh lu. n- s6 bainh lu kéo theo sau may kéo: fhe scan lan cia may kéo; f’- he sO can lan cla binh lu chan citu; Theo dau bai: f= "= 0,10. - Géic déc ciia mat dung so véi phuong ngang Theo dau bai, ta 6: 1 = 10% nghia JA tga. = 0.10, 69Suy ra a. = arctg(0,10) = 5,7° < 10° Vi a < 10" nén c6 thé xem coso ~ 1, sina = tga. = i Khi d6, phuong trinh (2-18) dugc viét duéi dang: P, -G.(f +i) G,(f'+i) (2-18a) P, - luc kéo tiép tuyén, dugc xc dinh dua vao cong suat va van téc di chuyén cla may kéo khi chay len déc. _270Nn R= (2-19) v O day: N= 75 ma luc - cong suat may ké v= 4,5 km/h - van t6c di chuyén cla may ké« 7 = 0.8 - higu suat truyén dong cia may kéo. Thay gid tri clia cdc théng s6 vao cng thiic (2-19), ta co két qua: P= 270x75x0,8 4 = 3600daN = 36KN 45 Thay gid tri cla céc thong s6 vio phuong trinh (2-18a), ta xdc dinh duce: Ae 36-60 (0,1+0,1) «anon ial 30 (0,140.1) 2. Néw kéo theo 2 banh Iu, véi trong liong méi bank la 37,5 KN chay trén ducmg bing thi cé thé cho may kéo di chuyén véi van 16c bao nhiéu kmih dé phat huy hét cong sudt cua né? Khi may kéo chay tren dudng bing (i = 0%) nén phuong trinh can bang luc kéo trong trudng hop nay c6 dang: PL = Gaul + 2Gyf” Thay sé: Py = 60x0,1 + 2x37,5x0,1 = 13,SKN = 1350daN Tir phuong trinh (2-19) suy ra cong thitc dé x4e dinh van t6c di chuyén clia may y= 270Nn _ 270% 750.8 yah PB 1350 3. Néu phai kiém tra diéu kién bam thi kiém tra trong truéng hop nao? Tai sao? Diéu kién dé may kéo cé thé di chuyén duc ma khéng bi truot tron Ki: P< P= 0Gnim 70ghia li luc kéo tigp tuyén cla may phai nhé hon luc bam ciia co cau di chuyén véi mat dudng. Ta phai kiém tra bim 6 trudng hop ma diéu kign tren dé khong thod man. Dé 1a trudng hop c6 luc kéo tiép tuyén 16n hon nhung Lue bam lai nhé hon. So sinh hai trudng hop: Khi may kéo chay len déc va khi may kéo chay tren dudng bang. ta thay - Khi may kéo chay len déc, c6 P, = 3600 daN va luc bam: P= @Gyeq = G,yC0S0. (Vi may kéo banh xich, trong luong bam G,.,., bing trong luong may kéo G,,,.). - Khi may kéo chay trén dubng bing (cc = 0°), c6 lye kéo P= 1350 daN va luc bam: P= QGuin = Gulp (Vi cosa = 1) R@ ring, khi may kéo chay len déc cin luc kéo tigp tuycn 1én hon (P, = 3600daN) so v6i khi chay dudng bing (P= 1350 daN): nhung khi chay len déc, may kéo lai c6 luc n duong bing. Nhu vay. khi may kéo chay len déc dé bam nho hon so v6i khi chay t hanh kiém tra bém trong trudng hop khong thoa man dicu kién bam. Do d6, ta phai may kéo chay len déc véi ge dée: @ = arcigi = arctg0,1 P,= 9G,,cosa, “Thay s6, ta c6: P,= 0,85x60xcos5, Luc kéo tiép tuyén khi xe chay lén déc nhw tinh 6 tren: Py = 3600daN Ta thay: P, = 3600daN < P, = 5075, én len de binh thudng. Vay: Diéu kign bam thea man va may kéo di chuyChuong 3 MAY VAN CHUYEN LIEN TUC 3.1. CONG DUNG, PHAN LOAI MAY VAN CHUYEN LIEN TUC 3.1.1. Cong dung May van chuyén lién tue duge ding dé van chuyén vat ligu roi c6 kich thuée hat trung binh va nhé nhu than, quang, dé dam, sdi, cdc vat ligu c6 kich thuée min nhu cat . ximang, bot thach cao hodc cé dang khéi nhu san phaém cia nha may san xudt ra... N6 cling c6 thé duge ding dé van chuyén bétong va vita xay dung trong pham vi cong trudng. Ngoai ra, chting con dugc ding dé van chuyén ngudi cy ly ngin nhu trong cic ga tau dién ngdm, ga dudng sat, cing hang khéng hoc trong cdc ctta hang siéu thi lon Dac diém