04/11/2013

Oceanic Energy

LMF

Course Outline

Renewable Sustainable
Hydro Power Hydrogen & Fuel Cells
Wind Energy Nuclear
Oceanic Energy Fossil Fuel Innovation
Solar Power Exotic Technologies
Geothermal Integration
Biomass Distributed Generation

1
 04/11/2013

Oceanic Energy Outline

Overview Wave Energy

Tidal Power Technologies
Technologies Environmental
Environmental Impacts
Impacts Economics
Economics Future Promise
Future Promise Assessment

Overview of Oceanic Energy

2
 04/11/2013

Sources of New Energy

Global Primary Energy Sources 2002

3
 04/11/2013

Renewable Energy Use 2001

Tidal Power

4
 04/11/2013

Tidal Motions

Tidal Forces

10

5
 04/11/2013

Natural Tidal Bottlenecks

11

Tidal Energy Technologies

1. Tidal Turbine Farms

2. Tidal Barrages (dams)

12

6
 04/11/2013

1. Tidal Turbine Farms

13

Tidal Turbines (MCT Seagen)

750 kW 1.5 MW
15 20 m rotors
3 m monopile
10 20 RPM
Deployed in multi-unit
farms or arrays
Like a wind farm, but
Water 800x denser than air
Smaller rotors
More closely spaced MCT Seagen Pile

14

7
 04/11/2013

Tidal Turbines (Swanturbines)

Direct drive to generator

No gearboxes
Gravity base
Versus a bored foundation
Fixed pitch turbine blades
Improved reliability
But trades off efficiency

15

Deeper Water Current Turbine

16

8
 04/11/2013

Oscillating Tidal Turbine

Oscillates up and down

150 kW prototype
operational (2003)
Plans for 3 5 MW
prototypes

http://www.engb.com

17

Polo Tidal Turbine

Vertical turbine blades

Rotates under a
tethered ring
50 m in diameter
20 m deep
600 tonnes
Max power 12 MW

18

9
 04/11/2013

Power from Land Tides (!)

19

Advantages of Tidal Turbines

Low Visual Impact

Mainly, if not totally submerged.
Low Noise Pollution
Sound levels transmitted are very low
High Predictability
Tides predicted years in advance, unlike wind
High Power Density
Much smaller turbines than wind turbines for the
same power
20

10
 04/11/2013

Disadvantages of Tidal Turbines

High maintenance costs

High power distribution costs
Somewhat limited upside capacity
Intermittent power generation

21

2. Tidal Barrage Schemes

22

11
 04/11/2013

Definitions

Barrage
An artificial dam to increase the depth of water for
use in irrigation or navigation, or in this case,
generating electricity.
Flood
The rise of the tide toward land (rising tide)
Ebb
The return of the tide to the sea (falling tide)

23

Potential Tidal Barrage Sites

Only about 20 sites in the world have been identified as possible tidal barrage stations

24

12
 04/11/2013

Schematic of Tidal Barrage

25

Cross Section of a Tidal Barrage

26

13
 04/11/2013

Tidal Barrage Bulb Turbine

27

Tidal Barrage Rim Generator

28

14
 04/11/2013

Tidal Barrage Tubular Turbine

29

La Rance Tidal Power Barrage

Rance River estuary, Brittany (France)
Largest in world
Completed in 1966
2410 MW bulb turbines (240 MW)
5.4 meter diameter
Capacity factor of ~40%
Maximum annual energy: 2.1 TWh
Realized annual energy: 840 GWh
Electric cost: 3.7/kWh
30
Tester et al., Sustainable Energy, MIT Press, 2005

15
 04/11/2013

La Rance Tidal Power Barrage

31

La Rance River, Saint Malo

32

16
 04/11/2013

La Rance Barrage Schematic

33

Cross Section of La Rance Barrage

34

17
 04/11/2013

La Rance Turbine Exhibit

35

Tidal Barrage Energy Calculations

R = range (height) of tide (in m)
A = area of tidal pool (in km2)
m = mass of water
g = 9.81 m/s2 = gravitational constant
= 1025 kg/m3 = density of seawater
0.33 = capacity factor (20-35%)
E = mgR / 2 = ( AR) gR / 2
E = 1397R 2 A kWh per tidal cycle
Assuming 706 tidal cycles per year (12 hrs 24 min per cycle)
E yr = 0.997 106R 2 A
36

18
 04/11/2013

La Rance Barrage Example

= 33%
R = 8.5 m
A = 22 km2

E yr = 0.997 106R 2 A
E yr = 0.997 106 (0.33)(8.52 )(22)
E yr = 517 GWh/yr

37

Proposed Severn Barrage (1989)

Never constructed, but instructive

38

19
 04/11/2013

Proposed Severn Barrage (1989)

Severn River estuary

Border between Wales and England
216 40 MW turbine generators (9.0m dia)
8,640 MW total capacity
17 TWh average energy output
Ebb generation with flow pumping
16 km (9.6 mi) total barrage length
8.2 ($15) billion estimated cost (1988)

39

Severn Barrage
Layout

40

20
 04/11/2013

Severn Barrage Proposal

Effect on Tide Levels

41

Severn Barrage Proposal

Power Generation over Time

42

21
 04/11/2013

Severn Barrage Proposal

Capital Costs

~$15 billion
(1988 costs)

43

Severn Barrage Proposal

Energy Costs
~10/kWh
(1989 costs)

