EconomicApplicationofPostTensioning

InKoreanResidentialBuilding
AlternativeApplicationofPostTensionedFloorSystem
(RCSlabvs.PTSlabvs.PTVoidSlab)

2012.5.8

DAELIM IndustrialCo.,Ltd.
ADAPT Corporation

2012PTI Convention
 2012PTITechnicalConference
Contents &Exhibition

[Part 1] Post-Tension Design Proposal in Korea

ByJKYoon/DAELIM
1) ResidentialBuildingsinKorea
2) EconomicApplicationofPostTensioning
3) SustainableApplicationofPostTensioning
(PostTensionedVoidSlab)

[Part 2] Evaluation of Alternative PT Floor System

ByFlorian Aalami /ADAPT

1) PostTensionedVoidSlabDesignMethod
2) AlternativeApplicationofPostTensioning
3) EvaluationofEconomicEfficiency
4) EvaluationofStructuralPerformance

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[Part 1] Post-Tension Design Proposal in Korea

JangKeun Yoon/Manager/KoreanP.E

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1)ResidentialBuildingsinKorea

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Residential Buildings in Korea &Exhibition

TypicalResidentialBuildings

DAELIM Apartment

Location : Kimpo, Gyeonggi-do

Occupancy : Residential Apartment
Gross Area : 198,456m2
No of Block : 14 Apartments
Bldg Story : 20~30F
Bldg Height : 60~90m

Lateral Resist : Shear Wall System

Floor Type : RC Flat Plate

Architect : Haeahn Architecture

Construction : DAELIM Co., Ltd
Const Period : Jan 2010 ~ July 2012

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ApartmentComplex

Chunan Project(11Block,2011~2013) Sindang Project(13Block,2009~2011) Buchun Project(8Block,2009~2011)

Morethan100Projects
(Daliem,since1998)

Dangjin Project(10Block,2008~2010) Osan Project(19Block,2008~2010)

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RecentChangeoftheStructuralSystem

[Past]RCShearWallSystem [Present]RCColumnSystem
DryWall
RCWall
(Prefabricated)

Toilet
Kitchen
Room2 Room3
Living
Room
Room1

[UnitPlan] [UnitPlan]

WhyColumnType?

1) Flexible EasytoRenovate

< PrototypeBuilding> 2) Sustainable LongLifeHouse

3) Ecofriendly ReduceCO2 Emission
4) Serviceable ReduceNoiseTransmission

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IncreaseoftheFloorSpan
[Present]ShortSpan(5~6m) [Future]LongSpan(9~10m)

2.8m 2.8m

RemoveInteriorColumn 210mm(8in)SLAB 210mm(8in)SLAB

WoodenFloorCover
THK45
THK45
:CementMortar(HeatingCoil)
THK45mm

THK45mm
/

:LightweightAeratedConcrete(Insulation)
WhyLongSpanFloor?
THK20 :Cushioningmaterial(Soundproof)
THK20mm
THK210mm
THK210 R C S:RCSLAB
lab / +
1) ProvideOpenSpacewithFewerColumns
110

2) ImproveConstructability
320
210

3) SaveConstructionTime
<StandardFloor,KoreanMLTMA> 4) ReduceConcreteVolume(ReduceCO2)
*MLTMA:MinistryofLand,TransportandMaritimeAffairs

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PostTensioningSolution

BenefitsofPostTensionedSlab

LongSpan(9~10m)
1) ReducedFloorHeight
MaintainTypical2.8mHeight
2.8m
2) LongerSpan
210mmPTFlatPlateL=9.5m(L/45)
3) LesserWeight
210mm(8in)SLAB
ReduceCO2 Emission
ImproveSeismicPerformance
4) ImprovedDurability
ReduceCrack&Deflection
5) SavingMaterial&Money
ReduceConcreteandRebarQuantity

<PostTensionedSlabSystem>

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2)EconomicApplicationofPostTensioning

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[CASESTUDY]Typical20FResidentialBuilding

82m2 82m2

<TypicalFloorofApartment>

*CompletedbyDAELIMin2011

6m
Column(Removalby PTSlab)

DryWall
(Prefabricated)

