NONLINEAR PROBLEM

The Redlich-Kwong equation of state is given by

RT a
p
v b v(v b) T

where R = the universal gas constant [= 0.518 kJ/(kg K)], T = absolute temperature (K), p =

absolute pressure (kPa), and v = the volume of a kg of gas (m3/kg). The parameters a and b are

calculated by

R 2TC 2.5 TC
a 0.427 b 0.0866R
pC pC

where pc = 4600 kPa and Tc = 191 K. As a chemical engineer, you are asked to determine the

amount of methane fuel that can be held in a 3-m3 tank at a temperature of 40 C with a pressure

of 65,000 kPa.
Use a root-locating method of your choice to calculate v and then determine the mass of methane

contained in the tank.

GIVEN:

T 40C 273 233K

R 0.518kJ / (kgK)

p 65000kPa

pC 4600kPa

TC 191K

vL 0.0026

vU 0.003

REQUIREMENTS:

A. the specific volume v and the mass using the exact solution of finding the roots

B. the specific volume v and the mass using the bisection method with 3 iterations with the

absolute relative approximate error in percent

C. the specific volume v and the mass using the newton-raphson method with 3 iterations with the

absolute relative approximate error in percent

D. the specific volume v and the mass using the secant method with 3 iterations with the absolute

relative approximate error in percent

E. the specific volume v and the mass using the regula-falsi method with 3 iterations with the

absolute relative approximate error in percent

SOLUTION:

RT a
f(v) p
v b v(v b) T

R 2TC 2.5 (0.518)2 (191)2.5

Where a 0.427 0.427 12.5577832
pC 4600

TC 191
And b 0.0866R 0.0866(0.518) 0.001862615
pC 4600

(0.518)(233) 12.5577832
f(v) 65000
v 0.001862615 v(v 0.001862615) 233

120.694 0.822687731
f(v) 65000
v 0.001862615 v(v 0.001862615)

A. To determine the specific volume v and the mass using the exact solution of finding the roots,

With the aid of MATLAB application, the roots are:

0.002807378m3/kg

-0.000475273m3/kg

-0.000475273m3/kg

Since the true value ranges from 0 to 3m3,

Therefore, the true value for the specific volume is 0.002807378m3/kg.

The mass can be calculated using this formula:

V
m where V = 3m3 and v = 0.002807378m3/kg
v

3
m
0.002807378

m 1068.612776762kg
B. To determine the specific volume v and the mass using the bisection method with 3 iterations

with the absolute relative approximate error in percent,

For the 1st iteration,

To check,

f(vU ) * f(v L ) 0

f(0.003) * f(0.0026) 0

1528.082313056 * 27774.156684279 0

424391400.311505500 0

Then the root is bounded and the approximated specific volume is,

vU v L 0.003 0.0026
vM
2 2

vM 0.0028m3 / kg

Therefore the approximated mass is,

V 3
mM
v M 0.0028

mM 1071.428571429kg

For the 2nd iteration,

To check,

f(vM ) * f(v L ) 0

f(0.0028) * f(0.0026) 0

740.554048453 * 27774.156684279 0

20568264.174918566 0

Then the root is not bounded and the approximated specific volume is,
 vU v M 0.003 0.0028
vM1
2 2

vM1 0.0029m3 / kg

Therefore the approximated mass is,

V 3
mM1
v M1 0.0029

mM1 1034.482758621kg

For the absolute relative approximate error in percent in specific volume,

| present past | | 0.0029 0.0028 |

|A | * 100% * 100%
present 0.0029

|A | 3.448275862%

For the absolute relative approximate error in percent in mass,

| present past |
|A | * 100%
present

| 1034.482758621 1071.428571429 |
|A | * 100%
1034.482758621

|A | 3.571428571%

For the 3rd iteration,

To check,

f(vM1 ) * f(vM ) 0

f(0.0029) * f(0.0028) 0

8820.592728173 * 740.554048453 0

6087793.225534353 0

Then the root is bounded and the approximated specific volume is,
 v M1 v M 0.0029 0.0028
v M 2
2 2

vM2 0.00285m3 / kg

Therefore the approximated mass is,

V 3
mM2
v M2 0.00285

mM2 1052.631578947kg

For the absolute relative approximate error in percent in specific volume,

present past 0.00285 0.0029

A * 100 * 100
present 0.00285

A 1.754385965%

For the absolute relative approximate error in percent in mass,

present past 1052.631578947 1034.482758621

A * 100 * 100
present 1052.631578947

A 1.724137931%

C. To determine the specific volume v and the mass using the newton-raphson method with 3

iterations with the absolute relative approximate error in percent,

120.694 12.5577832(2v 0.001862615)

