Pib Math For Enginnering PDF

Polytechnic Institute of Battambang
Mathematics
for
Engineering
Prepared by LIM PHALKUN
2013-2014

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1-Mathematics for Electrical Engineering and Computing
( Mary Attenborough)
2-Complex Number from A to Z
(Titu Andresscu and Dorin Andrica )
3-Caculus I , II and III (Paul's Online Math Notes)
http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/
4-Mathematical analysis
(http://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php/Mathematical_analysis)
5-Engineering Mathematics
Fourth Edition
JOHN BIRD, BSc(Hons) CMath, FIMA, CEng, MIEE, FCollP, FIIE
Page vi
Polytechnic Institute of Battambang Mathematics for Engineering
f L x a
> 0 > 0 0 < | x a | <
| f (x) L | < lim f (x) = L

xa
lim(3x + 4) = 10 ?
x 2
> 0 > 0
| (3x + 4) 10 |< 0 <| x 2 |<

| (3x + 4) 10 |< | 3(x 2) |< > 0

| x 2 |< = | x 2 |<
3 3

> 0 = > 0 | x 2 |<
2
| (3x + 4) 10 |< lim(3x + 4) = 10
x 2
f + x
a M > 0 > 0
0 < | x a | < f (x) > M f (x) < M

lim f (x) = + lim f (x) =
xa xa
Prepared by LIM PHALKUN Page 1

2x + 3
f f (x) =
x2
lim f (x) = +
x 2+
2x + 3 2(x 2) + 7 7
f (x) = = = 2+
x2 x2 x2
M > 0 f (x) > M
7
f (x) > M > M x > 2
x2
7 7
0 < x 2 < = > 0 0 < x 2 <
M M
7
M > 0 = >0
M
0 <| x 2 |< f (x) > M lim f (x) = +
x 2+

/ lim(2x + 1) = 7 / lim (x + 5) = 3
x 3 x 2
/ lim(3x + 2) = 8 / lim( 2x + 7) = 5
x 2 x 1
/ lim(x + 1) = 5 / lim(x + 2x + 4) = 7
2 2
x2 x 1
3x + 1
/ lim 2 =2 / lim x + 1 = 3
3
x +1
x 1 x 2
/ lim(3 + 1) = 10 / lim (sin x) = 1

x
x 2
x
2

x+1 2x + 1
/ lim = + / lim = +
x 0+ x x 1+ x 1
x+2 3x
/ lim = / lim =
x 2 x 2 x 1 x 1
2x 2 4x + 5 x 2 4x
/ lim = + / lim 2 =
x 1 (x 1)2 x 2 x 4x + 4
/ lim( x + 1) = 3 / lim(x + 2x) = 12

3 3
x8 x2
f L x +
> 0 N > 0 x > N
x < N | f (x) L | <
lim f (x) = L lim f (x) = L

x + x
4x + 1
f f (x) =
2x + 3
lim f (x) = 2 lim f (x) = 2
x x +
4x + 1 2(2x + 3) 5 5
f (x) = = = 2
2x + 3 2x + 3 2x + 3
5
| f (x) 2 |= | f (x) 2 |< , > 0
| 2x + 3 |
5 5
< | 2x + 3 | >
| 2x + 3 |

5 5 3
2x + 3 > x >
2 2

2x + 3 < 5 x < 5 3
2 2
5 5 3
> 0 A = A= +
2 2 2
x > A x < A | f (x) 2 |<
lim f (x) = 2 lim f (x) = 2

x x +
f + x
+ M > 0 N > 0 x > N

f (x) > M
lim f (x) = +
x +
f + x
M > 0 N > 0 x < N

f (x) > M
lim f (x) = +
x

3x + 2 1 3x
/ lim =3 / lim = 3
x + x + 1 x x + 2
5x + 2 4x + 1
/ lim = 5 / lim =2
x + 1 x x 2x + 1

x2 8x + 1
/ lim 2 =1 / lim = 2
x + x + 1 x 1 4x
/ lim (2x + 3) = / lim ( 2x + 3) =
x x +
/ lim (x + 4) = + 0/ lim (x ) =
2 3
x + x
2x x 2
x2 + 1
/ lim = / lim =
x + 3x + 5 x x + 1
2 7
/ lim =0 / lim =0
x + x + 1 x x + 1
x 2 + 4x 4
/ lim 2 =1 / lim =0
x + x + 4x + 5 x (x 2) 2
-
lim f (x) = L , lim g(x) = M lim h(x) = N

xa xa xa
L , M N
/ lim[f (x) + g(x) h(x)] = L + M N

xa
/ lim[f (x) + g(x) h(x)] = L + M N
xa
/ lim[f (x)g(x)h(x)] = L.M.N
xa
f (x) L
/ lim[ ]= M 0
xa g(x) M
-
1/ lim x = a a 0 n IN , n 2
nn
xa

2/ lim x = a a < 0 n 2 ( )
nn
xa
3/ lim n f (x) = n lim f (x) a 0 n IN , n 2
xa x a

/ lim x + 1 = lim(x 3 + 1) = 23 + 1 = 9 = 3
3
x 2 x 2
x 2 + 5x + 3 3 x 2 + 5x + 3
/ lim 3 = lim
x 3 x+5 x 3 x+5
9 + 15 + 3 3 27 3
=3 = =
5+ 3 8 2
3
/ lim( x + 4x + x 2 + 3x 2)
3
x 2
= lim(x3 + 4x) + 3 lim(x 2 + 3x 2)

x 2 x 2
= 8+8+ 3 4+62 = 4+ 2= 6
x 2 3x + 4 x2 9
1/ lim 3 2/ lim
x 4 2x 2 x 1 x 3 2x 2 + 7x + 3
x+4
3/ lim 3 4/ lim x+ x+ x+2
x 4 7x + 1 x 2

f g lim g(x) = L
xa
lim f (x) = f (L) lim f[g(x)] = f (L)
xL xa
4x + 7
lim ln( )
x 2 x+3
4x + 7 4x + 7
g(x) = f (x) = ln x f[g(x)] = ln( )
x+3 x+3
4x + 7 8 + 7
lim g(x) = lim = =3
x 2 x 2 x + 3 2+ 3
lim f[g(x)] = lim f (x) = f (3) = ln 3
x 2 x 3
4x + 7
2 lim ln( )
x + x+3
4x + 7 4x + 7
g(x) = f (x) = ln x f[g(x)] = ln( )
x+3 x+3
7
4x + 7 4 +
lim g(x) = lim = lim x =4=4
x + x + x + 3 x + 3 1
1+
x
lim f[g(x)] = lim f (x) = lim ln x = ln 4 = 2ln 2
x + x4 x4
-
1/ f g A
x A: f (x) g(x) lim g(x) = +

x +
lim f (x) = +
x +

2/ f g A
x A: f (x) g(x) lim g(x) =

x +
lim f (x) =
x +
3/ f , g h A
x A: g(x) f (x) h(x) lim g(x) = lim h(x) =

x + x +
lim f (x) = ( )
x +
/ f g A
x A: f (x) g(x) lim f (x) = , lim g(x) = '

x + x +
' ( ' )
f f (x) = x( x + 1 x )
lim f (x)
x +
x
f (x) = x( x + 1 x) =
x+1+ x
x > 0 x+1 > x
2 x < x+1+ x < 2 x+1
1 1 1
< <
2 x+1 x+1+ x 2 x
x x 1 1 1
< < < f (x) <
2 x+1 x+1+ x 2 2 x+1 2

x 1 1 1
lim = lim =
x + 2 x + 1 2 x + 1 2
1+
x
1
lim x( x + 1 x) =
x + 2
-
0
/
0
0

0

2sin 2 x 3sin x + 1
f f (x) =
cos 2 x
lim f (x) ?

x
2
2sin 2 x 3sin x + 1
f (x) =
cos 2 x
(2sin 2 x 2sin x) (sin x 1)
=
1 sin 2 x
(sin x 1)(2sin x 1) 1 2sin x
= =
(1 sin x)(1 + sin x) 1 + sin x
1 2sin x 1 2 1
lim f (x) = lim = =
1 + sin x 1 + 1 2
x x
2 2

4x 2 + 1 + 7x + 2
f (x) = lim f (x)
3x + 1 x +
4x2 + 1 + 7x + 2
lim f (x) = lim
x + x + 3x + 1
1 2 1 2
x2 (4 +
2
) + x(7 + ) x( 4 + 2
+ 7 + )
x x x x
= lim = lim
x+ 1 x+ 1
x(3 + ) x(3 + )
x x
1 2
4+ 2 +7+
x x 2+7
= lim = =3
x+ 1 3
3+
x
lim f (x) = 3
x +
/ +

f (x) = x 2 + 5x x 2 3x + 1
lim f (x)
x +
f (x) = x 2 + 5x x 2 3x + 1
(x 2 + 5x)2 (x 2 3x + 1)2
=
x 2 + 5x + x 2 3x + 1
x 2 + 5x x 2 + 3x 1
=
5 3 1
x 2 (1 + ) + x 2 (1 + 2 )
x x x
1 1
x(8 ) 8
= x = x
5 3 1 5 3 1
x( 1 + + 1 + 2 ) 1+ + 1 + 2
x x x x x x
8
lim f (x) = =4
x + 1+1

-
4x + 1 8x + 7
/ lim / lim
x 2x + 3 x 12x 5
e x + 2x 1 e x + 4x 1
/ lim / lim x
x + 2e x + 1 x e + 2x + 3
(2x + 1)2 (4e x + 1)2

/ lim ln 2 / lim
x + 2x + 3x x + (2e x + 1)(e x + x)

- a b
/ lim ( x + ax bx 1) = 3
2
x +
(a 1)x 2 + 2bx + 3
/ lim =4
x + ax + b
3 3
/ lim ( x + ax bx 5x + 1) = 2
3 2 3 2
x +
- P(x) = ax + bx + c a ,b ,c IR
2
a ,b ,c
P(x) P(x)
lim = 2 (i) lim = 2 (ii)
x x 2 + 1 x 1 x 2 1
-

x
sin x 1 cos x
1/ lim =1 2/ lim =0
x 0 x x 0 x
tan x
3/ lim =1
x0 x

0 < <
2
SOAT , S S OAP
OAP
OAT

OAP
OAP

y T
A x
O Q
SOAT S SOAP
OAP
1 1 2
SOAT = 1 tan , S OAP
= 1
2 2
1 1 1 1
S OAP = sin tan sin
2 2 2 2
sin sin
tan sin tan = sin
cos cos
sin
cos 1

< < 0 0 < <
2 2
sin( ) sin
cos( ) 1 cos 1


sin
cos 1

( ,0) (0, )
2 2
sin
lim cos = 1 lim =1
0 x0
sin x
x lim = 1
x0 x
1 cos x (1 cos x)(1 + cos x)
lim = lim
x0 x x0 x(1 + cos x)
sin x sin x
= lim . = 1 0 = 0
x0 x 1 + cos x
1 cos x
lim = 0
x 0 x
sin x
tan x =
x
tan x sin x 1
lim = lim . = 11 = 1
x0 x x0 x cos x
tan x
lim =1
x0 x

x x
1/ lim =1 2/ lim =1
x 0 sin x x 0 tan x

1 cos x + sin x 1 cos x sin x
1/ lim = lim + lim = 0+1=1
x0 x x 0 x x0 x

2
x 2 x
2sin sin
2/ lim
1 cos x
= 2 = 1 lim 2 = 1 12 = 1
lim
x0 x2 x0 x2 2 x0 x 2 2
2
tan x
x + tan x 1 + 1+1 1
3/ lim = lim x = =
x 0 x + tan 3x x0 tan 3x 1 + 3 2
1+ .3
3x

-
sin 2xsin 3x sin x + sin 2x
1/ lim 2/ lim
x 0 x2 x0 x
sin 4x 3x + sin x
3/ lim 4/ lim
x 0 sin 6x x 0 x + sin x
sin xsin 3x 2x tan x
5/ lim 6/ lim
x 0 sin 2 2x x 0 x + tan x
sin 2 2x x + 3sin x
7/ lim 8/ lim
x 0 sin xsin 6x x 0 sin 2x
sin 3x 1 cos 2x
9/ lim 10/ lim
x 0 x + sin 2x x 0 x2
x 2 sin 2 x x
11/ lim 2 12/ lim
x 0 x xsin x x 0 x + tan x
1 + sin x 1 sin x 2 1 + cos x

13/ lim 14/ lim
x0 tan x x0 x2
1 cos xcos 3x 1 cos x
15/ lim 16/ lim
x0 x2 x 0 1 cos 2x

1 cos xcos 2xcos 3x x 2 + sin 2 x

17/ lim 18/ lim
x0 x 2 x 0 1 cos 2x
- a
1 cosax sin ax
1/ lim 2
= 8 2/ lim =5
x0 x x 0 x
sinax + sin(a + 1)x 2 2cosax
3/ lim =3 4/ lim 2
=4
x0 x x0 x
sin(a + 1)x + sin(a 1)x
5/ lim =6
x0 x
a + bcos x
- a b lim 2
=1
x0 x
-
sin x x
1/ lim 2 2/ lim(1 x 2 )tan
x 1x 1 x 1 2
1 cos 2x cos x
3/ lim 4/ lim
x 2x
x ( x)2
2
x
1 cos 2x 1 sin
5/ lim 6/ lim 4
x 1 (1 x) 2 x 2 (2 x)2
1 + acos x + cos 2x
- lim 2
=b
x0 x
( a b )


