EUROPEAN PRESTANDARD ENV 1993-2 PRENORME EUROPEENNE EUROPAISCHE VORNORM October 1997 ICS 81.010.80; 91.080.10; 99.040 Descriptors: stoe! construction, structural steels, structures, bridges, computation English vorsion Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures - Part 2: Steel bridges Euracode 8: Calcul des structures en acier- Partie 2: Ponts Eurocode 8: Bemessung und Konstruktion von Stanloaut rmeialiques Tel 2; Sahlbracken This European Prestandard (ENV) was approved by CEN on 30 May 1997 a8 a prospective standar¢ far provisional application, ‘The period of vabisy ofthis ENV is imiked infbally to three years. Air two yoars the members of CEN will be requested to submit their comments, particulary on the question whether the ENV ean be converted ino.a European Standard (GEN members are required 1o announce the existence ofthis ENV in the same way as for an EN and to make the ENV available promplly ‘at national level in an appropriate form. lis permissile to keep conflicting national standarcs in force (in parallel a the ENV) unt the final {decision about the possible conversion ofthe ENV Into an EN is reached, ‘CEN members ate the national standards bacles of Austria, Belgium, Czech Repubile, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany. Grosce, Icoland, retanc, haly, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Swoden, Switzerland and United Kingtom, EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMITE EUROPEEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPAISCHES KOMITEE FOR NORMUNG (Central Secretariat: 1e de Stassar, 366-1050 Brussels ©1867 CEN All ights of explattation in any form and by any means reserved Rol. No. ENV 1998-2:1997 E ‘worldwide for GEN nafional Members,Page 2 ENV 1993-2 :1997 Contents Foreword 1 |General TI Scope 1.2 Distinction between principles and application rules 1.3 Normative references 1.4 Definitions 1.5. Symbols 2 Basis of design 2.1 General 2.2 Requirements 2.3 Limit states 2.4 Actions 3 Materials 3.1 General 3.2 Structural steel 3.3 Connecting devices 3.4 Cables 3.5 Bearings 3.6 Other items 4 Serviceability limit states 41 Basis 4.2 Calculation models, 4.3 Limitations for stress 4.4 Limitation of web breathing 4.5 Limits for clearance gauges 4.6 Limits for visual impression 4.7 Performance criteria for railway bridges 4.8 Performance criteria for road bridges 4.9 Performance criteria for pedestrian bridges 4.10 Performance criteria for effects of wind 4.11 Accessibilty of joint details and surfaces 4.12. Drainage 5. Ultimate limit states 5.1 Basis 5.2. Calculation of internal forces and moments 5.3 Classification of cross-sections 5.4 Resistance of cross-sections 5.5 Buckling resistance of members 5.6 Shear buckling resistance 5.7. Resistance of webs to transverse force 5.8 Trusses and triangulated structures 5.9 Built up compression members 5.10 Arches 5.11 Cables Page 31 31 3 2 45 51 52. 52 52 33Page 3 ENV 1993-2:1997 6 Fasteners, welds and connections 54 6.1 Basis 54 6.2 Connections in shear subject to stress fluctuations due to traffic 54 6.3. Fasteners 54 6.4 Connections using fasteners or pins 55 6.5. Welded connections 59 6.6 Splices 0 6.7 Beam-to-column type connections 60 6.8 Cable anchorages 61 6.9 Byebars 6 7. Fabrication and erection 6 7.1. Requirements 8 7.2 Documentation 6 7.3. Geometrical tolerances 6B 7.4. Fitted bolts and pins 64 7.5. Restrictions on welding “4 7.6 Post weld treatment CI 7.7 Erection oy 7.8 Protective treatment 65 8 Design assisted by testing 66 8.1 General 66 8.2 Types of tests 66 8.3. Verification of aerodynamic effects on bridges by testing as a result of wind action 07 9 Fatigue assessment 68 9.1 General 68 9.2 Fatigue loading 68 9.3 Partial factors for fatigue verifications 69 9.4 Fatigue stress spectra 69 9.5 Fatigue assessment procedures 0 9.6 Fatigue strength 81 9.7 Post weld treatment 81Page 4 ENV 1993-2 :1997 Annex A [normative] High strength cables A.l General A2 Actions 3. General requirements Ad Materials A.S Mechanical properties A.6 Structural analysis A. Serviceability limit state A.8 Ultimate limit states Ao Fatigue A.10 Information required for cable suppliers ALL Requirements for tests ‘A.12. Formulae for calculating strand properties A.13 Aerodynamic oscillation of cables A.14 Corrosion protection of cables and fittings Annex B [normative] Bearings Bl General B.2__ Choice of the type of bearings B.3 Modelling the structure to determine the bearing reactions B.4 Limit states to be considered B.5 Actions and load combinations B.6 Design local to bearings B.7 Typical bearing schedule Annex C [informative] Design against brittle fracture C.1 Basis C2 Procedure C.3_ Bibliography Annex D [informative] Guidance on the choice of through thickness grade D.1 General D2. Basis D.3° Procedure Annex E finformative] Expansion joints for road bridges El General E.2. Maximum movements of the joints E.3._ Design of the expansion joint E.4 Structural detailing Annex F [informative] Fatigue assessment of slender elements of bridges due to wind-induced vibrations Fl Scope F.2__ Definition of slender elemems F.3_ Types of profiles considered and hazards F.4 Stress ranges caused by cross-wind vibrations F.5 Fatigue assessment F.6 Fatigue damage verification Annex G [informative] Special considerations for structural detailing G.l_ General G.2_ Highway bridges G.3_ Railway bridges 82 84 86 89 1 98 101 102 106 108 110 110 ui 113 14 115 a7 HT 118 118 118 121 122 122 122 123 127 127 127 128 129 130 130 130 131 132 133 134 135 135 135 143Annex H [informative] Buckling lengths of members in bridges HLL General 2 Trusses 13° Arched bridges Annex J [informative] Injection bolts JA General 4.2 Design resistance 13. Fatigue design resistance Annex K [informative] Tolerances for fabrication and erection of steel bridges K.1 Scope K.2 Geometrical tolerances for plates and stiffeners Annex L [informative] Fatigue strength category tables Ll General L.2_ Orthotropic decks for railway bridges and highway bridges L.3 Modified fatigue strength curves 161 161 161 161Page 6 ENV 1993-2 :1997 Foreword Objectives of the Euracodes (1) _ The “Structural Burocodes” comprise a group of standards for the structural and geotechnical design of buildings and civil engineering works. @) They cover execution and control only to the extent that is necessary to indicate the quality of the construction products, and the standard of the workmanship, needed to comply with the assumptions of the design rules. 