Traverse Computation

Introductory Surveying Traverse Computation
8
TRAVERSE
COMPUTATION
8.1 INTRODUCTION
Different procedures mat be used for computing and adjusting traverses. The usually
steps followed in making traverse computations are:
i) Adjusting angles or direction to fixed geometric condition
ii) Determining preliminary bearing of the traverse lines
iii)Calculating departures and latitudes and adjusting them for misclosure
iv)Computing rectangular coordinates of the traverse stations
v) Calculating the final lengths and bearing of the traverse lines.
8.2 ADJUSTMENT USING INTERIOR ANGLE METHOD

i) Interior angle can be calculated from forward bearing minus another
forward bearing. Eg bearing line 1-5 bearing line 1-2.
ii) Summation all mean of interior angle there must equal (2n-4) X 90. n =
number of station.
iii) Step to reduce to final bearing.
a) Calculate the Interior angle from the observation
b) Calculate the mean of interior angle.
c) Calculate the summation of mean interior angle from the observation
d) Calculate the interior angle using formula (2n-4) x 90.
e) Find the difference between summation of mean interior angle from
the observation and interior angle using formula.
SAHS 140 WSWA

f) To find the error for every line, difference between summation interior
angle from the observation and interior angle using formula divided
with number of station.
Procedure for adjustment interior angle

i) Calculate the mean of interior angle every station.
Interior angle
Face left = 120 45 50 10 00 00
= 110 45 50
Face right = 300 46 00 190 00 00
= 110 46 00
ii) Summation all interior angle of the traverse
Sum of interior angle = 539 59 55
iii)Calculate the error between sum of mean interior angle and sum interior using
formula,
Error interior angle = Sum of mean interior angle - (2n 4) x 90
= 539 59 55 - 540
= - 5
iv)Corrections for every station are
Correction = (Error interior angle / n)
Where n is number of station
Correction = - 5 / 5
= + 1
If the error is + ev the sign must be change to ve before give any correction
v) Give the correction to every station.
Calculate the bearing base on interior angle information

One traverse line must be identifying first. Example traverse line 1-5 is 213 10 36.
Bearing Station 1-5 =213 10 36
(Back Bearing)
Interior Angle station 1 = 110 45 56
SAHS 141 WSWA

Bearing Station 1-2 = 213 10 36 - 110 45 56

= 102 24 40
Bearing Station 2-1 = 102 24 40 + 180
= 282 24 40

Bearing Station 2-3 = 282 24 40 - 89 34 36
= 192 50 04
Bearing Station 3-2 = 192 50 04- 180
= 12 50 04
Interior Angle station 3 =108 18 06

Bearing Station 3-4 = 12 50 04 - 108 18 06
= 264 31 58
Bearing Station 4-3 = 264 31 58- 180
= 84 31 58

Bearing Station 4-5 = 84 31 58 - 110 19 36
= 334 12 22
Bearing Station 5-4 = 334 12 22- 180
= 154 12 22
Interior Angle station 5 =121 01 46

Bearing Station 5-1 = 154 12 22 - 121 01 46
= 33 10 36
Bearing Station 1-5 = 33 10 36- 180
= 213 10 36
SAHS 142 WSWA

SAHS 143 WSWA

Interior
Station Face left Face right Angle Mean Correction Adjsuted Final
Face left Face right Interior Angle Bearing
2 10 00 00 190 00 00 102 24 40
1 110 45 50 110 46 00 110 45 55 + 1" 110 45 56
5 120 45 50 300 46 00 213 10 36
3 10 00 00 190 00 00 192 50 04
2 89 34 30 89 34 40 89 34 35 + 1" 89 34 36
1 99 34 30 279 34 40 282 24 40
4 10 00 00 190 00 00 264 31 58
3 108 18 00 108 18 10 108 18 05 + 1" 108 18 06
2 118 18 00 298 18 10 12 50 04
5 10 00 00 190 00 00 334 12 22
4 110 19 30 110 19 40 110 19 35 + 1" 110 19 36
3 120 19 30 300 19 40 84 31 58
1 10 00 00 190 00 00 33 10 36
5 121 01 50 121 01 40 121 01 45 + 1" 121 01 46
4 131 01 50 311 01 40 154 12 22
539 59 55
Adjustment using Interior Angle Method
SAHS 144 WSWA

