HYDRODESULFURIZATION CARBON SUPPORTED

GROUP MEMBERS

Bilal Masood FA16-RCH-003

Muhammad Ali FA16-RCH-011
Ahmed Umar FA16-RCH-009

SUBMITTED
TO
Dr Murid Hussain

ASSIGNMRNT OF CRE
COMSATS INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION AND TECHNOLOGY
LAHORE
1:- Ni Y/SWCNTs with He, single walled CNT is supporting NiY for UD- HDS July 2015

The removal of S from petroleum products is very important because it produces SO2 gas, which
is not environmental friendly. The contents must be lower than 1ppm.At high temperature the
Cobalt or nickel and molybdenum or tungsten does not show performance in HDS.CNT has both
good mechanical, electrical properties and it has Pi bond which absorbs thipene.The thiopene
cannot be removed by other processes. When Y is introduced in the NiY/SWCNT showed much
better performance than ordinary catalyst Ni/SWCNT, Oxidized NiY also showed better
performance than CoMo catalysts in HDS.

Preparation: -The method used is very simple in nature. The discharge method is used to make
SWCNT HDS catalyst. The graphite powder with pure Ni and Y is mixed with Ni/SWCNT, Y,
SWCNT and NiY/SWCNT.

Effect of catalyst :

The NiY showed much better performance when prepared in He atmosphere.

The pre-oxidation treatment: -

The thiophene can be removed up to 99.5% by pre-oxidation at 120 C, 5 hrs. NiY/SWCNT with
He,

The Ni Y/SWCNT with He showed much better performance than NiY/SWCNTs with Ar. The
NiY/SWCNTs with He is much more active at 200 C than when it is oxidized at 120C.it shows
much further improved performance when it is oxidized in air.it is possible to get ultra-deep
desulfurization.
2:- Graphene --MoS2 composite: HDS of dibenzothiophene-DBT September 2015

HDS of DBT.the carbon has micro porosity so it is unavailable to large molecules. graphene has
2D network of sp2-hybridized structure showing advantages without structure limitations.

Synthesis: - dissolving MoO3 in HCl makes MoS2 then NH4SCN is dissolved in deionized
water the solution should less then 1%Ph.this solution was heated at 200 C for 48 hrs.the final
MoS2 is denoted as 0G.In the second form GO is made by hammer method this resulting is called
acidic form and is denoted by GA.in third form of catalyst composite GO is pretreated with
NaOH at 70 C for 12 h with washing with NH4NO3 solution and deionized water this is called
basic form and denoted by GB

GA catalyst converts DBT two times fast. The GA and G0 yield of tetrahydrodibenzothiophene -
-THDBT surpassed the yield of bipheny-BP. Large MoS2 particles have higher
hydrogenation activity.GB the BP yield was greater than that of THDBT at DBT conversions
3:-(MoS2/NMC) Synthesis of Nitrogen-doped Mesoporous Carbon by Support of MoS2
Catalysts for HDS of Thiophene. Jan 2016

Molybdenum based-sulfide is a transition metal widely used in HDS.thiophene compunds have

low reactivity hence they are difficult to remove. The carbon materials due to their desirable
characteristics. Especially mesoporous carbon-supported transition metal sulfide (TMS) catalysts
showed higher activity in HDS reactions than silica or alumina supported catalysts.the application
of mesoporous carbon has been increased because of limited number of active sites and
hydrophobic in nuture. Especially nitrogen doped mesoporous carbon. The nitrogen compounds
are urea, glucose as carbon source and silica nanospheres is a templates for achieving mesoporous
structures by a template assisted in-situ self-assembly process.

Preparation: - The urea is added in glucose that forms a transplant solution at 70C then silica
nano particles are added in above solution. Then this solution is dried 140C for 24 hrs after that
calcined at 300 C for 3 h and at 800C.the black powder was obtained after 5 hrs under 5 %
H2/Ar.after drying at 70C for 24 hrs. Obtained N doped mesoporous carbon, the product was
denoted as NMC. The same procedures were carried out and the resulting product was prepared
using the different amount of urea in grams i.e 1, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 were named as NMC-1,
NMC-5, NMC-10, NMC-15, NMC-20 and NMC-2. MoS2/NMC.