3) Until the necessary set of harmonized technical specifications for products and for methods of testing their performance is available, some of the Structural Eurocodes cover some of these aspects in informative annexes. Background to the Eurocode programme (4) The Commission of the European Communities (CEC) initiated the work of establi harmonized technical rules for the design of building and civil engineering works which would is an alternative to the different rules in force in the various member states and would ultimately replace them. These technical rules became known as the "Structural Eurocodes". (5) In 1990, after consulting their respective member states, the CEC transferred the work of further development, issue and updating of the Structural Eurocodes to CEN, and the EFTA Secretariat agreed to support the CEN work. (6) CEN Technical Committee CEN/TC 250 is responsible for all Structural Euracodes. Eurocode programme (7) Work is in hand on the following Structural Eurocodes, each generally consisting of a number of parts EN 1991 Eurocode 1 Basis of design and actions on structures; EN 1992 Eurocode 2 Design of concrete structures; EN 1993 Eurocode 3 Design of steel structures: EN 1994 Eurocode 4 Design of composite steel and concrete structures; EN 1995 Eurocode 5 Design of timber structures; EN 1996 Eurocode 6 Design of masonry structures; EN 1997 Burocode 7 Geotechnical design; EN 1998 Eurocode 8 Design provisions for earthquake resistance of structures; EN 1999 Eurocode 9 Design of aluminium alloy structures, (8 Separate sub-committees have been formed by CEN/TC 250 for the various Eurocodes listed above. (9) This Pare 2 of Eurocode 3 is published by CEN as a European Prestandard (ENV) with an intial life of three years. (10) This Prestandard is intended for experimental application. be invited to submit formal comments to be taken into (11) After approximately two years CEN members account in determining furure actions,Page 7 ENV 1993-2:1997 (12) Meanwhile feedback and comments on this Prestandard should be sent to the secretariat of CEN/TC250/SC3 at the following address: BSI Standards British Standards House 389 Chiswick High Road London W4 4AL England or to your national standards organization, National Application Documents (NADs) (13) In view of the responsibilities of the authorities in member countries for safety, health and other matters covered by the essential requirements of the Construction Products Directive (CPD), certain safety elements in this ENV have been assigned indicative values which are identified by LJ (“boxed values"). ‘The authorities in each member country are expected to review the “boxed values” and may substitute alternative definitive values for these safety elements for use in national application. (14) Bridges are essentially public works, for which: - the European Directive on contracts for public works is relevant; - public authorities have responsibilities as owners. (15) Within this context, this Prestandard has been established with two objectives: - sufficient precision and comprehensiveness for contractual use; ~ sufficient flexibility to allow the relevant authorities to exert their technical responsibilities. (16) Because of the responsibilities of public authorities for bridge design, it is expected that, for application, this ENV 1993-2 will be supplemented by: ~ the general complementary rules and options in the National Application Document (NAD), see (19); ~ complementary specifications and modifications for particular projects. (17) Wherever this Prestandard uses such phrases as “unless specified otherwise by the competent authority”, the intention is that the relevant authorities (to be identified, if necessary, in the NAD) can intervene at either of these two levels. (18) Where this Prestandard makes reference to the ‘project specification", the intention is that the documentation defining a particular project can add complementary specifications and select options, which can include requirements of the competent authority as well as those of the owner, if these are separate. (19) Some of the supporting European or International Standards might not be available by the time this Prestandard is issued. It is therefore anticipated that a National Application Document (NAD) giving any substitute definitive values for safety elements, referencing compatible supporting standards and providing guidance on the national application of this Prestandard, will be issued by each member country or its Standards Organization. (20) It is intended that this Prestandard is used in conjunction with the NAD valid in the country where the bridge is locatedPage 8 ENV 1993-2 :1997 Matters specific to this Prestandard (21) The Parts of ENV 1993 that are currently envisaged are: ENV 1993-1-1 General rules: General rules and rules for buildings; ENV 1993-1-2 General rules: Structural fire design; ENV 1993-1-3 General rules: Supplementary rules for cold formed thin gauge members and sheeting: ENV 1993-1-4 General rules: Supplementary rules for stainless steels; ENV 1993-1-5 General rules: Supplementary rules for the strength and stability of planar plated structures without transverse loading; ENV 1993-2 Steel bridges; ENV 1993-3 Towers, masts and chimneys; ENV 1993-4 Silos, tanks and pipelines; ENV 1993-5 Piling; ENV 1993-6 Crane supporting structures; ENV 1993-7 Marine and maritime structures; ENV 1993-8 Agricultural structures. (22) This Part 2 of Eurocode 3 has been produced to complement Part 1.1 for the design of bridges. (23) Steel bridge design requires additional rules for plated structures, but these rules are not specific to bridges, 0 they have been provided separately as ENV 1993-1-5. (24) Reference is made to both Part 1.1 and Part 1.5 and matters that are already covered in those documents are not repeated. Similarly reference is also made to Eurocode 1: Part 1 for matters concerning the basis of design instead of repeating them in this document. (25) For the application of this Part 2 of Eurocode 3 it is assumed that the competent authority or the owner, if these are separate, will define the load model and the characteristic values of the traffic loads according to Part 3 of Eurocode 1. (26) In each Section of the main portion of the text, the extent to which it supplements, modifies, replaces or supersedes the corresponding elements of Part 1.1 of Eurocode 3 is specifically indicated.Page 9 ENV 1993-2:1997 1 General 1.1 Scope (DP. This Part 2 of ENV 1993 gives a general basis for the structural design of stec! bridges, steel parts of composite bridges and also steel temporary works in bridges. It gives provisions that supplement, modify or supersede the equivalent provisions given in ENV 1993-1-1, to which reference shall also be made. (2) This Part 2 also gives detailed application rules that are mainly applicable to commonly used types of bridge. Where the applicability of these rules is limited, for practical reason or due to simplifications, their use and any limits of applicability are explained in the text. ) Provisions for composite bridges are covered in ENV 1994-2, (4) The design of stel bearing piles and steel sheet pile walls is covered in ENV 1993-5 (5)P_ The provisions ofthis Prestandard are also applicable to the steel parts of bridges that are mainly of other ‘construction materials. (@P This Prestandard is concerned only with provisions for resistance, serviceability and durability of bridge structures. Other aspects of design are not considered. (AP. Execution is covered to the extent that is necessary to indicate the quality of the construction materials and products that should be used and the standard of workmanship on site needed to comply with the assumptions of the design rules. (8) Provisions for the design of high strength cables and related parts are included in annex A. Pending the availability of European Standards for these items, annex A temporarily includes some aspects related to the ‘materials used for them, (9) For the execution of steel bridge structures, reference should be made to ENV 1090-5. (10)P ENV 1993 does not cover the special requirements of seismic design. Reference shall be made to the requirements given in ENV 1998, which complements and modifies the rules of ENV 1993 specifically for this, Purpose. 