Adjustment using Exterior Angle

iv) Exterior angle can be calculated from forward bearing minus another
forward bearing. Eg bearing line 1-2 bearing line 1-5.
v) Summations all mean of interior angle there must equal (2n+4) X 90. n =
number of station.
vi) Step to reduce to final bearing.
a) Calculate the Exterior angle from the observation
b) Calculate the mean of exterior angle.
c) Calculate the summation of mean exterior angle from the observation
d) Calculate the exterior angle using formula (2n-4) x 90.
e) Find the difference between summation of mean exterior angle from
the observation and exterior angle using formula.
f) To find the error for every line, difference between summation exterior
angle from the observation and exterior angle using formula divided
with number of station.
Procedure for adjustment Exterior angle

vi)Calculate the mean of Exterior angle every station.
Exterior angle
Face left = 257 04 00 10 00 00
= 247 04 00
Face right = 77 04 20 190 00 00
= 247 04 20
vii) Summation all Exterior angle of the traverse
Sum of Exterior angle = 1259 59 55
viii) Calculate the error between sum of mean Exterior angle and sum Exterior
using formula,
Error Exterior angle = Sum of mean Exterior angle - (2n + 4) x 90
= 1259 59 55 - 540
= - 5
SAHS 145 WSWA

ix)Corrections for every station are

Correction = (Error Exterior angle / n)
Correction = - 5 / 5
= + 1
If the error is + ev the sign must be change to ve before give any correction
x) Give the correction to every station.
Calculate the bearing base on Exterior angle information

One traverse line must be identifying first. Example traverse line 1-5 is 213 10 36.
Bearing Station 1-5 =213 10 36
(Back Bearing)
Exterior Angle station 1 = 247 04 11

Calculation Interior Angle = 360 - 247 04 11
= 112 55 49
Bearing Station 1-2 = 213 10 36 - 112 55 49
= 100 14 47
Bearing Station 2-1 = 100 14 47 + 180
= 280 14 47

= 89 34 49
Bearing Station 2-3 = 280 14 47 - 89 34 49
= 190 39 58
Bearing Station 3-2 = 190 39 58- 180
= 10 39 58
Exterior Angle station 3 =253 42 06

= 106 17 54
Bearing Station 3-4 = 10 39 58- 106 17 54
= 264 22 04
SAHS 146 WSWA

Bearing Station 4-3 = 264 22 04 - 180

= 84 22 04

= 110 09 39
Bearing Station 4-5 = 84 22 04 - 110 09 39
= 334 12 25
Bearing Station 5-4 = 334 12 25- 180
= 154 12 25
Exterior Angle station 5 =238 58 11

= 121 01 49
Bearing Station 5-1 = 154 12 25 - 121 01 49
= 33 10 36
Bearing Station 1-5 = 33 10 36- 180
= 213 10 36
SAHS 147 WSWA

Exterior
Station Face left Face right Angle Mean Correction Adjsuted Final
Face left Face right Exterior Angle Bearing
5 10 00 00 190 00 00 213 10 36
1 247 04 00 247 04 20 247 04 10 + 1" 247 04 11
2 257 04 00 77 04 20 100 14 47
1 10 00 00 190 00 00 280 14 47
2 270 25 20 270 25 00 270 25 10 + 1" 270 25 11
3 280 25 20 100 25 00 190 39 58
2 10 00 00 190 00 00 10 39 58
3 253 42 10 253 42 00 253 42 05 + 1" 253 42 06
4 263 42 10 83 42 00 264 22 04
3 10 00 00 190 00 00 84 22 04
4 249 50 30 249 50 10 249 50 20 + 1" 249 50 21
5 259 50 30 79 50 10 334 12 25
4 10 00 00 190 00 00 154 12 25
5 238 58 00 238 58 20 238 58 10 + 1" 238 58 11
1 248 58 00 68 58 20 33 10 36
1259 59 55
Adjustment using Exterior Angle Method
SAHS 148 WSWA

8.3 ADJUSTMENT USING BEARING METHOD

These adjustments simplest rather than adjustments using Interior and Exterior angle
method because the observe bearing always refer to north axis.
Procedure for adjustment Bearing.

i) Calculate mean of the observe bearing for every traverse line.
Mean bearing for line 1-2 is:
Face Left = 100 14 50
Face Right = 280 15 00 180
(Difference 180) = 100 15 00
Mean bearing = (Face left bearing + face right bearing) / 2

= 100 14 50 + 100 15 00
= 100 14 55
ii) Calculate error for traverse bearing.

Error = Reference Bearing (Datum) Bearing Last Line.
Datum (Line 2- 1) = 280 14 40 180
= 100 14 40
Mean bearing last line = 100 14 55
(Last line 1 2)
Error = + 15
iii) Calculate correction and distribute to every line.

Correction = (Error / n)
= + 15 / 3
= - 5 for every survey station.
SAHS 149 WSWA

iv)The correction will be cumulate start from station 2.

