College of Engineering: Universal Concrete Spacer

Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES

Nabua, Camarines Sur
ISO 9001:2008
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
UNIVERSAL CONCRETE SPACER
A Thesis
Presented to
The Faculty of College of Engineering
Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree
Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering
ALABATA, DONNA G.
CABALBAG, RICKY BAL P.
SARZA, JOHN ARIES A.
March 2015
i
ISO 9001:2008
RECOMMENDATION FOR ORAL EXAMINATION
The research study entitled UNIVERSAL CONCRETE SPACER

prepared and submitted by DONNA G. ALABATA, RICKY BAL P. CABALBAG,
and JOHN ARIES A. SARZA in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the
Degree of Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering had been examined and
recommended for oral examination.
ENGR. HENRY P. TURALDE

Adviser
ENGR. IRENE VIRGINIA C. BLANQUERA

Chairman
ENGR. NILO R. SALAZAR ARCH. MARY ANN A. MARTINEZ

Member Member
ACCEPTED and APPROVED for Oral Examination
PROF. RUBY JANE S. GONZALES

Professor, Engineering Research
ii
ISO 9001:2008
APPROVAL SHEET
Upon the recommendation of the Oral Examination Committee, this
research study entitled UNIVERSAL CONCRETE SPACER prepared and
submitted by DONNA G. ALABATA, RICKY BAL P. CABALBAG, and JOHN
ARIES A. SARZA is hereby approved in partial fulfilment of the requirements for
the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering.
ENGR. IRENE VIRGINIA C. BLANQUERA

Chairman
ENGR. NILO R. SALAZAR ARCH. MARY ANN A. MARTINEZ

Member Member
ACCEPTED and APPROVED in partial fulfilment of the requirements for
the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering with a grade of ______.
PROF. RUBY JANE S. GONZALES ENGR. FRANCIA H. TOMENIO

Professor, Engineering Research Dean, College of Engineering
iii
ISO 9001:2008
CERTIFICATION OF THE SECRETARY
This is to certify that the suggestions of the Oral Examination Committee
regarding the defense of the thesis of DONNA G. ALABATA, RICKY BAL P.
CABALBAG, and JOHN ARIES A. SARZA entitled UNIVERSAL CONCRETE
SPACER, were complied with.
STEVEN JAN MELITANTE

Secretary
iv
ISO 9001:2008
CERTIFICATION OF THE EDITOR
This is to certify that the undergraduate thesis of DONNA G. ALABATA,
RICKY BAL P. CABALBAG, and JOHN ARIES A. SARZA entitled
UNIVERSAL CONCRETE SPACER, was edited by the undersigned.
MARIVEL F. PAYCANA, MAEd

Editor
v
ISO 9001:2008
DEDICATION
This thesis is dedicated to our fathers, who taught us to have the best kind of
knowledge is learned for its own sake. It is also dedicated to our mothers, who
taught us that even the largest task can be accomplished if it is done one step at
a time.
This Research Paper is also dedicated to our Classmates, Instructors, Faculty of
the College of Engineering, Friends, Special Love One, and most especially to
our Almighty God.
DONNA, BAL and ARIES
vi
ISO 9001:2008
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The researchers would like to extend their sincere appreciation and deep
gratitude to supportive and understanding people who imparted knowledge of the
completion of this study. In particular, the researchers were indebted to following:
First and foremost, the researchers would like to show gratitude to our
parents for their love and support throughout our lives and for the understanding
theyd showed whenever the researchers came home late while completing the
research work. Thank you both for giving us strength to reach for the stars and
chase our dreams.
We would like to sincerely thank our technical adviser ENGR. HENRY P.
TURALDE, for his unselfish support and guidance by sharing his ideas for
looking into every part of the study.
PROF. RUBY JANE S. GONZALES, Research Instructor, for her
teachings, guidance and support throughout this study.
MRS. MARIVEL F. PAYCANA, thesis editor, for her patience and for
editing comprehensively the research manuscript.
PROF. PRECY O. GONOWON, CSPC Chief Librarian, for extending the
use of library.
vii
ISO 9001:2008
PROJECT ENGINEER AND FOREMAN of the buildings, for the
entertaining and cooperation during the ocular site inspection and assessment.
RESEARCHERS FRIENDS AND CLASSMATES for their moral support
that gave encouragement to the researchers.
Most of all, the researchers give back all the thanks, glory and praises to
the ALMIGHTY GOD, the provider of all things needed in the research study and
for the guidance and protection for every travel of the researchers. Thank you,
Lord, for always being there for us.
Without these supporters, the completion of this work will be impossible,
hence, their endless thanks.
This thesis is only the beginning of our journey.
DONNA, BAL and ARIES
viii
ISO 9001:2008
ABSTRACT
UNIVERSAL CONCRETE SPACER
DONNA G. ALABATA, RICKY BAL CABALBAG, and JOHN ARIES A. SARZA

Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges
This study was conducted to contribute a different design of concrete

spacer in the construction industry. The concentration of this study was to design
a Universal Concrete Spacer and evaluate its acceptability. Descriptive and
developmental research method was used in the study. The dimension of the
Universal Concrete Spacer is 50mm x 50mm x 35mm where steel bars will be
position at 25mm 40mm, respectively which can provide support for 12mm
50mm steel bars. The design of Universal Concrete Spacer was acceptable in
terms of dimension (100%) and effectivity (83.33%) according to the construction
workers and foremen surveyed. The design of Universal concrete spacer
conforms the specification for concrete covering for Beam and Slab whereas the
minimum concrete covering of Beam and Slab is 40 and 25 consecutively. The
mixtures of concrete for universal concrete spacer must be in class A (1 cement:
2 sand). It must be strong enough to hold a weights. The Universal concrete
spacer was acceptable to be used in construction due to the acquired percentage
of 83.33% as effective, taken from the respondents of the construction Sites.
Universal concrete spacer could be improved for commercialization and be used
in construction Industry.
ix
ISO 9001:2008
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
TITLE PAGE i
RECOMMENDATION FOR ORAL EXAMINATION ii
APPROVAL SHEET iii
CERTIFICATION OF THE SECRETARY iv
CERTIFICATION OF THE EDITOR v
DEDICATION vi
ACKNOWLEDGMENT vii
ABSTRACT ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS x
LIST OF FIGURES xv
LIST OF TABLES xvi
LIST OF GRAPHS xvii
CHAPTER 1 THE PROBLEM
Introduction 1
x
ISO 9001:2008
Statement of the Problem 4
Assumptions 5
Significance of the study 5
Scope and Delimitation 7
Definition of Terms 7
End Notes 10
CHAPTER 2 THEORETICAL AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORKS
Review of Related Literature 11
Review of Related Studies 14
Synthesis of the State-of-the-Art 19
Theoretical Framework 21
Conceptual Framework 25
End Notes 27
CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research Method 29
Research Procedure 31
End Notes 37
CHAPTER 4 UNIVERSAL CONCRETE SPACER
Design of Universal Concrete Spacer 38
xi
ISO 9001:2008
Acceptability of Universal Concrete Spacer 39
Site Application of Universal Concrete Spacer 40
Evaluation of Effectivity of Universal Concrete Spacer 46
Endnotes 49
CHAPTER 5 FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary 50
Findings 50
Conclusion 52
Recommendation 53
BIBLIOGRAPHY 54
APPENDICES
A Letter to the Adviser 55
B Letter to the Panelist 56
C Letter to the Panelist 57
D Letter to the Panelist 58
E Permit to Conduct Research and Interview 59
F Permit to Conduct Research and Interview 60
xii
ISO 9001:2008
G Permit to Conduct Research and Interview 61
H Construction Site 62
I Construction Site 63
J Construction Site 64
K Rusting 65
L Spacer Markings 65
M Spacer Markings 66
N SpacerCSPC Gymnasium 66
O Spacer----Site 2 67
P Bar Sizes Designation based from ASTM 67
Q Proper Placement of Concrete Spacer 68
R Cost Of Production/ Estimate of the Materials 69
S Cost Of Production/ Estimate of the Materials 70
T Cost Of Production/ Estimate of the Materials 71
U Site 1Respondent 72
V Site 2Respondent 72
W Site 3Respondent 73
xiii
ISO 9001:2008
X Consent Form for Questionnaire 74
Y Questionnaire 75
CURRICULUM VITAE 76
xiv
ISO 9001:2008
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
1 Theoretical Paradigm 24
2 Conceptual Paradigm 26
3 Schematic Diagram of Universal Concrete Spacer 32
4 Installing Universal Concrete Spacer 35
5 Site 1- Gasoline station located at San Vicente, I.C. 41
6 Site 1- Gasoline station located at San Vicente, I.C. 41
7 Spacer Installment 42
8 Spacer Installment 42
9 Site 2- Gasoline station and Commercial building located at
San Miguel, I.C. 43
10 Placement of Universal Concrete Spacer near conduit 44
11 Placement of Universal Concrete Spacer near conduit 44
12 Site 3-Two-storey Building, NNHS, Nabua, Cam. Sur 45
13 Spacer installed in slab 46
xv
ISO 9001:2008
LIST OF TABLES
Table Pages
1 Design Mix Proportion 33
2 Criteria of Acceptability 36
xvi
ISO 9001:2008
LIST OF GRAPH
Graph Pages
1 Qualification of the models dimension for Slab/Beam
Coverage 47
2 Effectivity of the Model 48
xvii

