FIS1082

CHEMISTRY LAB. REPORT

NAME : MUHAMMAD NAIM BIN MOHD SUHAIMI

STUDENT ID :
GROUP : FIS 10
LECTURER : MISS NURAIN
INTRODUCTION

One of the main properties of a compound us its chemical composition,

which can be identified simply by determining the elements present in
the compound. Although qualitative analysis is very useful, it would be
an added advantage to chemists if they know the quantitative aspect of
the compound. The outcome from the quantitative analysis can be used
to determine the composition of an unknown compound. Once the
composition of the compound is known, its formula unit can be
determined. For example, a compound containing 0.1 argentum and 0.1
mole bromine will have a formula unit of AgBr.

In this experiment, you will prepare a simple compound which is

composed of two element, zinc and chlorine. Once the mass of zinc and
the mass of compound are known, the mass of chlorine can be
determined. Using these masses, the percentage composition of the
product can be determined and the formula unit can be calculated.

When zinc metal is reacted with hydrochloric acid, hydrogen gas is

released and an aqueous solution of zinc chloride is produced. The zinc
chloride solution when evaporated to dryness leaves a pure salt product.
In order to calculate the simplest whole number ratio of chlorine to zinc
or empirical formula for zinc chloride, we need to use the initial mass of
zinc and the solid product formed. It is important that all of the zinc used
be reacted and that large excess amounts of hydrochloric acid not be
used. Then, from the mass of zinc consumed and the total mass of
product formed, the masses of both zinc and chlorine may be
determined. Converting these two numbers of moles and then
calculating the simplest whole number ratio, by dividing by both by the
smaller of the two numbers, gives the empirical formula. If either of the
numbers is non-integral, them multiple by the smallest number required
to give two whole numbers as subscripts in the formula : ZnxCly
OBJECTIVES

1. To synthesis zinc chloride compound.

2. To determine the formula unit of zinc chloride.

APPARATUS

Analytical balance
Bunsen burner or hot plate
Crucible
Crucible tongs
Clay triangle
Glass rod
Measuring cylinder 10 mL
Porcelain or white tiles
Tripod stand
Wire gauze with asbestos center

CHEMICAL

Zin powder
HCL 6.0 M
PROCEDURE

1. On analytical balance, the crucible is weigh and the exact mass is

recorded.
2. Approximately 0.25 g of zinc power is placed into the crucible.
Then, the crucible with its contents are weigh and the exact mass
of zinc are determined.
3. 10 mL of 6.0 HCL is added into the crucible containing the zinc
powder and the contents are stirred gently using a glass rod. A
vigorous chemical reaction occurred and the hydrogen gas
released.
4.

QUESTIONS

1. How do you overcome or reduce the problem of random error and

systematic error while doing an experiment?
2. In what situation do you use a volumetric flask, conical flask,
pipette, and graduated cylinder? Explain your answer from the
accuracy aspects of these apparatus.
3. Explain how to read a burette. What are the factors to be
considered while using the burette?

ANSWER

1. The method to overcome or reduce the problem of random error is by

taking more data. Random errors can be evaluated through statistical
analysis and can be reduced by averaging over a large number of
observation. On the Systematic error, there are slightly difficult to
 detect and cannot be analyzed statistically, because all of the data is
off in the same direction (either too high or too low). Spotting and
correcting for the systematic error takes a lot of care.
2.

Volumetric It will be used for precise dilutions and

Flasks preparation of standard solutions it is
calibrated to contain a precise volume at a
particular temperature.
3. Conical Erlenmeyers are used to store solution and to
Flasks contain reactions, especially titrations.

Pipette To transfer accurate volume of liquid. The

transfer pipette measure a particular volume
to high accuracy. Volumetric pipettes
designed to deliver 25, 20 and 10 mL
respectively
Graduated It is useful for measuring liquid volumes to
Flasks within about 1%. They are for general
purpose use, but not quantitative analysis.