cita ching la c6 qué trinh van chuyén duge tién han thanh mot dong li¢n tuc va 6 cu ly ngin. Phuong van chuyén cla chting song song, nghi¢ng hoac vudng gsc voi mat dat. 3.1.2. Phan loai may van chuyén lién tuc May van chuyén lién tuc gém c6 cdc loai sau: a) Bang tdi: Cé dac diém 1a: Vat ligu duge van chuyén trén bang véi cy ly thuong tir 15 dén 25 m, c6 thé ti 50 — 100 m theo phuong song song hoac nghiéng mot gdc (B< 30°) so véi mat dat.. Bang tai duge ding phé bién nhat trong cae loai may vin chuyén lién tuc 6 ngoai thyc té hién nay. b) Vit tdi: Khdc véi bang tai, 6 vit tai, vat li¢u dugc van chuyén trong 6ng kin nén nd khong nhiing duge duge ding dé van chuyén céc loai vat ligu roi, c6 kich thud hat trung binh va nho ma cén c6 thé van chuyén céc loai vat ligu c6 46 hat min dé bay dudi tac dung cla gid gay 6 nhiém mi trudng nhu xi mang, bét phén, bot thach cao. ra, c6 thé ding vit tai van chuyén bétong trong pham vi cong trudng. Trong khi van chuyén bé tong van dugc nhao tron nén khéng bi phan tang. c) Gdu tdi: Vat ligu duc chifa va van chuyén trong céc ga. Cac géu nay duoc kip trén hai dai xich. Hai dai xich dé an khdp véi cdc dia xich va chting quay cing cic dia xich, cae géu chuyén dong cling hai dai xich dé van chuyén vat ligu. Phuong van chu} cita gau tdi c6 thé nghiéng mot géc bang 45 -75", tham chi cé thé vudng géc vi mat ditt. 72Gau tdi thudng duge ding dé van chuyén cdc loai vat ligu ri nhu cat, dé dam, soi, ximang hoac hén hop cat va nude, bin va nude. Tiry thudc vao loai vat ligu cn van chuyén, c6: - Gau tai v6i gu déy tron va sau dé van chuyén vat ligu ri cé 46 hat trung binh, hé so ma sat gitta ching va kim loai nhd, dé dé sach nhu: dé dam. sdi.. - Gau tai ve edu tron va néng dé van chuyén vat ligu c6 do hat min, hé sé ma sat gira chiing va gau én, khé dé sach nhur ximang, cat. - Giiu tdi véi gu day nhon dé van chuyén cic loai vat ligu dang cuc, hon d) Xich tdi tdm: Duge ding van chuyén cac loai vat ligu sic canh, néng, hose dinh 1d, cde chi tigt may nhu banh rang vong bi hoae cde dau mé nhu: Gach, voi méi ra kh san pham khac cua cdc nha may. ¢) Van chuyén bang khong khi nén duoc ding dé van chuyén cdc loai vat ligu c6 do hat min, dé bay duéi téc dung ciia gié nhur ximang. bot thach cao, bot phan. Vat ligu dugc van chuyén trong dng kin nhis Ie day hoae lye hit cla dong khi nén cé Ap s van téc 1én, iit va 3.2 BANG TAL 3.2.1. Cong dung va phan leai Bang tai la loai dién hinh cla may van chuyén lién tue, c6 phuong van chuyén song song hodc nghiéng mot géc (B < 30°) so véi mat dat. No thuémg duge diing dé van chuyén cic loai vat ligu roi cé kich thude hat tung binh nhu than, quéng, di dim va cic vat lieu ra, Bang tai cdn duge ding van chuyén ngudi & cu ly ngan trong ga tu dién ngim. ga dudng sit hoac ga hing khong, trong cua hang siéu thi... Bang tai dé van chuyén ngudi cn duge goi Ia thang cudn. dang hinh khéi nhu san phim cia cée nha may sin xua Tiiy theo tinh chai di dang, ¢6 hai loai - Bang tii duge dat cé dinh trong céc nha méy, céc nha ga, siéu thi - Bang tai duge dit tren cae bainh xe va c6 thé di dong trong pham vi céng trugng nh luc kéo ciia cde may méc thiét bi khéic hoac Iue diy ciia cong nhan. Tiiy theo tiét dién ngang ctia bang, c6. - Bang tai vdi bang cé tiét dien ngang 1a phang: - Bang tai v6i bang cé tiét dicn ngang 1a hinh thang (hay bang hinh long mang), hinh 3.1d; - Bang tii v6i bang cé tiét dign ngang 18 hinh chit V (hinh 3. 