<RCColumnPlan>

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[ALT1]ReinforcedConcreteSLAB
(Thk =210mm,Span=6.0m)
6,000

InteriorColumns:4EA
4,960

ExteriorColumns:3EA
4,480 7,680

Conc :57m3(21MPa)
Rebar :5.25tonf RCSLAB(Thk=210mm)

< RebarLayout>
< MIDASADSModel>

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[ALT2]ReinforcedConcreteSLAB
(Thk =250mm,Span=7.9m)
7,900

RemoveInterior
Columns(4EA)

4,480 4,600 6,130

HD10@300(T) HD10@300(T)
HD10@300(B) HD10@300(B)
HD13@300(B)

HD13@300(B)
HD13@300(T)
HD16@300(T)

HD13@300(T)
HD16@300(T)
HD13@200(B)
HD13@200(T)

HD13@200(T)
5- HD13(T.ADD) HD13@200(B) 5- HD13(T.ADD)
HD13@300(B)

HD13@300(B)
HD13@300(T)
HD16@300(T)

HD13@300(T)
HD16@300(T)
HD13@300(B)

HD13@300(B)
HD13@300(T)
HD13@300(T)

HD13@300(T)
HD13@300(T)

HD13@300(T) HD13@300(T) HD13@300(T) HD13@300(T)

HD13@300(T) HD13@300(T) HD13@300(T) HD13@300(T)
HD13@300(B) HD13@300(B) HD13@300(B) HD13@300(B)
3- HD16(T&B,ADD)

3- HD16(T&B,ADD)
HD13@300(B)
HD13@300(T)
HD13@300(T)

HD13@300(T) HD13@300(T) HD13@300(T)

HD16@300(T) HD16@300(T) HD16@300(T)
HD13@300(B) HD13@300(B) HD13@300(B)

Conc :68m3(21MPa)
HD13@300(B)

HD13@300(B)

HD13@300(B)

HD13@300(B)

HD13@300(B)

HD13@300(B)
HD13@300(T)
HD13@300(T)

HD13@300(T)
HD16@300(T)

HD13@300(T)
HD16@300(T)

HD13@300(T)
HD16@300(T)

HD13@300(T)
HD16@300(T)

HD13@300(T)
HD13@300(T)

HD13@300(T) HD13@300(T) HD13@300(T) HD13@300(T)

HD13@300(T) HD13@300(T) HD13@300(T) HD13@300(T)
HD13@300(B) HD13@300(B) HD13@300(B) HD13@300(B)

3- HD16(T&B.ADD)
Rebar :6.35tonf RCSLAB(Thk=250mm)
3- HD16(T&B.ADD) 3- HD16(T&B.ADD)

< RebarLayout>
< MIDASADSModel>

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[ALT3]PostTensionedSLAB
(Thk =210mm,Span=8.3m)

Tendon
7,900

RemoveInterior
Column(4EA)

RemoveExterior
8,340 6,130 Column(2EA)

Conc :57m3(30MPa)
Rebar :2.93tonf PTSLAB(Thk=210mm)

Tendon:0.73tonf
< TendonLayout>
< MIDASADSModel>

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[ALT3]PostTensionedSLAB
(Thk =210mm,Span=8.3m)

Unbonbded Tendon

<TendonLayout>

max=16.0mm<L/480=17.3mmO.K <RebarLayout>

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Tendon&RebarPriceRatioinManyCountries
[unit:USD]

Middle Hong
Swiss Korea Spain Vietnam Malaysia Singapore USA Thailand
East Kong
Tendon 11,100 4,550 3,805 5,472 3,300 4,260 3,333 3,499 3,800 2,667
Rebar 1,550 890 800 1,176 850 1,160 1,167 1,229 1,350 1,000
Ratio 7.2 5.1 4.8 4.7 3.9 3,7 2.9 2.8 2.8 2.7

*PriceincludeMaterial&LaborCosts(perton)

CostofRebarvs.Tendon
SupplyandInstallationRates(USD)

12,000 11,100

10,000

8,000 Tendon

5,472 Rebar
6,000
4,550
4,260
3,805 3,800
3,300 3,333 3,499
4,000
2,667
1,550 1,350
2,000 890 800
1,176
850
1,160 1,167 1,229 1,000