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Republic of the Philippines

CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES

UNIVERSAL CONCRETE SPACER

The Faculty of College of Engineering

Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges

Nabua, Camarines Sur

of the Requirements for the Degree

Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering

CABALBAG, RICKY BAL P.

SARZA, JOHN ARIES A.

RECOMMENDATION FOR ORAL EXAMINATION

The research study entitled UNIVERSAL CONCRETE SPACER

ENGR. HENRY P. TURALDE

ENGR. IRENE VIRGINIA C. BLANQUERA

ENGR. NILO R. SALAZAR ARCH. MARY ANN A. MARTINEZ

ACCEPTED and APPROVED for Oral Examination

PROF. RUBY JANE S. GONZALES

Upon the recommendation of the Oral Examination Committee, this

research study entitled UNIVERSAL CONCRETE SPACER prepared and

submitted by DONNA G. ALABATA, RICKY BAL P. CABALBAG, and JOHN

ARIES A. SARZA is hereby approved in partial fulfilment of the requirements for

the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering.

ENGR. IRENE VIRGINIA C. BLANQUERA

ENGR. NILO R. SALAZAR ARCH. MARY ANN A. MARTINEZ

ACCEPTED and APPROVED in partial fulfilment of the requirements for

the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering with a grade of ______.

PROF. RUBY JANE S. GONZALES ENGR. FRANCIA H. TOMENIO

CERTIFICATION OF THE SECRETARY

This is to certify that the suggestions of the Oral Examination Committee

regarding the defense of the thesis of DONNA G. ALABATA, RICKY BAL P.

CABALBAG, and JOHN ARIES A. SARZA entitled UNIVERSAL CONCRETE

SPACER, were complied with.

STEVEN JAN MELITANTE

CERTIFICATION OF THE EDITOR

This is to certify that the undergraduate thesis of DONNA G. ALABATA,

RICKY BAL P. CABALBAG, and JOHN ARIES A. SARZA entitled

UNIVERSAL CONCRETE SPACER, was edited by the undersigned.

MARIVEL F. PAYCANA, MAEd

This Research Paper is also dedicated to our Classmates, Instructors, Faculty of

our Almighty God.

DONNA, BAL and ARIES

gratitude to supportive and understanding people who imparted knowledge of the

completion of this study. In particular, the researchers were indebted to following:

chase our dreams.

We would like to sincerely thank our technical adviser ENGR. HENRY P.

looking into every part of the study.

PROF. RUBY JANE S. GONZALES, Research Instructor, for her

teachings, guidance and support throughout this study.

editing comprehensively the research manuscript.

PROF. PRECY O. GONOWON, CSPC Chief Librarian, for extending the

PROJECT ENGINEER AND FOREMAN of the buildings, for the

RESEARCHERS FRIENDS AND CLASSMATES for their moral support

that gave encouragement to the researchers.

Lord, for always being there for us.

Without these supporters, the completion of this work will be impossible,

hence, their endless thanks.

This thesis is only the beginning of our journey.

DONNA, BAL and ARIES

UNIVERSAL CONCRETE SPACER

DONNA G. ALABATA, RICKY BAL CABALBAG, and JOHN ARIES A. SARZA

This study was conducted to contribute a different design of concrete

RECOMMENDATION FOR ORAL EXAMINATION ii