1c). Trong dé, bing long mang va bing ch V cé uu diém: Lam tang kha nang chifa vat iu ciia bang. déng thoi dim bio cho vat ligu khong hoae {t bi roi vai sang hai bén canh 73bang trong qué trinh van chuyén nén cho nang suat cao hon so véi bang phing cé cing i hon. Tuy nhie chiéw rong bang. Vi vay, chting dugc sit dung rong néu mudn van chuyén ngudi thi phai ding bang phng, trén bang c6 gin cdc bac thang. 3.2.2. Cau tao va nguyen ly lam vige ctia bang tai so vOi Hinh 3.1a 1a so dé cau tao chung cla bang tai duge dat c6 dinh va nghi mat dat Céc bo phan chinh cua bang tai gém: Dai bang s6 4 duoc vong qua tang chi dong s6 6 va tang cang bang (hay tang bi dong) s6 2. Tang nay duge dat trén cdc binh xe va c6 thé tw dong di chuyén sang tréi mét doan la H duéi tac dung trong lugng cila déi trong 4 luon lun duoc gitt 6 trang thai c 46 | méi khi bang bi ching. Nhé vay. dai bang tw dong dé dim bao du lye ma sat a bang va tang cha dong trong khi lim vige: luc ma sat nay nhé thi bang sé bi trugt tren tang chi dong. Hinh 3.1, So dé cdiu tao bang tdi Ngoai ra, c6 thé ding co cu vit - dai bang. Vit nay duge Lip véi true cita tang cng bang s6 2. Cic con lan 5 dé d@ nhanh bang c6 tai (nhiinh can; . gitip cho bang khong bi ching, déng thi gitt cho vat liéu khong bi roi vai sang hai ben cua bang trong khi van chuyén, g6p phan ting nang sudt cua bang tai. Dé thoa man diéu dd, ngudi ta thudng bé tri cic con lan sé 5 theo hai phuong phap sau: 74~ Ding hai con lin d& bang dé tao ra tidt di¢n ngang cua bang cé dang hinh chi V (hinh 3.1c); - Ding ba con lan d@ bang dé tao ra bang c6 tiét dién ngang hinh thang (hinh long d), Con lan s 7, ngodi tac dung do nhanh bang khong tai nhu cdc con lan s6 8, né cdn lam tang géc 6m cla bang trén tang chi dong (xem hinh 3.1b), te La tang luc ma sat gidia bing va tang chi déng s6 6. Nhd c6 luc ma sat nay ma khi tang 6 quay. bing sé duoc kéo chuyén dong theo dé van chuyén vat licu. Vat liu duoc nap xudng bang qua phéu s6 3, di chuyén cling véi bang va duoc dé xudng khoi bang 6 déu mit phia tren cola bang tai (phia tang cht don Tang chi dong sé 6 nhn duge chuyén dong quay tir dong béi déng co dién sé 10 qua hop gidm tc $6 9. Cing gidng nhu truyén dong dai, dé bang khong bi truot tren tang chi dong trong khi van chuyén vat ligu thi luc cang S, cita bang trén nhanh cang (nhanh chifa vat ligu) va luc cang , trén nhinh ching (xem hinh 3.1b) phai thoa man diéu kién Ole: 5,=8,.0'% (3-1) trong dé: S, - luc cang cla nhanh ching (nhanh khong tai); e = hé sO logarit tur nhien; é $6 ma sat gidta bang va tang cha dong: 6m ctia bang trén tang chit déng, (radian) (3.2) Nhin vao cong thie (3.2), ta thay Ine kéo cita tang chit dong ty 1é thuan véi luc cing clia nhnh bing cé tai S ma sit f va géc 6m « gidfa bang va tang chi: dong 3.2.3, Xac dinh nang suat ki thuat cua bang tai Q = 3600F vy, vh (3-3) trong dé: F - dién tich tiet dién ngang cia dong vat li¢u 6 wén bang. m*, Cach xde dinh dién tich F xin tham khao trong tai ligu tham khéo [1] Vai bang phiing: F = 0,045 BLk Véi bang hinh long mang: F = 0,045 B'(k +1): trong dé: B- chigu rong ba 75y - trong lugng riéng cia vat liéu dugc van chuyén, t/m*; k - hé so ké dén anh huéng do d6 nghiéng cila bang tai dén nang suai. Gid wi