1.2 Distinction between principles and application rules (DP. Depending on the contents of the individual paragraphs, a distinction is made in this Part between principles and application rules. (2)P. The principles comprise: - general or definitive statements for which there is no alternative; ~ requirements and analytical models for which no alternative is permitted unless specifically stated. (3) The principles are identified by the leter P following the paragraph number. (4P. The application rules are generally recognized rules that follow the principles and satisfy their requirements. Alternative design rules different from the application rules given in the Eurocode may be used, provided that it is shown that the alternative rule accords with the relevant principles and has at least the same reliability (5) Inthis Part the application rules are identified by a number in brackets, as in this paragraph,Page 10 ENV 1993-2 :1997 1.3 Normative references ‘This European Prestandard incorporates, by dated or undated reference, provisions from other publications. ‘These normative references are cited at the appropriate places in the text and the publications are listed hereafter. For dated references, subsequent amendments or revisions of any of these publications apply to this European Prestandard only when incorporated in it by amendment or revision. For undated references the latest edition of the publication referred to applies. When for some European Prestandards the numbers were not available at the date of draft, only a reference is given to EN EN 1337 Part 1: EN 10025 EN 10164 ENV 1090 Part 1: Part 5: ENV 1991 Part 1: Part 2.4: Part 2.6: Part 2.7: Part 3: ENV 1992 Part 2: ENV 1993 Part 1: Part 1.1: Part 1.5: Part 3: Part 5: ENV 1994 Part ENV 1997 ENV 1998 180 286 Part 2: 180 2408 180 8930 Structural bearings: General design rules; Hot rolled products of non-alloy structural steels - Technical delivery conditions; ‘Steel products with improved deformation properties perpendicular to the surface of the Product - Technical delivery conditions; Execution of steel structures: General rules and rutes for buildings; Supplementary rates for bridges; Eurocode 1: Basis of design and actions on structures: Basis of design; Wind actions; Loads and deformations imposed during execution; Accidental actions; Traffic loads on bridges; Eurocode 3 : Design of concrete structures: Concrete bridges: Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures: General rutes; General rules: General rules and rates for buildings; General rules: Supplementary rales for the strength and stability of planar plated structures without transverse loading; Towers masts and chimneys; Piling: Eurocode 4: Design of composite steel and concrete structures: Composite bridges, Eurocode 7: Geotechnical design: Eurocode 8: Earthquake resistant design of soructures; 1SO system of limits and fits: Tables of standard tolerance grades and limit deviations for hole and shafts; Steel wire ropes for general purposes; Characteristics; General principles on reliability for structures - List of equivalent terms;TSO 8369 ISO 12944 Part 3: EURONORM 18 EURONORM 58 EURONORM 91 EN 10113 EN 10137 EN 10155 EN 10210 EN 10219 EN 10204 EN 10029 EN 10051 Large diameter steel wire ropes; Paints and varnishes - Corrosion protection of steel structures by protective paint systems: Design considerations. Taking and preparation of samples and sample sections of steel and steel products; Hot-rolled flat steel for general use; Hot-rolled wide flats - Tolerances on dimensions, shape and mass; Hot-rolled products with weldable fine grain structural steels; Plates and wide flats made of high yield strength structural steels in the quenched and tempered or precipitation hardened conditions; Structural steels with improved ammospheric corrosion resistance; technical delivery conditions; Hot finished structural hollow sections of non-alloy and fine grain structural steels; Cold formed hollow sections of structural steel; ‘Metallic products - Types of inspection documents; Hot-rolled steel plates 3mm thick or above - Tolerances on dimensions, shape and mass; Continuously hot-rolled uncoated plate, sheet and strip of non-alloy and alloy steels - Tolerances on dimensions and shape;Page 12 ENV 1993-2: 997 1.4. Definitions For the purposes of this Part 2 of ENV 1993, in addition to the definitions given in ISO 8930, ENV 1991, and ENV 1993-1, the following definitions apply: 1.4.1 bridge: Civil engineering construction works mainly intended to carry traffic or pedestrian loads over ‘a natural obstacle or a communication fine. They cover all types of bridges including railway bridges and bridges which carry canals, service pipes or other vehicles such as an aircraft. 1.4.2 abutment: Any end support of a bridge without rigid continuity with the deck. A distinction is made between rigid abutments and flexible abutments where relevant. 1.4.3 integral abutment: An abutment that is connected to the deck without any movement joint. 1.4.4 pier; Intermediate support of a bridge, situated under the deck, 1.4.5 bearing: Structural device located between the deck and an abutment or pier of the bridge and transferring loads from the deck to the abutment or pier, 1.4.6 cable stay: A tensioned element which connects the deck of a bridge to the pylon or pylons above the deck, 1.4.7 prestress: Permanent effect due to controlled forces and /or controlled deformations imposed within a structure. Various types of prestress are distinguished from each other as relevant (such as prestress by tendons ‘or prestress by imposed deformation of supporis) 1.4.8 headroom: The free height available for traffic. 1.4.9 breathing (of plates): Out-of plane deformation of a slender plate caused by repeated application of in- plane loading. 1.4.10 ‘secondary structural elements: Structural elements that do not form part of the main structure of the bridge, but are provided for other reasons, such as guard rails, parapets, ladders and access covers. 1.5 Symbols (1) In addition to those given in ENV 1993-1-1 the following symbols are used in this Part 2 of ENV 1993. 1.5.1 Latin upper case letters Stiffness Diameter Factor Number of ... Parallel component of an applied force Perpendicular Tension force ‘Temperature of member Percentage reduction of area News2zn001.8.2. Greek upper case letters @ Torsional moment of inertia 1.5.3 Latin lower case letters Distance Number of ... Factor Mass Proportion of traffic that crosses whilst on the bridge Time ‘Width Lateral deflection < expansion joints; ~ drainage devices; > guardrails, parapets; + asphalt layer and other surface protection; + wind shields; + noise barriers. (4) Where a bridge includes components that need to be replaceable, the possibility of their safe replacement. should be verified as a transient design situation, taking into account (as far as possible) the need to minimise interruption to the use of the bridge and reduction of the traffic on it. 2.2.6 Quality assurance (DP The quality assurance measures shall be as specified by the competent authority, see ENV 1991-1 2.2.7 Robustness and structural integrity ()__ Bridges should be designed to tolerate damage. (2) The design should ensure that when damage due to accidental actions occurs, the remaining structure can sustain at least the accidental load combination, see annex A 2.5(1). @)_Theeffects of deterioration of material, corrosion or fatigue should be taken into account by appropriate choice of material or structural redundancy and corrosion protection system. (4) To ensure sufficient integrity, provision should be made for inspection and maintenance at appropriate intervals as specified by the competent authority. (5) _ To secure accessibility for maintenance and inspection, the requirements given in Section 4 should be satisfied. 