1/ lim e x = + 2/ lim e x = 0
x + x
ex x
3/ lim = + 4/ lim =0
x + x x + e x
ex xn
5/ lim n = + 6/ lim x = +
x + x x + e
( n )

1/ lim ln x = + 2/ lim ln x =
x + x 0+
ln x
3/ lim =0 4/ lim xln x = 0
x + x x 0+
ln x
5/ lim n = 0 6/ lim x ln x = 0
n
x + x x 0+
( n )

x x
e x (6 +
) 6 +
6e + xx
e x
e x 6
1/ lim = lim = lim = =3
x + 2e x + 1 x + x 1 x + 1 2
e (2 + x ) 2+ x
e e

x 2 ln x + sin x sin x
2/ lim = lim (xln x) + lim = 0+1=1
x0 + x x0 + x0 + x
ln x ln x
2x ln x x(2 ) 2
3/ lim = lim x = lim x =2=2
x + x + ln x x + ln x x + ln x 1
x(1 + ) 1+
x x
e + 3 x
2x lim (e 2x
+ 3) 0 + 3
4/ lim x = = = 3 lim e x
= 0
x e + 1 lim (e + 1)
x 0 + 1 x
x
5/ lim [2x ln(2e 2x
+ 1)] = lim [ln(e 2x ) ln(2e 2x + 1)]
x + x +
e2x
= lim [ln( 2x )]
x + 2e + 1
1 1
= lim ln( ) = ln
x + 1 2
2 + 2x
e

2ex + 3 4ex + 1
1/ lim x 2/ lim
x + e + 1 x + 2e x 3
2e x x + 1 ex + x
3/ lim x 4/ lim
x e + 2x + 3 x 3e x + 2x 1
e2x ex + e x
5/ lim 6/ lim
x + (2e x + 1)(e x 3) x + e x + x

1
+ ln x
1/ lim (1 + 2x x ln x) 2/ lim x
x 0+ x 0+ cot x
1 xx 1
3/ lim ( + ln x)sin x 4/ lim
x 0+ x x 0+ xln x
1 + ln x 2x + 1 ln x
5/ lim 6/ lim
x + 1 ln x x + 4x + 1
2x ln x 1 + xex
7/ lim 8/ lim
x + x + ln x x + 1 + 2xe x
1
9/ lim (2x + ln x) 10/ lim [ln x ln(2x + 1)]
x + x x +
ex 1
1/ lim =1
x0 x
ax 1
2/ lim = lna a > 0 a 1
x 0 x
esin x 1 esin x 1 sin x

1/ lim = lim = 11 = 1
x0 x x 0 sin x x
x2 x2
e cos 2x e (1 2sin 2 x)
2/ lim = lim
x0 x2 x0 x2

2 2
ex 1 sin x
= lim + 2 lim
x0 x2 x0 x
= 1 + 2 12 = 3
ax bx (a x 1) (b x 1)
3/ lim = lim
x0 x x0 x
ax 1 bx 1
= lim lim
x0 x x0 x
a
= lna lnb = ln
b
-

ln(1 + x)
lim =1
x0 x

ln(1 + tan 2x) ln(1 + tan 2x) tan 2x
1/ lim = lim . .2 = 1 1 2 = 2
x0 x x 0 tan 2x 2x
ln(cos 2x) ln(1 2sin 2 x)
2/ lim = lim
x0 x2 x0 x2
ln(1 2sin 2 x) sin 2 x
= lim 2 ( 2) = 2
x 0 ( 2sin 2 x) x
ln(1 + 4x x 2 ) ln(1 + 4x x 2 ) 4x x 2
3/ lim = lim
x0 x x0 4x x 2 x
ln(1 + 4x x 2 )
= lim .(4 x) = 1 4 = 4
x0 4x x 2

ln(3 2ex ) ln(1 + 2(1 ex )] 2(ex 1)

4/ lim = lim = 2
x0 x x0 2(1 e )
x x
ln[(1 + ax)(1 + bx)] ln(1 + ax) + ln(1 + bx)
5/ lim = lim
x0 x x0 x
ln(1 + ax) ln(1 + bx)
= lim .a + lim .b = a + b
x 0 ax x0 bx
-

1
1/ lim(1 + x) x =e
x0
x
1
2/ lim 1 + = e e = 2.71828...
x + x

1
1 1 2 1
x x x x/ 2
1/ lim 1 + = lim 1 + = e2 = e
x0 2 x 0 2

x
sin
2 .1
1 1 x 2 1
x x x x
2/ lim 1 + sin = lim 1 + sin sin 2 = = e
2
e2
x0 2 x 0 2

2
x x
2 2 2
3/ lim 1 + = 1 + = e 2
x + x x


2x
x +1 x +1
x
x 1 1 + 2 2 1
4/ lim = lim = e 2 =
x + x + 1 x + x + 1 e2

ex + e 2x 2 esin x e sin x
1/ lim 2/ lim
x 0 x x0 x
2x
esin cos 4x 1 e1 cos 2x
3/ lim 4/ lim
x 0 x2 x 0 x2
2 2 2 2x 2 + 2x
eax ebx ex ex
5/ lim 6/ lim
x 0 2 x0 x
2 2
e 2x + e2x 2 etan x esin x
7/ lim 8/ lim
x0 x2 x 0 1 + xsin 2x cos 2x
2 3 2
2 1 + ex 2 ex 1
9/ lim 10/ lim
x0 sin 2 x x0 x2
-
sin 2 x
ln(1 + 2tan 3x) ln(2 e )
1/ lim 2/ lim
x0 sin x x0 x tan x
ln(cos x) + ln(cos 2x) ln(x 3 3x + 3)
3/ lim 4/ lim
x 0 x2 x 1 (x 1)2

-
2 1
x 2
x + 1 x 1 sin x x
1/ lim 2/ lim
x0 x2 + x + x 0 1 + sin x

x 1
sin x x sin x 2x 2 + x + 3 sin x
3/ lim 4/ lim
x0 x x0
x + 3
1
1
x2
x0
(
5/ lim cos x ) 6/ lim
1 + tan x x3

x 0 1 + sin x
1 x
x +x+2
3 x 1 2x + 1 x 2
7/ lim 8/ lim 2
x 1
x + 4 x 2 x + 1
1
tan 2x
( )
( x)2
9/ lim tan x 10/ lim (sin x )

x x
4 2
x
(1 x)2 x
x x 1
11/ lim sin 12/ lim
x 1 2 x x + 1
x ex
x + 3x + 1
2 e + xx
13/ lim 2 14/ lim x
x x 3x + 4 x e + 1


y = f (x) I
f I
(c) : y = f (x)
x
O

y = f (x) x = a
1/ f x = a
2/ f x a
3/ lim f (x) = f (a)

xa
f f (x) = x3 + 1
f x = 2 ?
x = 2 f (2) = 23 + 1 = 9 = 3
lim f (x) = lim x 3 + 1 = 23 + 1 = 3
x 2 x 2
lim f (x) = f (2) = 3
x 2
f x = 2
f
x 2 + 2x + 6

x1ebI
f (x) = 2x 11

x2
x<1ebI
f x = 1 ?
x = 1 f (2) = 1 + 2 + 6 = 9 = 3
2

lim f (x) = lim x 2 + 2x + 6 = 1 + 2 + 6 = 3

x 1+ x 1+
2x 5 2 5
lim f (x) = lim = =3
x 1 x 1 x 2
1 2
lim f (x) = lim f (x) = 3
x 1 x 1+
lim f (x) = f (1) = 3
x 1
f x = 2
f
1 x
1+ x
x0 ebI
f (x) =
2 x sin x
2
x
x<0 ebI
f x = 0 ?
1 0
x = 0 f (0) = = 1
1+ 0
1 x
lim f (x) = lim =1
x 0+ x0 + 1 + x
2 x 2 sin x 2 | x | sin x
lim f (x) = lim = lim
x 0 x 0 x x 0 x
2x sin x sin x
= lim = lim ( 2 ) = 3
x 0 x x0 x
lim f (x) lim f (x) lim f (x)
x 0 x 0+ x0
f x = 0

f
2 2cos 2ax

f (x) = x2
ebI x0

9 ebI x=0
a f x = 0
x = 0 f (0) = 9
2 2cos 2ax
lim f (x) = lim
x0 x0 x2
2
4sin 2 ax sin ax
= lim 2
= 4a 2
lim = 4a 2
x0 x x 0 ax
f x = 0
3
lim f (x) = f (0) 4a 2 = 9 a =
x0 2
3
a =
2
-
f g x = a
1/ f (x) + g(x) x = a
2/ f (x) g(x) x = a
3/ f (x).g(x) x = a
4/ f (x) x = a ( )

f (x)
5/ x = a g(a) 0
g(x)
-
1/ f (a,b) f
2/ f [a,b] f (a,b)
lim f (x) = f (a) lim f (x) = f (b)

x a+ x b
f

1 + x ln x ebI x>0

1 ebI x=0
f (x) = sin

1 x
ebI x<1

ebI x=1
f [0,1 ]
f (0,1)
f (0) = 1 f (1) =
lim f (x) = lim (1 + x ln x) = 1 = f (0)

x 0+ x 0+
sin x
lim f (x) = lim
x 1 x 1 1 x
1 x = t x = 1 t

+
x 1 t 0 +
sin( t) sin( t)
lim f (x) = lim = lim . = = f (1)
x 1 t0 + t t0 + ( t)
f [0,1 ]
g x = a f x = g(a)
( f o g ) (x) = f[g(x)] x = a
4x
g g(x) = 2
x +1
f (x) = ln x
( f o g ) (x) = f[g(x)] x = 1 ?
4
g(1) = 2 =2
1 +1
4x 4
lim g(x) = lim 2 = = 2 = g(1) g
x 1 x 1 x + 1 1 + 1
x = 1
x = g(1) = 2 f (2) = ln 2
lim f (x) = lim ln x = ln = f (2) f

x 2 x 2
x=2
( f o g ) (x) = f[g(x)] x = 1

f x = a
lim f (x) =
xa
f x = a

g(x) =
f (x) ebI xa
ebI x=a
tan x sin x
f f (x) =
x3
f x = 0
tan x sin x
lim f (x) = lim 3
sin x = tan x.cos x
x0 x 0 x
tan x sin x.tan x tan x(1 cos x)
= lim = lim
x0 x3 x0 x3
2x
tan x sin
= lim . 2 .1 = 1
x0 x 2
x 2 2

2
tan x sin x
x 3
ebI
x0
g(x) =

1
2
ebI
x=0

sin x + x 2 ln | x |
f f (x) = x 0
x
f x = 0 ?
lim f (x) = lim
x 0 x0 x
sin x
= lim( + x ln | x |)
x 0 x
sin x
= lim + lim(x ln | x |) = 1 + 0 = 1
x 0 x x0
f x = 0
g f x = 0

g(x) = x
ebI x0

1 ebI x=0

f [a ,b] k
f (a) f (b) c
[a,b] f (c) = k

y y = f (x)
f (b)
f (a)
O a c b x
f [a,b]
f , [ a ,b ]
< f ( ) < f ( ) k f (a)
f (b)
( f (a) < k < f (b) ) f

c a b f (c) = k
c' c f (c') = k
f (c) = f (c') f

f (c) = k f (x) = k
f
[ a,b ] k f (a) f (b)
f (x) = k [ a,b ]

k = 0
f [ a,b ] f (a).f (b) < 0
c [ a,b ] f (c) = 0
x tan x = cos x

0 ,
4
f (x) = x tan x cos x
f (0) = 0 1 = 1 < 0
2 2 2 3.14 2 1.41 0.32

f ( ) = = = = = 0.80 > 0
4 4 2 4 4 4

f (0).f ( ) < 0

4

c 0 , f (c) = 0
4
x tan x = cos x

0 ,
4


1/ f
sin 2x 2sin x

f (x) = x3
ebI x0

1 ebI x=0
f x = 0
2/ f
ex + e x 2

f (x) = x2
ebI x0

1 ebI x=0
f x = 0 ?
3/ f
ln(1 + 2sin 2 x)

f (x) = x2
ebI x0

2 ebI x=0
f x = 0
4/ f
1 cosax

f (x) = x2
ebI x0

8 ebI x=0
a f x = 0

5/ f

f (x) =
x 2 + ax + 2 ebI x1
(x + a)2 ebI x>1
a f x = 1
6/ A f x

/ f (x) =
Ax 3 ebI x<2
3 x + 2x 2 ebI x2
/ f (x) =
1 3x ebI x < 4
Ax 2 + 2x 3 ebI x 4

x 2 + Ax + 2 ebI x 1
/ f (x) = sin x

x
ebI x > 1
7/ f x = a

1 cos xcos 2x
/ f (x) = x = 0
x2
x 2 3x + 2
e 1
/ f (x) = x = 2
x2
ln(x 2 6x + 10)
/ f (x) = x = 3
(x 3) 2

sin x
/ f (x) = x = 1
1 x3
1 + cos x
/ f (x) = x =
( x) 2

8/ y = f (x) ,
2 2
1 cos 2x
f (x) =
sin x +
sin x
ebI
x0

2 x=0ebI
f x = 0 ?
9/ ax + bx + c = 0 a 0
2
a ,b ,c 2a + 3b + 6c = 0
2
0,
3

(x 1)cos x + 2 sin x 1 = 0
n
10/
[ 0,1]
11/ A B f

Ax 2 + 5x 9 ebI x<1
f (x) = B ebI x=1

(3 x)(A 2x) ebI x>1
IR

x0 y = f (x) ( )
y
x 0
x

y f (x) f (x 0 ) f (x 0 + h) f (x 0 )
f '(x 0 ) = lim = lim = lim
x 0 x x x 0 x x0 h 0 h
x0 = 2 y = x3
f (2 + h) f (2) (2 + h)3 8
f '(2) = lim
h0
= lim
h 0
h h
(2 + h 2)[(2 + h) + 2(2 + h) + 4]
2
= lim
h0 h
= lim(h + 6h + 12) = 12
2
h0
f x = x0
- f x = x0
- f ' (x 0 ) = f '+ (x 0 )
f (x0 + h) f (x0 )
f ' (x0 ) = lim
h 0 h
f (x0 + h) f (x0 )
f '+ (x0 ) = lim+
h 0

h

x 2 + px + q ebI x1
f (x) =
3x + 4 ebI x>1
p q f x=1
f x=1 lim f (x) = lim+ f (x)

x 1 x 1
lim(x 2 + px + q) = lim(3x
x 1 +
+ 4)
x 1
1+ p + q = 7 q = 6 p (1)
f ' (1) = f '+ (1)

f (1 + h) f (1)
f ' (1) = lim
h 0 h
(1 + h)2 + p(1 + h) + q (1 + p + q)
= lim
h 0 h
1 + 2h + h + p + ph + q 1 p q
2
= lim
h 0 h
h + (2 + p)h
2
= lim
h 0 h
= lim(h
+ 2 + p) = 2 + p
h 0
f (1 + h) f (1)
f '+ (1) = lim+
h 0 h
3(h + 1) + 4 (3 + 4)
= lim+
h 0 h
3h
= lim+ =3
h 0 h
2+p = 3 p=1
(1) q = 61 = 5
p=1 , q=5

y = f (u) u = g(x)
y' =
dy dy du
= d
f [ u(x)] = f '(u) u '(x)
dx du dx dx

F(x) = f [ g(x)] x = x0
F'(x0 ) = f ' g(x0 ) g '(x 0 )