f ' v
(v 0.001862615) 233(v v 0.001862615 )2
2

For the 1st iteration,

The approximated specific volume is,

vI 0.003m3 / kg
 f vI 15280.082313056
vI1 vI 0.003
f ' vI 62901414.370263815

vI1 0.002757079m3 / kg

Therefore the approximated mass is,

V
mI
vI

3
mI
0.003

mI 1000.000000000kg

V 3
mI1
vI1 0.002757079

mI1 1088.108102815kg

For the absolute relative approximate error in percent in specific volume,

present past 0.002757079 0.003

A * 100 * 100
present 0.002757079

A 8.810810281%

For the absolute relative approximate error in percent in mass,

present past 1088.108102815 1000.000000000

A * 100 * 100
present 1088.108102815

A 8.097366667%

For the 2nd iteration,

The approximated specific volume is,

vI1 0.002757079m3 / kg
 f vI1 5343.353111776
vI2 vI1 0.002757079
f ' vI1 113446040.096620220

vI2 0.002804179m3 / kg

Therefore the approximated mass is,

V 3
mI2
vI2 0.002804179

mI2 1069.831697331kg

For the absolute relative approximate error in percent in specific volume,

present past 0.002804179 0.002757079

A * 100 * 100
present 0.002804179

A 1.679636000%

For the absolute relative approximate error in percent in mass,

present past 1069.831697331 1088.108102815

A * 100 * 100
present 1069.831697331

A 1.708343988%

For the 3rd iteration,

The approximated specific volume is,

vI2 0.002804179m3 / kg

f v I 2 319.343532363
v I 3 v I 2 0.002804179
f ' v I 2 100250902.714098590

vI3 0.002807364m3 / kg

Therefore the approximated mass is,

V 3
mI3
vI3 0.002807364
 mI3 1068.617937198kg

For the absolute relative approximate error in percent in specific volume,

present past 0.002807364 0.002804179

A * 100 * 100
present 0.002807364

A 0.113451622%

For the absolute relative approximate error in percent in mass,

present past 1068.617937198 1069.831697331

A * 100 * 100
present 1068.617937198

A 0.113582235%

D. To determine the specific volume v and the mass using the secant method with 3 iterations with

the absolute relative approximate error in percent,

vI 0.003m3 / kg

vI1 0.0026m3 / kg

For the 1st iteration,

The approximated specific volume is,

f vI [vI vI1 ]
vI1 vI
f vI f(vI1 )

f vI f 0.003 1528.082313056

f vI1 f 0.0026 27774.156684279

f 0.003 [0.003 0.0026]

vI1 0.003
f 0.003 f(0.0026)
 1528.082313056[0.003 0.0026]
vI1 0.003
1528.082313056 27774.156684279

vI1 0.002858039m3 / kg

The approximated mass is,

V 3
mI1
vI1 0.002858039

mI1 1049.670856945kg

For the 2nd iteration,

The approximated specific volume is,

f vI1 [vI1 vI ]
vI2 vI1
f vI1 f(vI )

f vI1 f 0.002858039 4727.975225643

f vI f 0.0026 27774.156684279

f 0.002858039 [0.002858039 0.0026]

vI2 0.002858039
f 0.002858039 f(0.0026)

1528.082313056[0.002858039 0.0026]
vI2 0.002858039
1528.082313056 27774.156684279

vI2 0.002820503m3 / kg

The approximated mass is,

V 3
mI2
vI2 0.002820503

mI2 1063.640089963kg

For the absolute relative approximate error in percent in specific volume,

 present past 0.002820503 0.002858039
A * 100 * 100
present 0.002820503

A 1.330828636%

For the absolute relative approximate error in percent in mass,

present past 1063.640089963 1049.670856945

A * 100 * 100
present 1063.640089963

A 1.313342093%

For the 3rd iteration,

The approximated specific volume is,

f vI2 [vI2 vI1 ]

v I 3 v I 2
f vI2 f ( vI1 )

f vI2 f 0.002820503 1283.432429450

f vI1 f 0.002858039 4727.975225643

f 0.002820503 [0.002820503 0.002858039]

vI3 0.002820503
f(0.002820503) f(0.002858039)

