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Chapter 3 Physical 2018
Chapter 3 Physical 2018
Solutions
Solutions are homogeneous mixtures of two or more substances.
Dissolving medium is called the solvent.
Dissolved species are called the solute.
Concentration and solubility
Ways of Expressing Concentration
Solution Concentration:
The amount of solute dissolved in a given amount of solvent or
dissolved in a given amount of solution is called the concentration of
the solution. Dilute solutions have relatively low concentrations;
concentrated solutions have relatively high concentrations. A
solution that contains as much solute as can be dissolved is called a
saturated solution; solutions with lower concentration are called
unsaturated solutions.
Methods for expressing the solution concentration:-
a) Weight to weight expression.
b) Weight to volume expression.
a) Weight to weight expression;
1) Weight percent (wt%)
Weight percent is defined as: Number of grams of solute
which present in 100 gram of solution.
weight of solute
mass% x 100
total weight of solution
weight of solute
weight fraction
N.B total weight of solution
e.g. 10% by weight glucose means:
10 gm glucose + 90 gm H2O = 100 gm solution.
% Solute = (10/100) x 100 = 10 %.
% Solvent = (90/100) x 100 = 90 %
3) Molality
Molality is similar to but not the same as molarity. Molality, m, is
defined by,
( )
N.B
W solution = W solute + W solvent
W solvent = W solution - W solute
W solvent =dV solution - W solute
Where d = density of the solution
V = Volume of the solution
Example 1: What is the molality of 12.5 % solution of glucose
C6H12O6, in water? M.wt. of glucose is 180.0
(Molarity is mol of solute per Liter of solution, not per liter of solvent.
Molarity is defined so that we can always know how many mols of
solute there are in any given amount of solution.)
In dilute aqueous solution the molarity and molality are about the
same. However, in concentrated water solutions and in solutions
Solution:
W 1000 164.2 x 1000
M x 3.4
a) M.Wt solute Vml 60 x 800
b) d = 1.026g/ml V = 800 ml
W solution = V x d = 800 x 1.026 = 820.8 gm
W slvent = 820.8 - 164.2 = 656.6 gm
Principles of Solubility
Factors Affecting Solubility
The extent to which a solute dissolves in solvent depends
1. The nature of the solute.
2. The nature of the solvent.
3. The temperature.
4. The pressure (for gases).
In this section we will consider in turn the effect of each of these factors
upon solubility.
I. Solute-Solvent Interactions:
1. Intermolecular forces are an important factor in determining
solubility of a solute in a solvent. The stronger the attraction
between solute and solvent molecules, the greater the
solubility. For example, polar liquids tend to dissolve in polar
solvents. Favorable dipole-dipole interactions exist (solute-
solute, solvent-solvent, and solute-solvent).
H C OH H C C OH H C C H
H H H OH OH
exothermic
+ +h
endothermic
+ +h
Cg kPg
Cg - solubility of gas
Pg - the partial pressure of the gas
k-H w
Problem: At 740 torr and 20C, nitrogen has solubility in H2O of 0.018
g /I. At 620 torr and 20C its solubility is 0.015 g/l.
Do these data show that nitrogen obey Henry's law or not?
a) Ideal Solution:-
e.g: (n - heptane / n - hexane) (chlorobenzene / brombenzene)
At constant temperature
the partial vapor pressure
of liquid component in
ideal solution is
proportional to the mole
fraction of this constituent
in solution (Figure 1).
h h w h h d
h b d 6 h h d h
is a negative deviation from Roault's law.
a) In liquid region (apply Rault's law).
b) Non- ideal solutions (Solutions deviate from ideal behavior).
Psolvent Psolvent
0
Psolvent
Psolvent
0 0
- ( X solvent )(Psolvent )
(1 X solvent )Psolvent
0
X solute 1 - X solvent
Psolvent X solute Psolvent
0
h h h w h w h h db
h h wh h R w
Examples 9
The vapor pressure of water is 17.5 torr at 20C. Imagine holding the
temperature constant while adding glucose, C6H12O6, to the water so
that the resulting solution has XH2O = 0.80 and XGlu = 0.20.
What is, the vapor pressure of water over the solution
Tb K b m
where : Tb boilingpoint elevation
m molal concentration of solution
K b molalboilingpoint elevation constant
for the solvent
Example 10
What is the normal boiling point of a 2.50 m glucose, C6H12O6,
solution?
Tb K b m
Tb (0.512 0 C/m )( 2.50m )
Tb 1.280 C
BoilingPoint of the solution= 100.00 C + 1.280 C = 101.280 C
Example 11
Automotive antifreeze consists of ethylene glycol, C2H6O2, a
nonvolatile nonelectrolyte. Calculate the boiling point of a 25.0 mass
percent solution of ethylene glycol in water.
Solution:
b +
( )( )( )
Tf K f m
where : Tf freezing point depressionof solvent
m molal concentration of soltuion
K f freezing point depressionconstant for solvent
Tf K f m vs.Tb K b m
MRT M
RT
1 atm
? atm = 2.80 torr 0.00368 atm =
760 torr
0.00368 atm
M= 1.50 10 4 M
0.0821mol K 298 K
L atm
?g 1.00 g 1L
6.67 10 4 g mol
mol 0.100 L 1.50 10 4 M
typical of smallproteins