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Electrical Engineering: Principles & Applications, 7th Edition, Chapter 02 Student Solutions
Electrical Engineering: Principles & Applications, 7th Edition, Chapter 02 Student Solutions
Exercises
E2.1 (a) R2, R3, and R4 are in parallel. Furthermore R1 is in series with the
combination of the other resistors. Thus we have:
1
Req R1 3
1 / R2 1 / R3 1 / R4
E2.2 (a) First we combine R2, R3, and R4 in parallel. Then R1 is in series with
the parallel combination.
1 20 V 20
Req 9.231 i1 1.04 A
1 / R2 1 / R3 1 / R4 R1 Req 10 9.231
v eq Req i1 9.600 V i2 v eq / R2 0.480 A i3 v eq / R3 0.320 A
i4 v eq / R4 0.240 A
1
(b) R1 and R2 are in series. Furthermore, R3, and R4 are in series.
Finally, the two series combinations are in parallel.
1
Req 1 R1 R2 20 Req 2 R3 R4 20 Req 10
1 / Req 1 1 / Req 2
v eq 2 Req 20 V i1 v eq / Req 1 1 A i2 v eq / Req 2 1 A
1 vs
Req 1 R3 R4 40 Req 2 20 i1 1A
1 / Req 1 1 / R2 R1 Req 2
v 2 i1Req 2 20 V i2 v 2 / R2 0.5 A i3 v 2 / Req 1 0.5 A
R1 R2
E2.3 (a) v 1 v s 10 V . v 2 v s 20 V .
R1 R2 R3 R4 R1 R2 R3 R4
Similarly, we find v 3 30 V and v 4 60 V .
2
(b) First combine R2 and R3 in parallel: Req 1 (1 / R2 1 R3 ) 2.917 .
R1
Then we have v 1 v s 6.05 V . Similarly, we find
R1 Req R4
Req
v2 vs 5.88 V and v 4 8.07 V .
R1 Req R4
E2.5 Write KVL for the loop consisting of v1, vy , and v2. The result is -v1 - vy +
v2 = 0 from which we obtain vy = v2 - v1. Similarly we obtain vz = v3 - v1.
v1 v3 v1 v2 v v1 v2 v2 v3
E2.6 Node 1: ia Node 2: 2 0
R1 R2 R2 R3 R4
v v v2 v3 v1
Node 3: 3 3 ib 0
R5 R4 R1
1 1 1
0
R1 R2 R2 v 1 is
1 1
1
1
1
v 0
R2 R2 R3 R4 R4 2
1 1 1 v 3 is
0
R4 R4 R5
E2.8 Instructions for various calculators vary. The MATLAB solution is given
in the book following this exercise.
3
E2.9 (a) Writing the node equations we obtain:
v v3 v1 v1 v2
Node 1: 1 0
20 5 10
v v1 v v3
Node 2: 2 10 2 0
10 5
v v1 v3 v3 v2
Node 3: 3 0
20 10 5
E2.10 Using determinants we can solve for the unknown voltages as follows:
6 0.2
1 0.5 3 0.2
v1 10.32 V
0.7 0.2 0.35 0.04
0.2 0.5
0.7 6
0.2 1 0.7 1.2
v2 6.129 V
0.7 0.2 0.35 0.04
0.2 0.5
4
E2.11 First write KCL equations at nodes 1 and 2:
v 1 10 v1 v1 v2
Node 1: 0
2 5 10
v 10 v 2 v 2 v 1
Node 2: 2 0
10 5 10
>> clear
G = [8 -1; -1 4];
I = [50; 10];
V = G\I
V=
6.7742
4.1935
E2.12 The equation for the supernode enclosing the 15-V source is:
v3 v2 v3 v1 v1 v2
R3 R1 R2 R4
This equation can be readily shown to be equivalent to Equation 2.37 in
the book. (Keep in mind that v3 = -15 V.)
5
E2.13 Write KVL from the reference to node 1 then through the 10-V source to
node 2 then back to the reference node:
v 1 10 v 2 0
Then write KCL equations. First for a supernode enclosing the 10-V
source, we have:
v1 v1 v3 v2 v3
1
R1 R2 R3
Node 3:
v3 v3 v1 v3 v2
0
R4 R2 R3
Reference node:
v1 v3
1
R1 R4
An independent set consists of the KVL equation and any two of the KCL
equations.
