GENERA 369

Stivalius (Pygiopsyllidae).
Distribution: Africa, South-East Asia, Australasia; 60 species.
Hosts: Mostly rodents, some on marsupials, single species on insectivores and birds.
Vectors: Plague: 5. ahalae (Rothschild), South-East Asia; S. cognatus Jordan & Rothschild,
Java.
Synopsyllus (Pulicidae) [vide Catalogue I].
Distribution: Madagascar; 5 species.
Hosts: Rodents and insectivores.
Vector: Plague: S. fonquemiei Wagner & Roubaud.
Intermediate host of Hymenolepis ?diminuta: S. fonquemiei Wagner & Roubaud.
Synosternus (Pulicidae) [vide Catalogue I].
Distribution: Africa and south-western Asia; 6 species (7 forms).
Hosts: Mostly rodents.
Vector: Plague: S. pallidus (Taschenberg), West Africa.
Thrassis (Ceratophyllidae) [vide Stark].
Distribution: Western North America; 4 subgenera: nominate subgenus with 4 species (12
forms), subgenus Nomadopsylla with 2 species (8 forms), subgenus Pandoropsylla with 2
species (3 forms) and subgenus Thrassoides with 3 species (6 forms).
Hosts: Mostly ground-dwelling Sciurid rodents.
Vectors: Plague: T. (T.) acamantis sspp., T. (Thrassoides) arizonensis (Baker), T. (N.)
bacchi ssp., T. (Thrassoides) fotus (Jordan), T. (T.) francisi ssp., T. (P.) pandorae ssp.,
P.(P.) petiolatus (Baker), T. (P.) stanfordi Wagner.
Tiamastus (Rhopalopsyllidae) [vide Johnson].
Distribution: South America; 5 species.
Hosts: Mainly rodents.
Vector: Plague: T. cavicola (Weyenbergh), Ecuador, Peru.
Tunga (Pulicidae) [vide Catalogue I],
Distribution: Americas, Africa, East Asia; 9 species.
Hosts: Edentates, man, domestic animals, murid rodents.
Causing tungosis: T. penetrans (Linnaeus), Central and South America, Africa.
Xenopsylla (Pulicidae) [vide Catalogue I].
Distribtftion: Throughout warmer parts of the Old World; 1 species wo rid-wide; 68 species
(76 forms).
Hosts: Mainly Murid rodents.
Vectors: Plague: X. astia Rothschild, Oriental region; X. brasiliensis (Baker), Central Africa;
X. buxtoni Jordan, Asia Minor; X. cheopis (Rothschild), Eurasia, Africa, Americas [mainly
between latitudes 45N. and S.]; X. conformis ssp., Asiatic Russia; X. eridos (Rothschild),
South Africa; X. gerbilli ssp., Asiatic Russia; X. hirsuta ssp., South Africa; X. hirtipes
Rothschild, Asiatic Russia; X. nubica (Rothschild), northern Africa; X. nuttalli Ioff, Asiatic
Russia; X. philoxera Hopkins, South Africa; X. phyllomae de Meillon, South Africa; X. piriei
Ingram, South Africa; X. skrjabini Ioff, Asiatic Russia; X. versuta Jordan, South-West
Africa; X. vexabilis Jordan, Australasia, Hawaii.