F(x) F(x 0 )
F '(x 0 ) = lim
x x0 x x0
f [ g(x)] f g(x 0 )
= lim
x x0 x x0
f [ g(x)] f g(x 0 ) g(x) g(x 0 )
= lim
x x0 g(x) g(x 0 ) x x0
f g(x) g(x 0 ) g(x) g(x 0 )
= lim lim
x x0 g(x) g(x 0 ) x x 0 x x0
= f ' g(x 0 ) g '(x 0 )
F'(x0 ) = f ' g(x0 ) g '(x 0 )

x1
3
y=
x+1
x1
u= y = u3
x+1
du = ( x 1) '( x + 1) ( x2 + 1) '( x 1) = 2 2
dx ( x + 1) ( x + 1)
dy = 3u 2 y ' = dy = dy du
du dx du dx
y ' = dy = 3u 2 . 2 2 = 6(x 1)4

2
dx (x + 1) (x + 1)

y = sin x y ' = cos x
y = cos x y ' = sin x
y = sin u y ' = u 'cos u
y = cos u y ' = u 'sin u
u = u(x)

f (x) = sin x
f (x + h) f (x)
f '(x) = lim
h 0 h
sin(x + h) sin x
= lim
h0 h
h h
2 sin cos(x + )
= lim 2 2
h0 h
h
sin
= lim 2 lim cos(x + h )
h0 h h 0 2
2
= 1 cos x = cos x
f (x) = sin x f '(x) = cos x
y = sin u = sin u(x)
y' =
dy dy du
= = cos u u' = u'cos u
dx du dx
y = sin u y ' = u 'cos u
( )

y = tan x 1
y' =
2
= 1 + tan 2 x
cos x
y = cot x y ' = 2 = (1 + cot 2 x)
1
sin x
y = tanu y ' =
u'
= u'(1 + tan 2 u)
cos 2 u
y = cot u y ' = u'2 = u'(1 + cot 2 u)
sin u

y = tan x =
sin x

cos x
(sin x)'cos x (cos x)'sin x
y' =
cos 2 x
cos 2 x + sin 2 x
=
cos 2 x
1
= = 1 + tan 2 x
cos 2 x
y = tan x y' =
1
= 1 + tan 2 x
cos 2 x
y = cot x =
cos x

sin x
(cos x)'sin x (sin x)'cos x
y' =
sin 2 x
sin 2 x cos 2 x
=
sin 2 x
1
= 2 = (1 + cot 2 x)
sin x
y=
sin x
1 + cos x
(sin x)'(1 + cos x) (1 + cos x)'sin x
y' =
(1 + cos x)2

cos x(1 + cos x) + sin 2 x

=
(1 + cos x)2
cos x + cos 2 x + sin 2 x
=
(1 + cos x)2
cos x + 1 1
= =
(1 + cos x) 2
1 + cos x
y' =
1

1 + cos x
y = ex y ' = ex
y = ax y ' = a x ln a , a > 0 , a 1
y = eu y ' = u'eu
y = au y ' = u'.au ln a

f (x) = ex
f (x + h) f (x) ex + h e x
f '(x) = lim = lim
h 0 h h 0 h
e 1 x
h
eh 1
= lim .e = e x lim =1
h 0 h h 0 h
y = ex y ' = ex

g(x) = a x = elna = exlna

x
g '(x) = (x ln a)'.e xlna = ln a .e x lna = a x ln a
y = ax y ' = a x ln a , a > 0 , a 1
ex e x
y=
ex + e x
(e x e x )'(e x + e x ) (e x + e x )'(e x e x )
y' =
(e x + e x )2

(e x + e x )2 (ex e x )2
=
(e x + e x )2
e2x + 2 + e2x e 2x + 2 e 2x
=
(e x + e x )2
4
=
(e + e x )2
x
y' =
4

(e + e x )2
x
y = e3sin x sin x
3
y ' = (3sin x sin 3 x)'e3sin x sin

3
x
= (3cos x 3cos x sin 2 x)e 3sin x sin

3
x
= 3cos x(1 sin 2 x)e 3sin x sin

3
x
= 3cos 3 x e 3sin x sin

3
x
y = ln x y' =
1
x
y = ln(ax + b) y' =
a
ax + b
y = lnu y' =
u'
u

f (x) = ln x f (x + h) = ln(x + h)
f (x + h) f (x)
f '(x) = lim
h 0 h
x+h
ln( )
ln(x + h) ln x x
= lim = lim
h 0 h h0 h
h
ln(1 + ) 1 1
= lim x =
h 0 h x x
x
f (x) = ln x f '(x) =
1

x

1 ln x
y=
1 + ln x
(1 ln x)'(1 + ln x) (1 + ln x)'(1 ln x)
y' =
(1 ln x)2
1 1
(1 + ln x) (1 ln x) 2
= x x =
(1 + ln x) 2
x(1 + ln x)2
y' =
2

x(1 + ln x)2
y = ln(x + 1 + x 2 )
(x + 1 + x 2 )'
y' =
x + 1 + x2
(1 + x 2 )' 2x
1+ 1+
= 2 1+ x = 2
2 1 + x2
x + 1 + x2 x + 1 + x2
1 + x2 + x 1
= =
(x + 1 + x 2 ) 1 + x 2 1 + x2
y' =
1

1 + x2
- y' x y
xy = yx x > 0, y > 0
y' x y
xy = yx y ln x = x ln y
y 'ln x + y.
1
= ln y + x.
y'
x y
x
(ln x ) y ' = ln y
y
y x
y
ln y
y ' = x
x

ln x
y

x3 + 3x 2 3x + 1
f ( x) = x IR
3x 2 3x + 1
a b
1+ a + b 1 + a + b + ab
f f
2 2+a+b

1+ a + b 1 + a + b + ab
f f
2 2+a+b
f ( x) = x + 32 x 3 x + 1 x IR
3 2
3x 3x + 1
(3x + 6 x 3)(3x 3x + 1) (6 x 3)( x3 + 3x 2 3x + 1)
2 2
f '( x) =
(3x 2 3x + 1)2
3x 4 6 x3 + 3x 2 3x 2 ( x 1) 2
= = 0 , x IR
(3x 2 3x + 1)2 (3x 2 3x + 1) 2
f ( x) IR
1 + a + b 1 + a + b + ab

2 2+a+b
2+a+b
2

1 + a + b 1 + a + b + ab
2 (1 + a ) + (1 + b)

1+ a + b (1 + a )(1 + b)
2 1 1
+
1+ a + b 1+ a 1+ b
1 1 1 1 a b
1+ a + b 1+ a 1+ a + b 1+ b
2 1 + 1
1+ a + b 1+ a 1+ b
1 + a + b 1 + a + b + ab
2 2+a+b
f 1 + a + b f 1 + a + b + ab

2 2+a+b
- f I =] 1 ; 1 [

f '(0) = 1

x+ y
f ( x ) + f ( y ) = f , x , y I
1 + xy
y = f ( x)
f ( x)
x+ y
f ( x) + f ( y ) = f (1)
1 + xy
x (1)
x+ y x+ y
f '( x) = ( ) ' f '( )
1 + xy 1 + xy
( x + y ) '(1 + xy ) (1 + xy ) '( x + y ) x+ y
f '( x) = f '( )
(1 + xy ) 2
1 + xy
1 y2 x+ y
f '( x) = f '( ) (2)
(1 + xy ) 2
1 + xy
x=0 (2) f '(0) = (1 y 2 ). f '( y )
f '(0) = 1 1 = (1 y 2 ) f '( y )
f '( y ) =
1
1 y2
1 1+ y
f ( y) =
dy
= ln +C f (0) = C
1 y 2
2 1 y
x= y=0 (1) f (0) = 0 C = f (0) = 0

1 1+ x
f ( x) = ln
2 1 x

/ 2
y = f (x) y '' = f ''(x)
d2y
= f ''(x)
dx 2
d2y
y = ln x ?
dx 2
dy
= y ' = (ln x)' =
1
dx x
1
2
dy
2
1
= (y ')' = ' = 2
dx x x
d2y
y = sin x ?
dx 2
dy
= y ' = (sin x)' = cos x
dx
d2y
= (y ')' = (cos x)' = sin x
dx 2
- y '' x y
x3 + y 3 + 4 = 3 xy
y '' x y
x3 + y 3 + 2 = 3 xy

3 x 2 + 3 y ' y 2 = 3 y + 3 xy '
x 2 + y ' y 2 = y + xy '
y x2
y' =
y2 x
( y ' 2 x )( y 2 x ) (2 yy ' 1)( y x 2 )
y '' =
( y 2 x)2
( x 2 2 xy 2 + y ) ( y 2 2 x 2 y + x ) y '
=
( y 2 x) 2

y x2
y'= 2
y x
2 xy (3 xy x 3 y 3 1)
y '' = x3 + y 3 + 2 = 3 xy
( y 2 x )3
y '' =
2 xy

( y x )3
2
- f f ( x) = ( x + 1 + x 2 ) n
x IR n IN *
- f '( x) 1 + x 2 . f '( x) = n. f ( x)
- (1 + x 2 ). f ''( x) + x. f '( x) = n 2 . f ( x)
- f '( x )
f ( x) = ( x + 1 + x 2 )n
(u n ) ' = nu '.u n 1
f '( x) = n.( x + 1 + x 2 ) '.( x + 1 + x 2 ) n 1
(1 + x 2 ) ' 2 n 1
f '( x) = n. 1 + .( x + 1 + x )
2 1+ x
2
2x 2 n 1
= n. 1 + .( x + 1 + x )
2 1+ x
2
1 + x2 + x
= n. .( x + 1 + x 2 ) n1
1+ x 2
n
= ( x + 1 + x 2 )n
1+ x 2
f '( x ) =
n
.( x + 1 + x 2 ) n
1+ x 2

1 + x 2 . f '( x) = n. f ( x)
f '( x ) =
n
.( x + 1 + x 2 ) n
1+ x 2
f ( x) = ( x + 1 + x 2 )n
f '( x ) =
n
. f ( x) 1 + x 2 . f '( x) = n. f ( x)
1+ x 2
1 + x 2 . f '( x ) = n. f ( x )
-
(1 + x 2 ). f ''( x ) + x. f '( x ) = n 2 . f ( x )
1 + x 2 . f '( x) = n. f ( x) f '( x ) = n.
f ( x)
1 + x2
f '( x) 1 + x 2 ( 1 + x 2 ) ' f ( x)
f ''( x) = n.
( 1 + x2 )2
2x
f '( x). 1 + x 2 . f ( x)
f ''( x) = n 2 1 + x 2
1+ x2
f ( x)
1 + x 2 . f '( x) x.
1 + x2 1
f ''( x) = n. ()
1 + x2
1 + x 2 . f '( x) = n. f ( x) ( 2 )
1
. f '( x) =
f ( x)
( 3)
n 1 + x2
1
n. f ( x) x. f '( x)
(2) (3) (1) f ''( x) = n. n
1 + x2
(1 + x 2 ). f ''( x) = n 2 . f ( x) x. f '( x)
(1 + x 2 ). f ''( x ) + x. f '( x ) = n 2 . f ( x )

- f ( x) IR
f (1) = f '(1) = 3

1 2
2 x 1 f ''( x) (2 x 1) 2 f '( x) = 4 x + 1

f ( x)
f ( x)
1
f ''( x)
2
f '( x) = 4 x + 1 (1)
2x 1 (2 x 1) 2
g ( x) = f '( x).
1 g '( x) =
1
f ''( x)
1
f '( x)
2x 1 2x 1 (2 x 1) 2
(1) g '( x ) = 4 x + 1 g ( x) = 2 x 2 + x + C
x =1 g (1) = 3 + C g (1) = f '(1).