Bearing 2 3 (Station 2) = 190 39 55 3
= 190 39 52
Bearing 3 4 (Station 3) =264 22 05 6

= 264 21 59
Bearing 4 5 (Station 4) =334 12 25 9

= 334 12 26
Bearing 5 1 (Station 5) =33 10 35 12

= 33 10 23
Bearing 1 2 (Station 1) = 100 14 55 15

= 100 14 40
SAHS 150 WSWA

Station Face left Face right Mean From Adjusted Bearing To
Datum from Pricmatic compass 2 280 14 40 1

Station 1 to station 2 Datum
1 280 14 40 100 14 40 190 39 55 2 190 39 52 3
2 - 3"
3 190 39 50 10 40 00
2 10 39 55 190 39 55 264 22 05 3 264 21 59 4
3 - 6"
4 264 22 00 84 22 10
3 84 22 05 264 22 05 334 12 25 4 334 12 16 5
4 - 9"
5 334 12 30 154 12 20
4 154 12 25 334 12 25 33 10 35 5 33 10 23 1
5 - 12"
1 33 10 40 213 10 30
5 100 14 50 280 15 00 100 14 55 1 100 14 40 2
1 - 15"
2 100 14 50 280 15 00
Adjustment Using Bearing Method
SAHS 151 WSWA

8.4 DEPARTURES AND LATITUDES

In traversing the points can be fixed the help of rectangular coordinates. The most
used coordinates are departures and latitudes. Departures are its orthographic
projection on the east-west axis of the survey. Latitudes are its orthographic
projection on the north-south axis of the survey.
If the reduced bearing if a line and its lengths are known, the latitude and departures
can be calculated as follows:
Latitudes =L cosine
Departures = L sine
Where
L is the length of the survey line
is the bearing of the survey line
Departures and Latitudes
SAHS 152 WSWA

Calculate latitudes and departures

Following is data taken from closed traverse field book.
Line Final Bearing Final Distance
1-2 102 24 40 209.198
2-3 192 50 00 162.621
3-4 266 20 20 194.638
4-5 336 04 30 119.741
5-1 35 00 50 130.100
Latitudes of line 1 2 is a distance 1 A in south axis

Latitudes of line 1 -2 is
Latitudes = L cosine
= 209.198 cosine 102 2440
= - 44.962 m (S)
Departure of line 1-2 is a distance A -1 in East axis
Departures of line 1-2 is
Departures = L sine
= 209.198 sine 102 2440
= 204.309 m (E)
Latitudes of line 2-3 is a distance South axis

SAHS 153 WSWA

= 162.621 cosine 192 50 00

= -158.559 m (S)
Departures of line 2-3 is a distance West axis
Departures = L sine
= 162.621 sine 192 50 00
= -36.121 m (W)
Latitudes of line 3-4 is a distance South axis
= 194.638 cosine 266 20 20
= -12.429 m (S)
Departures = L sine
= 194.638 sine 266 20 20
= -194.241 m (W)
Latitudes of line 4-5 is a distance North axis
= 119.741 cosine 336 14 30
= 109.452 m (N)
Departures = L sine
= 119.741 sine 336 14 30
= -48.560 m (W)
Latitudes of line 5-1 is a distance North axis
= 130.100 cosine 35 00 50
= 106.554 m (N)
Departures of line 5-1 is a distance East axis
Departures = L sine
= 130.100 sine 35 00 50
= 74.648 m (E)
SAHS 154 WSWA

Line Bearing Distance Adjusted Adjusted

Latitudes Departures Latitudes Departures Coordinate
N S E W N S E W N S E W
1
2 102 24 40 209.198 44,962 204,309
3 192 50 00 162.621 158,559 36,121
4 266 20 20 194.638 12,429 194,241
5 336 04 30 119.741 109,452 48,56
5 35 00 50 130.100 106,554 74,648
Sum 816.298 216,006 215,95 278,957 278,922
Error 0,056 0,035
Latitudes and Departures Booking
SAHS 155 WSWA

8.5 LATITUDES AND DEPARTURES CLOSURE

In a closed traverse, it can be reasonable that if all bearing and distance were
measured perfectly, the sum of the north latitudes and south latitudes is equal. That
means
North Latitudes South Latitudes = 0
Likewise sum of east departures and west departures is equal. That means:
East Departures West Departures = 0
Because in measuring the bearing and angle is not perfect, an errors exist in the
bearing and distance. The amounts by which they fail to meet are termed latitudes
misclosure and Departures misclosure. Their value can compute by summing the
latitudes and departures and comparing the total to the required condition.
The magnitudes of latitudes and departures are indicator of the precision that exist in
the bearing and distance measurement. If large misclosure that indicate either
significant errors or even mistake. If small misclosure is found, that indicate measured
data are precise and free mistake but it is not guarantee that systematic or
compensating error is do not exist.
8.6 RELATIVE PRECISION