2.3 Limit states 2.3.1. Static equilibrium (OP. Where the results of a verification are likely to be very sensitive to variations of the magnitude of a permanent action from place to place in the structure, the unfavourable and the favourable parts of this action shall ‘be considered as individual actions, In the design of bridges, this shall be applied in particular to the verification of static equilibrium and to the verification of anchors to prevent uplift. NOTE: Information on uplift verification is given in annex B. 2.3.2. Partial factors for actions (1) The partial factors for ultimate limit states inthe persistent, transient and accidental design situations should be obtained from ENV 1991-3 and ENV 1991-2-6. (2) _Prestress that is imposed by deformations (e.g. prestress of cables of cable stayed bridges or precambering) may be represented by its nominal value. It should be included with the permanent action G, and need not bePage 16 ENV 1993-2 :1997 treated separately, except that a partial factor of ‘y, =| 1,0 | should be applied to prestress during erection of the bridge. 2.3.3 Combination factors (1) The values of the combination factors y for bridges should be obtained from ENV 1991-3. 2.3.4 Serviceability limit states (DP The frequent load combination may be used for reversible serviceability limit states, but for irreversible serviceability limit states, the characteristic (rare) load combination shall be used. 2.4 Actions 2.4.1 Characteristic values of actions (OP Characteristic values of actions F, for the design of bridges that are not specified in the relevant part of ENV 1991, shall be specified by the competent authority. @)_ The effects of predicted absolute and differential settlements should be considered as best estimates of imposed deformations. (3)P_ The actions to be considered in the erection stages shall he obtained from ENV 1991-2-6. 2.4.2 Other representative values (QP. In addition to the representative values of variable actions listed in ENV 1991-1, the infrequent value Q, shall be considered where specified.Page 17 ENV 1993-2:1997 3 Materials 3.1 General QP Unless specified otherwise the provisions of this Section 3 shall be followed, superseding Section 3 of ENV 1993-1-1. (2)P The material properties given in this Section 3 shall be treated as nominal values and adopted as characteristic values in design calculations. B) Unless specified by the competent authority inspection documents in accordance with 3.1.6 of EN 10209 should contain material test certificates. 3.2 Structural steel 3.2.1 Scope ()P_ This Part 2 of ENV 1993 covers the design of bridges fabricated from steel material conforming to the steel grades listed in table 3.1 Q)P_ Other stee! materials shall not be used unless approved by the competent authority. 3.2.2 Material properties (1)P_ The nominal values of the yield strength f, and the ultimate strength f, for structural steel shall be obtained from table 3.1. (2) Asan alternative to (OP the values specified in EN 10025, EN 10113, EN 10137, EN 10210, EN 10219 and EN 10155 for a larger range of thicknesses may be used. 3.2.3. Global plastic analysis (accidental design situations only) (1) Global plastic analysis may be used for accidental design situations if the stee! complies with the following additional requirements: = _ unless otherwise specified the ratio of the specified minimum ukimate tensile strength f, to the specified minimum yield strength f, should satisty: si, > [hao] = the elongation at failure on a gauge length of 5,65 /A, (where Ay is the original cross-section area) is not less than 15%; ~ the ultimate strain e, is atleast 15 times the yield strain e,, NOTE: For testing see EURONORM 18. (2) The steel grades listed in table 3.1 may be accepted as satisfying these requirements. 3.2.4 Fracture toughness (DP. The material shall have sufficient fracture toughness to avoid brittle fracture at the lowest service temperature expected to occur within the intended life of the structure, @) The lowest service temperature to be adopted in design should be stated in the project specification,Page 18 ENV 1993-2 :1997 (3) No further check against brite fracture need be mad ‘the conditions given in table 3.2 are satisfied. NOTE: The methodology for calculating the values in table 3.2 may be taken from annex C. Table 3.1a: Nominal values of yield strength f, and ultimate ten: for hot rolled structural steel strength f, 40mm < ts 100mm EN 10113 }S 275 N/NL. S355 N/NL. S420 N/NL. S460 N/NL_ | ‘$275 MM $355 M/ML. 'S 420 M/ML S460 M/ML. EN 10137 $460 Q/QL/QLI EN 10155 8235 W 8355 W For flat products 40 mm < U< 63 mm oniTable 3.1b: Nominal values of yield strength f, and ultimate tensile strength f, for structural hollow sections Standard and EN 10210 S235 H S275H S355H S275 NH/NLH ‘$355 NH/NLH S460 NH/NLH S275 NH/NLH S355 NH/NLH ‘$460 NH/NLH S275 MH/MLH S355 MH/MLH '$ 420 MH/MLH ‘S460 MH/MLH (5) Unless otherwise specified the steels listed in table 3.1 may also be used for railway bridges. 3.2.6 Through thickness quality of steel plate (21) Steel plates with improved through thickness properties to EN 10164 should be used where necessary. NOTE: Guidance on the choice of through thickness quality is given in annex D. |Page 20 ENV 1993-2 :1997 Table 3.2 Limiting thickness of steel for parts in tension (@) Flat and long products to EN 10025, 10113, 10137, 10155: Grade in EN 10113 S2350W s23572W_ ‘S275-N/M ‘S275-NL/ML_ 835530 $355)0W 935512 s35512W $355K2 S355K2W_ S355N/M. ‘S355NLUML ‘S420N/M. S420NLIML ‘S460N/M S460NLIML Notes: (1) The thicknesses given in EN 10113 are for steels specified in Part 2 (°N’ grades) and for long Products specified in Part 3 (‘M" grades). For flat products in ‘M" grades the maximum thickness is limited to a maximum of 63mm. (2) For all steels specified in EN 10155, the thickness is limited to a maximum of 100mm.Page 21 ENV 1993-2:1997 (b) for hollow sections to EN 10210 and EN 10219: Grade in EN 10210 $275)0H S27S12H S27SNH S275NLH $355)0H S35S22H S35SNH S35SNLH ‘S460NH ‘S460NLH 8275108 827512H ‘S275NH S275NLH 275M S275MLH $355]0H 8355121 S35SNH S35SNLH S355MH S355MLH s420MEL ‘S420MLH S460NH ‘S460NLH ‘S460MH ‘S460MLB (1) For all steets specified in EN 10210, the thickness is limited to a maximum of 65mm. (2) For all steels specified in EN 10219, the thickness is limited to a maximum of 40mm, NOTE: The numerical values tor thickness of table 3.2 have been calculated following the procedure in annex C on the basis of' various safety assumptions. The values may be considered as boxed values.Page 22 ENV 1993-2 :1997 3.2.6 Tolerances (AP The dimensional and mass tolerances of rolled steel sections, and structural hollow sections shall conform with the relevant product standard. (2) _ Unless specified otherwise the tolerances of plates, flats and wide flats should conform with the relevant product standard listed in table 3.3. Table 3.3: Tolerances for plates, flats and wide flats Type of flat product} Product standard Class of tolerance /EN 10029 EN 10051 Flats Euronorm 58 Euronorm 91 (3) For guidance on surface conditions see ENV 1090, Part 5, 3.2.7 Design values of material coefficients (1) _ For design values of material coefficients see ENV 1993-1-1 3.3 Connecting devices For connecting devices see ENV 1993-1-1 3.4 Cables (1) For the design of cables reference should be made to annex A. 3.5 Bearings (DP Unless specified otherwise bearings shall comply with prEN 1337. QP The type of bearings shall meet with the approval of the competent authority.Page 23 ENV 1993-2:1997 3.6 Other items (2) Expansion joints, guardrails, parapets and other ancillary items should comply with the requirements of the competent authority. (2) The bridge deck surfacing system, the products used and the method