1
= f '(1) = 3
2(1) 1
3+C = 3 C=0 g ( x) = 2 x 2 + x
g ( x) = f '( x).
1
f '( x)
= 2 x2 + x
2x 1 2x 1
f '( x) = 4 x3 x 1
f ( x) = x 4 x 2 + k
2
x = 1 f (1) = 1 + k = 3 k = 5
2 2
f ( x) = x4 1 x2 + 5
2 2
- y = f ( x) = ( x 2 3 x + 1) n n2
n IN *
x2
x2
f ( x)

f ( x ) = a0 + a1 x + a2 x 2 + a3 x 3 + ..... + a2 n x 2 n
x2 a2
f '( x ) = a1 + 2a2 x + 3a3 x 2 + .... + 2na2 n x 2 n 1
f ''( x ) = 2a2 + 6a3 x + .... + 2n(2n 1) x 2 n 2
x=0 f ''(0) = 2a2 a2 =

f ''(0)
2
f '( x) = n(2 x 3)( x 2 3 x + 1)n 1
f ''( x) = 2n( x 2 3 x + 1) n 1 + n(n 1)(2 x 3) 2 ( x 2 3 x + 1) n 2
x=0 f ''(0) = 2n + 9n( n 1) = n(9n 7)
n(9n 7)
a2 = x2
2
/
y = f (x)
1 , 2,., n
y ', y '', ...., y (n )
- n y = sin x ?

y ' = (sin x)' = cos x = sin( + x)
2

y '' = (sin( + x))' = cos( + x) = sin( + x)
2 2
3
y ''' = (sin( + x))' = cos( + x) = sin( + x)
2

y (n) = sin( n + x)
2
y (n+1) = y (n) ' = cos( n + x) = sin (n + 1) + x

( )
2 2
y (n) = sin( n + x)
2

- f ( x) = ( x + 1).e2 x x
. f '( x ) , f ''( x ) , f ''' ( x ) f (4) ( x )
. n f f ( n ) ( x ) = ( an x + bn ).e 2 x
( an ) ( bn )

an +1 = 2an

bn +1 = an + 2bn , n IN *
. an bn n f ( n ) ( x)
. f '( x ) , f ''( x ) , f ''' ( x ) f (4) ( x )
f ( x) = ( x + 1).e 2 x
f '( x) = ( x + 1) ' e2 x + (e2 x ) '( x + 1)
= e2 x + 2e 2 x ( x + 1) = e 2 x (1 + 2 x + 2) = (2 x + 3)e 2 x
f '( x ) = (2 x + 3) e 2 x
f ''( x) = (2 x + 3)' e 2 x + (e2 x )'(2 x + 3)

= 2e 2 x + 2e 2 x (2 x + 3) = (4 x + 8)e2 x
f ''( x ) = (4 x + 8) e 2 x
f '''( x) = (4 x + 8)' e2 x + (e2 x )'(4 x + 8)

= 4e 2 x + 2e 2 x (4 x + 8) = e 2 x (4 + 8 x + 16)
= (8 x + 20).e 2 x
f '''( x ) = (8 x + 20) e 2 x
f (4) ( x) = (8 x + 20)' e2 x + (e 2 x )'(8 x + 20)

= 8e 2 x + 2e 2 x (8 x + 20)
= e2 x (8 + 16 x + 40)
= (16 x + 48)e2 x
f (4)
( x ) = (16 x + 48) e 2 x
. n f f ( n ) ( x) = (an x + bn ).e2 x
f '( x) = (2 x + 3)e 2 x = (a1 x + b1 )e2 x a1 = 2 , b1 = 3
f ''( x) = (4 x + 8)e2 x = (a2 x + b2 )e 2 x a2 = 4 , b2 = 8
f '''( x) = (8 x + 20)e2 x = (a3 x + b3 )e2 x a3 = 8 , b3 = 20
f (4) ( x) = (16 x + 48)e 2 x = (a4 x + b4 )e2 x a4 = 16 , b4 = 48
..................................................................................................
n f ( n ) ( x) = (an x + bn )e2 x
(n + 1)
f ( n+1) ( x) = (an+1 x + bn+1 )e 2 x
f ( n+1) ( x) = ( f ( n ) ( x))' f ( n ) ( x) = (an x + bn )e2 x
f ( n+1) ( x) = (an x + bn )' e2 x + (e2 x )'(an x + bn )

f ( n+1) ( x) = ane2 x + 2e2 x (an x + bn )
f ( n+1) ( x) = e2 x (an + 2an x + 2bn )
f ( n+1) ( x) = (2an x + an + 2bn )e2 x
f ( n+1) ( x) = (an+1 x + bn+1 )e 2 x
an+1 = 2an bn+1 = an + 2bn

n f f ( n ) ( x) = (an x + bn ).e2 x
( an ) ( bn )
an+1 = 2an
bn +1 = an + 2bn
. an bn n
an +1 = 2an bn +1 = an + 2bn
n IN *
an+1 = 2an (an )

q = 2 a1 = 2 an = a1.q n1 = 2.2n1 = 2n
bn+1 = an + 2bn bn+1 2bn = an = 2n

1 1 1
bn +1 b = 1 c = bn
2n 1 2n 1
n n
2n
cn+1 cn = 1 (cn )
d = 2
c1 = b1 = 3 cn = c1 + (n 1)d = 3 + 2(n 1) = 2n + 1
1
cn = b bn = 2n1.cn = (2n + 1).2n1
n 1 n
2
a n = 2 n , bn = (2 n + 1).2 n 1
f ( n ) ( x)
f ( n ) ( x) = (an x + bn ).e2 x
an = 2n bn = (2n + 1)2n1
2n + 1 2 x
f ( n ) ( x) = [2n x + (2n + 1)2n1 ].e 2 x = 2n ( x + ).e
2
2n + 1 2 x
f (n)
( x) = 2n ( x +
2
).e

1 3
- f ( x) = x
2x 3 2
n f
n!.2n
f (n)
( x ) = (1) n
(2 x 3) n+1
n!.2n
n f f ( x) = (1) (n) n
(2 x 3) n+1
1 1 v'
f ( x) = ( )' = 2
2x 3 v v
(2 x 3)' 2 1!.21
f '( x) = = = ( 1)1
(2 x 3) 2 (2 x 3) 2 (2 x 3) 2
2[(2 x 3) 2 ]' 8 2!.22
f ''( x ) = = = ( 1) 2
(2 x 3) 4 (2 x 3)3 (2 x 3)3
2!.22 [(2 x 3)3 ]' 3!.23
f '''( x) = (1) 2 = ( 1) 3
(2 x 3)6 (2 x 3) 4
.....................................................................................
n
n!.2n
f ( n ) ( x ) = (1) n
(2 x 3) n+1
(n + 1)
(n + 1)!.2n +1
f ( n +1) ( x ) = (1) n +1
(2 x 3) n+ 2
n!.2n
f ( n+1) ( x) = ( f ( n ) ( x))' f ( n ) ( x) = (1)n
(2 x 3) n+1
n!.2n [(2 x 3) n +1 ]'
f ( n +1) ( x ) = (1) n .
(2 x 3) 2 n + 2

n!.2n.(n + 1).2
= (1) n+1
(2 x 3) n+ 2
n +1 ( n + 1)!.2n+1
= (1)
(2 x 3) n+ 2
n !.2 n
f ( n ) ( x ) = ( 1) n
(2 x 3) n +1
1
- f ( x) = x 1
1 x
. n f ( x) f ( n ) ( x)
. f ( x)
x x2 xn (n)
f ( x) = f (0) + f '( x) + f ''(0) + ... + f (0) + Rn ( x)
1! 2! n!
x n+1
Rn ( x) = x 1
1 x
. n f ( x)
1
f ( x) = = (1 x)1
1 x
f '( x) = (1 x)'(1 x) 2 = (1 x) 2 = 1!(1 x) 2
f ''( x) = 2(1 x) 3 = 2!(1 x) 3
f (3) ( x) = 6(1 x) 4 = 3!(1 x) 4

f ( n ) ( x) = n!(1 x) n1
f ( n+1) ( x) = (n + 1)!(1 x) n2
f ( n+1) ( x) = [ f ( n ) ( x)]' = [n!(1 x) n1 ]' = (n + 1)!(1 x) n2

n!
f ( n ) ( x) = n!(1 x) n1 =
(1 x) n+1

. f ( x)
x x2 xn (n)
f ( x) = f (0) + f '( x) + f ''(0) + ... + f (0) + Rn ( x)
1! 2! n!
n!
f ( n ) ( x) = n +1
f ( n ) (0) = n! f (0) = 1
(1 x)
x n+1
Rn ( x) =
1 x
x x2 xn (n)
f ( x) = f (0) + f '( x) + f ''(0) + ... + f (0) + Rn ( x)
1! 2! n!
x n+1
= 1 + x + x + .... + x +
2 n
1 x
(1 x)(1 + x + x 2 + .... + x n ) + x n+1
=
1 x
=
1 x n+1 + x n+1
1 x
= Bti
1 x
1

x x2 xn (n)
f ( x) = f (0) + f '( x) + f ''(0) + ... + f (0) + Rn ( x)
1! 2! n!

f x 0
)
f '(x0 ) = 0
f x0
f ''(x 0 ) < 0
)
f '(x0 ) = 0
f x0
f ''(x 0 ) > 0
t V '(t) =
dS
= S'(t)
dt
S = S(t) t
S(t) = t 3 + 60t ( )
/ t = 3

t V '(t) =
dS
= S'(t) = 3t 2 + 60
dt
t=0 V '(0) = 3(0)2 + 60 = 60m / mn
/ t = 3
t = 3mn V '(3) = 3(3)2 + 60 = 27 + 60 = 87m / mn
t a'(t) =
dV
= V '(t)
dt
V = V(t) t

V(t) =
100t
(m / s)
t + 15
t = 10 s ?
dV
a(t) = = V '(t) V(t) =
100t
(m / s)
dt t + 15
a(t) = 100(t + 15) 2 100t = 1500 2
(t + 15) (t + 15)
t = 10s a(10) = 1500 2 = 1500 = 2.4 m / s 2

(10 + 15) 625
y = f (x)
dy = f '(x).dx
x dy y

f (x + x) = f (x) + y f (x) + dy = f (x) + f '(x).x
tan 46o ?
f (x) = tan x
x = 45o x = 1o
f (46o ) = f (45o ) + f '(45o ).x
f '(x) = (tan x)' =

1
2
= 1 + tan 2 x f '(45o ) = 2
cos x
f (46o ) = 1 + 2
3.14
= 1.035
180
tan 46o = 1.035
f I
m M x I : m f '(x) M
a,b I a<b
m(b a) f (b) f (a) M (b a)

g g(x) = f (x) mx I
g '(x) = f '(x) m 0 xI f '(x) m
g I
a,b I a<b g(a) g(b)
f (a) ma f (b) mb f (b) f (a) m(b a) (i)

h h(x) = f (x) Mx I
h '(x) = f '(x) M 0 xI f '(x) M
h I
a,b I a<b h(a) h(b)
f (a) Ma f (b) Mb f (b) f (a) M(b a) (ii)
(i) & (ii)
m(b a) f (b) f (a) M (b a)
- f
f (x) = (2k + 1)x + k 2 (2k + 1)n k>0,n>0
/ f '(x) x [n ,n + 1]
/ x [n ,n + 1]
2k + 1 2k + 1
(x n) + k f (x) (x n) + k
2(k + 1) 2k
/ f '(x) x [n ,n + 1]
2k + 1 2k + 1
f '(x) = =
2 (2k + 1)x + k 2 (2k + 1)n 2f (x)
f (n) = (2k + 1)n + k 2 (2k + 1)n = k
f (n + 1) = (2k + 1)(n + 1) + k 2 (2k + 1)n = k + 1
2k + 1 2k + 1
x [n ,n + 1] f '(x)
2(k + 1) 2k
/ x [n ,n + 1]

2k + 1 2k + 1
(x n) + k f (x) (x n) + k
2(k + 1) 2k
x [n ,n + 1]
2k + 1 2k + 1
f '(x)
2(k + 1) 2k
xn
2k + 1 2k + 1
(x n) f (x) f (n) (x n) f (n) = k
2(k + 1) 2k
2k + 1 (x n) + k f (x) 2k + 1 (x n) + k
2(k + 1) 2k
- f (2 , + )
f ( x) = x + 2
. f '( x) x [1,2 ]
. x [1 , 2 ]
1 5 1 3
x+ x+2 x+
4 4 2 2
. f '( x) x [1,2 ]
f ( x) = x + 2
( x + 2)' 1
f '( x) = =
2 x+2 2 x+2
1 x 2 1 x + 2 4 1 x + 2 2
1 1 1

4 2 x+2 2
1 1
f '( x ) x [1,2 ]
4 2
. x [1 , 2 ]

1 5 1 3
x+ x+2 x+
4 4 2 2
1 1
f '( x )
4 2

f [1,2 ]
1 1
x 1 ( x + 1) f ( x ) f ( 1) ( x + 1)
4 2
1 1 1 1
x + x + 2 1 x +
4 4 2 2
1 5 1 3
x+ x+2 x+
4 4 2 2
- f IR
f ( x) = ln( x + 1 + x 2 )
3 4
. f '( x) x [ , ]
4 3
3 4
. x [ , ]
4 3
3x 9 4x 3
+ ln 2 ln( x + 1 + x 2 ) + ln 2
5 20 5 5