MoS2 loading:- The catalytic activity of all samples increased with an increasing amount of
MoS2 loading.
The HGS activity is enhanced as compered with ordinary carbon, adding 1 to 10 g urea also
increased the HDS activity gradually.

Temperature:- 30MoS2/NMC10 catalysts demonstrate enhanced activities with reaction

temperature increasing.

The pore and N contents size can be adjusted by using silica and urea, 30MoS2/NMC-10 catalysts
show highest HDS activity than other samples.

4: - CoMo/CNT Synthesis of Nano-catalyst for HDS of Gasoil. June 2016

The main purpose of HDS is to lower the sulfur contents caused by combustion of fuels. The
alumina support in HDS causes the coke formation which is the disadvantage.CNT as carbon
source is studied extensively. This overcomes the problems of convectional catalyst. The Mo and
Co homogenously introduced and distributed in CNTs
The effect of time: - HDS% of catalysts increased with increasing time..HDS efficiency is
increased by 10% then conventional catalyst. The sulfur contents wre decreased by increasing
time SO2 is converted into H2S gas.
The temperature:- The HDS activity is increased by increasing temperature it is increased by
10% then conventional catalyst.

Space velocity: -
The desulfurization efciency increases from 70 to 73.5% for CNTs and from 61.2 to 63%
conventional catalysts by Increasing residence time HDS% will be increased

Pressure: - The HDS % increases by increasing pressure from 5 to 10 bars. The best efficiency is
obtained at 10bar, 280c, 10hrs contact time and 1 to 2 hrs. Space velocity.

Over all conclusions

1. The gases play a vital role in catalysis. He much better results for HDS% increasing.
2. By introduction of nitrogen compounds the HDS % is increased
3. The carbon supported catalyst increased HDS % activity
4. Catalyst pores can be adjusted by using different concentrations
5. Increase in Temperature and pressure increases the catalyst activity and HDS%
6. With the decrease in space velocity HDS % increases
7. Graphene has more advantages over traditional carbon and CNT
8. The traditional carbon has structure limitations
9. The carbon catalyst has much more HDS % than traditional metal catalyst.
10. When carbon is mixed with traditional catalyst its HDS activity is increased
11. With the increase in time the HDS % increases
12. The preparation method of catalyst has deep effect on the catalyst and HDS % results.
13. The characterization techniques helpful in determination of structure properties.
14. With the introduction of third component/metal the HDS % increases.
15. It is possible to achieve ultra deep HDS.
16. Transition metal sulfides with carbon showed higher HDS %.
17. With the increase in MoS2 the HDS % increases
18. The pre-oxidation treatment process increases the HDS %.
19. By introduction Y carbon based catalyst the HDS increases
20. Oxidized catalyst showed better performance in HDS.
Recommendations

The carbon based catalyst for HDS shows much better results and are recommended for
HDS higher % , even ultra deep HDS can be achieved.

4
HDS %

3 ACTIVITY

"SULFUR and space

2 velocity"

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
PRESSURE/TIME/RESIDENCE TIME/TEMPERATURE

5- Graphene supported catalyst for HDS of naphtha and diesel fuel

October 2015
The environmental protection all over the world has brought much attention towards
reducing Sulfur content present in petroleum products. HDS is an important process
especially in refinery. Old HDC catalysts were based on supported or unsupported
molybdenum and tungsten and oxide like alumina, silica etc. Those catalysts had
problems like coking, interaction of active compounds with support and sulfurization of
active phases. Then carbon supported catalysts were introduced which improved the
performance of the catalyst in every aspect. Graphene (a carbon compound) have unique
mechanical, thermal, electronical properties and provides high surface area. Now
graphene is used in many catalysts as a support.
Graphene is normally obtained by using CVD method. This method needs methane or
camphore merged in copper or nickel foil substrate. Camphor is a cheap material which
can be found as a renewable sources so it is used for the preparation of nano carbon
structures. So in this research article, graphene was prepared by the chemical deposition
in vapor form from camphor as well as methane gas over nanosized copper catalyst at
1atm and at high temperatures. Afterwards, the prepared chemical substance was treated
for getting active phase and then catalysts was prepared. The effects of carbon on the
catalysts were analyzed by SEM, ICP, TEM, BETBJH, FTIR, XRD and Raman
spectroscopy.