1283.432429450[0.002820503 0.002858039]
vI3 0.002820503
1283.432429450 (4727.975225643)

vI3 0.002806517m3 / kg

The approximated mass is,

V 3
mI3
vI3 0.002806517

mI3 1068.940561746kg

For the absolute relative approximate error in percent in specific volume,

 present past 0.002806517 0.002820503
A * 100 * 100
present 0.002806517

A 0.498335374%

For the absolute relative approximate error in percent in mass,

present past 1068.940561746 1063.640089963

A * 100 * 100
present 1068.940561746

A 0.495862162%

E. To determine the specific volume v and the mass using the regula-falsi method with 3 iterations

with the absolute relative approximate error in percent,

For the 1st iteration,

To check,

f(vU ) * f(v L ) 0

f(0.003) * f(0.0026) 0

1528.082313056 * 27774.156684279 0

424391400.311505500 0

Then the root is bounded and the approximated specific volume is,

f v U v L v U
vR vU
f vL f vU

( 1528.082313056)(0.0026 0.003)
vR 0.003
27774.156684279 (1528.082313056)

vR 0.002858039m3 / kg

Therefore the approximated mass is,

 V 3
mR
v R 0.002858039

mR 1049.670856945kg

For the 2nd iteration,

To check,

f(vR ) * f(v L ) 0

f 0.002858039 * f (0.0026) 0

4727.975225643 * 27774.156684279 0

424391400.311505500 0

Then the root is bounded and the approximated specific volume is,

f v R v L v R
v R 1 v R
f vL f vR

( 4727.975225643)(0.0026 0.002858039)
vR 1 0.002858039
27774.156684279 (4727.975225643)

vR1 0.002820503m3 / kg

Therefore the approximated mass is,

V 3
mR 1
v R 1 0.002820503

mR1 1063.640089963kg

For the absolute relative approximate error in percent in specific volume,

present past 0.002820503 0.002858039

A * 100 * 100
present 0.002820503

A 1.330826452%
 For the absolute relative approximate error in percent in mass,

present past 1063.640089963 1049.670856945

A * 100 * 100
present 1063.640089963

A 1.313342093%

For the 3rd iteration,

To check,

f(vR 1 ) * f(vL ) 0

f 0.002820503 * f (0.0026) 0

1528.082313056 * 27774.156684279 0

-42441197.589292817 0

Then the root is bounded and the approximated specific volume is,

f v R 1 v L vR 1
v R 2 vR 1
f v L f v R 1

( 1283.432429450)(0.0026 0.002820503)
vR 2 0.002820503
27774.156684279 (1283.432429450)

vR2 0.002810764m3 / kg

Therefore the approximated mass is,

V 3
mR 2
vR 2 0.002810764

mR2 1067.325582912kg

For the absolute relative approximate error in percent in specific volume,

present past 0.002810764 0.002820503

A * 100 * 100
present 0.002810764
 A 0.346489424%

For the absolute relative approximate error in percent in mass,

present past 1067.325582912 1063.640089963

A * 100 * 100
present 1067.325582912

A 0.345301659%
SUMMARY:

NONLINEAR APPROXIMATION
APPROXIMATE
METHOD REQUIREMENT ITERATION |A| (%)
VALUE
SPECIFIC 1 0.0028 ---
VOLUME 2 0.0029 3.448275862
BISECTION (m3/kg) 3 0.00285 1.754385965
METHOD 1 1071.428571429 ---
MASS
2 1034.482758621 3.571428571
(kg)
3 1052.631578947 1.724137931
SPECIFIC 1 0.002757079 8.810810281
VOLUME 2 0.002804179 1.679639000
NEWTON- (m3/kg) 3 0.002807364 0.113451622
RAPHSON
1 1088.108102815 8.097366667
METHOD MASS
2 1069.831697331 1.708343988
(kg)
3 1068.617937198 0.113582235
SPECIFIC 1 0.002858039 ---
VOLUME 2 0.002820503 1.330828636
SECANT (m3/kg) 3 0.002806517 0.498335374
METHOD 1 1049.670856945 ---
MASS
2 1063.640089963 1.313342093
(kg)
3 1068.940561746 0.495862162
SPECIFIC 1 0.002858039 ---
VOLUME 2 0.002820503 1.330826452
REGULA-FALSI (m3/kg) 3 0.002810764 0.346489424
METHOD 1 1049.670856945 ---
MASS
2 1063.640089963 1.313342093
(kg)
3 1067.325582912 0.345301659