3 4
. f '( x) x [ , ]
4 3
( x + 1 + x 2 )'
f '( x) =
x + 1 + x2
2x
1+
2 1 + x 2 1 + x2 + x 1
= = =
x + 1 + x2 ( x + 1 + x2 ) 1 + x2 1 + x2
3 4 25 25
x [ , ] 1 + x2
4 3 16 9
5 5 3 1 4
1 + x2
4 3 5 1 + x2 5

3 4 3 4
f '( x) x [ , ]
5 5 4 3
3 4
. x [ , ]
4 3
3x 9 4x 3
+ ln 2 ln( x + 1 + x 2 ) + ln 2
5 20 5 5
3 4 3 4
f '( x) x [ , ]
5 5 4 3

3 3 3 3 4 3
x : ( x ) f ( x) f ( ) ( x )
4 5 4 4 5 4
3x 9 4x 3
ln( x + 1 + x 2 ) ln 2
5 20 5 5
3x 9 4x 3
+ ln 2 ln( x + 1 + x 2 ) + ln 2
5 20 5 5
1
- f ( x) = 3 x + 1 [ ; + )
3
3 3
. 1 x 5 f '( x)
8 4
. f
3 13 3 5
x [1,5] x+ 3x + 1 x +
8 8 4 4
3 3
. 1 x 5 f '( x)
8 4
3
f ( x) = 3 x + 1 f '( x) =
2 3x + 1
x [1,5] 1 x 5 4 3x + 1 16
1 1 1

4 3x + 1 2
3 3 3

8 2 3x + 1 4

x [1,5]
3 3
8
f '( x )
4
3 13 3 5
. x+ 3x + 1 x +
8 8 4 4
3 3
x [1,5] f '( x)
8 4

3 3
x 1 ( x 1) f ( x) f (1) ( x 1)
8 4
f ( x) = 3 x + 1
3 3 3 3
x 3x + 1 2 x
8 8 4 4
3 13 3 5
x+ 3x + 1 x +
8 8 4 4
f [a,b]
M x [a,b] : | f '(x) | M
| f (b) f (a) | M. | b a |

x [a,b] : | f '(x) | M
M f '(x) M
a<b M(b a) f (b) f (a) M(b a) (1)
a>b M(a b) f (a) f (b) M(a b) (2)

(1) (2) | f (b) f (a) | M. | b a |
f f (x) = sin x
, IR | sin sin | | | ?
f (x) = sin x f '(x) = cos x
x IR 1 cos x 1 | f (x) | 1
, IR | sin sin | | |
f [ a ,b ] ( a ,b )
f (a) = f (b) c (a ,b) f '(c) = 0
y
f '(c) = 0
f (a) = f (b)

x
a c b

f (a) = f (b) =
- f (x) = x [a,b] f
[ a ,b ] f '(x) = 0 x ( a ,b )
- f (x) > x [ a ,b] f
x=c f x=c f '(c) = 0
- f (x) < x [ a ,b] f

x = c f x=c f '(c) = 0
- f
f (x) = x 3 (a + b + c)x 2 + (ab + bc + ca)x abc
a,b,c IR
/ f (a) f (b) f '(x)
a b
/ (a + b + c)2 3(ab + bc + ca)
/ f (a) f (b)
f (a) = a 3 (a + b + c)a 2 + (ab + bc + ca)a abc = 0
f (b) = b 3 (a + b + c)b 2 + (ab + bc + ca)b abc = 0
f (a) = f (b) = 0
f '(x) = 0 (a , b)
f [a,b] (a , b) f (a) = f (b) = 0

(a ,b)

f '( ) = 0 f '(x) = 0
(a , b)
/ (a + b + c)2 3(ab + bc + ca)
f '(x) = 3x 2 2(a + b + c)x + (ab + bc + ca)
f '(x) = 0 ' 0
' = (a + b + c)2 3(ab + bc + ca)
(a + b + c)2 3(ab + bc + ca)
- r R
9r (4R + r) 3p 2 (4R + r)2
a , b ,c
a + b + c = 2p
ab + bc + ca = p + r + 4rR
2 2
abc = 4pRr
a,b,c
x 3 2px 2 + (p 2 + r 2 + 4rR)x 4pRr = 0 (1)
ra , rb , rc A, B,C ABC
p(ra r) p(rb r) p(rc r)

a= ,b= ,c=
ra rb rc
p(y r)
x= (1)
y
y 3 (4R + r)y 2 + p 2 y p 2r = 0 (2)
ra , rb ,rc (2)
P(x) = x 3 2px 2 + (p 2 + r 2 + 4rR)x 4pRr

Q(y) = y 3 (4R + r)y 2 + p 2 y p 2r
P '(x) = 3x 2 4px + p 2 + r 2 + 4rR
Q '(y) = 3y 2 2(4R + r)y + p 2

P'(x) = 0 Q'(y) = 0
'1 = p 2 3r(4R + r) '2 = 2(4R + r)2 3p 2
'1 0 '2 0
9r (4R + r) 3p 2 (4R + r)2
-( Lagrange)
f [ a ,b ] ( a ,b )
f (b) f (a)
c (a ,b) f '(c) =
ba

y
f (c)
f (b)
f (a)
x
a c b

g(x) = f (b) f (x) (b x)
f (b) f (a)
=
ba
g
[a,b] ( a ,b )
g(a) = g(b) = 0

c (a, b)
g '(c) = 0 g '(c) = f '(c) +
f (b) f (a)
f '(c) = f '(c) =
ba
<

< ln( ) <

f (x) = ln x x [, ] 0<<
f [ , ] ( , )

c ( , )
f ( ) f ( ) ln ln
f '(c) = = (1)

f '(x) = (ln x)' = 1 f '(c) = 1

x c
c ( , ) < c < 1 < 1 < 1
c
1 < f '(c) < 1 (2)

(1) (2) 1 < ln ln < 1

< ln( ) <


C = C(x)
x , R = R(x)
x P = P(x) = R(x) C(x)
x
C '(x)
R '(x)
P '(x)
R(x) = 300x C(x) = 1000 72x 2 + x 3
P(x)
P(x) = R(x) C(x) = 300x 1000 + 72x 2 x 3
P(x) = x 3 + 72x 2 + 300x 1000

P '(x) = 3x 2 + 144x + 300 = 3(x 50)(x + 2)
P '(x) = 0 x1 = 50 , x 2 = 2 ( )
P ''(x) = 6x + 144 P ''(50) = 300 + 144 < 0
P(x) x = 50
50
Pmax = P(50) = 69 , 000 ,
P(x) = a 0 + a1 x + a 2 x 2 + ... + an xn

x x2 xn n
xk
P(x) = P(0) + P'(0) + P''(0) + .... + P(n) (0) = .P(k ) (0)
1! 2! n! k =0 k !

n
P(x) = a 0 + a1 x + a 2 x 2 + ... + an xn = ak xk
k=0
P '(0) = a1 , P ''(0) = 2a 2 , P ( 3) (0) = 6a 3 , ..., P (k ) (0) = k !ak
P (k ) (0)
a1 =
P '(0)
, a2 =
P ''(0)
, ..., ak =
1! 2! k!
P(x) = a 0 + a1 x + a 2 x 2 + ... + an xn

x x2 xn n
xk
P(x) = P(0) + P'(0) + P''(0) + .... + P(n) (0) = .P(k) (0)
1! 2! n! k =0 k!

P(x) = a 0 + a1 x + a 2 x 2 + ... + an xn

x (x )2 (x )n (n) n
(x )k (k )
P(x) = P() + P'() + P''() + ... + P () P(x) = P ( )
1! 2! n! k =0 k!
Q(x) = P(x + )
Q(0) = P() , Q'(0) = P'(),Q''(0) = P''(),....,Q(n) (0) = P(n) ()
x x2 xn
Q(x) = Q(0) + Q'(0) + Q''(0) + ... + Q (n) (0) (*)
1! 2! n!
x x Q(x ) = P(x) (*)
x (x )2 (x )n (n) n
(x )k (k )
P(x) = P() + P'() + P''() + ... + P () P(x) = P ( )
1! 2! n! k =0 k!
P(x) = x 7 3x 6 + 5x + 2
P(x) (x 1)3
P(x) = x 7 3x 6 + 5x + 2 P(1) = 5
P '(x) = 7x 6 18x 5 + 5 P'(1) = 6
P ''(x) = 42x 5 90x 4 P''(1) = 48
P (3) (x) = 210x 4 360x 3 P (3) (1) = 210 360 = 150
-------------------------------------------------------------------

x 1 (x 1)2 (x 1)3 (3) (x 1)7 (7)

P(x) = P(1) + P'(1) + P''(1) + P (1) + ... + P (1)
1! 2! 3! 7!
P(x) (x 1)3
x1 (x 1)2
R(x) = P(1) + P '(1) + P ''(1)
1! 2!
= 5 6(x 1) 24(x 1)2
= 24x 2 + 42x 13
R(x) = 24x 2 + 42x 13


1-
+
a1 + a2 + a3 + .... + an + ..... = (an ) (1)

n =1
- (1)
S n = a1 + a 2 + .... + a n
n +
- S = nlim
+
Sn
- Rn = S S n = a n+1 + a n + 2 + ......
- nlim
+
S n (1)
- (1) nlim
+
an = 0
- nlim
+
an = 0 (1)

1 1 1 1
+ + + .... + + ....
1.2 2.3 3.4 n(n + 1)
2-
.

+
a1 + a2 + a3 + .... + an + ..... = (an ) (1)

n =1
+
b1 + b2 + b3 + .... + bn + ...... = (bn ) (2) 0 a n bn n = n 0

n =1

- ( 2) (1)
- (1) ( 2)
+
4 n
1
( 4n 2 1) 2 ?
n =1 n
n =1
.

+ +
(a ) (b ) n =1
n
n=1
n
a
nlim
n
=t
+
bn
an + +
nlim
+
bn
= t > 0 (a ) (b )
n =1
n
n=1
n

+
1 1 1 1
2n n = 2 1 + 22 2 + .... + 2n n + .....
n =1
1 1
2 n n > 2n
1 1 an 2n
an = 2n n
, bn
=
2n
n+ b n+ 2 n n = 1
lim = lim
n
1
1
+ +
1 1 1 2n
n
n =1
( a n ) = n

n=1 2
S n =
n=1 2
n = .
2 1 1
2
n
1 1 + +
1
Sn = n = 1 n 1 n + (an ) = n
n=1 2 2 n =1 n=1 2

+
1 1 1 1
2n n = 2 1 + 22 2 + .... + 2n n + .....
n =1

a + a.q + a.q + a.q + ..... + a.q + .... = (a.q ) , a 0

2 3 n n
n =1
- | q |< 1
- | q | 1
n n
2 2 4 8
+
2
= + + + .... + + ....
n =1 3 3 9 27 3

+
1 1 1 1 1
+ +
1 2 3 + .... +
n
+ .... = ( )
n =1 n

1 1 1 1
1. 1.2 + 2.2 2 + 3.23 + ....... + n.2 n + ..... ?
ln 2 ln 3 ln n
2. 2 + 3 + ...... + n + ...... ?
( ALEMBERT )
-
+
a1 + a2 + a3 + .... + an + ..... = (an ) (1) , an > 0

n =1
a n +1
q = lim
n +
an
- q < 1 (1)
- q > 1 (1)
- q = 1


+
n 1 2 3 2n 1
2 n 1 = + 3 + 5 + ....... + 2 n 1 + .... ?
n =1 e e e e e
.

+
a1 + a2 + a3 + .... + an + ..... =
n =1
(an ) (1) , an > 0
q = nlim
+
n a
n
- q < 1 (1)
- q > 1 (1)
- q = 1

n2 4 9 n2
n
+
1 2 3 n
= + + + ..... + + ....
n =1 1 + n 2 3 4 1 + n
.
+
a1 + a2 + a3 + .... + an + ..... = (an ) (1) , an > 0

n =1
a n = f (n) f (x) -
x a 1
+
(1) f ( x).dx
a
+
1
Dirichlet (n n =1
p
) ?


1.
- f (x) | x a |< R a
( x a)
f ' ' (a) f ( n ) (a)
f ( x) = f (a) + f ' (a) ( x a) + ( x a ) + .... +
2
( x a ) n + ....
2! n!

- a = 0
x x2 x n (n)
f ( x ) = f ( 0) + f ' ( 0) + f ' ' (0) + .... + f (0) + ....
1! 2! n!
-
f ' ' (a) f ( n ) (a)
f ( x) = f (a) + f ' (a) ( x a) + ( x a ) + .... +
2
( x a ) n + ....
2! n!
| x a |< R
n
f (k )
R = f ( x) f (a) + ( x a) k 0
k =1 k!
n +

1
1. f ( x) = 1 + x x = 1 ?
2. f ( x) = ln(1 + x) ?

2.
x x2 x3 xn
1. e = 1 + + + + ....... + + ................
x
1! 2! 3! n!
x x3 x5 x 2 n +1
2. sin x = 1! 3! + 5! ...... + (1) (2n + 1)! + ............
n
x2 x4 n x
2n
3. cos x = 1 + .......... + ( 1 ) + ............