Because of error in measuring traverse bearing and distance, if one were to begin at
station 1 if a closed traverse and progressively follow each course for its measured
distance along its preliminary bearing, one would return not to station1. But to some
other nearby station 1. Station 1 would be removed from station 1 in a north south
direction by the latitudes misclosure and in a east west direction by the departures
misclosure. The distance between 1 and 1 is called the relative precision of the
traverse. It can be calculate from the following formula:
Relative Precision = (latitudes misclosure)2 + (departures misclosure)2

Example from table latitudes and departures booking above
Relative Precision = (0.056) 2 + (0.035) 2

= 0.066m
SAHS 156 WSWA

The direction is:

Tan = 0.035 / 0.056
= Tan -1 (Departures misclosure / Latitudes misclosure)
= 32 00 20 (Bearing form 1 to 1)
Relative Precision
8.7 Linear Misclosure

The linear misclosure of a traverse is express by a fraction that has the relative
precision as its numerator and the total length as its denominator, or
Relative Precision
Linear Misclosure = --------------------------------
Total length of traverse
Example from table latitudes and departures booking above

Linear Misclosure = 0.056 / 816.298
= 8.085282584 x 10 -5
= 1/ 8.085282584 x 10 -5
=1: 14576
SAHS 157 WSWA

8.8 TRAVERSE ADJUSTMENT

There are several elementary methods available for traverse adjustment. There are:
i) Bowditch Method
ii) Transit Method
For any closed traverse the linear misclosure must be adjusted throughout the traverse
to balance the latitudes and departures. This is true even though the misclosure is
negligible in plotting the traverse at map scale.
Bowditch Method
According to this method the error is proportional to the length of the side. Therefore,
the corrections to the latitudes and departures are given by:
Correction in latitudes for line 1-2

Total latitudes misclosure
= --------------------------------- X lengths of line 1-2
Total traverse length
Correction in departures for line 1-2

Total departures misclosure
= --------------------------------- X lengths of line 1-2
Total traverse length
Transit Method
The method is adopted for traverses where bearing measurements are taken with more
accuracy that the linear measurement. According to this method the error is that the
correction to the latitudes and departures is proportional to the latitudes and
departures of the line in question instead of the length as adopted in the Bowditch
method. The transit method is:
Correction in latitudes for line 1-2

Total latitudes misclosure
= --------------------------------- X latitudes of line 1-2
Total sum of latitudes
SAHS 158 WSWA

Correction in departures for line 1-2

Total departures misclosure
= --------------------------------- X departures of line 1-2
Total sum of departures
Note that the algebraic signs of the correction are opposite those of the respective
disclosures. Refer table below
Adjusted
Types Adjsuted Latitudes Departures
N S E W
S.L.N > S.L.S - ve + ve
S.L.S > S.L.N + ve - ve
S.D.E >S.D.W - ve + ve
S.D.W >S.D.E + ve - ve
S.L.N = Sum Latitudes North

S.L.S = Sum Latitudes South
S.D.E = Sum Departures East
S.D.W = Sum Departures West
Calculate the adjustment using Bowditch method

Formula:
Latitude Misclosure = North Latitudes South Latitudes
Adjusted Latitudes = (Distance x Latitudes Misclosure / Total Length)
Latitudes Misclosure = 216.006 215.950

= 0.056
Total Distance = 816.298 m
Adjusted Latitudes of station 1-2

Distance line 1-2 = 209.198
= (209.198 X 0.056 / 816.298)
Correction = + 0.015
SAHS 159 WSWA


= (162.612 X 0.056 / 816.298)
= (194.638 X 0.056 / 816.298)
= + 0.013
= (119.741X 0.056 / 816.298)
Correction = - 0.008
= (130.100X0.056 / 816.298)
Departures Misclosure= East Latitudes West Latitudes

Adjusted Departures = (Distance x Departures Misclosure / Total Length)
Departures Misclosure= 278,957 278,922

= 0.035
Total Distance = 816.298 m
Adjusted Departures of station 1-2
= (209.198 X 0.035 / 816.298)
Correction = -0.009
= (162.612 X 0.035 / 816.298)
SAHS 160 WSWA


= (194.638 X 0.035 / 816.298)

