Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Dharamvir Hota-Bioactive Medicinal plants-Gene-Tech Books (2007) PDF
Dharamvir Hota-Bioactive Medicinal plants-Gene-Tech Books (2007) PDF
MEDICINAL PlANTS
"This page is Intentionally Left Blank"
BIOAGTIVE
MEDIGINAL PlANTS
Editor
Dharamvir Hota
2007
Gene-Tech Books
New Delhi - 110 002
2007, Publisher
ISBN 81-89729-19-5
ISBN : 978-81-89729-19-6
PRINTED IN INDIA
Preface
Preface v
1. Therapeutic Value of Medicinal Plants 1
' \
2. Plant-based Biopharmaceuticals 21
3. Identification of Bioactive
Compounds in Plants 41
4. Plant-based Antimicrobials 55
5. Validity of Ethnomedicines 76
6. Evaluation of Plant Extracts 87
.- ,
7. Forest Botanicals as Pharmaceuticals 97
8. Medicinal Value of Phytoecdysteroids 111
9. Herb-drug Interactions 122
10. Bioactive Compounds in Legume
Natural Products 158
11. Production of Secondary Metabolites from
Medicinal Plants 173
12. Herbal Pharmacokinetics 189
13. Risks of Plant-derived Vaccines 203
14. Conservation of Medicinal Plants 223
Bibliography 265
Index 267
"This page is Intentionally Left Blank"
1
Therapeutic Value of Medicinal
Plants
Value of Phytomedicines
Sustainable Development
Cultivation of wild plants do not introduce new weeds
or other new pests to the ecosystem.
Many wild plants do not need the use of pesticides.
This is a privilege of plants cultivated under desert
conditions, i.e. under almost their natural habitat
conditions.
Minimal ecological consequences for the agro-
ecosystem 0 Minimal degradation, salinisation, soil
erosion, waterlogging, etc.
Improvement of the economy of wasteland:
a) Environmental protection
- Dune stabilisation
- Wildlife habitat
- Biodiversity conservation
b) Economical improvement:
- Fill a gap in the domestic needs such as folk
medicine and pharmaceutical industries.
- Potential for exports, especially pharmacoepial
drug plants 0 Potential for creation of small
industries in cutting, drying, grinding, extraction,
packing, etc ..
- Provides cash (crop) income for settlers in newly
reclaimed land and desert areas.
Issues
. -
Therapeutic Value of Medicinal Plants 17
SWOT Analysis
Contingency Measures
Analytical Characterisation
Ethnobotany
Structures of Alkaloids
..",.
Q
Bloactlv. compounds
140
.....
tI)
120
100
80
60
40 In roots
20
o
~$>:~#~<..~0~ ~~~ct~#<"i1I-(f'0':>..&~~,b~~if~ ~' ~~A'0~~()
Q~ ~- q ~'Ii r:7 ~ r# ~",..(J'~~
Bloac:tlv. compounds
Phytomedicines Development
Therapeutic benefit
o !/iethar.cl
Bacterial strains
I
-2
~
0
;~ I
o
o
Aqueous
~leL~anol
N
co
0
'"
-@
E
:1 I
0 =
Bacterial strainS
Figure 1: Antibacterial activity of Sapindus emarginatus (a) Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (b) and Mirabilis jalapa (c) in aqueous
and methanol extracts against some bacterial strains.
o \queous
o Methanol
o Methanol
Bactenal strains
;.nllbactcrliil activity of Colocasla escul,,"-,
6
o Aqueous
=JMet~an01
Bacterial strains
Figure 2: Antibacterial activity of Rhea discolor (a) Nyctantes arbortristis (b) and Colocasia esculellta (c) in aqueous and
methanol extracts against some bacterial strains. (j
"ntIO,,(lenill activity of Gracllana 'u~t,<:<tJ
3,
~ 4 JI
s
~
I o ME:tha~ol
~~
(3
N
c:
0
""
~
~ 1
[j A~ue()us
o Metnanol
Eactel-la! stral'lS
Figure 3: Antibacterial activity of Gracileria corticata (a) Dictyota spp. (b) and Plllicaria wiglttiana (c) in aqueous and
methanol extracts against some bacterial strains.