2! 4! (2n)!
.
1.
x sin x
. lim
x 0
x3
x2 x4
1 + cos x
. lim 2 24
x 0
x6
1
2. 1000

. I = sin x dx
2
x
0
ex 11
. I = 0 x
3. cos x + i.sin x = e , x IR , i = 1

ix 2
1 1 1 1
4. nlim 1 + + + + ...... +
+

1! 2! 3! n!
5. x 3 ( x x + 1)
2 2007
6-
+
1 +
1
1.
n =1 (3n 2)(3n + 1)
2.
n =1 n( n + 1)( n + 2)
+
2 n 1 +
n + 1
3.
n =1 10
n 4. 2 n 1
n =1 7

7-
1 3 5 2n 1
1. + + + ...... + n
+ .....
2 2 2 2 2
2 2.5 2.5.8 2.5.8......(3n 1)
2. 1 + 1.5 + 1.5.9 + ......... + 1.5.9.....(4n 3)
1 1 1
3. 1 + 2! + 3! + ..... + n! + ......
3 5 7 2n + 1
+ +
4. 2 2.32 32.4 2 4 2.5 2 + ......... + + .....
(n + 1) 2 (n + 2) 2
1 1 1 1
5. 2 2 + 5 2 + 8 2 + ...... + (3n 1) 2 + ........
+
1 ka
8- cos n
k =1 n
9-

10 k
k!
1.
k =1 k!
2. k
k =1 2007

1 n 3 1
3.
+ + +
4. ln n 3 + 1
k =1 k
k 1 ( k 1) k n=2
[ln(1 + x 2 )], | x |< 1
2k 1

5. 6.
n

k =1 10
k
n =0
10-
1
1. f ( x) = 1 x 2. f ( x) = tan x
3. f ( x) = ln(1 + x) 4. f ( x ) = chx

F(x) f (x) F'(x) = f (x) x
F(x) = x(ln 2 x 2ln x + 2) f (x) = ln2 x

(0, + )
F(x) f (x)

F'(x) = (x)'(ln 2 x 2ln x + 2) + x(ln 2 x 2ln x + 2)'
2 2
= (ln 2 x 2ln x + 2) + x( ln x )
x x
= ln 2 x 2ln x + 2 + 2ln x 2
= ln 2 x
F'(x) = f (x) F(x) f (x)
F(x) f f
F(x) + C C


(F(x) + C)' = F'(x) = f (x) F(x) f (x)
F(x) + C C
F(x) f (x) f (x)
f (x).dx = F(x) + C C
1/ f (x).dx = f (x).dx
2/ [f (x) + g(x) h(x)].dx = f (x).dx + g(x).dx h(x).dx
/
dx
1/ .dx = x + c 11/ cos2 x = tan x + c
1 +1
2/ x .dx = +1
x +c 12/ tan x.dx = ln | cos x | +c
1
3/ x .dx = ln | x | +c 13/ cot x.dx = ln | sin x | + c
dx dx 1 xa
4/
x
=2 x +c 14/ x2 a2 2a x + a + c
= ln
1 1 dx 1 x
5/ .dx = + c 15/ = arctan +c
x2 x x +a
2 2 a a
dx
6/ ex .dx = ex + c 16/ = ln | x + x2 + a2 | +c
x2 + a2

ax dx
7/ a .dx =
x
+c 17/ = ln | x + x2 a2 | +c
lna x2 a2
dx x
8/ sin x.dx = cos x + c 18/ = arcsin + c
a2 x 2 a
9/ cos x.dx = sin x + c 19/ sinh x.dx = cosh x + c
dx
10/ sin2 x = cot x + c 20/ cosh x.dx = sinh x + c
I = f[g(x)].g'(x).dx
u = g(x) du = g'(x).dx
I = f (u).du = F(u) + c F(u) f (u)
u = g(x) I = F[g(x)]+ C
2x + 3
I = .dx
x + 3x 4
2
u = x 2 + 3x 4 du = (2x + 3).dx
du
I = = ln | u | + c u = x 2 + 3x 4
u
I = ln | x2 + 3x 4 | + c
I = (ex + 2)3 ex .dx
u = ex + 2 du = ex .dx
1
I = u 3 .du = u4 + c u = ex + 2
4
1
I = (ex + 2)4 + c
4

d(uv) = udv + vdu
uv = u dv + v du
udv = uv vdu
f (x)g'(x)dx = f (x)g(x) g(x)f '(x).dx
f g f ' g'
I = x 3 ln x.dx
1
u = ln x du = .dx
x

dv = x .dx
3
v = 1 x4
4
1 1 1 1
I = x4 ln x x3dx = x4 ln x x4 + c
4 4 4 16
1 1
I = x4 (ln x ) + c
4 4
-
dx
- I =
ax 2 + bx + c
b 2 4ac b 2
a 0 : ax + bx + c = a (x + ) +
2

2a 2
4a
b 4ac b 2
x + = t dx = dt r =
2a 4a 2

dx 1 dt
I = =
ax 2 + bx + c a t 2 + r
4ac b 2
- = b 4ac > 0 r =
2
<0
4a 2
1 dt 1 t r
I = 2 = .ln +c
a t + r 2a r t + r
4ac b 2
- = b 4ac < 0 r =
2
2
>0
4a
1 dt 1 t
I = +c
a 2
= arctan
t +r a r r
dx
. I =
4x 2 + 12x + 25
3
4x 2 + 12x + 25 = 4 (x + )2 + 4
2
3
t = x + dt = dx
2
1 dx 1 t 1 x 3
I = 2 = arctan + c = arctan + + c
4 t +4 8 2 8 2 4
dx
. I =
4x 2 8x 5
9
4x 2 8x 5 = 4 (x 1)2 t = x 1 dt = dx
4
3
t
I =
1 dt
=
1
ln | 2 | + c = 1 ln 2t 3 + c
4 t 2 9 12 3 12 2t + 3
t+
4 2
1 2x 5
t = x 1 I = ln +c
12 2x + 1



dx 4dx
. I = . I =
x 2 + 2x + 3 3x 2 + 15x 12
dx 3dx
. I = . I =
x 4x + 7
2
4x 2 8x + 8
dx 7dx
. I = . I =
x 5x + 6
2
x 2 4x + 5
dx 2x.dx
. I = . I =
x 5x 6
2
x4 5x 2 + 4
dx 4x.dx
. I = . I =
4x 4x + 8
2
x4 + 8x 2 + 9
dx cos x.dx
. I = . I =
9x 6x 3
2
2sin 2 x 2sin x + 1
dx sin x.dx
. I = . I =
4x + 8x 12
2
2cos 2 x 6cos x + 5
dx 3x 2dx
. I = . I =
9x + 42x 147
2
x6 + 3x 3 4
dx ex .dx
. I = . I =
2x + 8x + 14
2
e2x 2ex 8

.
Ax + B
I= .dx
ax + bx + c
2

A 2ax + b b dx
2a ax 2 + bx + c 2a ax 2 + bx + c
I= .dx (B A )
A b dx
I= ln | ax 2 + bx + c | (B A )
2a 2a ax 2 + bx + c

2x 7
. I = .dx
x 3x + 2
2
(2x 4) 3
I = .dx
x 4x 5
2
2x 4 dx
= .dx 3 x2 4x 5
x 2 4x 5
(x 2 4x 5)' dx
= .dx 3
x 2 4x 5 (x 2)2 9
dx
= ln | x 2 4x 5 | 3
(x 2)2 32
t = x 2 dt = dx
dt
I = ln | x 2 4x 5 | 3
t 2 32
1 t3
I = ln | x 2 4x 5 | ln | | +c
2 t+3
3 x5
t = x 2 I = ln | x 2 4x 5 | ln | | +c
4 x+1

2x + 6
. I = .dx
x 2 6x + 13
(2x 6) + 12
I = .dx
x 6x + 13
2
2x 6 dx
I= .dx + 12
x 2 6x + 13 x 2 6x + 13
(x 2 6x + 13)' dx
= .dx + 12
x 6x + 13
2
(x 3)2 + 4
dx
= ln | x 2 6x + 13 | +12
(x 3)2 + 22
t = x 3 dt = dx
dt
I = ln | x 2 6x + 13 | +12
t 2 + 22
t
I = ln | x 2 6x + 13 | +6 arctan + c
2
x3
I = ln | x 2 6x + 13 | +6 arctan +c
2

2x 2 6xdx
. I = .dx . I =
x 2 + 2x + 3 3x 2 + 15x 12
x.dx 8x + 1
. I = . I = .dx
x 4x + 7
2
4x 8x + 8
2
dx 2x + 3
. I = . I = .dx
x 2 5x + 6 x 2 4x + 5
2x 3 2x 3
. I = .dx . I = .dx
x 2 5x 6 x4 5x 2 + 4

x+2 4x 3 + x 2
. I = .dx . I = .dx
4x 4x + 8
2
x + 8x + 9
4 2
18x dx sin 2x + cos x.dx
. I = . I =
9x 2 6x 3 2sin 2 x 2sin x + 1
8x 7 sin 2x.dx
. I = .dx . I =
4x + 8x 12
2
2cos 2 x 6cos x + 5
36x 3x5dx
. I = .dx . I =
9x + 42x 147
2
x6 + 3x 3 4
4x 3 4e2x .dx
. I = .dx . I =
2x + 8x + 14
2
e2x 2ex 8
.
Pn (x)
I= .dx , a 0 , a ,b , IR
(ax + b) m
Pn (x) = cn xn + cn 1xn 1 + .... + c1x + c0

t b 1
ax + b = t x =
dx = .dt
a a a
t b
P( )
1 a a .dt ( )
I =
a tm
x3 3x
. I = .dx
(x 1)5
x 1 = t x = t + 1 dx = dt
(t + 1)3 3(t + 1)
I = 5
.dt
t

t 3 + 3t 2 + 3t + 1 3t 3
= .dt
5
t
t 3 + 3t 2 2
= .dt
t5
dt dt dt
= 3 t3 t5
2
t2
1 3 1
= 2 + 4 +c
t 2t 2t
1 3 1
I = + +c
x 1 2(x 1) 2
2(x 1) 4
x2 x + 1
. I = .dx
3
(x + 1) 2
x + 1 = t x = t 1 dx = dt
(t 1)2 (t 1) + 1
I = .dt
3 2
t
t 2 3t + 3
I= .dt
3 2
t
4 1 2

= t 3 .dt 3 t 3 .dt + 3 t 3 .dt
3 9
= t2 3 t t 3 t + 9 3 t + c
7 4
3 9
I = (x + 1)2 3 x + 1 (x + 1) 3 x + 1 + 9 3 x + 1 + c
7 4

x3 3x + 2 2x 3 7x 2 + 3x
. I = .dx . I = .dx
(x + 1) 3
x 3 3x 2 + 3x 1
2x2 7x + 1 7x 3 3x 2
. I = .dx . I = .dx
(2x 1) 3
x 3 + 3x 2 + 3x + 1
2x3 3x 2 + 1 2x + 3
. I = .dx . I = .dx
(x + 5) 4
x + 6x + 12x + 8
3 2
x3 6x2 + 9x 4 2x 3 3x + 4
. I = .dx . I = .dx
(2x 3) 2 3
(x 3) 2
4x2 12x 27 x4 2x 3 + 1
. I = .dx . I = .dx
(1 x) 5 4
(x 2) 3
x 2 10x 24 x 2 3x + 3
. I = .dx . I = .dx
(2x + 3) 7 4
2x 3
x4 4x 2 + 1 x2 + x + 1
. I = .dx . I = .dx
(x + 1) 3 4
(2x + 1) 5
x4 6x3 + 4x2 7 x 3 + 4x2 + 6x + 1

. I = .dx . I =
(x 1)4 3 2
x 6x + 9
x2 x + 1
. I = (x 8)(x + x + 1) .dx
3 2
. I = .dx
(2x 1)6 4 (x 1)3


dx
. I =
ax 2 + bx + c
b 2 4ac b 2
a 0 ax + bx + c = a (x + ) +
2

2a 4a 2
4ac b 2 b
r = t = x + dt = dx
4a 2 2a
1
= a
ln | t + t 2 + r | + k ( a > 0)
dt
I = =
a(t 2 + r) = 1 t
arcsin +k (a<0 )
a r
dx
. I =
x 2 4x + 3
dx
I = t = x 2 dt = dx
(x 2) 1
2
dt
I= = ln | t + t 2 1 | + c
t2 1
I = ln | x 2 + (x 2)2 1 | + c
dx
. I =
x 2 + 6x 5
dx
I = t = x 3 dt = dx
4 (x 3) 2
dt t
I= = arcsin + c
4 t2 2
x3
I = arcsin +c
2


dx dx
. I = . I =
x 2 + 2x + 2 x 2 + 5x + 6
dx dx
. I = . I =
2x 2x + 1
2
2 x x2
dx xdx
. I = . I =
2x + 6x + 5
2
x4 x2 + 1
dx dx
. I = . I =
7 + 6x x 2
x 2 3x 4
dx dx
. I = . I =
5 4x x 2
2 + x x2
dx dx
. I = . I =
4x + 12x 27
2
x 2 + 5x + 4
dx dx
. I = . I =
x 10x 24
2
x 2 6x + 5
dx dx
. I = . I =
9x 42x 147
2
x 2 2x 3
dx dx
. I = . I =
1 x x 2
x 2 3x + 4

Ax + B
. I = .dx
ax + bx + c
2

Ax + B
I=
ax 2 + bx + c
A 2ax + b b dx
2a ax 2 + bx + c 2a
I= .dx + (B A )
ax 2 + bx + c
A b dx
2a
I= ax 2 + bx + c + (B A )
a ax 2 + bx + c
( )
3 2x
. I = .dx
3 + 2x x 2
3 2x
I = .dx
3 + 2x x 2
(2 2x) + 1
=
3 + 2x x 2
2 2x dx
= .dx +
3 + 2x x 2 3 + 2x x 2
dx
= 2 3 + 2x x 2 +
4 (x 1)2
x 1 = t x = t + 1 dx = dt
dt
I = 2 3 + 2x x 2 +
4 t2
t
I = 2 3 + 2x x 2 + arcsin + c
2

x 1
I = 2 3 + 2x x 2 + arcsin +C
2
2x 7
. I = .dx
x 6x + 10
2
(2x 6) 1
I = .dx
x 6x + 10
2
2x 6 dx
= .dx
x 2 6x + 10 x 2 6x + 10
(x 2 6x + 10)' dx
= .dx
x 2 6x + 10 (x 3)2 + 1
dx
= 2 x 2 6x + 10
(x 3)2 + 1
x 3 = t x = t + 3 dx = dt
dt
I = 2 x 2 6x + 10
t2 + 1
I = 2 x 2 6x + 10 ln | t + t 2 + 1 | + c
I = 2 x 2 6x + 10 ln | x 3 + (x 3)2 + 1 | + C