= (119.741X 0.035 / 816.298)
= + 0.005
= (130.100X0.035 / 816.298)
SAHS 161 WSWA

Line Bearing Distance Adjusted

Latitudes Departures Adjusted Latitudes Departures Coordinate
1
2 102 24 40 209.198 +0.015 -0.009
44,962 204,309 44.977 204.300
3 192 50 00 162.621 +0.011 +0.007
158,559 36,121 158.570 36.128
4 266 20 20 194.638 +0.013 +0.008
12,429 194,241 12.442 194.249
5 336 04 30 119.741 -0.008 +0.005
109,452 48,56 109.444 48.565
1 35 00 50 130.100 -0.009 -0.006
106,554 74,648 106.545 74.642
Sum 816.298 216,006 215,95 278,957 278,922 215.989 215.989 278.942 278.942
Error 0,056 0,035
SAHS 162 WSWA

Adjustment Using Bowditch Method
SAHS 163 WSWA

Calculate the adjustment using Transit method

Formula:
Latitude Misclosure = North Latitudes South Latitudes
Adjusted Latitudes = (Latitudes Misclosure x Latitude of the line / Total
Latitude)
Latitudes Misclosure = 216.006 215.950

= 0.056
Total Latitude = 431.956 m

Latitude of line 1-2 = 44.962 m (South)
= (44.962 X 0.056 / 431.956)

Latitude of line 2-3 = 158.559 (South)
= (158.559 X 0.056 / 431.956)
= + 0.021
Latitude of line 3-4 = 12.429 (South)
= (12.429 X 0.056 / 431.956)
= + 0.002
Latitude of line 4-5 = 109.452 (North)
= (109.452X 0.056 / 431.956)
= - 0.014
Latitude of line 5-1 = 106.554 (North)
= (106.554X0.056 / 431.956)
= - 0.014
SAHS 164 WSWA

Departures Misclosure= East Latitudes West Latitudes

Adjusted Departures = (Departures Misclosure x Departures of the line /
Total Departures)
Departures Misclosure= 278,957 278,922

= 0.035
Total Departures = 557.879 m
Departures of line 1-2 = 204.309 (East)
= (204.309 X 0.035 / 557.879)
Correction = -0.013
Departures of line 2-3 = 36.121 (West)
= (36.121X 0.035 / 557.879)
Departures of line 3-4 = 194.241 (West)
= (194.241 X 0.035 / 557.879)
Departures of line 4-5 = 48.560
= (48.560X 0.035 / 557.879)
Departures of line 5-1 = 74.648
= (74.648X0.035 / 557.879)
SAHS 165 WSWA


Latitudes Departures Adjusted Latitudes Departures Coordinate
1
2 102 24 40 209.198 +0.005 -0.013
44,962 204,309 44.967 204.296
3 192 50 00 162.621 +0.021 +0.002
158,559 36,121 158.580 36.123
4 266 20 20 194.638 +0.002 +0.012
12,429 194,241 12.431 194.253
5 336 04 30 119.741 -0.014 +0.003
109,452 48,56 109.438 48.563
1 35 00 50 130.100 -0.014 -0.005
106,554 74,648 106.540 74.643
SAHS 166 WSWA

Sum 816.298 216,006 215,95 278,957 278,922 215.978 215.978 278.939 278.939
Error 0,056 0,035
Adjustment Using Transit Method
SAHS 167 WSWA

Calculation of the final coordinates.

After the linear misclosure is adjusted using the Bowditch or transit method, the final
coordinates are calculated using the following equation
Ei = Ni -1 + Ei
Ni = Ni-1 + Ni
Where:
Ei = Easting of the 1st station from the initial known station of the traverse.
Ni = Northing of the 1st station from the initial known station of the traverse.
E = Adjusted Departures
N = Adjusted Latitude
For Example, station 1 is the first station of the traverse. The coordinate of station 1 is
N1000, E1000. Therefore,
Coordinate station 1
N 1000.000m ,E 1000.000m
N2 = N1 + N12 E2 = E1 + E12
= 1000.000 + (-44.977) = 1000.000 + 204.300
= 955.023m = 1204.300m
N3 = N2 + N23 E3 = E2 + E23
= 955.023 +(-158.570) = 1168.172 + (-36.128)
= 796.453m = 1168.172m
N4 = N3 + N34 E4 = E3 + E34
= 796.453+ (-12.442) = 1168.172 + (-194.249)
= 784.011m = 973.923m
N5 = N4 + N45 E5 = E5 + E45
= 784.011 +109.444 = 973.923 + (-48.565)
= 893.455m = 925.358m
N1 = N5 + N51 E1 = E5 + E51
= 893.455 + 106.545 = 925.358+ 74.642
= 1000.000m = 1000.000m
SAHS 168 WSWA