cla k duge chon theo géc nghiéng B cia bang tai: B 0-10" 10-15" 15°- 20" 20°- 30” k: 10 0,95 0,90 0,85 v- van téc di chuyén cila vat ligu trén bang, m/s. Vi DU THUSAU (Thyc hanh tinh todn bang tdi) Cho so dé co cau din dong tang chi dong ciia bang tai nhu hinh vé uéi day. Da i o, Phy Tryyén dng dat Hop giém dc ong co dien. Bang aT Nang end cong Biét: - Géc 6m cila bang trén tang chi dong: a = 210” - Luc cang cita nhanh cudn (nhénh cang) cita bang: S, = 17000N - Van t6c di chuyén ciia bang: v = 0,5m/s - Duéng kinh cdc banh dai: D,= 100 mm; D, = 200 mm. - Duong kinh tang chi dong D= 200 mm. Bé qua chiéu day bang; Tang dugc ché tao bing gang. - TY s6 truyén ciia hop gidm t6c: i,=10 - Higu suait chung ciia co cau: 7 = 0,85; - Hé s6 dy tri cong suat: k = 1,25, do dm rat cao. - Bang long mang (bang hinh thang) c6 chiéu rong cia bing 700mm; - Géc nghiéng cia bang tai so véi phuong ngang: 20"; - Khéi luong riéng cia vat li¢u duge van chuyén trén bang: y = 1,2 /m*. 76- Ché do Lam vige trung binh: CD = 25% véi d9 aim cao. 1. Tinh chon dong co dign din déng cho bang tai 2. Tinh nang sudt ky thuat cia bang tai Bai git 1. Tinh chon dong co dén dong being tai a) Tinh céng suat cua dong eo din d6ng bang tai Céng suat dong co dign duc xac dinh theo céng thie Pawk NK (D6-1 1000. y trong dé k ~ hé so dir uit cng suat cia dong co: Theo dé bai: k = 1,25. P - lure kéo can thiét ctia tang chu déng. duge xac dinh theo céng thite (D6-2) luc céing ctta ninh cuén, theo dé bai: $= 17000N; ~ g6c 6m ctia bing trén tang chii dong; bang va tang chi dong Theo du bai voi a = 210°, tang bang gang, do sim rit cao tra bing 3.1, ta ed: e Bang 3.1. Gi: Loai tang chu dong va diéu kign lam viec Gis) 7 wi ede g6e om a. (0) anen a 10° 240° | 300° Tang gang hoge thép. do iim ratcao 144 1,69 __ Tang boc g6 hoa cao su to am rl L 1B 29 Tang gang hoa thép. do dim turng déi cao | 2.06 2,85 | Tang gang hoac thép.kho [3,00 4g _ Tang Foe g6. kho 4 i 3,61 6.25 Tang boc cao su, Kho 351 | 433 8,12 ‘de s6 ligu trén vio cdng thire (D6-2), ta duoc: P=1700001 LOON 77v - van téc van chuyén ctta bang tai, v = 1,0m/s; 1) - hiéu sudt truyén dong cia bang tai, n = 0,85. Thay cde gid tri ca P, v van vao céng thite (D6-1) ta xae dinh duge céng sudt dong co din dgng cho bang tai N= 100% 1.0% 1,25 =7,5kW 1000 x 0,85 b) Xic dinh t6c do quay ctia dong co Xuat phat tir cong thire xde dinh van 6: chuyén cla bang: —DMung _ Dy ~ 60 604i Suy ra ny= Sis (D6-3) 7 Trong d n,- tc d6 quay ca dong co: v- van téc van chuyén cla bang, theo dau bai, v = 1,0m/s; D - dudng kinh cia tang cha dong, D = 200mm = 0.2m (bd qua chiéu day cla bang tai). i ty s6 truyén chung cia hé thdng truyén dong ov dén tang cha déng D,. _ 200 isigg i, =22i, = 222 10 =20 D, "100 Thay cic gid rj tren vao cong thife (D6-3) ta 66 : 60% 20% 1.0 = 80%20%1.0 955.4 vang/phit 314% 0.2 eo ‘Theo bang 1.2, voi CD = 25% ta chon déng co dién nhan higu 4AC.1326Y3 cé: cong suat Ny= 7.5kW va t6c d6 quay n,= 1000 vong/ phat. 2) Xac dinh nang sudt ctia bang tai Nang suat ky thuat cla bang tai duge xdc dinh theo cong thttc sau; Q = 3600F.v.7; vh (6-4) Trong dé: F - dién tich tiét dién ngang cia dong vat ligu trén bang, m’; Vi bang long mang: F=0,045B(k + 1) 78Theo dau bai: B= 700mm = .7m - chiéu rong cua bing. k - hé s6 ké dé nh hudng do géc nghiéng ciia bang tai so véi phuong ngang. Khi «= 20th k= 09: khdi luong riéng ctla vat ligu duge van chuyén trén bing, theo dau bai y = 1,2 /m*: v= van te di chuyén ctia bang, theo dau bai v = [mvs Thay cdc sé ligu trén vao cong thite (D6-4), ta c6: Q= 162B.v.