44

22
 04/11/2013

Severn Barrage Proposal

Capital Costs versus Energy Costs

1p 2

45

Offshore Tidal Lagoon

46

23
 04/11/2013

Tidal Fence

Array of vertical axis tidal

turbines
No effect on tide levels
Less environmental impact
than a barrage
1000 MW peak (600 MW
average) fences soon

47

Promising Tidal Energy Sites

Country Location TWh/yr GW

Canada Fundy Bay 17 4.3
Cumberland 4 1.1
USA Alaska 6.5 2.3
Passamaquody 2.1 1
Argentina San Jose Gulf 9.5 5
Russia Orkhotsk Sea 125 44
India Camby 15 7.6
Kutch 1.6 0.6
Korea 10
Australia 5.7 1.9

48

24
 04/11/2013

Tidal Barrage Environmental Factors

Changes in estuary ecosystems

Less variation in tidal range
Fewer mud flats
Less turbidity clearer water
More light, more life
Accumulation of silt
Concentration of pollution in silt
Visual clutter

49

Advantages of Tidal Barrages

High predictability
Tides predicted years in advance, unlike wind
Similar to low-head dams
Known technology
Protection against floods
Benefits for transportation (bridge)
Some environmental benefits

50

25
 04/11/2013

Disadvantages of Tidal Turbines

High capital costs

Few attractive tidal power sites worldwide
Intermittent power generation
Silt accumulation behind barrage
Accumulation of pollutants in mud
Changes to estuary ecosystem

51

Wave Energy

52

26
 04/11/2013

Wave Structure

53

Wave Frequency and Amplitude

54

27
 04/11/2013

Wave Patterns over Time

55

Wave Power Calculations

Hs2 = Significant wave height 4x rms water elevation (m)
Te = avg time between upward movements across mean (s)
P = Power in kW per meter of wave crest length

H s2Te
P=
2
Example: Hs2 = 3m and Te = 10s

H s2Te 32 10 kW
P= = = 45
2 2 m

56

28
 04/11/2013

Global Wave Energy Averages

Average wave energy (est.) in kW/m (kW per meter of wave length)

57

Wave Energy Potential

Potential of 1,500 7,500 TWh/year

10 and 50% of the worlds yearly electricity demand
IEA (International Energy Agency)

200,000 MW installed wave and tidal energy power

forecast by 2050
Power production of 6 TWh/y
Load factor of 0.35
DTI and Carbon Trust (UK)

Independent of the different estimates the potential

for a pollution free energy generation is enormous.

58

29
 04/11/2013

Wave Energy Technologies

59

Wave Concentration Effects

60

30
 04/11/2013

Tapered Channel (Tapchan)

61

Oscillating Water Column

62

31
 04/11/2013

Oscillating Column Cross-Section

63

LIMPET Oscillating Water Column

Completed 2000
Scottish Isles
Two counter-rotating
Wells turbines
Two generators
500 kW max power

64

32
 04/11/2013

Mighty Whale Design Japan

65

Might Whale Design

66

33
 04/11/2013

Turbines for Wave Energy

Turbine used in Mighty Whale

67

Ocean Wave Conversion System

68

34
 04/11/2013

Wave Conversion System in Action

69

Wave Dragon

Wave Dragon
Copenhagen, Denmark
http://www.WaveDragon.net

Click Picture for Video

70

35
 04/11/2013

Wave Dragon Energy Output

in a 24kW/m wave climate = 12 GWh/year

in a 36kW/m wave climate = 20 GWh/year
in a 48kW/m wave climate = 35 GWh/year
in a 60kW/m wave climate = 43 GWh/year
in a 72kW/m wave climate = 52 GWh/year.

71

Declining Wave Energy Costs

72

36
 04/11/2013

Wave Energy Power Distribution

73
Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)

Wave Energy Supply vs. Electric Demand

74

37
 04/11/2013

Wave Energy
Environmental Impacts

75

Wave Energy Environmental Impact

Little chemical pollution

Little visual impact
Some hazard to shipping
No problem for migrating fish, marine life
Extract small fraction of overall wave energy
Little impact on coastlines
Release little CO2, SO2, and NOx
11g, 0.03g, and 0.05g / kWh respectively

76

38
 04/11/2013

Wave Energy
Summary

77

Wave Power Advantages

Onshore wave energy systems can be incorporated

into harbor walls and coastal protection
Reduce/share system costs
Providing dual use
Create calm sea space behind wave energy
systems
Development of mariculture
Other commercial and recreational uses;
Long-term operational life time of plant
Non-polluting and inexhaustible supply of energy

78

39
 04/11/2013

Wave Power Disadvantages

High capital costs for initial construction

High maintenance costs
Wave energy is an intermittent resource
Requires favorable wave climate.
Investment of power transmission cables to shore
Degradation of scenic ocean front views
Interference with other uses of coastal and offshore
areas
navigation, fishing, and recreation if not properly sited
Reduced wave heights may affect beach processes
in the littoral zone

79

Wave Energy Summary

Potential as significant power supply (1 TW)

Intermittence problems mitigated by
integration with general energy supply
system
Many different alternative designs
Complimentary to other renewable and
conventional energy technologies

80

40
 04/11/2013

Future Promise

81

World Oceanic Energy Potentials (GW)

Source Potential (est) Practical (est)

Tides 2,500 GW 20 GW
Waves 2,7003 500
Currents 5,000 50
OTEC1 200,000 40
Salinity 1,000,000 NPA4
World electric2 2,800
World hydro 4,000 550
1 Temperature gradients 3 Along coastlines 4 Not presently available
2 As of 1998

82

41
 04/11/2013

Solar Power Next Week

83

42