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ConstructionCostComparisoninUSAMarket
+9.7%
+2.6% 6.9%
Tendon:3,800USD2.8Times
1,000,000
Rebar :1,350USD

StructuralMember SlabSystem
598,895 &Material [ALT1]RC [ALT2]RC [ALT3]PT
800,000
514,835
517,561 Concrete 2282m3 2717m3 2282m3
TOTALPRICE(Unit:USD)

Form 10800m2 10800m2 10800m2

Slab Slab
600,000 Rebar 210tonf 254tonf 117tonf
Column Tendon 29tonf
Ext.Wall Concrete 281m3 532m3 433m3
133,452
124,165 162,695
400,000 Int.Wall Column Form 1921m2 3382m2 2787m2
Rebar 65tonf 72tonf 59tonf
Concrete 1128m3 1102m3 1010m3
273,879 Exterior
273,154 268,212 Form 11923m2 11657m2 10658m2
200,000 Wall
Rebar 65tonf 64tonf 79tonf
Concrete 313m3 271m3 389m3
91,252 78,934 110,454
Interior
0 Form 4640m2 4045m2 5752m2
Wall
RCSLAB RCSLAB PTSLAB Rebar 19tonf 16tonf 21tonf
(Thk=210) (Thk=250) (Thk=210)
[ALT1] [ALT2][ALT3] < MaterialQuantityfor20FBuilding>
(Benchmark)

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ConstructionCostComparisoninKoreanMarket

Tendon:4,550USD5.1Times
1,000,000
+9.6% +10.4% Rebar :890USD
+0.8%
StructuralMember SlabSystem

800,000 &Material [ALT1]RC [ALT2]RC [ALT3]PT

Concrete 2282m3 2717m3 2282m3
TOTALPRICE(Unit:USD)

478,739 481,151 Form 10800m2 10800m2 10800m2

418,063 Slab Slab
600,000 Rebar 210tonf 254tonf 117tonf
Column Tendon 29tonf
Ext.Wall Concrete 281m3 532m3 433m3

400,000 105,288
Int.Wall Column Form 1921m2 3382m2 2787m2
93,494 128,364
Rebar 65tonf 72tonf 59tonf
Concrete 1128m3 1102m3 1010m3
236,245 Exterior
200,000 242,340 Form 11923m2 11657m2 10658m2
237,673 Wall
Rebar 65tonf 64tonf 79tonf
Concrete 313m3 271m3 389m3
82,345 71,348 100,338 Interior
0 Form 4640m2 4045m2 5752m2
Wall
RCSLAB RCSLAB PTSLAB Rebar 19tonf 16tonf 21tonf
(Thk=210) (Thk=250) (Thk=210)
[ALT1] [ALT2][ALT3] < MaterialQuantityfor20FBuilding>
(Benchmark)

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SUMMARY

1) SlightincreaseinconstructioncostbyPostTensioninginKoreanmarket
canbenegligible. (+0.8%)

2) [ALT3]PostTensionedSlabcanbegoodalternativefloorsystemfor
ResidentialBuildingsinKorea.
Providemoreopenspanwithlongerspan8.3m
Maintainthesameslabdepth210mm withconventionaldesign[ALT1]
Maintainthesamefloorheight2.8m withconventionaldesign[ALT1]

3) Inthefuture,itseemslikethatincreasingdemandforPostTensioningcan
lowerthetendonprice, therebyPostTensioningcanbemorecompetitivein
Korea.

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3)SustainableApplicationofPostTensioning

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VoidSlabSystem

Benefits
WeightReduction
LighterthanSolidSlab
ReduceFloortoFloorHeight
ReduceLoadActingOnFoundation

Sustainability
SaveBuildingMaterial(Concrete&Rebar)
ReduceCO2 Emission
UseofRecycledMaterial(PlasticBall)

Weakness
SpanLengthLimitation(BubbleDeck)
Type SLABThk Bubble Span
BD230 230mm 180 5 8.1m
BD280 280mm 225 7 10.1m

* Image by Cobiax BD340 340mm 270 9 12.5m

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PostTensionedSlab+VoidSlab

PostTensionedSlab VoidSlab

+
* Image by Bubble Deck

Slimmer(LongSpan) Lighter(LessWeight)
210mmPTFlatPlateL=9.5m(L/45) 210mmVoidSlabL=6.5m(L/30)

PostTensionedVoidSlabSystem

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Howtomodel&analyzePTVoidSlab?