of application should meet with the approval of the competent authority. NOTE: Information on the treatment of thermal actions from the application of deck surfacing systems is given in annexes B and E.Page 24 ENV 1993-2 :1997 4 Serviceability limit states 4.1 Basis (DP The provisions given in this Section 4 shall supersede those, where appropriate, given in Section 4 of ENV 1993-1-1 (QP A bridge shall be designed and constructed such that all relevant serviceability limit states are satisfied. @) In general the following serviceability requirements should be taken into account: a) restriction to elastic behaviour in order to limit: ~ excessive yielding, see 4.3(1); - deviations from the intended geometry by residual deflections, see 4.3(1); ~ excessive deformations, see 4,3(4); 'b) limitation of deflections and curvature in order to prevent: ~ unwanted dynamic impacts due to traffic (also deflection limits together with natural frequencies), see 4.7 and 4.8; ~ infringement of required clearances, see 4.5 or 4.6; - cracking of surfacing layers, see 4.8; = damage of drainage, see 4.12; ©) limitation of natural frequencies in order to, see 4.8 and 4.9: - exclude vibrations due to traffic or wind which are unacceptable to pedestrians or passengers in cars using the bridge; ~ limit fatigue damages caused by resonance phenomena; ~ limit excessive noise emission; d) Restriction of plate slenderness in order to limit, see 4.4: ~ excessive rippling of plates; ~ breathing of plates (also in view of fatigue); ~ reduction of stiffness due to plate buckling, that may result in an increase of deflection, see ENV 1993- 15; €) achievement of sufficient durability by appropriate detailing to reduce corrosion and excessive wear, see 4.11; ‘f) ease of maintenance and repair, see 4.11 ~ accessibility of structural parts to permit maintenance, inspection and renewal (of corrosion protection and asphaltic pavements, for example); = replacement of bearings, anchors, individual cables, expansion joints and the like, that might have a limited service life, with minimum disruption to the use of the structure. NOTE: Some of these serviceability requirements are relevant for all types of bridges, but others are relevant only for specific types such as road bridges, railway bridges or pedestrian bridges.Page 25 ENV 1993-2:1997 (4) _ Normally serviceability aspects may be dealt with in the conceptual design of the bridge, or by suitable detailing. However in appropriate cases, serviceability limit states may be verified by numerical assessment. (5) Unless other serviceability limits are specified by the competent authority, the recommendations given in 4.2 t0 4.12 should be applied. 4.2 Calculation models (1) __Deflections should be determined by linear elastic analysis, using gross cross-section properties with effective widths according to ENV 1993-1-5, clause 2.1. 2) In modelling the distribution of permanent weight and stiffness in a bridge, the non-uniform distribution fesulting from changes in plate thickness, reinforcement and the like should be taken into account. @)__Stress-resultants at serviceability limit states should be determined from a linear elastic analysis, using gross cross-section properties as specified in ENV 1993-1-5. The stresses should then be obtained using effective cross- section properties taking account of shear lag. (4) Simplified calculation models may be used for stress calculations provided that the effects of the simplification are conservative. 4.3 Limitations for stress (1) The nominal stresses in all elements of the bridge resulting from characteristic (rare) load combinations Graer 204 Faye, » Calculated making due allowance where relevant for the effects of shear lag in wide flanges the secondary effects implied by deflections (for instance secondary moments in trusses), should be limited as follows: dee V3 stew f Mare) + 3 Ceased $ Voter NOTE: When relevant the above checks should include stresses 0, trom transverse loads, see ENV 1993- 1-5, clause 2.24, (2) The partial factor for serviceability limit states may be taken as: Your = LLO ) Local areas of yielding (for instance at the crest of a buckle in a plate) may be accepted unless precluded by other provisions of this Prestandard.Page 26 ENV 1993-2 :1997 (4) The nominal stress range Ao, due to the representative values of variable loads specified for the frequent toad combination should be limited 10 1,5 £)/Yaeser- (9) __ For non-preloaded bolted connections subject to shear, the bolt forces due to the characteristic (rare) Joad combination should be limited to: Fars © LOZ) Fees in which F,xq_is the bearing resistance for ultimate limit states verifications. (6) For slip-resistant preloaded bolted connections category B (¢ assessment for serviceability shall be carried out using the characteris resistant at serviceability, see 6.4.7), the ic (rare) load combination. 4.4 Limitation of web breathing (1) The slenderness of unstiffened or stiffened web plates should be limited to avoid excessive breathing that ‘might result in fatigue at or adjacent to the web-to-flange connections. (2) _ Unless a more accurate calculation method is used, the following simplified procedure given in (3) to (6) may be followed. GB) The stresses Opec, and Teagan a web panel, see figure 4.1, should be calculated using the frequent load combination. t Oy ae eT % 17 \ thy | b 1 | { \ Op gy Figure 4.1: Stress state for a panel (A) _ If either of these stresses varies along the length of the panel, the design value should be taken as the maximum of: > the greater of the values at a distance equal to the lesser of 2/2 or b/2 from a transverse edge, in ‘which a is the longitudinal dimension of the pane! and b is the transverse dimension; - half of the maximum value within the length of the panel, (5) Fora sub-panel, the dimensions a,, and bj, should be used in place of a and b.Page 27 ENV 1993-2:1997 (6) The following criterion should be satisfied: with: , tals) “ear No jn which k, and k, are given as follows: - for unstiffened plates: - Kk, is given in table 5.3.2 of ENV 1993-1-1; - k, is given in 5.6.3(3) of ENV 1993-1 ~ for stiffened plates: see ENV 1993-1-5; and b, isthe smaller of a and b. 4.5 Limits for clearance gauges (DP. Specified clearance gauges shall be maintained without encroachment by any part of the structure under the effects of the characteristic (rare) load combination. 4.6 Limits for visual impression (G2) To avoid the visual impression of sagging, consideration should be given to precambering. (2) Imcalculating precambering, the effects of shear deformation and slip in rivetted or bolted connections should be considered. G) For connections with rivets or fited bolts a fastener stip of [ 0,2 mm ] should be assumed. For preloaded bolts no slip need be considered. 4.7 Performance criteria for railway bridges (1) Specific criteria for deformations and vibrations for railway bridges may be obtained from annex G of ENV 1991-3. 2) Requirements for the limitation of possible noise emission should be given in the project specification,Page 28 ENV 1993-2 :1997 4.8 Performance criteria for road bridges 4.8.1 General (1D) Excessive deformations should be avoided if they might: ~ endanger traffic when the surface is iced; ~ affect the dynamic load on the bridge; ~ affect the dynamic behaviour causing discomfort to users; ~ lead to cracks in asphaltic surfacings; ~ adversely affect the drainage of water from the bridge deck. (2) Calculations of deformations should be carried out using the frequent load combination. (3) __ To reduce strains in asphaltic road surfacing on steel decks the relative stiffness of adjacent stringers or stiffeners should be considered. Unless otherwise specified the minimum stiffness of stringers should be as indicated in figure 4.2. (4) The natural frequencies and deflections of the bridge structure should be limited to avoid discomfort of users. When relavant, the limiting criteria shall be stated in the project specification. 