The computed E1 should be exactly equal to the easting of the given known point i.e
the easting of station 1. If they are equal, the computation procedures are correct. The
northings are calculated in exactly the same way as the easting.
The coordinates should work out directly in the traverse table rather than on the work
sheets. This makes it easier to check for errors that may a rise during the computation
procedure. Table below the complete traverse table, including the computation of the
final coordinates.
SAHS 169 WSWA

Latitudes Departures Adjusted Latitudes Departures Coordinates
N S E W N S E W N/S E/W
1
1000.000 1000.000
2 102 209.198 +0.005 -0.013
24 40 44,962 204,309 44.967 204.296 955.023 1204.300
3 192 162.621 +0.021 +0.002
50 00 158,559 36,121 158.580 36.123 796.453 1168.172
4 266 194.638 +0.002 +0.012
20 20 12,429 194,241 12.431 194.253 784.011 973.923
5 336 119.741 -0.014 +0.003
04 30 109,452 48,56 109.438 48.563 893.455 925.358
1 35 00 130.100 -0.014 -0.005
50 106,554 74,648 106.540 74.643 1000.000 1000.000
Sum 816.298 216,006 215,95 278,957 278,922 215.978 215.978 278.939 278.939
Error 0,056 0,035

Calculation of the final coordinates.
8.9 AREA BY COORDINATES
Area of the closed traverse can be calculated using coordinates method.
Area Using Coordinates Method
Formula area for closed traverse is:

Traverse Area = | TN TE|
TN = (N/S)1 x (E/W)2 + (N/S)2 x (E/W)3 . + (N/S)n x (E/W)1

TE = (N/S)2 x (e/W)1 + (N/S)3 x (E/W)2 ............. + (N/S)1 x (E/W)n
| | = Absolute Value
Example
The coordinates listed below refer to a closed traversed ABCDE
Station Northing Easting
A 1000.000 1000.000
B 955.023 1204.300
C 796.453 1168.172
D 784.011 973.923
E 893.455 925.358
Area of the traverse =

Area = | TN TE|
TN = (N/S)1 x (E/W)2 + (N/S)2 x (E/W)3 . + (N/S)n x (E/W)1

TE = (N/S)2 x (e/W)1 + (N/S)3 x (E/W)2 ............. + (N/S)1 x (E/W)n
| | = Absolute Value -
Area = |4714560.874 4622565.420|

=1/2 (88995.454 m)
= 44497.727 m2
8.10 PLOTTING
Large scale plans may be plotted from field measurements obtained by a variety of
survey methods. A field surveyor must be able to plot neatly and accurately.
The accuracy o a final plan depends on the following factors:

1. the original survey data;
2. the quality and condition of the draughting instruments;
3. the skill with which the instruments are used; and
4. the plotting procedure
The original survey data

The original survey data should be meet the mapping specification
The quality and condition of the draughting instruments

Poor quality instrument will effect the accuracy of the plotting. The needles of the
dividers should be sharp so that the exact position of a point ay be plotted. The edge
of the set square must be perpendicular to each other in order to draw right angles.
The skill with which the instrument are used

Proper use of the instruments is essential for accurate plotting. The chisel point of a
pencil may be used to draw lines. However a conical point should be used to mark off
distances on lines. Dividers should be set accurately on the length of distance to be
measured.
The plotting procedure

When plotting, the principle work from the whole to the part should be applied.
This procedure will prevent the accumulation of errors. The first procedure is the
plotting of a framework of survey lines (a grid) covering the whole mapping area. The
traverse stations and details are then plotted on the grid.
Construction of a grid
In order for the framework of the traverse survey to be accurate, the lines of a grid
must be straight. They must not bend or deviate from their straightness by more than
0.2mm. Their position should also correct to be same accuracy. This degree of
accuracy cannot be achieved using the usual aids such T square or set squares. The
graphic method must be used draw the grid, unless either a coordinates a grid template
is used.
Graphic method
A grid system is to be constructed by the graphic for a map with a scale of 1:2500. the
coordinates selected for the grid sides are as follows:
North side 36000 m East side 56000 m
South Side 35500 m West side 55300 m
Difference 500 m Difference 700 m
Note that both differences are in hundreds of meter. When they are divided by 100,
they give a whole number. The grid pattern consists of seven squares by five squares
(700 x 500 in). The grid length of a diagonal is therefore:
5002 + 7002 = 860.233 m
The plotting lengths of the sides and diagonals are as follows:
N S sides 500 / 2500 = 0.200 m
E W sides 700 / 2500 = 0.280 m
Diagonal 860.233 /2500 = 0.344 m
At scale 1:2500, the dimensions for each 100 m grid square = 40 x 40 mm.
The procedure for the construction of the grid is follows:

i) Locate the approximate centre, 0, of the sheet by drawing diagonals to the sheet
corners.
Locate centre of sheet

ii) Draw a vertical line UV through 0 and a horizontal line GH as a perpendicular
bisector to UV through 0.
Draw horizontal and vertical lines

iii)With a beam compass set at half of the east-west distance (140 mm), strike ars A
and B on line GH
Draw arcs A, B and C, D

iv)With a beam compass set at half of the east-west distance (100 mm), strike ars C
and D on line UV
v) Using the two compass setting in (iii) and (iv), strike two arcs from points D
and B, forming the intersection J
Draw intersections J, K, L and M
vi) Repeat the process in (v) using the pairs of points BC, CA and AD to form the
intersection K,L and M. the four intersections indicate the corners of the grid
frame.
vii) Connect the corners J,K,L and M with straight lines, ensuring that the lines
pass through points A, B, C and D
Connect grid corners with straight lines

viii) Test the grid by measuring the diagonals JL and MK.
ix)Complete the grid by drawing horizontal and vertical lines at equal intervals
Draw grid lines at equal intervals

x) Number each line by its distance east or north of the grid origin. The final grid
appears as shown below.
A constructed grid
Plotting calculated points

There are two methods of plotting calculated on to a coordinate grid:
a) Scaling the coordinates of each point between the grid lines.
b) Scaling the coordinates differences, the Es and Ns of each line
from the plotted position of the previous points.
Plotting from coordinates

If the coordinates of a point to be plotted are 537.7 E and 373.4 N, the grid square
500m E and 300m N is first located.
1. Scaling then 32.7 m east from the 500 m grid line towards the 600 m grid line
a point is first marked on the 400 m N line, then again on the 300 m N line.
2. Joining these two points with a light pencil line.
3. The distance 73.4 m is scaled along it from the 300 m N line up towards the
400 m N line, giving the position of the points.
Note:
i) Scaling accuracy may be increased by picking off the distance on a
diagonal scale with a pair of dividers.
ii) Minor errors in the plot of any point are not carried forward to the plot
of any subsequent point, which is quite independent of previous points
plotted
iii)The work must be checked by scaling between the plotted point to
confirm the known lengths between them
Plotting from coordinate differences

This method is used when great accuracy is needed on small surveys. The initial point
is plotted same as plotting from coordinates, but the next point is plotted by scaling
from this point the E and N to the next point, ignoring the grid lines. This process
of using the coordinate differences is continued so that any plotting error in one point
is carried forward to the next. Of the series of points forms a close figure the final
point plotted should coincide with the initial point. Any discrepancy between them
will indicate the accuracy of the plotting. Any gross plotting errors thus indicated can
then be found and eliminated. A misclosure is almost inevitable and in accurate work
an advantage. The final plot can be adjusted graphically if necessary.
Plotting by angle and distance

Instead of using coordinates plotting can be done by scaling the angle and distance
used to calculate the coordinates. The angle used may be either the bearing, the angle
between the survey line and the grid lines, or the angle between survey lines. The
method of plotting by angles is usually less accurately than by coordinates method. It
is a method seldom used if coordinates have in fact been calculated, but is often used
when plotting points of minor detail.
8.11 GRAPHICAL ADJUSTMENT