EquivalentSlabModelingMethod
Tendon

SubstituteVoidSlabwithEquivalentSolidSlab

h=210 210

b=210 210
<VoidSlab> <EquivalentSlab>
<VoidSlabRegion>
Parameter VoidSlab EquivalentSlab
Concrete Strength fc fc
Ellipsoid
170 xH110 A,I,V Width b b
Depth h h
ConcreteReduction
Section A Ae
V/Ve =77%(23%)
StiffnessReduction Volume V Ve

I/Ie =91%(9%) MomentofInertia I Ie

UnitWeight W We =(V/Ve)W

<Unit Module> Modulus ofElasticity E Ee =(I/Ie)E

ReducedProperty

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[Ref.]FreeVibrationTestofVoidSlab(Dr.KyoungKyu Choi,Soongsil Univ,Korea)

1mHeight

Sandbag
(3kg)

Accelerometer
<VoidSlabSpecimen>

Ellipsoid
170 xH110

h=210

<SlabSection withEllipsoidBall>

<IsometricEllipsoidBall>

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[Ref.]FreeVibrationTestofVoidSlab(Dr.KyoungKyu Choi,Soongsil Univ,Korea)

1mHeight

Sandbag
(3kg)

Accelerometer <AccelerationTimeHistory>

SlabThick PlasticBall Concrete Damping

Frequency
(mm) (mm) Reduction Ratio 21.6Hz
Ellipsoid,
210 23% 0.8% 21.6Hz
170 H110

<NaturalFrequencybyFFT >
*FFT:FastFourierTransformation

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Verification(TestResultvs.AnalysisResult)

VoidSlab: We Ee fck
SolidSlab: WEfck

1 VoidSlab 2 SolidSlab <ResultComparison>

FreeVibrationTestResult:21.6Hz
IsometricView
FreeVibrationAnalysisResult:21.7Hz
UnitWeight(kN/m3) We =1.85(77%) W=24 (EquivalentSlabModelingMethod)
Modulus ofElasticity Ee =27,099(91%) E=29,779

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[Part 2] Alternative Application of PT Floor System

Florian Aalami /President/Ph.D.

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1)PostTensionedVoidSlabDesignMethod

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VoidSlabSystemwithPlasticBall

1) SLAFSystem,Korea 2)Cobiax,Switzerland 3)BubbleDeck,Denmark

<EllipsoidBall> <SphereBall> <SphereBall>

Property VoidSlab Property VoidSlab Property VoidSlab

SlabDepth 210mm SlabDepth 210mm SlabDepth 210mm
PlasticBall 170xH110 PlasticBall 100 PlasticBall 100
UnitWeight We =0.77W UnitWeight We =0.85W UnitWeight We =0.85W
Modulus ofElasticity Ee =0.91E Modulus ofElasticity Ee =0.95E Modulus ofElasticity Ee =0.95E

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HowtoAnalyzeandDesignthePTVoidSlab?

[6STEP]PostTensionedVoidSlabDesign

STEP1 VoidSlabModeling

STEP2 DesignLoadInput

STEP3 TendonLayout

Tendon

STEP4 StructuralAnalysis

STEP5 DesignStripModeling
<VoidSlab>

STEP6 AllowableStressCheck

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[CASE1]EllipsoidBall(170xH110)

A,I,V Ae ,Ie,Ve

<Isometric View> <EquivalentSlabRepresentation>

CalculateSectionChange
A
Ae 200 210 42 ,000mm 2 62%
Ae
A Ae 16 ,103 25 ,897 mm 2

CalculateVolumeChange
V
Ve 130 130 210 3 ,549 ,000mm 3 77%
Ve
V Ve 523 ,599 3 ,025 ,401mm 3

CalculateStiffnessChange
I
Ie 130 210 3 / 12 100 ,327 ,500mm 3 91%
Ie
<EllipsoidBall> I Ie 4 ,908 ,739 95 ,418 ,761mm 3