Firstly, remember that you it should be read at the number that is at the
bottom of the meniscus with 1/10 of the smallest scale marked on the
burette. The meniscus is created by the surface tension of the liquid and
the extent that the liquid wets the wall. Part of the structure of meniscus
involves reflection of light. Therefore the meniscus, as you see it is
dependent on the background. The precision tap, or stopcock, on the
bottom is used to dispense known amounts of a liquid in experiments for
which precision is necessary for instance, Titration experiment. The
other factor that should be considered is the human error or parallax
error. The above two views of the burette taken with the eye at the same
level as the liquid level. If your eye is either higher or lower than the
liquid level, you will make an error in reading the liquid level. This is
referred to as a Parallax error. Since, except for the 90 degree angle
where no parallax error occurs, you probably will not reproduce an
arbitrary angle which you read the meniscus. Therefore this will cause
an error.

RESULTS

Data

a. Calibration of Volumetric Flask

Mass of empty volumetric flask (g) 91.60

Mass of volumetric flasks + 250.00

distilled water (g)

Mass of distilled water (g) 158.40

Temperature of distilled water (C*) 28

 Density of water (from Table 1) 1.0047
(g/mL)

b. Calibration of Pipette

Mass of empty beaker (g) 107.15 107.20

Mass of beaker + distilled water (g) 118.15 118.18

Mass of distilled water (g) 11.00 10.98

Temperature of distilled water (C*) 25.00 25.00

Densiry of water (from Table 1) 1.0039 1.0039

(g/mL)
c. Calibration of Burette

Mass of empty beaker (g) : 107.18

Temperature of distilled water (C*) : 25.00

Density of water (from Table 1) (g/mL) : 1.0039

After the addition of distilled water :

Reading of Mass of Mass of Mass of distilled

burette (mL) beaker + distilled water for each
distilled water (g) 5mL burette
water (g) reading (g)

5 111.97 4.79 4.79

10 116.76 9.58 4.79

15 121.73 14.55 4.97

 20 128.08 20.9 6.35

Calculations :

Reading of burette (mL) Volume of water (mL)

0-5 4.47

5-10 9.54

10-15 14.49

15-20 20.82

DISCUSSION

This experiment was carried out to learn the qualitative and quantitative
aspects of common laboratory equipment and to expose students to the
factors that affect the accuracy of an experiment. The experiment was
carried out at laboratory which was provided a certain equipment that
involving measurement and transferring volumes of liquid. The
equipment that were been carried for the experiment are such as
Volumetric Flask, Pipette, and Burette. All the equipment are been
tested by students for the accuracy of the measurement and to study the
measurement skills from the students. By that mean, calibration from all
three equipment were be carried out and tables were formed based on
the result of the experiment consisting 3 calibration of three equipment
respectively.

Firstly, the calibration of Volumetric Flask, the mass of empty volumetric

flask was 91.60 gram, but after been added distill water, a drastically
change of mass was occurred where it became 250 gram. This show
that the mass of distilled water took place along side the mass of the
empty flask. Therefore the mass of the distilled water was recorded
which is 158.40 gram. The calibration was carried out with the constant
temperature (28 C*) and constant density of water which is 1.0047 g/mL.

Secondly, the calibration of pipette was carried out with more variation
where the reading were took more than once (2 times) using the same
pipette. Based on the results on (b), the first reading of empty beaker
was 107.15 and when added the distilled water the reading became
118.15 due to the additional mass from the distilled water which is 11
gram. However, the second reading was not equivalent with the first
reading. On the second reading, using the same pipette, the mass of
empty beaker was 107.20. The mass was changed when distilled water
is poured into the beaker resulting additional amount of mass to the
reading that is 118.18, based on this, the total mass of distilled water
was 10.98. According to both reading, it is shown that there variety of
reading took places. Along with the theory, this is due to limitations and
sources of errors during the experiment take place although with
constant temperature and density of water (from Table 1).

Lastly, the calibration of Burette was carried with more precise and
accurate reading where students provide a reading for the mass of
distilled water for each 5 mL burette reading (g) to lessen the source of
error. Students were took different reading of burette which is 5mL,
10mL, 15mL, and 20mL. Based on the result, it is shown that the higher
the reading of burette were resulting by the higher of the mass of
distilled water. As a result, the volume of water increase as the reading
of burette increase. The calibration of burette also been carried out with
the constant of temperature and the density of water.

CONCLUSION

The experiment that been carried out has exposed to the student about
the limitation and the sources of error when take measurement of
accuracy using Volumetric Flask, Pipette, and Burette. The discussion
has proven that human error or parallax do exist when taking
measurement where can cause false reading and errors during
experiment.