The figure ABCDEA as now plotted doe not truly represent the actual figure on the
ground because the plotted figure gives two positions for A, whereas only one exits on
the ground. This apparent displacement of A is due to the build-up of error in
surveying and plotting around the traverse. The total error is the figure indicated by
the line AA may be distributed back around the figure graphically in the following
way:
a. A should be at A and must be moved the distance AA
in the direction shown. The effect of this movement will be to move the plotted
position of the other points proportionally along parallel directions.
b. Draw lines parallel to the direction of the closing error
through the other plotted points.
c. Draw a straight line and scale of this construction need
not be the same as for the original traverse plot and is more conveniently drawn
to a smaller scale.
d. Erect perpendiculars at each point along the line. Pick
off the length of the closing error on the plot with pair of dividers and mark it on
the perpendicular erected at A join aA.
e. The intersection of aA with the perpendicular indicates
the extent of adjustment needed for each station, illustrating also the
proportional build-up of error from nothing at A to the maximum amount at A.
f. The amount of error at E, being eE, is picked off the
diagram and transferred to the line drawn through E on the plot parallel to the
closing error, giving the adjusted position e. the other errors at each station are
transferred to the plot in the same way.
g. Join up the positions of the adjusted points giving the
figure AbcdeA, which now forms the graphically adjusted traverse. This figure
represents more closely the actual layout on the ground than the original plot
did, prior to adjustment.
The Graphical Plot and Adjustment of a Closed Traverse
QUESTION
1. What is Temporary Adjustment? Describe the process of such adjustment.
2. What is the different between Open Traverse and Closed Traverse?
3. What are the methods of traversing by theodolite?
4. What are the possible sources error while using a theodolite? How can they
eliminated?
5. What is error of closure? How is it balanced by Bowditchs method and Transit
rule?
6. How is the closing error in a traverse balanced?
7. What do you understand by latitudes and departures?
8. Calculate the latitudes and departures of the lines from the following
observations:
Line Bearing Distance
AB S43 50 00 E 522.100
BC N35 20 00 E 560.000
CD N75 30 00W 385.000
DA S60 30 00W 360.000
9. The following traverse was run around an obstacles between A and E. Establish a
point exactly at the middle point of EA and find the length and bearing of CF.
AB 38 24 00 212.500
BC 348 00 00 260.021
CD 300 24 00 302.510
DE 30 48 00 215.023
10. Find out the bearing of BC and CD lines of a closed

traverse ABCDEA. The following is the data collected in the field survey.
AB S 59 45 30 E 217.500
BC X 318.021
CD X 375.510
DE S 55 18 00 W 283.023
AE S 2 40 00 W 173.023
11. The following data was obtained during a theodolite

traversing:
Line Latitude Departure
AB 125.300 34.500
BC 83.300 229.500
CD - 185.400 34.400
DA - 23.700 - 368.700
Adjust the traverse by applying the Bowditch Method and Transit Rule and
find also independent coordinates of the various stations. It is given that the
coordinates of station B is (N 1000.000m, E 1000.000m)

Traverse Computation

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

You might also like

Traverse Computation

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Traverse Computation

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Introductory Surveying Traverse Computation

8.2 ADJUSTMENT USING INTERIOR ANGLE METHOD

SAHS 140 WSWA

Procedure for adjustment interior angle

Calculate the bearing base on interior angle information

Interior Angle station 1 = 110 45 56

SAHS 141 WSWA

Bearing Station 1-2 = 213 10 36 - 110 45 56

Interior Angle station 2 = 89 34 36

Interior Angle station 3 =108 18 06

Interior Angle station 4 = 110 19 36

Interior Angle station 5 =121 01 46

SAHS 142 WSWA

SAHS 143 WSWA

Adjustment using Interior Angle Method

SAHS 144 WSWA

Adjustment using Exterior Angle

Procedure for adjustment Exterior angle

SAHS 145 WSWA

ix)Corrections for every station are

Calculate the bearing base on Exterior angle information

Exterior Angle station 1 = 247 04 11

Exterior Angle station 2 = 270 25 11

Exterior Angle station 3 =253 42 06

SAHS 146 WSWA

Bearing Station 4-3 = 264 22 04 - 180

Exterior Angle station 4 = 249 50 21

Exterior Angle station 5 =238 58 11

SAHS 147 WSWA

Adjustment using Exterior Angle Method

SAHS 148 WSWA

8.3 ADJUSTMENT USING BEARING METHOD

Procedure for adjustment Bearing.

Mean bearing = (Face left bearing + face right bearing) / 2

ii) Calculate error for traverse bearing.

iii) Calculate correction and distribute to every line.

SAHS 149 WSWA

iv)The correction will be cumulate start from station 2.

Bearing 3 4 (Station 3) =264 22 05 6

Bearing 4 5 (Station 4) =334 12 25 9

Bearing 5 1 (Station 5) =33 10 35 12

Bearing 1 2 (Station 1) = 100 14 55 15

SAHS 150 WSWA

Station Face left Face right Mean From Adjusted Bearing To

Datum from Pricmatic compass 2 280 14 40 1

SAHS 151 WSWA

8.4 DEPARTURES AND LATITUDES

Departures and Latitudes

SAHS 152 WSWA

Calculate latitudes and departures

Latitudes of line 1 2 is a distance 1 A in south axis

Latitudes of line 2-3 is a distance South axis

SAHS 153 WSWA

= 162.621 cosine 192 50 00

SAHS 154 WSWA

Line Bearing Distance Adjusted Adjusted

SAHS 155 WSWA

8.5 LATITUDES AND DEPARTURES CLOSURE