4xdx (3 2x)dx
. I = . I =
x 2 + 2x + 2 x 2 + 5x + 6
(4x + 1)dx (1 2x).dx
. I = . I =
2x 2x + 1
2
2 x x2
8xdx x3dx
. I = . I =
2x + 6x + 5
2
x4 x 2 + 1
(4x 1).dx (2x + 3)dx
. I = . I =
7 + 6x x 2
x 2 3x 4
(2x + 1)dx (x + 2)dx
. I = . I =
5 4x x 2
2 + x x2
4xdx (2x 5)dx
. I = . I =
4x + 12x 27
2
x 2 + 5x + 4
(2x + 5)dx 12xdx
. I = . I =
x 10x 24
2
x 2 6x + 5

-
dx
I=
(Ax + B) ax 2 + bx + c

1 1 1 1 dt
Ax + B = x = ( B) dx = .
t A t A t2
dx
. I =
(x + 2) 3x 2 + 14x + 15
1 1 dt
x + 2 = x = 2 dx = 2
t t t
dt
2
I= t
1 1 1
3( 2)2 + 14( 2) + 15
t t t
dt dt
I = =
3 + 2t t 2 4 (1 t)2
u = 1 t du = dt
du u
I= = arcsin + c
4 u2 2
1 t x+1
I = arcsin + c = arcsin +C
2 2x + 4
dx
. I =
x 2x 2 2x + 1
1 dt
x = du =
t t2

dt
2
t dt d(t + 1)
I= = =
1 2 2
+1 t 2 2t + 2 (t 1)2 + 1
t 2 t
t
1 1
I = ln | t 1 + (t 1)2 | + C = ln | 1 + ( 1)2 | + C
x x

dx dx
. I = . I =
x x 2 + 2x + 2 (x 2) x2 + 5x + 6
dx dx
. I = . I =
x 2x 2x + 1
2
(x 1) 2 x x2
dx dx
. I = . I =
(x + 1) 2x + 6x + 5
2
x x4 x 2 + 1
dx dx
. I = . I =
(x + 1) 7 + 6x x 2
(x 4) x2 3x 4
dx dx
. I = . I =
x 5 4x x 2
(x 1) 2 + x x 2
dx dx
. I = . I =
(x + 2) 4x + 12x 27
2
(x + 2) x2 + 5x + 4
dx dx
. I = . I =
x x 10x 24
2
(x + 5) x2 6x + 5
dx dx
. I = . I =
x 9x 42x 147
2
(x 3) x2 2x 3
dx dx
. I = . I =
(1 x) 1 x x 2
(x + 1) x2 3x + 4

I= ( 12x5 + 5x4 9x2 + 4x + 7 ).dx

= 12 x5 .dx + 5 x4dx 9 x 2 .dx + 4 xdx + 7 dx
1 1 1 1
= 12 x6 + 5 x5 9 x 3 + 4 x 2 + 7x + c
6 5 3 2
= 2x6 + x5 3x 3 + 2x 2 + 7x + c
I = 2x6 + x5 3x 3 + 2x2 + 7x + c
4x7 5x4 + 1
- I = 2
.dx
x
1
= 4x5 5x 2 + 2 .dx
x
1
= 4x5 .dx 5x 2 .dx + .dx
x2
1
= 4 x5 .dx 5 x 2 .dx + 2 .dx
x
1 1 1
= 4 x6 5 x 3 + + c
6 3 x
2 5 1
= x6 x 3 + c
3 3 x
2 5 1
I = x6 x3 + c
3 3 x

x7 4x5 + 1
- I = .dx
x
1
= x6 4x4 + .dx
x
1
= x6 .dx 4 x4 .dx + .dx
x
1 7 4 5
x x + ln x + c =
7 5
x+1
- I = .dx
x
1
= x+ .dx
x
1
1
= x 2 .dx + .dx
x
3
2
= x2 + 2 x + c
3
x+1 2
I = .dx = x x + 2 x + c
x 3
- I = ( sin x + cos x ) .dx
2
= ( sin2 x + 2sin xcos x + cos2 x ) .dx

= ( 1 + sin 2x ) .dx
= dx + sin 2x.dx
1
= x cos 2x + c
2

2cos 3 x + 1
- I = 2
.dx
cos x
1
= 2cos x + 2
.dx
cos x
1
= 2 cos x.dx + 2
.dx
cos x
= 2sin x + tan x + c
I = 2sin x + tan x + c
- I = sin2 x.dx
1 cos 2x
= .dx
2
1 1
= dx cos 2x.dx
2 2
1 1
= x sin 2x + c
2 4
- I = cos 2 x.dx
1 + cos 2x
= .dx
2
1 1
= dx + cos 2x.dx
2 2
1 1
= x + .sin 2x + c
2 4
1 1
I = x + sin 2x + C
2 4

- I = ( tan x + cot x ) .dx

2
= ( tan2 x + 2tan xcot x + cot2 x ).dx

= ( tan 2 x + 2 + cot 2 x ) .dx
= ( 1 + tan 2 x ) + ( 1 + cot 2 x ) .dx

1 1
= 2
+ 2
.dx
cos x sin x
dx dx
= + sin 2 x
cos 2 x
= tan x cot x + c
I = tan x cot x + C
- I = sin x.cos 2x.dx

1
sin ( x + 2x ) + sin ( x 2x ) .dx
2
=
1
= ( sin 3x sin x ) .dx
2
1 1
= cos 3x + cos x + c
2 3
1 1
I = cos 3x + cos x + C
6 2

- I = cos 2xcos4x.dx
1
cos ( 2x + 4x ) + cos ( 2x 4x ) .dx
2
=
1
= ( cos6x + cos 2x ).dx
2
1 1 1
= sin 6x + sin 2x + c
2 6 2
1 1
= sin 6x + sin 2x + c
12 4
1 1
I = sin 6x + sin 2xx + C
12 4
2
- I = .dx
3x + 1
dx 2 (3x + 1)'
=2 = .dx
3x + 1 3 3x + 1
2
= ln | 3x + 1 | + C
3
7
- I = .dx
2x 3
dx
= 7
2x 3
= 7 2x 3 + C
10
- I = .dx
(x 2)2
dx
= 10
(x 2)2
10
= +C
x2

dx
- I =
4x 2 9
3
1 dx 1 1 x
= = . .ln | 2 | +C
4 9 4 3 3
x2 2( ) x+
4 2 2
1 2x 3
= ln | | +C
12 2x + 3
dx
- I =
x2 + 9
dx
= 2
x + 32
1 x
= arctan( ) + C
3 3
dx
- I =
4 x2
dx
=
22 x 2
x
= arcsin( ) + C
2
dx
- I =
x2 + 1
= ln | x + x2 + 1 | + C
dx
- I =
4x 2 1

1 dx
2
=
1
x2
4
1 1
= ln | x + x 2 | + C
2 4
- I = 2x.3x+1.52x.dx
= 2x .3x .3.25x .dx
= 3 (150)x .dx
3
= .(150)x + C
ln(150)
- I = (4e2x + 1)2 .dx
= (16e4x + 8e2x + 1).dx
= 16 e4x .dx + 8 e2x .dx + dx
= 4e4x + 4e2x + x + C
= (2e2x + 1)2 + x 1 + C
( 2x + 3 ) .dx
- I =
x 2 + 3x 4
u = x2 + 3x 4 du = ( 2x + 3 ) .dx
( 2x + 3 ) .dx
I=
x 2 + 3x 4

du
=
u
= ln u + c
= ln x 2 + 3x 4 + c
(2x 3).dx
- I =
x 2 3x + 2
u = x 2 3x + 2 du = ( 2x 3 ) .dx
(2x 3).dx
I=
x 2 3x + 2
du
=
u
= 2 u +c
= 2 x 2 3x + 2 + c
ex
- I = .dx
(e + 1)
x 2
du 1
I= = +c
u2 u
1
= +c
e +1
x
- I = sin4 xcos x.dx
u = sin x du = cos x.dx
I = sin4 xcos x.dx

1 1
= u5 .du = u6 + c = sin6 x + c
6 6
sin4 x
- I = 6
.dx
cos x
sin4 x
I = 6
.dx
cos x
sin4 x 1
= 4
. 2
.dx
cos x cos x
dx
= tan4 x. 2
cos x
dx
u = tan x du =
cos 2 x
I = u5 .du
1
= u5 + c
5
1
= tan5 x + c
5
4x 3 .dx
- I =
( x + 1)
5
4
u = x4 + 1 du = 4x3 .dx
4x 3 .dx
I=
( )
5
x4 + 1

du
=
u5
1
= u 5 .du = .u 4 + c
4
( )
1 4
= x4 + 1 +c
4
- I = ex + 2 4.exdx ( )
( )
4
I = ex + 2 .exdx
1
= u 4 .du = u 5 + c
5
( )
1 5
= ex + 2 + c
5
- I = cos 3 x.dx
I = cos 3 x.dx
= cos 2 x.cos x.dx
(
= 1 sin 2 x .cos x.dx )
(
= 1 u 2 .du )
1 1
= u u 3 + c = sin x sin 3 x + c
3 3
- I = sin7 xcos 3 x.dx

I = sin7 xcos 3 x.dx
= sin 7 x.cos 2 x.cos x.dx
(
= sin 7 x. 1 sin 2 x .cos xdx )
(
= u7 1 u 2 .du )
= ( 1
) 1
u7 u9 .du = u8 u10 + c
8 10
1 1
= sin8 x sin10 x + c
8 10
sin 2x.dx
- I =
3 sin4 x
sin 2x.dx
I =
3 sin4 x
2sin xcos x.dx
=
( ) ( )
2 2
3 sin 2 x
u = sin 2 x du = 2sin xcos x.dx

du
=
( 3)
2
u2
u sin 2 x
= arcsin + c = arcsin +c
3
3
x3 2x
- I = .dx
( x 1) 4

x3 2x
I= .dx
( x 1) 4
x = u + 1
u = x 1
dx = du
( u + 1 ) 3 2 ( u + 1)
= .du
u4
u 3 + 3u 2 + 3u + 1 2u 2
= .du
4
u
u 3 + 3u 2 + u 1
= 4
.du
u
1 1
= + 3. 2 + u 3 u 4 .du
u u
3 1 1
= ln u u 2 + u 3 + c
u 2 3
3 1 2 1 3
= ln x 1 ( x 1 ) + ( x 1) + c
x1 2 3
(cos x sin x).dx

- I =
1 + sin 2x
(cos x sin x).dx

I =
1 + sin 2x
( cos x sin x ) .dx
=
cos 2 x + sin 2 x + 2sin xcos x
( cos x sin x ) .dx
=
( sin x + cos x ) 2

u = sin x + cos x du = (cos x sin x).dx

du 1 1
= = + c = +c
u 2 u sin x + cos x
sin x
- I = .dx
2 x
1
u = x du = .dx
2 x
sin x
I= .dx
2 x
= sinu.du = cosu + c
= cos x + c
- I = cos ( sin x ) .cos xdx
I = cos ( sin x ) .cos xdx
= cosu.du = sin u + c
= sin ( sin x ) + c
5x9 .dx
- I =
1 + x5
u = 1 + x5 du = 5x4 .dx

I=
(
)
1 + x5 1 .5x4 .dx

1 + x5
( u 1) .du 1
= = 1 .du = u ln u + c
u u
( )
= 1 + x5 ln 1 + x5 + c
4x7 .dx
- I =
(1 + x )
2
4
u = 1 + x4 du = 4x3 .dx
x4 .4x 3 .dx
I=
( )
2
1 + x4
=
(
)
1 + x4 1 .4x 3 .dx

( )
2
1 + x4
( u 1) .du
=
u2
1 1 1
= 2 .du = ln u + + c
u u u
1
= ln 1 + x4 + +c
1+ x 4
2
- I = ex + x ( 2x + 1) .dx
u = x2 + x du = ( 2x + 1) .dx
2
I = ex + x ( 2x + 1) .dx

= eu .du = eu + c
2
= ex + x + c
2
I = e x + x + C
( cos x sin x ) .dx
- I =
1 + sin x + cos x
u = 1 + sin x + cos x du = ( cos x sin x ) .dx
( cos x sin x ) .dx
I=
1 + sin x + cos x
du
= =2 u +c
u
= 2 1 + sin x + cos x + c
- I =
( x2 1) .dx
( )
2
x 2
+ 1
x 2
1
1 2 .dx
I= x
2
1
x+ x

1 1
u = x + du = 1 .dx
2
x x

du 1
= 2
= +c
u u
1
= +c
1
x+
x
x
= 2 +c
x +1
-
dx
I=
x4 + 1
dx
I =
x4 + 1
1 (x 2 + 1) (x 2 1)
2
= dx
x +1
4
1 x2 + 1 1 x2 1
= dx dx
2 x +14 2 x +1
4
1 1
1+ 2 1 2
1 x dx 1 x dx
=
2 1 2 1
x2 + 2 x2 + 2
x x
1 1
(1 + 2 )dx (1 2 )dx
1 x 1 x
=
2 1 2 1
(x )2 + 2 (x + )2 2
x x
1 1
u = x du = (1 + ).dx
x x2
1 1
v = x + dv = (1 ).dx
x x2