Prepration:
Graphene sheets were synthesized by CVD method. In CVD Method, Copper nano
particles are senthesized using ball mill and afterwards are used as catalysts. In CVD
method, two different feeds were used which includes methane & camphor. Graphene is
prepared using methane with the same process as for camphore.
The Graphene obtained by above two processes is purified afterwards. The graphene is
then functionalized to make the catalyst support for Co & Mo. To do this, oxidation of
nanostructures using carboxylic groups was introduced. Then it is dried and saturated
with aqueous solution of Mo and Co. Afterwards it is again dried & calcined at 350oC.
The metal loading and Co/Mo weight ratio was adjusted as the industrial sample
specification to make a suitable comparison.

Characterization:
Characterization comparison of the both samples demonstrates that the catalyst
synthesized by camphoric graphene had greater surface area as compared to the one
prepared by methanic graphene but the pore volume were almost similar to each other.
The Pore volumes of camphoric graphene was nearly 5% higher. According to ICP test
active phases loading on the camphoric support was higher with same Co and Mo
amounts. Catalytic particles in Co-Mo/camphoric graphene were uniformaly distributed
and contained smoother surface as compared to the catalyst having CoMo/methanic
graphene support.
a-TEM, (b & c) FESEM for sample 1 i.e. Co-Mo\camphoric graphene.

a-TEM, (b &c) FESEM for sample 2 i.e. Co-Mo\methane graphene

6- Effects of loading of Tungsten on physiochemical properties of nanocatalyst of Ni-
Mo-W/ carbon nanotubes for the HDS of thiophene October 2016

A nanocatalysts having tungsten-nickel-molybdenumon on carbon nanotubes is used for

HDS. Many efforts were made to improve the catalyst performance then the traditional
ones based on several supports. For the scattering of active components catalyst support
is very important. Carbon supports are known for its greater surface area & activity, good
textural properties, reduced coke formation and easy recovery from wastage.
The trimetallic catalyst of NiMoW was manufactured by ultrasound assisted co-
precipitation technique and effect of tungsten loading, thiophene concentration and
reaction time on hydrodesulfurization activity and selectivity was studied.

Preparation:
Ni,Mo & W with 4 wt. % Ni, 12 wt. % Mo and 0, 3, 6, 9 wt. % of W was attained as a
solution. It is added to MWCNT powder with NH4OH solution (pH 7-8 & temperature
70-80 oC) in ultrasound radiation and sonicated. The obtained precipitates is filtered,
washed and dried at 110 oC for 12 hours. Afterwards it is calcined at 450 oC for 4 hours.
Then oxide nanocatalysts were exposed to H2S/H2, heated to 400 oC for 2 h.

Experiment:
A CSTR is used for HDS. 0.2g of prepared catalyst was fed to the reactor with 30 cm 3 of
solvent having 1 wt. % of thiophene. H2 gas is passed at 20 cm3/min through the reactor.
The HDS of thiophene occurs for 2 hours, at 1atm and 160 oC. The conversion and
selectivity are represented by the butane/butene ratio & thiophene consumption. Our
desired product for HDS of thiophene is butane.

Effect of tungsten loading:

Selectivity & activity of catalyst with tungsten is higher than the tungsten free catalyst.
Increase in the tungsten content to 6 wt. % increases the selectivity and conversion of
thiophene.
Effect of concentration of thiophene:
Increasing the concentration of thiophene decreases the selectivity & concentration. It
means that at lower concentration of thiophene, the capability of catalyst to absorb sulfur
is high and desulphurization is efficient.

Effect of time on the performance of stream:

The best catalytic performance and conversion of catalyst having 6 wt. % tungsten can be
obtained by 4 hours reaction, it means if contact time is increased, the catalyst activity
will also increases. Selectivity is decreased by increasing contact time.