(k +1) (D6-5) Q = 162x0,7°x1x1.2x(0,9 + 1) = 181. th. Tir cong thtic (D6-5) ta thay, néu biét trude nang suat Q cua bang tai long mang va loai vat ligu cain van chuyén thi ta c6 thé xd dinh duoc chiéu rong cua bang long mang theo cong thiic: (D6-6) Vi62yw(k+D Trong dé: v - van te van chuyén cua bang tai, m/s: C6 thé chon so bo van t6c van chuyén cla bang tai theo loai vat ligu can van chuyén nhur sau: V6i soi, da dam: v = I L.Sim/s: xiv = 0.5 + 1,0m/s, 1,0m/s; V6i xi mang, b6t thach cao, bot phan: v = 0.8 V6i cal hoae dat toi: v= 1 + 1,25m/s. 3.3. VIT TAL Vit tai diing dé van chuyén vat ligu ri, 6 49 hat trung binh va nhé hoie cé dang bot min theo phuong ngang hodc nghiéng so voi mat dat mot gdc a < 20° véi cu ly t6i 30 = 40 1a hop ly 3.3.1, Cau tao va nguyén ly hoat dong cita vit tai So dé cau tao chung cua vit tai duoc thé hién trén hinh 3.2a. Khi dong co dign sé 1 quay, qua khép néi tue 2 va hop gidm tc s6 3, momen quay 5 6 lam cho truc etia dong cot duge tang len va truyén t6i truc s6 5, tren dé c6 Lip cdnh vit s dy vat ligu di chuyén doc theo dng s6 4 tir cita nay va cde ednh vit quay theo dé cudn v nap $6 7 den ciia xa s6 8. Trong khi quay. truc va ciinh vit duoe da boi cdc 6 do 86 9. Phy thude vio céc loai vat liéu cain phai van chuyén ma ngudi ta ding true va cénh vit de nhau, duoc thé hign trén hinh 3.2, c6 ket cau kt 79Hinh 3.2b va hinh 3.2c IA truc va c&nh vit lign hoac cn goi Ia truc va canh vit kin (gitta truc va cénh vit khong c6 khe hd). Loai nay duge ding dé van chuyén cc loai vat ligu c6 do hat min nhu: Xi mang, bot thach cao, bot phan Loai truc va canh vit hé (hinh 3.2d) va loai true va ednh vit ¢6 dang 14 nhw ludi xéng (hinh 3,3e) dé van chuyén vat ligu c6 do hat trung binh nhu da dam, sdi... hodc cling c6 thé duge ding dé van chuyén bé téng trong pham vi cong trudng, trong pham vi nha bétong may. Ding vit tii dé van chuyén bé tong sé c6 uu diém: Tong khi van chu vin duge nhao tron nén khong bi phan ting. Hinh 3.2. So dé cd tao vit tai L- dong cu dign; 2- khép néi truc; 3- hop gidm tc; 4- dng chifa vat ligu: 5- true; 6- cénh vit; 7- cita nap; 8- cita xa vat ligu; 9- 6 dé true cénh vit 3.3.2. Xdc dinh nang suat ki thuat ctla vit tai Q=3600Fvyk, = Vh (3-4) trong 46: y - trong luong riéng ctia vat liéu duge van chuyén, t/m'‘; ky - hé s6 ké dén dinh hudng do géc nghiéng B cia vit tai dén nang sus: B 0 Pa 10° Is" 20° ee 10 0.90 0.80 0,70 0.65 F - dién tich tiét dién ngang cia dong vat ligu & trong 6ng_m°, duge xdc dinh theo cong thiic: (3-5) 80D - dudng kinh trong ciia Ong chia vat ligu, m: k - he so ké dén mu do dién day vat ligu trong ong, thudng: k = 0,25 - 0,45 y - vn tc di chuyén ciia vat ligu trong Gng. m/s, duoc xe dinh theo cong thiéc: (3-6) 1- bude cainh vit, m; n - tc dO quay ca true mang céinh vit. vong/phit: a, neat i n, - t6c d6 quay clla true dong co, vong/phit. i ~ ty s6 truyén ca hop gikim t6e.Chuong 4 MAY VA THIET BIN. 4.1. KHAI NIEM CHUNG 4.1.1. Cong dung May va thiét bi nang duge ding dé nang vat ligu, hang héa va ngudi lén theo phuong thang dting, ddi khi cdn duge ding dé di chuyén vat theo phuong ngang nhung 6 