6
v 1 25 v 1 v 1 v 2
0
R2 R4 R3
v 2 25 v 2 v 1 v 2
0
R1 R3 R5
v1 v 1 2iy v2 v 2 2iy
3 0 3
5 2 5 10
7
Finally use iy v 2 / 5 to substitute and solve. This yields v 2 11.54 V and
iy 2.31 A.
clear all
syms V1 V2 V3 R1 R2 R3 R4 Is
[V1 V2 V3] = solve(V3/R4 + (V3 - V2)/R3 + (V3 - V1)/R1 == 0, ...
V1/R2 + V3/R4 == Is, ...
V1 == (1/2)*(V3 - V1) + V2 , V1, V2 , V3);
pretty(V1), pretty(V2), pretty(V3)
2 Is R1 R2 R3 + 3 Is R1 R2 R4 + 2 Is R2 R3 R4
-----------------------------------------------
3 R1 R2 + 2 R1 R3 + 3 R1 R4 + 2 R2 R3 + 2 R3 R4
Is R2 (3 R1 R3 + 3 R1 R4 + 2 R3 R4)
-----------------------------------------------
3 R1 R2 + 2 R1 R3 + 3 R1 R4 + 2 R2 R3 + 2 R3 R4
Is R2 R4 (3 R1 + 2 R3)
-----------------------------------------------
3 R1 R2 + 2 R1 R3 + 3 R1 R4 + 2 R2 R3 + 2 R3 R4
E2.17 Refer to Figure 2.34b in the book. (a) Two mesh currents flow through
R2: i1 flows downward and i4 flows upward. Thus the current flowing in R2
referenced upward is i4 - i1. (b) Similarly, mesh current i1 flows to the
left through R4 and mesh current i2 flows to the right, so the total
current referenced to the right is i2 - i1. (c) Mesh current i3 flows
downward through R8 and mesh current i4 flows upward, so the total
current referenced downward is i3 - i4. (d) Finally, the total current
referenced upward through R8 is i4 - i3.
E2.18 Refer to Figure 2.34b in the book. Following each mesh current in turn,
we have
8
R1i1 R2 (i1 i4 ) R4 (i1 i2 ) v A 0
R5i2 R4 (i2 i1 ) R6 (i2 i3 ) 0
R7i3 R6 (i3 i2 ) R8 (i3 i4 ) 0
R3i4 R2 (i4 i1 ) R8 (i4 i3 ) 0
(R1 R2 R4 ) R4 0 R2 i1 v A
R4 (R4 R5 R6 ) R6 0 i 0
2
0 R6 (R6 R7 R8 ) R8 i3 0
R2 0 R8 (R2 R3 R8 ) i4 0
To solve by node voltages, we select the reference node and node voltage
shown. (We do not need to assign a node voltage to the connection
between the 7- resistance and the 3- resistance because we can
treat the series combination as a single 10- resistance.)
9
The node equation is (v 1 10) / 5 v 1 / 10 v 1 / 10 0 . Solving we find that
v1 = 50 V. Thus we again find that the current through the 10-
resistance is i v 1 / 10 5 A.
2(i1 i3 ) 5(i1 i2 ) 10
5i2 5(i2 i1 ) 10(i2 i3 ) 0
10i3 10(i3 i2 ) 2(i3 i1 ) 0
10
E2.21 Following the step-by-step process, we obtain
(R2 R3 ) R3 R2 i1 v A
R (R3 R4 ) 0 i v
3 2 B
R2 0 (R1 R2 ) i3 v B
E2.22 Refer to Figure 2.40 in the book. In terms of the mesh currents, the
current directed to the right in the 5-A current source is i1, however by
the definition of the current source, the current is 5 A directed to the
left. Thus, we conclude that i1 = -5 A. Then we write a KVL equation
following i2, which results in 10(i2 i1 ) 5i2 100 .
E2.23 Refer to Figure 2.41 in the book. First, for the current source, we have
i2 i1 1
Then, we write a KVL equation going around the perimeter of the entire
circuit:
5i1 10i2 20 10 0
11
current i2 as the current referenced downward through the current
source. However, we know that the current through this source is 1 A
flowing upward. Next we write a
KVL equation around mesh 1: 10i1 10 5(i1 i2 ) 0. Solving, we find that
i1 = 1/3 A. Referring to Figure 2.31a in the book we see that the value of
the current ia referenced downward through the 5 resistance is to be
found. In terms of the mesh currents, we have ia i1 i2 4 / 3 A .
25 10(i1 i3 ) 10(i1 i2 ) 0
10(i2 i1 ) 20(i2 i3 ) 20i2 0
10(i3 i1 ) 5i3 20(i3 i2 ) 0
12
(b) First for the current
source, we have: i1 3 A
Writing KVL around
meshes 2 and 3, we have:
With the output shorted, the 5 A divides between the two resistances in
parallel. The short-circuit current is the current through the 40-
10
resistance, which is isc 5 1 A. Then, the Thvenin resistance is
10 40
Rt v oc / isc 50 .