Characterization:
XRD analysis:
FESEM analysis:

FTIR analysis

Conclusion:
The optimal amount of tungsten was 6 wt. % where the highest butane-butene ratio &
maximum removal of thiophene was detected. The active phase particles were uniformly
dispersed throughout the catalyst. FTIR results showed that the O-H peak in Ni-Mo-W/
MWCNT were stronger. The catalyst activity is decreased if tungsten is greater than 6
wt. %. Consumed catalyst showed slight increase in particle size, BET surface area is
decreased and additional CH & C=S groups. No coking or other deactivations were seen
in consumed catalysts as analyzed by FESEM which shows that the catalyst stable
against coke and sintering.
7- Carbon Activated Surface NiMo/TiO2 Catalysts for Very
Efficient HDS Reactions 2015

TiO2 support Catalyst shows high HDS activity. Traditional TiO2 can provide highly
efficient catalyst support but it provides low surface area, low thermal stability and poor
mechanical properties. The loading of active species is limited to an extent due to its low
surface area and ultimately reduces the catalytic activity. Due to which it cannot be used
commercially.
This research paper discuss the carbon surface modification technique for the preparation
of NiMo/TiO2(w)-C catalyst. Different Ni-Mo catalyst supported by TiO2 modified with
carbon and different loading of carbon are studied for the HDS performance.

Catalysts Preparation:
A solution was prepared by dissolving K2CO3 to TiO2.nH2O, afterwards it is dried at
90oC for 10 hours and then calcined at 800oC for 2 hours. In a closed container, 5 grams
of the obtained material was drenched in water and system is kept at ambient temperature.
K2Ti2O5 with HCl soln. was ion exchanged for about 7 days. At the end, the calcination
of H2Ti2O5 was done at 550oC to obtain TiO2(w).
The carbon surface modification technique is used for the manufacturing of Ni-
Mo/TiO2(w) C catalyst. The procedure is illustrated in following figure.

Procedure include two main steps, Firstly, surface modification of TiO2 (w) and secondly,
active specie loadings. In first step, the as-synthesized TiO2 (w)C18P-X (X = 0.5) was
obtained by 18 alkyl phosphate (C18H39O4P). Calcination was done at 500oC for 8 h
under N2 atmosphere. Consequently, by self-assembling the surface modified TiO2(w)
C was obtained and represented as TiO2(w) C X and X is loading of carbon content,
X = 0.25 - 0.5 - 0.76 - 1.5 - 3.0. Three control samples were prepared in comparison
with Ni-Mo/TiO2 (w) C-X catalyst. First Ni-Mo/ TiO2 (w) catalysts, second TiO2 (w)
P, was prepared and lastly carbon-covered NiMo/TiO2 (w) catalyst was also prepared.
There is substantial difference in micro-structure between TiO2 (w) and TiO2 (w)C.
The TiO2(w) C18H39O4P shows two different bands at 2,920 & 2,850 cm-1 indicating
the stretching vibrations of methylene. It means C18H39O4P is effectively gathered on
TiO2(w).
After carbonization process, carbon species were produced by the decomposition of
methylene, thats why at 2,920 & 2,850 cm-1 the absorption band of TiO2 (w)C were
disappeared.
Fig (a) indicates the carbon nanoparticles, are grown effectively and dispersed uniformly
on TiO2 (w) surface. Fig. (f) shows SEM of Ni-Mo/TiO2 (w). Fig. (e) Shows good active
species dispersion on NiMo/TiO2 (w)C. The accumulation of nanoparticles is because
of the strong interaction of active specie and TiO2(w). This analysis shows that the
active specie are well dispersed in NiMo/TiO2 (w) C as compared to the control sample.
Interaction b/w active specie and TiO2(w) may be reduced by the carbon content.

FT-IR & SEM for several samples a-TiO2(w)C, b-TiO2(w)C18P, c-C-18P, d-TiO2(w), e-
NiMo\TiO2(w)C and f-NiMo\TiO2(w)
Conclusion:
Surface modified catalyst can have 100% DBT-Conversion whereas unmodified catalyst
88.7% conversion. Experimental results shows that by introducing carbon, the HDS
performance in much improved. In HDS catalyst, the deposition of carbon on the surface
of catalyst is reduced and active specie dispersion is improved by TiO2 modified with the
trace amounts of carbon. Chemical properties can be modified by adding carbon and
decline the interaction of TiO2 (w) and generated H2S molecules. Desorption rates of H2S
produced are increased with the improving hydro-desulfuriztion activity of Ni-Mo/TiO2
(w) C catalyst.