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[CASE1]EllipsoidBall(170xH110)

V
ReducedWeight: We W
Ve
0.77 2 ,400kgf / m 3 1 ,848kgf / m 3
I
ReducedStiffness: E e E ( 8 ,500 3 fck 8 )
Ie
<EllipsoidBall> 0.91 28 ,577 MPa 26 ,005MPa

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[CASE2]SphereBall(100)

A,I,V Ae ,Ie,Ve

<Isometric View> <EquivalentSlabRepresentation>

CalculateSectionChange
A
Ae 130 210 27 ,300mm 2 71%
Ae
A Ae 7 ,854 19 ,446mm 2

CalculateVolumeChange
V
Ve 200 200 210 8 ,400 ,000mm 3 85%
Ve
V Ve 1 ,903 ,594 6 ,496 ,406mm 3

CalculateStiffnessChange
I
Ie 200 210 3 / 12 154 ,350 ,000mm 3 95%
Ie
<SphereBall> I Ie 13 ,841,884 140 ,508 ,116mm 3

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[CASE2]SphereBall(100)

V
ReducedWeight: We W
Ve
0.85 2 ,400kgf / m 3 2 ,040kgf / m 3
I
ReducedStiffness: E e E ( 8 ,500 3 fck 8 )
Ie
<SphereBall> 0.95 28 ,577 MPa 27 ,148MPa

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<DesignLoadforResidentialBuildinginKorea>

Room Load Material THK FloorLoad

Partition Wall 1.5 kN/m2
Mortar 45mm 0.945 kN/m2
SDL
Room, ALC* 45mm 0.293 kN/m2
Kitchen Sound Proof 20mm 0.04 kN/m2
SW* Equivalent Slab 210mm
LL 2.0 kN/m2
Partition Wall 1.5 kN/m2
SDL
Mortar 40mm 0.84 kN/m2
Toilet
SW* Equivalent Slab 180mm
LL 2.0 kN/m2
SDL Mortar 110mm 2.31 kN/m2

WoodenFloorCover Balcony SW* Equivalent Slab 210mm
THK45 :CementMortar/PanelHeating
THK45mm /
THK45
LL 3.0 kN/m2
THK45mm :LightweightAeratedConcrete
THK20 :Cushioningmaterial(SoundInsulation)
THK20mm Terrazzo Finish 25mm 0.675 kN/m2
THK210mm
THK210 R C S:EquivalentSLAB
lab / + SDL
ELEV. Mortar 30mm 0.63 kN/m2
110

Hall SW* Equivalent Slab 180mm

320

LL 3.0 kN/m2
210

*SW(SelfWeight)isautomaticallycalculatedbysoftware
<FloorSection>

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Tendon
<TendonLayout>

<VoidSlab>

<BandedTendonforColumnStrip>

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Tendon
<FEMAnalysis>

<VoidSlab>

max=10.3mm<L/480

<LongtermDeflection>

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DesignStrip1

Tendon

<VoidSlab>

<MomentDiagram DesignStrip1>

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1.81 fM / Z 1.81 0.72

2.53MPa

<BottomStress DesignStrip1>

Tendon

<VoidSlab> 0.72 fP / A 0.72MPa

<AveragePrestress only DesignStrip1>

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<DesignStrip1>

GeometryofSolidSectionModeledinADAPT
Width(mm) 4,650
Depth(mm) 210
Asolid(mm2) 976,500
Isolid(mm4) 3,588,637,500

GeometryofEquivalentVoidSectionusedtoCheckStresses
Tendon Radius1ofVoid(mm) 30
Radius2ofVoid(mm) 55
HeightofVoid(mm) 110
#ofVoidsinsection 17
AofEachVoid(mm2) 16,103
Avoid(mm2) 702,744
IofEachVoid(mm4) 13,841,884
Ivoid 3,353,325,471
<VoidSlab>
ConversionParameters
Avoid/Asoid(A/Ae) 0.72
Ivoid/Isoid(I/Ie) 0.93

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A I
72% 93%
Ae Ie

<EllipsoidBall>

AllowableStressCheck

Ae I
fP / A e fM / Z Allowable Stress
A I
Tendon
Where , Ae / A 1 / 0.72 1.39
Ie / I 1 / 0.93 1.07