cu ly ngén (trong pham vi nha may hoac céng trudng). Vi du: Céc loai cu truc, céng truc Trong thyc té, may va thiét bi nang duge sit dung rong rai trong tat ca cde linh vue xay dung co ban nhu: Xay dung dan dung, cong nghiép, xay dung cau dudng. cic nha may thiy dién, xay dung cing, cong trinh ngoai bién... dé nang - chuyén vat licu xay lip rap cdc cau kién xay dung. Ngoai ra, 1 dung v: hang héa & cdc bén cdng, cde nha ga, cde kho bai, lip rp cdc may mée thiét bi trong ngiinh ché tao may, giao thong, khai théc mé va nhiéu [inh vuc khdc trong nén kinh t& y nang con duge ding béc quéc dan 4.1.2, Phan loai Dua vao két cau va cong dung, may va thiét bi nang duge chia thanh ba nhém chink a) Thiét bi ndng don gidn 1a loai chi cé mot co cau nang ha vat theo phuong thing dig nhu: Kich, ti, paling. Trong dé Palang duge treo cé dinh & trén cao dé nang vat hoac lam mot co cau cla may nang phic tap (vf du: Co cu nang ctia can truc cau). b) Thang nang xdy ding, duge dat c6 dinh tai mt ché dé nang ha vat. Hang va ngudi tham gia dung céng trinh duoc dé trén ban nang hodc trong ca bin. Vi vay, thang nang thudng cé hai loai 1a thang nang ch hang va thang nang ché hang va ngudi (con goi [a thang may thi cong). c) Can truc: Day 18 loai dign hinh cla may nang, dang duoc sir dung rat phd bién Cain true 18 loai may nang phic tap. Tuy theo két cau cong dung, cn truc duge chia thanh: = Can truc thép duge ding dé van chuyén vat ligu va lip rap cde edu kign xay dung trong khi xy dumg nha cao ting véi khong gian phuc vu rong. 82= Cin true tur hanh van nang Ia can truc kigu cén va di dong link hoat, co dong. Chting 6 thé phuc vu trong mién bat ki. Ngoai thiét bi cin tue. tren may co sé cla can trye tr p nhigu thiét bi lam vige khéc nhu ede thiét bi lim vige cita coc. thiét bi khoan hinh van nang con 6 thé ki may dio mot giu, thiét bi déng (ha - Cin tue cét kiéu can cd dinh ma dién hinh 1a can truc cot buém. Né duge ding dé nang ha va van chuyén hing trong mién dign tich bao ctza cin truc. - Cain truc kigu ciiu duge ding dé nang ha, van chuyén vat ligu va lip rap cau kién trong mién cé hinh chit nhat. Chting gém cdc loai sau + Can truc cdu (goi tat 1A cu truc) thudng duve ding trong cde nha may dé xép da va lip rap cdc cau kién xay dung cing nhw cde thiet bi may méc khdc. Sau khi cong tinh xay dung hoan thinh, can truc cu c6 thé tiép tuc duye str dung trong vige khai théc ciic cong tinh dé, Bo phan chinh cia céin truc cau La din cau vi co cau ci chuyén bang banh sat wen dudng ray. Ray dé duge dat trén hai hang vai cot bé tong edt thép doc nha may. Trén ha vat. Paling nay duge dit ten xe con di dong doc theo dan cé Paling nan, din cau. cau, Nhu vay, vat nang c6 thé di dong ciing véi xe con thee chigu ngang nha may; déng thai Xe con mang vat nang lai di dong cling véi cau try dye nha may. - Can trye céng (goi Kit la cong truc) duge ding dé xép dé hing trong cdc kho, bai tong cae nha may bé tng dic sin, dé lap rap cac civ kién khi xy dung cic nha may thy dién, cde cong trinh cau Ket calu thép cita cdng truc gém c6 hai b6 phan chinh: Din cau va chan céng. Dan cau truc duge dit én hai chan céng. hai chan céng nay di chuyén trén hai dudng ray. Trén din cau ¢6 xe con nang ha vat; Xe con dé c6 thé di chuyén doc theo dan cit nhd ti va cap ko. Ddng théi xe con ciing di chuyén cing dng truc. - Can