8- Monolayer MoS2 Anchored on Reduced Graphene-Oxide Nano-sheet

for Effective Hydro-desulfurization July 2016
The highly active and abundant single layers of MoS2/ of the reduced graphene oxide
(ML-MoS2/RGO) catalysts have been analyzed with guidance of cetyltrimethyl-
ammonium bromide with the help of a solution. ML- MoS2/RGO composite have shown
greater and better activity than the less layered and less stable MoS2/RGO. MoS2 has
active sites on single layer MoS2 which has been combined with more dispersion of the
single layer MoS2 nano-particles on sheets. The work mostly offers the authentic strategy
for the production of single layer MoS2 supported and submerged on the RGO for the
more efficient and feasible catalysis applications. Carbonyl sulfide is considered to be the
major sulphur compound that is widely present in the water gas, natural gas & industrial
gas, which is mostly considered as a major and abundant poison for industrial catalyst.
Hydro desulfurization is an effective method for the complete removal of un-oxidized
substances as hydrogen act as the hydrogenation & reducing agent. Thus for analyzing
and comparison, some layers of the MoS2 submerged on FL- MoS2/RGO without CTAB

and the bulk MoS2 were also synthesized by using the same method which has been
explained.
In the summary, we conclude that the single layer of the MoS 2 supported and submerged
on RGO composites have been manufactured with the help of the facile and less viscous
liquid phase manufacturing procedure. Hydro de-sulphurizations of these oxides over the
catalysis were being used as a model and standard reaction to utilize and which can
exhibit the well-established and properly analyzed structure-reactivity co-relation in
explaining the structure and mechanism of the graphene-MoS2 composites. The quick
response action of the single layer MoS2/RGO sheets is exploited and amplifies by the
active simulation. It is demonstrated as the scheme of activity of catalyst has been
followed as non-supported bulk MoS2 < few layer MoS2/RGO < single layer MoS2/RGO.
Separated & uniform 2D single layered MoS2 nano sheets are exhibited by ML-
MoS2/RGO composite and therefore have more active sites, this makes it very efficient
catalytic performance and durable for removing of COS at low temperature. Thus single
layer MoS2 united with graphene having a sole structure will be a good approach for the
preparation of hydro-desulfirization catalyst.

9- Situ and Simultaneous Synthesis of a Novel Graphene-Based

Catalysts for HDS of Naphtha June 2015
The Sulphide metal catalysis is mainly applied on the hydro desulfurization (HDS)
processes. The supports are commonly used in the conventional hydro-treating catalysis
which also includes the alumina and silica. Wetness impregnation technique is normally
used for the loading of active phase. In addition, the synthesis of active species of
catalysis is done by transforming oxides into sulphides. In the hydro treating process the
carbon is the supported catalysis indicates the greater benefits to the compound in term
of (i) surface area is greater, (ii) to functionalize to generate novel & consistent active
phases & (iii) low polarity & interactions b/w the active phase & support that provides
higher activity. MoS2-Graphene oxide composites were manufactured by the chemical
exfoliation from Hummers technique. Before analyzing the activity tests on catalysis, the
catalysis powder was compressed than pressurized and at the end, it was sieved to get the
required size of powder. It is done to reduce the mass transfer difficulties during the
activity. The characterization of manufactured sample was done using TEM, FESEM
(SIGMA Series equipment), Raman spectrometer, FT-IR, ICP-OES, XRD and BET-BJH.
It may be evaluated that, there is no need of sulphdation for the prepared material, but the
commercial catalysis required this effect on the fresh catalysts. The coke formation and
cracking phenomena of the materials also enhanced. Due to this, catalysts deactivates
normally because of the carbonaceous catalysis, which normally occurs as some point in
the reaction cycle.
In this research, the simultaneous chemical exfoliation technique was applied to prepare
composites of MoS2-Go specie. By using wetness impregnation technique, CO was
deposited into the above mention compound. The formed substances were then
characterized utilizing the; TEM, powder XRD & RAMAN spectroscopy methods as
well as the; SEM, BET-BJH, FT-IR, FESEM, ICP, NH3-TPD & TPR analyses. Finally,
we assume that this catalysis were examined in the FBR for hydro-desulfurization
reaction of the naphtha which is our raw material. In other examinations, the effects of
changing temperature, LHSV was under-studied. Afterwards, a commercial Co
Mo/Al2O3 catalyst was examined under same conditions as which were implicated on the
manufactured composited substances doing hydro-desulfurization reaction. By using
 simultaneous exfoliation technique, the synthesis time was decreased for preparing
catalyst in single step. By using this process, smaller and more even particles were
obtained due to increased nucleation rates. Ultimately highly acidic & active and more
even active sites were produced.
The produced material has the benefit of not having sulphidation pre-treatment normally
required by the industrial catalysis. The research suggests that, in hydro-desulfurization
reaction fine, uniform and even dispersion of oxide specie of MO, was sulphied. Thus, in
the start the MoS2 most of times takes part as active species in hydro-desulfurization
reaction and then, the sulphided MO species acts as one. The carbon and such type
support of GO were the cause of earlier reduction of active phase when related to
commercial catalysis having Al2O3. The prepared catalyst exhibits high hydro-
desulfurization conversion of 100% while that of commercial catalyst exhibits nearly
92.59% conversion. Finally, the prepared catalyst was again inspected using naphtha free
of sulfur under LHSV for 5/h & 315oC and changed operating conditions.