1.39 ( 0.72 ) 1.07 ( 1.81 0.72 ) 1.71MPa

Allowable Stress 0.9 0.5 fck 2.46MPa

<VoidSlab>
(PTVoidSlab90%of2 wayPTSlab)

1.71MPa 2.46MPa O.K

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2)AlternativeApplicationofPostTensioning

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[CASESTUDY]TowerTypeResidentialBuilding

AD/PD AD/PD
17 ELEV.
(,)

17 ELEV.
(,)

- 2 - 2

- 1 - 1

- 2 - 2

/ /

- 3 - 3

Max.Span9m

<TypicalFloorPlan>

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[ALT1]ReinforcedConcreteSlab(250mm)

DESIGNCODE
KBC2009(Ref.ACI31805)
MATERIAL
Conc :fck =21MPa
Rebar :fy =400MPa
CovertoRebar
Rebar :20mm
MeshReinforcement
TopD10@200
Bot D13@250
AddRebar
Top&Bot D13

Added Rebar
A D13x2000
B D13x3000
C D13x4000
D D13x5000

<TypicalFloor RebarLayout>

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[ALT2]PostTensionedSlab(210mm)

DESIGNCODE
KBC2009(Ref.ACI31805)
MATERIAL
Conc :fck =30MPa
Rebar :fy =400MPa
Tendon :fpu =1,860MPa
CovertoRebar/Tendon
Rebar :20mm
Tendon : 27mm
Prestressing Tendon
Unbonded MonoStrandTendon
12.7mm(99mm2)

<TypicalFloor TendonLayout>

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[ALT2]PostTensionedSlab(210mm)

DESIGNCODE
KBC2009(Ref.ACI31805)
MATERIAL
Conc :fck =30MPa
Rebar :fy =400MPa
Tendon :fpu =1,860MPa
CovertoRebar/Tendon
Rebar :20mm
Tendon : 27mm
Prestressing Tendon
Unbonded MonoStrandTendon
12.7mm(99mm2)

Added Rebar
A D13x2000
B D13x3000
C D16x3000
D D16x4000
E D16x5000

<TypicalFloor RebarLayout>

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[ALT3]PostTensionedVoidSlab(210mm)

DESIGNCODE
KBC2009(Ref.ACI31805)
MATERIAL
Conc :fck =30MPa
Rebar :fy =400MPa
Tendon :fpu =1,860MPa
CovertoRebar/Tendon
Rebar :20mm
Tendon : 27mm
Prestressing Tendon
Unbonded MonoStrandTendon
12.7mm(99mm2)

<TypicalFloor TendonLayout>

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Alternative Application of Post-Tensioning &Exhibition

[ALT3]PostTensionedVoidSlab(210mm)

DESIGNCODE
KBC2009(Ref.ACI31805)
MATERIAL
Conc :fck =30MPa
Rebar :fy =400MPa
Tendon :fpu =1,860MPa
CovertoRebar/Tendon
Rebar :20mm
Tendon : 27mm
Prestressing Tendon
Unbonded MonoStrandTendon
12.7mm(99mm2)

Added Rebar
A D13x2000
B D13x3000
C D16x3000
D D16x4000
E D16x5000

<TypicalFloor RebarLayout>

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3)EvaluationofEconomicEfficiency

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Evaluation of Economic Efficiency &Exhibition

ConstructionCostComparisoninUSAMarket
Tendon:3,800USD2.8Times
Rebar :1,350USD
*MaterialQuantityCalculatedforOneTypicalFloor

SlabSystem
SlabCharacteristic
[ALT1]RCSlab [ALT2]PTSlab [ALT3]PTVoidSlab
Geometry
SlabThickness(mm) 250 210 210
SlabArea(m2) 648.41 648.41 648.41
ConcreteVolume(m3) 162.10 136.17 124.41
(CO2Reduction 16%) (CO2Reduction 23%)
MaterialQuantity*
Reinforcement(kgf) 11,727 2,911 7,975
PTStrand(kgf) 1,770 1,130
Economics (UnitPrice)
Concrete(21MPa) $47.6 $7,722
Concrete(30MPa) $54.8 $7,464 $6,820
VoidBall $12.7 $3,097
Form $10.8 $7,015 $7,015 $7,015
Rebar $1,350 $15,832 $3,929 $10,766
Tendon $3,800 $6,726 $4,294