5 _——- 1 z 4 | =| 3 condition for curve 1: 21.20m Ly, trafic tane ae Web of main girder or longitudinal girder distance between cross girders a in m © 1000 5000 10000 16000 20000 Second moment of area of the stringers including deckplate in cm* —= NOTES: 1) Curve I applies to all other stringers or stiffeners, that are not covered by 2). | 2) Curve 2 applies to stringers or stiffeners that are located under the most heavily loaded twaffic lane within 1,2 m of a web of the main girder. 3) The figure applies to all types of stiffeners. Figure 4.2: Minimum stiffness of stringersPage 29 ENV 1993-2:1997 4.8.2 Deflection limits to avoid excessive impact from traffic (1) The carriageway should be designed such that it exhibits uniform deflection behaviour along the length with zno abrupt changes in stiffness or smoothness of surface giving rise to impact. Sudden changes in slope of the surface deck and changes of level at expansion joints should be eliminated. Transverse girders at the end of the bridge should be designed such that the deflection does not exceed: = the deflection timit specified for the proper functioning of the expansion joint; ~ Simm under frequent loads. NOTE: Information on the deflection limit of expansion joints is given in annex E. 2) Where the deck structure is irregularly supported (for instance by additional bracings at intermediate bridge piers) the deck area adjacent to these adkitional deck supports should be designed for the enhanced impact factors given in ENV 1991-3 for the area close to expansion joints. 4.8.3 Resonance effects (1) Mechanical resonance should be taken into account when relevant. Where light bracing members, cable stays or similar items have natural frequencies that are close to the frequency of any mechanical excitation (for instance regular passage of vehicles over deck joints) consideration should be given to artificial damping of the members (by means of oscillation dampers, for example). NOTE: Information on members supporting expansion joints is given in annex E. 4.9 Performance criteria for pedestrian bridges (2) For footbridges and cycle track bridges vibrations that might produce discomfort to users should be eliminated either by the structural design or providing suitable damping devices. 4.10 Performance criteria for effects of wind (1) Vibrations of stender members induced by vortex excitation should be limited to prevent repetitive stresses of sufficient magnitude to cause fatigue. NOTE: Information for the determination of fatigue loads from vortex excitation is given in annex F. and surfaces (DP _ All steelwork shall be designed and detailed to minimise the risk of corrosion and to permit inspection and maintenance, see ISO 12944-3 @__ Allparts should normally be designed to be accessible for inspection, cleaning and painting. Where such access is not provided, either all parts should be effectively sealed against corrosion (for instance the interior of boxes or hollow portions) or they should be constructed in steet with improved atmospheric corrosion resistance. Inall cases, if the environment or access provisions are such that corrosion can occur during the life of the bridge, a suitable allowance for this should be made in the proportioning of the partsPage 30 ENV 1993-2:1997 @) None of the above provisions need be applied to temporary bridges or to those with an appropriately short design life. 4.12 Drainage ()P__ The surfaces of carriageways and footpaths shall be sealed to prevent the ingress of surface water (QP Bridge decks shall be drained in such a way that surface water cannot damage structural elements. (3) Arrangements for drainage should take into account the slope of the bridge deck, the position, diameter andl slope of the waste pipes, the drainage of expansion joints and the discharge of waste water. (@ Free fall drains should carry waste water to a point clear of the underside of the structure so that no structural element or supporting structure is hit by water under any conditions of wind and weather. (5) _ Waste pipes should be designed so that they can be easily cleaned out. The distance between centres of cleaning openings should be stated in the project specification, (OP Where waste pipes are used in box girder bridges, provisions shall be made to avoid accumulation of water in the event of a leak in a pipe. (7) For road bridges, drains should be provided outside each expansion joint, on both sides where necessary. (8) _ For raitway bridges up to [40m] tong carrying ballasted tracks, the deck may be assumed to be self= raining and no further drainage provisions need be provided on the deck. (9) Provision should be made for drainage of all closed cross-sections, unless these are fully sealed by welding.Page 31 ENV 1993-2:1997 5 Ultimate limit states 5.1 Basis 5.1.1 General (1)P_ For bridges the provisions given in this Section 5 shall be followed superseding those given in Section 5 of ENV 1993-1-1 except where specifically mentioned. (2)P_ Steel bridges and their components shall be so proportioned that the basic design requirements given in Section 2 are satisfied. Q)P_ ‘The partial factor Yq shall he taken as follows: ~_ resistance of crass sections to yielding in tension or in compression when both local or global buckling phenomena are not critical Yoo = [1,00 ~ resistance of cross sections to yielding in compression or resistance of members when local or global buckling occurs at the ultimate limit state ‘ha = [10 ~ resistance of cross sections in tension to fracture of the material (for instance of net sections at bolt holes) yo = [1.25 5.1.2 Bridge design (DP. The design shall satisfy: ~ resistance of cross-sections (5.4) ~ resistance of members (5.5) - resistance of connections (Section 6) ~ bridge stability (5.1.6) + statie equilibrium (2.3.1 and 5.1.7) (2) For fatigue checks see Section 9. 5.1.3 Resistance of cross-sections ()P_ Cross-sections shall be classified as given in 5.3 to determine: ~ the type of analysis (plastic or elastic) = the cross-sectional resistance for longitudinal stresses (full plastic, full elastic or elastic with reduced effective areas). 2) Cross-sections with longitudinally stiffened plates classified as class 1 or class 2 should be treated in the same way as class 3 sections, except when considering accidental limit states,Page 32 ENV 1993-2 :1997 (3) __ Resistance of cross-sections subject to longitudinal and shear stresses should be obtained from 5.4 taking account of ~ shear lag effects, see ENV 1993-15 = yielding in webs + shear buckling in webs, see ENV 1993-1-5 NOTE: For composite bridges see ENV 1994-2. 5.1.4 Resistance of members (1) __ Tension members should in general be designed for their cross-sectional resistance to tension, see 5.4. For cables see annex A, (2) — Compression elements, beams and beams with combined axial force and bending should be designed for flexural and flexural torsional buckling, see ENV 1993-1-1. G)__ The influence of local buckling due to longitudinal and shear stresses should be accounted for by effective areas, see ENV 1993-1-5. (4) The resistance of webs subject to transverse stresses and the interaction between transverse and longitudinal stresses should be dealt with as in ENV 1993-1-5. 