truc cdp: Duge ding dé van chuyén vat ligu xay dung qua thung ling, lén dinh ni cao, qua song, sudi Bo phan chinh cia can truc cap la hai thép ¢6 két cifu Sng hoac din khong gian va cap treo duge néi véi daw cia hai thip. Khoang cach trung binh gitta hai thap thudng tir 400 + 500. c6 the lén dén 1000m p treo ciia can true ep [2 loai cap thép chuyén ding duge bao boc mot lop vd bigt dé cap c6 bé mat nhan, tron déu va khdng ri, dim bdo cho xe con mang vat nd 2 0a (hoac cabin ché ngudi) c6 thé di chuyén dé ding wen cap. Hién nay, & nude ta dung cap treo dé van chuy iit chan ni tén dinh nti cao nhu 6 Yen Tu, Chia Huong Tich, Da Nang4.1.3. Cac thong sé co ban ca may nang ‘Thong s6 co bin nhat cla méy nang 1a tai trong nang Q. Dé 1a trong lugng 1én nhat cho phép cia vat nang (ké ca trong luong ban than thiét bi mang vat) ma may nang co thé nang duoc Ngoai ra, may nang cén c6 cdc thong sé hinh hoc co ban nhu: Chiéu cao nang H. tam vdi L (d6i v6i cau truc kiéu can); khau d6 cia dam cau (d6i vdi cn truc kiéu cdu) va cdc thong s6 dong hoc nhu: Téc dé nang ha vat, t6c do quay. téc do di chuyén can truc. di chuyén xe con, téc dé thay déi tam véi. Riéng déi véi can truc kiéu edn: Ta véi L 1 khodng cach do theo phuong ngang tir trong tam cia vat nang dén tam quay ciia cén truc. Chiéu cao nang H 1a khoang céch tir trong tam cia vat dén mat dat, (xem hinh 4.1). for 25] 24) 20 16 19 4 8 : un by) 12 16 BDO Hinh 4.1. Cac thong s6'co ban wa duéng dae tinh tdi trong ctia edn truc kiéu can Momen tai trong 18 tich sé gitfa tai trong nang Q va tim véi L cita cén truc: M=QL. (Tm) Mot s6 can truc kiéu can cé momen tai trong khong di thi tai trong nang sé thay déi theo tim véi va 17 1é nghich véi tim véi. D6 thi biéu dién quan hé gia tai trong nang va tim v6i 1A dudng dac tinh tai trong cita cn truc. Khi momen tai trong M khong déi thi dudng dac tinh tai trong ciia cén truc kiéu can cé dang 18 dudng Hypecbol (xem hinh 4.1b), duoc xay dung tir phuong trink M ai Khi str dung cain truc, phai tuan thi nghiém ngat duéng tai trong nay. Vi du: Muén nang vat c6 trong luong Q = 16 tin thi tot nhat nén cho can truc Lam viée & tim véi L = 20m. Néu lam vige & tim véi L, < 20m thi rat an toin nhung khong phat huy hét kha nang cia cn truc, anh hudng dén nang suat cilia n6. Tuyét déi khong cho phép can truc 84nang vat cé trong long Q = 16 tan khi tam véi ciia né L,> 20m vi nhu vay cn trye sé bi mat dn dinh. 4.2. THIET BI NANG BON GIAN 4.2.1. Cac loai kich 4. Kich thude nhém may nang don gidn thudng duoc ding dé nang vat c6 trong lung Jén nhung chiéu cao nang nho. 1. Cong dung va phén loai Dua vio cau tgo va nguyén Ly Iam viée, kich dug phan think ba loai Kich thuy lyc. kich vit va kich thanh rang. Trong dé kich thuy luc nang dugc vat cé trong Iueng lon nhat; kich vit c6 cau tao gon nhe va c6 kha nang tw ham. Boi vay, kich thuy luc va kich vit durgc sir dung phé bign hon. Kich thanh rang tuy ¢6 chiéu cao nang Ién hon song cé cu tao phifc tap vi phai ding co cau him nén it duge sit dung trong thuc té. 4.2.1.2. Kich thuy luc a) Cau tao ctia kich So dé cdu tao cla kich thy lye duge thé hién trén hinh 4.2. ja \ VA 4321 Hinh 4.2. So dé cdi tao kich thus lec 1- Bom dau kiéu xi lanh - pittong: 2 - Thing chita dau: 3. 