Support Catalyst Gas Pressure Temperature Nitrogen Third Carbon Time Ref
Source component Source
SWCNTs Ni Y/SWCNTs He High High no Y CNT Increased 1

NMC MoS2/NMC No High High Urea Urea as N Meso increased 3

source carbon
CNT CoMo/CNT High High NO
No CNT CNT Increased 4

Graphene
G-MOS2 No - High NO Graphene Graphene increased 2

Graphene CoMo/graphene CH4 - Low - Camphor Graphene - 5

CNT NiMoW/CNT H2 1 atm 300oC - CNT CNT 2h 6

TiO2(w) NiMo/TiO2(w)C N2 High High - TiO2 - increased 7

(Carbon
activated)

RGO ML-MoS2/RGO N2 1atm 140oC- - RGO Graphene 8h 8

300oC

RGO TiO2/RGO H2 2MPa 280oC - RGO Graphene 4h 9

References

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Gang Wang, Jinsen Gao, Chunming Xu, June 2015, Single-walled carbon nanotubes supported
NiY as catalyst for ultra-deep hydrodesulfurization of gasoline and diesel

[2] Mohammed Abdulmajeed Al-Daous, 15 September 2015, GrapheneMoS2 composite:

Hydrothermal synthesis and catalytic property in hydrodesulfurization of dibenzothiophene.

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Rig

[5] Zeinab Hajjar, Mohammad Kazemeini, Alimorad Rashidi, Mansour Bazmi, 26 October 2015,
Graphene based catalysts for deep hydro-desulfurization of naphtha and diesel fuels

[6] Dariush Moghadam Nejad1, Nader Rahemi1, Somaiyeh Allahyari1, 11 October 2016, Effect of
tungsten loading on the physiochemical properties of nanocatalysts of NiMoW/carbon
nanotubes for the hydrodesulfurization of thiophene

[7] Huaiyuan Wang, Xiaoshuang Cheng, Bo Xiao, Chijia Wang, Li Zhao, Yanji Zhu, 2015,
Surface Carbon Activated NiMo/TiO2 Catalyst Towards Highly Efficient Hydrodesulfurization
Reaction

[8] Lan Yang Xu-zhen Wang Yang Liu Zheng-fa Yu Jing-jing Liang Bing-bing Chen Chuan Shi
Song tian Xiang Li, Jie-shan Qiu, 5 July 2016, Monolayer MoS2 Anchored on Reduced Graphene
Oxide Nanosheets for Efficient Hydrodesulfurization

[9] Zeinab Hajjar, Mohammad Kazemeini1, Alimorad Rashidi, Mansour Bazmi, 16 June 2015, In
Situ and Simultaneous Synthesis of a Novel Graphene-Based Catalyst for Deep
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