5.1.5 Resistance of connections (1) For resistances of connections reference should be made to section 6. 5.1.6 Stability (1)__ The stability of bridges and their parts which are not restrained by adequate bracings may have to be verified accounting for second order effects, see 5.2.1.2(1)P. @P_ Stability shall be assessed in all critical erection stages (see ENV 1991-2-6) and in the service stage. @)P_ The stability of bridges when subjected to dynamic excitation effects due to wind, for instance galloping and flutter, shall be verified, 5.1.7 Static equilibrium (OP. Static equilibrium shall be satisfied for all stages of execution including service condition (see ENV 1991-2-6). (2) The assumptions for execution loads and partial factors may be taken from ENV 1991-2-6. (3)P_ The partial factors for the non uniform distribution of the selfweight that are used for static equilibrium assessments shall aso be applied for the verification of uplift at the location of bearings or supports atthe ultimate.Page 33, ENV 1993-2:1997 5.2 Calculation of internal forces and moments 5.2.1 General 5.2.1.1 Methods of analysis (AP The calculation model shall be such as to adequately represent the structural response at the ultimate limit state concerned (2)P_ The internal forces and moments in a statically indeterminate structure shall be determined using elastic global analysis (5.2.1.3) with the exception of accidental load arrangements (5.2.1.4) depending on the classification of cross-sections according to 5.3. (3) For the analysis of steel beams in composite action see ENV 1994-2. 5.2.1.2. Effects of deformations (1) _ The influence of deformations on the action effects should be considered by second order theory, see 5.2.5.2 of ENV 1993-1-1. (2)P_ For temporary bridges where non-fitted bolts are used the effects of the slip on moment distributions and deformations shall be taken into account. 5.2.1.3 Elastic global analysis (DP Elastic global analysis shall be based on the assumption that the stress-strain behaviour of the material is linear, whatever the stress level. (2) _ This assumption is valid for both first-order and second-order elastic analysis, even where the resistance of a cross-section is based on its plastic resistance, see 5.3.3. 3) For bridges no redistribution of the elastic moments should normally be carried out, but also see 5.2.1.4. 5.2.1.4 Blastic-plastic global analysis (J) Unless otherwise specified an elastic-plastic analysis taking account of moment redistributions may only be applied to bridge parts subjected to accidental loads, when sufficient rotation capacity of the cross-sections in plastic zones is secured. For accidental loads see ENV 1991-3. 5.2.2 Des In assumptions 5.2.2.1 Basis (OP The assumptions made in the global analysis of the bridge shall be consistent with the anticipated type of behaviour of the cross-sections, members, connections and bearings. Where soil-structure interaction is relevant, the properties of the soil and of supports should be considered, (2)P_ The assumption made in the design of the members shall be consistent with (or conservative in relation to) the method used for the global analysis and with the anticipated type of behaviour of the connections.Page 34 ENV 1993-2 :1997 5.2.2.2 Models for global analysis, (1)__ For determining action effects from vertical or horizontal actions different structural models may be appropriate. (2) Cross section properties may be determined using ENV 1993-1-5. NOTE: Guidance for determining the forces and movements in bearings and expasion joints is given in annex B and annex E. ()P_ For determining action effects in steel bridges the overall structural behaviour of the bridge shall be considered; for instance the bridge deck represents an integral structure, where the deck serves as a load- distributing deck plate as well as a tension or compression flange of the main girder or a tie of an arch. (4) For modelling purposes the structure may be broken down into simplified substructures to facilitate its analysis. (5) For fatigue verification the connections in general may be assumed as rigid except for pinned connections ‘or connections of cables which may be considered as nominally pinned, However in modelling for ultimate limit state such connections may be assumed to be hinged, when this gives conservative results. 5.2.3 Structural systems 5.2.3.1 Orthotropic plates (1) __ In verifying the stresses in the orthotropic plate as the load distributing deck the following effects should be taken into account: a) membrane stresses in the stringers and in the deckplate from bending moments caused by local loads and from axial forces resulting from acting as the flange in resisting the global bending moments in the ‘main girder (longitudinal stringers) or cross girder (transverse stringers). b) membrane stresses in the cross girders with cut-outs at the intersections with the stringers. This might imply the consideration of a Vierendeel-behaviour. (2) _ Bending stresses in the deckplate and the walls of the stringers need not be considered in the stress verification, provided that the spacing requirements of stiffeners are met, see annex K. (3) The cross girders together with the vertical stiffeners of the webs, may be part of transverse frames, for which the frame behaviour and its consequences for restraining moments at the interconnection at the frame knees and for U-frame behaviour in case of open bridge-sections should be considered. NOTE: Guidance on the spacings of stiffeners and the modelling as Vierendee! beams and U-frames is siven in annex G. 5.2.3.2 Bridges with open cross-sections (1) The internal forces and moments in main girders of bridges with open cross-sections, should be deter taking due account of the distribution effect of the orthotropic deck and of any additional grid formed by additional Jongitadinal and transverse elements.Page 35 ENV 1993-2:1997 (2) The lateral stability of the unrestrained bottom flange in compression should be assessed using 5.5.2.4. 5.2.3.3 Box girders ()P_ The action effects in main girders of bridges with box sections shall be determined taking account of the distribution effect of the deck and any additional grid formed by additional longitudinal and transverse elements as well as of the torsional rigidity and distortional deformations of the cross-section, (2) Provided that the box girder is sufficiently stiffened by cross frames, bracings or diaphragms to secure torsional and distortional rigidity the eccentricity of the loads may be disregarded in the bending of the main girders and allocated to torsion only. ()P__Distortional effects that might result from the cross-sectional deformations of the box girder together with or between the cross-frames, bracings or diaphragms shall be considered if they are significant. (4) The distortional effect may be neglected at the ultimate limit state, if the maximum longitudinal stresses produced in a cross-section by distortion, do not exceed 10% of the total stresses. (3) __Dizphragms should be designed for internal forces and moments resulting from their role as stiffening and load distributing elements (distribution of bearing forces or jacking forces and other forces introduced by the deck). Out of plane eccentricities as specified in Section 7 and imperfections from tolerances of position and ‘movements of bearings should be taken into account. Particular attention should be given to a detailing that is not sensitive to possible imperfections. (6) _ Distortional effects should be taken into account in fatigue verification. 