TotalPrice(KoreanWon) $30,569 $25,134 $31,992

Ratio 100% 82.2% 105%
Decrease 17.8% +5%

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ConstructionCostComparisoninKoreanMarket
Tendon:4,550USD5.1Times
Rebar :890USD
*MaterialQuantityCalculatedforOneTypicalFloor

SlabSystem
SlabCharacteristic
[ALT1]RCSlab [ALT2]PTSlab [ALT3]PTVoidSlab
Geometry
SlabThickness(mm) 250 210 210
SlabArea(m2) 648.41 648.41 648.41
ConcreteVolume(m3) 162.10 136.17 124.41
(CO2Reduction 16%) (CO2Reduction 23%)
MaterialQuantity*
Reinforcement(kgf) 11,727 2,911 7,975
PTStrand(kgf) 1,770 1,130
Economics (UnitPrice)
Concrete(21MPa) $47.6 $7,722
Concrete(30MPa) $54.8 $7,464 $6,820
PlasticBall $12.7 $3,097
Form $10.8 $7,015 $7,015 $7,015
Rebar $890 $10,437 $2,590 $7,098
Tendon $4,550 $8,054 $5,142

TotalPrice(KoreanWon) $25,174 $25,123 $29,171

Ratio 100% 99.8% 116%
0.2% +16%

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4)EvaluationofStructuralPerformance

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Evaluation of Structural Performance &Exhibition

DetermineNaturalFrequency(Hz)
SlabSystem
ADAPTVibrationAnalysisResult
[ALT1]RCSlab [ALT2]PTSlab [ALT3]PTVoidSlab
Uncracked Vibration
VibrationMode1(Hz) 9.76 8.63 9.19
VibrationMode2(Hz) 10.56 9.35 9.24
VibrationMode3(Hz) 10.79 9.54 9.54
CrackedVibration
VibrationMode1(Hz) 9.26 8.61 9.16
VibrationMode2(Hz) 9.80 9.26 9.21
VibrationMode3(Hz) 9.82 9.44 9.51

<ALT1 RCSlab> <ALT2 PTSlab> <ALT3 PTVoidSlab>

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CalculatePeakAcceleration(ap/g)
1.0
1)ExcitingForceofVibration(Po)

0.8
P0 DLF (Weight of Person )
0.53 700N 371N
DynamicLoadFactor(DLF)

0.6
2)DampingFactor()
0.03
0.4
Occupancy DampingFactor
Bareconcretefloor 0.02
0.2
Furnished,lowpartition 0.03
Furnished,fullheightpartition 0.05
0 Shoppingmalls
0 1.0 2.0 3.0 0.02

FrequencyHz

<DLFforFirstHarmonicofWalkingForce>

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Evaluation of Structural Performance &Exhibition

CalculatePeakAcceleration(ap/g)

3)WeightofVibratingFloorPanel(W)

W ( Dimension of Panel ) ( Selfweight Partition )

( 8m 6 m ) ( Slab Depth 24kN / m 3 1.5kN / m 2 )

4)AccelerationcausedbyWalkingPerson(ap/g)

ap Po e ( 0.35 fn )

g W
6m

fn(hz) P0(N) W(kN) ap/g

[ALT1]RCSlab 9.26 371 0.03 315 0.15

[ALT2]PTSlab 8.61 371 0.03 275 0.22

[ALT3]PTVoidSlab 9.16 371 0.03 254 0.20

8m

<FloorPlanforVibrationEvaluation>

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Evaluation of Structural Performance &Exhibition

EvaluateFloorVibration

Office, [ALT1]RCSlab
Residential,
[ALT2]PTSlab
AssemblyHall
PeakAcceleration(%gravity)

[ALT3]PTVoidSlab

Operating
Rooms
0.5

0.22
0.20

0.15

0.1
1 2 4 8 16

Frequency(Hz)

<ThresholdofHumanSensitivitytoVerticalVibration ATC> <FirstModeofFloorVibration>

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