E2.27 Choose the reference node at the bottom of the circuit as shown:
Notice that the node voltage is the open-circuit voltage. Then write a
KCL equation:
13
v oc 20 v oc
2
5 20
Solving we find that voc = 24 V which agrees with the value found in
Example 2.19.
E2.28 To zero the sources, the voltage sources become short circuits and the
current sources become open circuits. The resulting circuits are :
1
(a) Rt 10 14 (b) Rt 10 20 30
1 / 5 1 / 20
1
(c) Rt 5
1 1
10 1
6
(1 / 5 1 / 20)
14
Then find short-circuit current:
I n isc 10 / 15 1 1.67 A
(b) We cannot find the Thvenin resistance by zeroing the sources,
because we have a controlled source. Thus, we find the open-circuit
voltage and the short-circuit current.
v oc 2v x v oc
2 v oc 3v x
10 30
Solving, we find Vt v oc 30 V.
2v x v x 0 vx 0
Therefore isc 2 A. Then we have Rt v oc / isc 15 .
15
E2.30 First, we transform the 2-A source and the 5- resistance into a voltage
source and a series resistance:
10 10
Then we have i2 1.333 A.
15
From the original circuit, we have i1 i2 2, from which we find
i1 0.667 A.
The other approach is to start from the original circuit and transform
the 10- resistance and the 10-V voltage source into a current source
and parallel resistance:
1
Then we combine the resistances in parallel. Req 3.333 .
1 / 5 1 / 10
The current flowing upward through this resistance is 1 A. Thus the
voltage across Req referenced positive at the bottom is
3.333 V and i1 3.333 / 5 0.667 A. Then from the original circuit we
have i2 2 i1 1.333 A, as before.
16
E2.32 With only the first source active we have:
P2.2* Rx 5 .
P2.3* Rab 10
17
P2.4*
P2.23* i1 1 A i2 0.5 A
P2.24* v1 3 V v 2 0.5 V
P2.25* v 140 V; i 1 A
P2.36* v1 5 V v2 7 V v 3 13 V
P2.37* i1 1 A i2 2 A
P2.38* v 3.333 V
P2.43* Rg 25 m
18
P2.49* v 1 6.667 V v 2 3.333 V is 3.333 A
P2.56* v1 6 V v2 4 V ix 0.4 A
P2.66* v 2 0.500 V P 6 W
P2.67* i1 0.2857 A
P2.80*
P2.81* Rt 50
P2.91* Rt 0 Pmax 80 W
P2.94* iv 2 A ic 2 A i iv ic 4 A
P2.95* is 3.333 A
Practice Test
T2.1 (a) 6, (b) 10, (c) 2, (d) 7, (e) 10 or 13 (perhaps 13 is the better answer),
(f) 1 or 4 (perhaps 4 is the better answer), (g) 11, (h) 3, (i) 8, (j) 15, (k)
17, (l) 14.
19
T2.2 The equivalent resistance seen by the voltage source is:
1
Req R1 16
1 / R2 1 / R3 1 / R4
vs
is 6A
Req
Then, using the current division principle, we have
G4 1 / 60
i4 is 61 A
G2 G3 G4 1 / 48 1 / 16 1 / 60
20
R4i2 R2 i2 i1 R3 (i3 i1 ) R5i3 0
KVL around the periphery of the circuit:
R1i1 Vs R4i2 R5i3 0
Current source: i2 i3 I s
A set of equations for solving the network must include the current
source equation plus two of the mesh equations. The three mesh
equations are dependent and will not provide a solution by themselves.
21
T2.6 With one source active at a time, we have
We see that the 5-V source produces 25% of the total current through
the 5- resistance. However, the power produced by the 5-V source with
both sources active is zero. Thus, the 5-V source produces 0% of the
power delivered to the 5- resistance. Strange, but true! Because power
is a nonlinear function of current (i.e., P Ri 2 ), the superposition
principle does not apply to power.
T2.7 First, the 10- and the 15- resistances are in parallel with an
equivalent resistance of 10(15)/(10 +15) = 6 . Next, the 60- and the
30- resistances are in parallel with an equivalent resistance of
22
60(30)/(60 +30) = 20 . Finally, these equivalent resistances are in
series, so the resistance between terminals a and b is Rab = 6 + 20 =
26 .
The voltage sources are in series and their voltages can be added.
Similarly, the resistances are in series, so we have:
23