Plant-based Antimicrobials 75
Chemical Screening
TLC Screening
r:M
o
1
o 4SO(nm)
1
1
llV tta(!e (254 nm)
r ~l . !~ I
TLC
1. L_~~.~ ~CJ
10 20 .30 40 so (mln)
HOOC ~
sQ
P O-Glc
IR=Ott
7R=H
~O
OHy:5"
~c
8R=Ott
8R=H
COOH
Importance of Pharmaceutical
Harvesting
--
sesquiterpene, juvenile hormone.
~ .
!
.... .. .."/"".,,, .,'I'.v
<Cl"
~. / .. ,t;.,
,
atet)1-co ...
Adaptogenic Activity
Commercial Preparations
Herbs with potential for toxic effects: These herbs are very
strong Qi and Blood movers and can certainly cause side
effects if used inappropriately. They should also be
avoided during pregnancy.
Semen persicae Tao ren
Flos carthami Hong hua
Rhizoma and Radix Rhei Da huang
Fructus aurantii Zi shi
Radix aconite Fu zhi
Rhizoma zingiberis Gan jiang
Cortex cinnamomi Rou gui
Herbs are as effective and have less side effects than conventional
medications: Product labelling of herbs is governed by the
Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994.
Because libelling of herbs is designed to promote product
use and not necessarily inform the consumer, pharmacy
technicians can assist in the selection of appropriate
herbals and to screen for possible interactions with
conventional therapies.
Pharmacists and technicians, as well as physicians,
dieticians, and other health care providers must b~come
knowledgeable about herbal supplements and
prospectively seek information regarding their patients' use
of unconventional medicines to avoid adverse
consequences. Consumers need to be reminded that herbs
132 Bioactive Medicinal Plants
Immune Modulators
Antihyperlipidemics
- Ginkgo Biloba
Herb-Drug Interactions 137
Genitourinary
~9.
10.
?oOOB 11.
NB-CBr~-COOH
NB,
..,~ 12.
OCR,
Taxol
. .Vo,.,.,
" 0
011
Taxol
The influence of biotic and abiotic elicitors was also
studied to improve the production and accumulation of
taxol through tissue cultures, The production of taxol from
nodule cultures containing cohesive multicultural units
displaying a high degree of differentiation has been
achieved from cultured needles of seven Taxus cultivars.
Factors influencing stability and recovery of paditaxel from
suspension cultures and the media have been studied in
detail by Nguyen et al. The effects of rare earth elements
and gas concentrations on taxol production have been
reported.
Glnsenosldes
L-DOPA
L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine, is an important
intermediate of secondary metabolism in higher plants and
180 Bioactiv8 Medicinal Plants
Structures of Ginsenosides
Production of Secondary Metabolites from Medicinal Plants 181
L-DOPA
Berberine
OMe
Berberine
Diosgenin
()
Diosgenin
Capsaicin
Capsaidn
Camptothecin
o
Camptothecin
Tanshlnones
M~
Tanshinone I Tanshinone II
Cryptotanshinone
Podophyllotoxin
"~
(l
Me()~OMe
OMe
R=H: Podophyllotoxin, R=OM.: 5-methoxypodophyllotoxin
CYP450
Cyclosporine
Pharmacodynamic Interactions
Risk Assessment
Global Risks
Traditional Plants
Herbal Medicine
Pharmaceutical Medicine
A_red Ih.ui.~
bcucr pnllCS (or Han'CSt. 10Idc,
quality malcnals, export, import.
*bwclIl aliSis1.:mc;c. _ul'a.:lul1:,
mfrll5lruclUraI COII5wnption
~dopmcnt
.. Ex rim coawnation.
I'ropajlllti...
d..-..tieati..n. uop
,'arid! breediall
{'Qlla:lion or planl
Mato:nals for ill "'tu
pbalia. or culnvatioo, ~mpler.lloi:"
Ll\o",lcdsc.
lCdaaiul amsllllll:C:,
in/'~a1 ~ bcc:nstIlS.
dC\'CIopmc:at m-r.:tlln:
~IORE
THAN()~E
COUNTRY
MAVDE
"
WholC'illh.'ilI
1'\'01 VI'll
+ ,
MallufllCwJ"(:n
+
Rct;lilc:n
1-+ ICOftSUW<:B