5.2.3.4 Truss bridges (1) Asa simplification truss bridges that are not skewed or curved may be analysed as plane structures, the loads for which may be determined from transverse distribution lines, (2) Secondary moments in the nodes that result from the longitudinal deformation of truss elements can be neglected provided that sufficient rotation capacity is present . G) Trusses complying with (2) without eccentricity at nodes may be assumed to have hinged connections of diagonals, struts and chords. If loads are introduced between nodes the chords should be modelled as continuous beams. @) In fatigue analysis secondary moments should be taken into account, see section 9. (5) Where the centroidal axes of the truss members and chords do not meet at a point the chords may be modelled as continuous beams with hinged connections of diagonals and struts, (© _ Due consideration should be given to the stiffness of connections of transverse girders of the deck to truss members (such as posts) that may result in transverse bending moments in truss elements. (7) The lateral stability of free chords of trusses may be assessed by modelling them as compression elements laterally supported by springs, see 5.5.2.4.Page 36 ENV 1993-2 :1997 5.2.3.5. Arch bridges (1)__As a simplification arch bridges that are not skewed may be analysed as plane structures, the loads for which may be determined from transverse distribution lines. @)__ Arches may be modelled for the analysis in such a way that the deformation of the arch due to compression forces in the arch can be neglected. (3) Provided that the connections have sufficient rotation capacity hangers or posts the bending stiffness of ‘which is smaller than 1/10 of the bending stiffness of the arches or girders connected to them, may be assumed to be connected with hinged connections to the arches and beams, (4)P_ For the fatigue verification the secondary moments shall be taken into account, see section 9. (3) Second order effects may be neglected if: Esa 1 FE, 10 where: Fae is the design compressive force at the support Fay is the elastic critical buckling force NOTE: Information on buckling forces is given in annex H. (©) __ Ifthe criterion in (5) is not fulfilled the second order effects should be taken into account and appropriate assumptions should be made for initial imperfections, see 5.2.4. (7) The out-of-plane behaviour of arches may be determined with imperfections taken from 5.2.4 in a second step. Ifthe bridge deck acts as a tension member the resistance of the deck to the tensile forces introduced at the intersection of the arch rib and the deck should be determined using 3.4 of ENV 1993. 5.2.3.6 Half-through bridges (1) __ The lateral stability of the top flange of half-through bridges as shown in figure 5.1 should be verified using 5.5.2.4,Page 37 ENV 1993-2:1997 Vertical stiffener Transverse frames formed by vertical stiffeners and transverse beams Transverse beam Figure 5.1 Example for a half-through bridge 5.2.4 Allowance for imperfections 5.2.4.1 Basis (DP. Appropriate allowances shall be incorporated to cover the effects of practical imperfections, including residual stresses and geometrical imperfections such 2s lack of verticality, lack of straightness, lack of fit and the ‘unavoidable minor eccentricities present in practical connections. 2) Suitable equivalent geometric imperfections may be used, with values that reflect the possible effects of all types of imperfections, unless these effects are included in the resistance formulae for member design, see 5.5 and 5.6. @)P_ The effects of imperfections shall be taken into account in the following cases: - global analysis, see 5.2.4.3; ~ analysis of bracing systems, see 5.2.4.4; - member design, see 5.2.4.5. 5.2.4.2 Method of application (QP. Imperfections shall be taken into account in the global analysis of bridge systems where appropriate to include their effects in the determination of zction effects for the bridge members, including free standing arches, supporting frames and unbraced chords. NOTE: In general imperfections should only be used in the stability check of arches, cable stayed bridges and compression chords of U-frame bridges unless simplified approaches are used. (2) Member imperfections should be taken into account when member design is carried out using second order effects as an alternative to member checks with resistance formulae that include such imperfections, see 5.5, or for members with non uniform cross sections. (3) Second order calculations for individual members need not be carried out unless T> 05 [Ag / Nal>Page 38 ENV 1993-2 :1997 where 7 isthe in-plane relative slenderness (see 5.5.1.2 of ENV 1993-1) calculated using a buckling length equal to the system length. (4) The forces acting on bracing systems should be determined by applying imperfections to the members that they restrain. 5.2.4.3 Imperfections for global analysis ()P__ System imperfections shall be used in the global analysis, when second order effects cannot be neglected, for instance for arch bridges. (2) The assumed shape of system imperfections may be derived from the elastic buckling mode of the structure in the plane of buckling considered. In this method both the possibilities of in and out of plane buckling with symmetric and asymmetric buckling shapes should be taken into account. @) The elastic buckling mode should be determined in the following way: 4) The members of the structures should be considered to be loaded by axial forces only that result from the elastic analysis of the structure for the design loads. Bending moments in the plane of buckling may be neglected in the members. b) For this force configuration, the critical buckling mode and the force amplifier y., for elastic critical ‘buckling should be determined, ©) The minimum force amplifier y, for the above force configuration to reach the characteristic resistance of the cross-sections of the members without taking buckling into account should be determined. The relative slenderness of the structure is then Yo Te YetPage 39 ENV 1993-2:1997 @) The critical buckling mode shape may be applied as an imperfection with a maximum amplitude of: 1-yRPth > W, iE @, =a % - 02) 2 —___™ for 7 > 0,2 * A 1-7PR where is the imperfection factor for the relevant buckling curve, see table 5.5.1 and 5.5.3 of ENV 1993-1- 1 is the reduction factor for the relevant buckling curve depending on the cross-section, see section 5 of ENV 1993-1-1; and W, and A are taken as the relevant cross-sectional values at the location where y is at its minimum. (4) Incase of 1 < 0,2 no stability check is necessary. 5.2.4.4 Imperfections for analysis of bracing systems (1) _ The effects of imperfections should be allowed for in the analysis of bracing systems that are required to provide lateral stability 10 beams or compression members. An initial bow imperfection ¢, should be taken as follows: = k, L1500 with Lis the span of the member being restrained; 1 is the number of members to be restrained (2) _Atpoints where beams or compression members are spliced the bracing system should be able to resist a local force equal to k, N/100 applied to it by each beam or compression member that is spliced at that point, and to transmit this force to the adjacent points at which that beam or compression member is restrained, see figure 5.2, (3) When checking for the above local force, any external loads acting on the bracing system should also be included, but the forces arising from the imperfection given in (1) may be omitted.