4 - Van bi mot chiéu; 5 - Pittong kich; 6 - Xilanh kich; 7 - Khoa dau; 8 - Tay kich (tay quay); b) Nguyén Is lam vige ctia kich thus lye: Khi lic tay kich so 8 sang trai (nguge chiéu kim déng hd). pittong s6 1 cla bom dau tinh tin sang phai tao ra chan khong trong xilanh bom du. Khi dé van bi s6 3 mé ra, van s6 4 d6ng. Dau tir thing dau s6 2 qua van 3 vao trong xi lanh bom dau. Tiép theo, lac tay kich sang phai (thuan chiéu kim déng h6). pittong so | tinh tién sang tai. Lic ny van 3 déng va van 4 mé. Dau tir xilanh bom diiu qua ‘van 4 vio xilanh kich s6 6, dy pittong sé 5 di lén va nang vat len. 85Mun ha vat, mé khod s6 7, xilanh kich so 6 duge thong v6i ngoai trdi, ap suat dau trong xilanh 6 giim xudng can bang véi 4p suat khi quyén. Dudi tac dung trong luong cia vat nang, pittong sO 5 tir tir di xudng va ha vat xudng. Dau trong xilanh 6 di qua Khoa s6 7 tr vé thing chifa sé 2. c) Xéc dinh lec téc dung lén tay kich Dé xéc dinh luc P tée dung lén tay kich, ta dua vio sy can bing ap suat xilanh bom dau p, va dp suat p, cita dau trong xilanh kich s6 6. dau trong yoo oP=Q55 (4D trong dé: P’ - luc day pittong s6 1 chuyén dong tinh tién, cé phuong tring voi dutmg tam cila pittong; Q- trong luong ciia vat céin nang; d- dudng kinh trong cia xilanh bom dau; D - duéng kinh trong cua xilanh kich. Giita luc P téc dung vao tay kich va luc P* tac dung truc tigp vio tam cia pittong bom dau c6 quan hé vi nhau qua phuong trinh cn bing momen (xem hinh 4.1): Pl, =P'l, pap (42) a Thay P’ ti cong thtfc (4-1) vao cong thifc (4-2), ta duge: (4-2a) Trong cong thiic (4-2a), ta chua ké dén ma sat gitta cdc bo phan cila kich cling nhu sur 1 ri dau trong qué trinh lm viéc. Néu ké dén anh huéng cla cdc yéu 16 dé thi lye thyc t€ tdc dung lén tay kich duge xdc dinh theo cong thie hl Ratagh hl (4:3) n Dhan trong dé: 1)- hiéu suat ctta kich. Ngoai viéc dn dong bing tay nhu loai kich tinh bay 6 trén, kich thuy lc con duoc din dong bing bom thuy luc hoae tram bom thuy luc. Loai kich nay 6 thé nang duvc nhimg vat 6 trong lugng rat Ion, dén 500 tain hoac 1én hon nita nhu céc nhip citu, cdc 10 cao, cdc san nha bétong cét thép cita cdc ting nha. 86,4.2.1.3. Kich vit a) Catt tao ciia kich vit (hink 4.3). Than kich s6 1. truc vit sé 2, duoc ché tao ren bao quanh mat tru cila truc. Truc nay dug lién ket bing ren véi dai 6c $6 8, lp co dinh véi than kich. Tay quay s6 6 dé diéu khicn kich Ygin s6 7 duge lap vé: dau tay quay bang chét sé 5. Nhin vio hinh 4.3b ta thay Neam sé 7 an khép véi binh ring 4. duge Lip véi dau truc vit bang then (hodc dau truc vit c6 hinh vuong). Mai s6 3 truc tiép chiu trong Iuong cua vat nang, due Lip tron véi dau truc vit va khong quay cing truc vit khi [Am viée Ti NM i a == 6 =e / We) 1" ee » Hinh 4.3. Kich vit b) Neuyen Is lam vie ctta kich vit nue sau © quay tay quay S66, qua co cau ngam s6 7 va Muon nang (hoac ha) vat. chi vi Jam truc vit s6 2 quay theo, Nh& duge lién két bang ren vdi dai 6c 8 nén khi vit 2 déng théi chuyén dong tinh tign. Tuy theo chigu quay cia tay quay ma rang so 4. quay. tr truc vit tinh tisn di [én dé nang hose di xudng dé ha vat. Ngim s6 7 duge gidt 6 vi tri c6 dinh (khi ngiing ngoai luc tée dung vio tay quay) i nhd 1d xo 10 va chi tiét dinh vi s69. cau gon, Kich vit c6 uu diém so véi kich thenh rang va kich thuy luc a: N6 cé nhe va co kha nang wr ham. Diéu kitn ty ham cia kich vit igh

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