1 du 1 dv
I =
2 u2 + 2 2 v2 2

1 u 1 v 2
= arctan( ) ln | | +C
2 2 2 4 2 v+ 2
1 x2 1 1 x 2 2x + 1
I = arctan( ) ln | 2 | +C
2 2 2x 4 2 x + 2x + 1
- I = ( 2x + 1) cos x.dx
u = 2x + 1 du = 2.dx

dv = cos x.dx v = sin x
I = ( 2x + 1) cos x.dx
= ( 2x + 1) sin x 2sin x.dx

= ( 2x + 1) sin x + 2cos x + c
- I = ( 6x 1) cos 3x.dx
du = 6.dx
u = 6x 1
1
dv = cos 3x.dx v = sin 3x
3
I = ( 6x 1) cos 3x.dx
1
= ( 6x 1) sin 3x 2sin 3x.dx
3
1 2
= ( 6x 1) sin 3x + cos 3x + c
3 3
- I = ( 2x + 3 ) sin 2x.dx
du = 2.dx
u = 2x + 3
1
dv = sin 2x.dx v = cos 2x
2

1
( 2x + 3 ) cos 2x + cos 2x.dx
I=
2
1 1
= ( 2x + 3 ) cos 2x + sin 2x + c
2 2
-
I = x2 sin x.dx
u = x2 du = 2x.dx

dv = sin x.dx v = cos x
I = x2 sin x.dx
= x2 cos x + 2xcos x.dx

u = 2x du = 2.dx

2sin x.dx
= x2 cos x + 2xsin x

= x2 cos x + 2xsin x + 2cos x + c
- I = ( 2x 3 ) ex .dx
u = 2x 3 du = 2.dx

dv = e .dx v = e
x x
I = ( 2x 3 ) ex .dx
= ( 2x 3 ) ex 2ex .dx
= ( 2x 3 ) ex 2ex + c
= ( 2x 5 ) .ex + c
I = (2x 5).ex + C

- I = ( 4x + 1) .e2x .dx
u = 4x + 1 du = 4.dx

1 2x
dv = e .dx
2x
v = e
2
1
I= ( 4x + 1) e2x 2e2x .dx
2
1
= ( 4x + 1) e2x e2x + c
2
1
= ( 4x 1) .e2x + c
2
- I = x 2ex .dx
u = x 2 du = 2x.dx

v = e
x
dv = e .dx
x
I = x2ex .dx
= x2ex 2xex .dx

u = 2x du = 2.dx

dv = e x
.dx v = e
x
= x 2ex 2xex 2e x .dx

= x 2ex 2xex 2ex + c
( )
= x2 2x 2 ex + c

- I = x 3 ln x.dx
1
u = ln x du = .dx
x

dv = x .dx
3
v = 1 x4
4
I = x3 ln x.dx
1 1 1
= x4 ln x x4 . .dx
4 4 x
1 1
= x4 ln x x 3 .dx
4 4
1 1
= x4 ln x x4 + c
4 16
- I = x.tan 2 x.dx
u = x

dv = tan x.dx
2
du = dx

1
= = 1).dx = tan x x
2
v tan xdx ( 2
cos x
I = x(tan x x) (tan x x).dx
x2
I = xtan x + ln | cos x | + c
2

-
x5 + x 3 + 1
1. (x
4
+ 4x ) .dx
3
6. .dx
3 2
x
2
1 dx
2.

x +
x
.dx 7. 2x + 3
4x 7 3x 4 + 1
3. 8. ( 2x + 1)
4
.dx .dx
x2
( x + 1)
2
4. x3
.dx 9. 3x + 1.dx
5. ( 5. 3 x 2 + 7. 4 x 3 .dx ) 1.
3
dx
( x + 4)
2
( ex + e x ) .dx ( sin x + cos x )

2
1. 6. .dx 2.
2
(e + e 3x ) .dx 7.
3x
sin 2 x.dx
( e2x + 1)
2
3. e 3x
.dx 8. cos 2 x.dx
4. ( tan x + cot x ) .dx 9.

2
sin 2x.sin 4x.dx
5. ( sin x + sin 2x ) .dx 1. cos x.cos 3x.dx
-
dx 2x 2 .dx
1. x2 1
5. x4 1
dx dx
2. 4 x2
6. 9 x2

dx dx
3. x2 + 4
7. x2 + 1
2dx dx
4. x4 1
8. x2 4
-
2x sin x cos x
1. 1 + x2
.dx 11. sin x + cos x
.dx
2x sin x cos x
2. .dx 12. .dx
(1 + x ) 1 + sin 2x
2
2
2x + 2 sin 2x.dx
3. x 2 + 2x + 4
.dx 13. 1 + cos 2 x
2x + 3 sin 2x.dx
4. x 2 + 3x + 1
.dx 14. 3 4sin 2 x
4x 3 cos7x cos8x
5. .dx 15. .dx
(1 + x ) 1 + 2cos5x
2
4
sinx.cosx
6. sin 4 x.cos x.dx 16. asin x + bcos x
2 2
.dx
e e x
x
7. cos 5 xsin x.dx 17. ex + e x
.dx
cos x sinx
8. sin 2 xcos 3 x 18. cos x + sin x
.dx
sin5 x
9. sin 3 x.dx 19. cos7 x
.dx
cos 3 x
1. cos 5 x.dx 2. sin 5 x
.dx

1. sin 5 x.cos x.dx 6. sinn x.cos x.dx
2. cos 7 x.sin x.dx 7. sinn x.cos 3 x.dx
3. sin 2 x.cos 3 x.dx 8. cos n x.sin x.dx
4. cos 7 x.sin 3 x.dx 9. cos n x.sin 3 x.dx
5. cos 4 x.sin 5 x.dx 1. sin 4 x.cos 2 x.dx
-
sin 5 x sin 8 x
1. .dx 3. .dx
cos 7 x cos10 x
cos 4 x
2. .dx 4. sin5 x.dx
sin 6 x
-
sinn x etan x
1. cosn+ 2 x
.dx 6. cos 2 x
.dx
cosn x e x + sin x
2. n+ 2
sin x
.dx 7. x
.dx
cosx ( x2 + 1) .dx
3. sinx
.dx 8. 3
x 3 + 3x + 1
sin x x9
4. cos4 x
.dx 9. 1 + x5
.dx
dx x7 .dx
5. 1.
x.ln x
( x 4 + 1)
2
3

1.
(
ln 2 x + x 2 + 1 ) .dx 6.
( 1 + e ) .dx x

(x + e )
2
x2 + 1 x
ex .dx
2. 7.
sin 2 x
e .sin 2x.dx
1 + ex
e x .dx
3. e x + 2x . ( x 1) .dx 8. (1 + e x )2
2
1 + sin x dx
4. .dx
9. 1 + e x
x cos x
sin 2x ( x + 1) .ex
5. cos2 x .dx 1. .dx
e 1 + xex
-
( 1 x ) .dx x.dx
1. x + ex
6. x4 1
1 + ln x cos x.dx
2. 1 + x x
.dx 7.
2 cos 2 x
sin x.dx
3. e x+e .dx 8.
x
5 sin 2 x
sin 2x.dx
4. x x . ( 1 + ln x ) .dx 9.
1 + sin4 x
cot x dx
5. 1 + lnsinx
.dx 1. x
e + e x
-
dx 1 1 x
1. sin x
11. (1 + x ) 2
.3
1+ x
.dx
dx dx
2. 12.
cos x
(x 3x + 2 )
2
3 3

cos x 1 1+ x
3. 3
sin 2 x
.dx 13. (1 x ) 2
.4
1 x
.dx
sin x (
ln x + x 2 + 4 ) .dx
4. cos3 x
.dx 14. x2 + 4
cos x dx
5. sin5 x
.dx 15. 2
3 x ( x 3 ) 2 4

2
cos 3 x 1 1 x
6. sin 8 x
.dx 16.
1 + x
.3
1 + x
dx

sin 3 x arctan x
7. cos10 x
.dx 17. x2 + 1
.dx
2x 3 + x 7 arcsin x
8. .dx 18. .dx
(1 + x ) 1 x
2 2
3 4
tan x.dx
9. 3 ln 2 cos x
19.
3
tan x.dx
sin 2x.dx x2 2
1. 3 cos x 4
2. x4 + 4
.dx
-
x1 ln x
1. x2 + 1
.dx 6. 3
x 2
.dx
2. x 4 .ln x.dx 7. x 5 .ln 2 x.dx
3. x 3 .ln x.dx 8. x 7 .ln 3 x.dx

ln x
4. x
.dx 9. ln4 x.dx
ln x
5. x5
.dx 1. xe2x .dx

( 3x2 + 2x ) .ln x.dx ( xex ) .dx

2
1. 6.
2. xe3x .dx 7. sin ( ln x ) .dx
3. x 2e x .dx 8. cos ( ln x ) .dx
4. x 3e x .dx 9. ex sin x.dx
5. xe x .dx 1. ex cos x.dx
-
x5
1. 6.
x
e .sin xcos x.dx 3 .dx
ex
2. e 2x ( 1 2sin 2 x ) .dx 7. x 3 sin ( ln x ).dx
3. ex .cos 2 x.dx 8. x 4 .cos ( ln x ).dx

sin 2 x
4. 2x
.dx 9. xn .sin ( ln x ).dx
e
5. 1. xn .cos ( ln x ).dx
2
x 3e x .dx
-
dx x
1. sin 3 x
1. sin2 x
.dx
dx x
2. cos 3 x
11. cos2 x
.dx
3. xsin x.dx 12. x 3 .sin x.dx
4. ( x + 1) .cos x.dx 13. x 3 .cos x.dx
5. x .sin 2x.dx
2
14. x 3 .e x .dx

6. x.sin 2 x.dx 15. ex sin 2 x.dx
7. x 2 .cos 2x.dx 16. ex cos 2 x.dx

x4
8. ( 2x 1) .e .dx 17.
x
.dx
ex
9. x 2 .e x .dx 18. (x
2
3x + 1) e x .dx
-
arcsin x
1. arctan x.dx 6. x 1 x
2 2
.dx
arccos x
2. arcsin x.dx 7. x 1 x
2 2
.dx
x 2 .arctan x
3. arccos x.dx 8. 1 + x2
.dx
dx
4. ln x.dx 9. x3 1 x2
5. x.arctan x.dx 1.
(x 2
+ 3x ) ( 2x + 3 ) .dx
(x + 3x + 1)
2
2
-
2x.ln x x 4 .dx
1. .dx 6.
(1 + x ) ( x 4 + 1)
2 2
2
x
2. xtan 2 x.dx 7. 1 x2
.earcsin x .dx
x
3. xcot x.dx 8. 1 x2
.earccos x .dx

x.arcsin x x n1 .ln x
4. .dx 9. .dx
(1 + x )
2
1 x 2 n
x.arccos x x 2n1
5. .dx 1. .dx
(1 + x )
2
1 x 2 n
-
xcos x x 2 cos x
1. sin 3 x
.dx 6. sin 3 x
.dx
xsin x x 2 sin x
2. cos 3 x
.dx 7. cos x 3
.dx
xcos x x 7 .dx
3. .dx 8.
sin 2 x (1 + x )
2
4
xsin x x19 .dx

4. cos 2 x
.dx 9. (1 + x ) 10
xex x 7 .dx
5. .dx 1.
(1 + e ) ( 4 + x4 )
2 3
x
-
xsin x
1. ( 2 + cos x ) 2
.dx 6.
( sin x + cos x ) cos 2x

(1 + sin 2x )2 .dx
x.dx
2. tanx.cos x 2
7. tan 2 x.dx
x 3x 4
6
3. .dx 8. xsin x.dx
( x + 1)
2
4

(x 2
x ) .dx dx
4. 9.
(x 2x 3 )
2
2 sin2 x
xcos x dx
5. (1 + sin x ) 2
.dx 1. cos2 x
-
dx ( x 1) .ex
1. sin5 x
6. x2
.dx
x ex
2. 7. e ln x + .dx
x
e sin xsin 2x.dx
x
tan 2 x tan x
3. e x .dx 8.
x
2 .dx
x
4. cos 3 x.dx 9. tan x ( 1 + tan x ) e x .dx
2x x
5. x 2 ( tan x + tan 3 x ) .dx 1. .e .dx
x3
-
x2 1 x2 1
1. x4 + 1
.dx 6. x4 + x2 + 1
.dx
x2 + 1 x2 + 1
2. x4 + 1
.dx 7. x4 + x2 + 1
.dx
dx dx
3. x4 + 1
8. x4 + x2 + 1
4. tan x .dx 9. xn cos ( ln x ) .dx
5. cot x.dx 1. xn sin ( ln x ).dx

1. xn ln x.dx 6. e x .cos 2 x.dx
2. xn ln 2 x.dx 7. x 3 sin 2 x.dx
3. sin 2 ( ln x ).dx 8. x 3 cos 2 x.dx

dx
4. cos 2 ( ln x ).dx 9. x +1
6
nxn1 .ln x
5. ex .sin 2 x.dx 1. .dx
(1 + x )
2
n
I = e2x cos 2 x.dx J = e2x sin 2 x.dx
- I + J I J
- I J
-
cos x sin x
I= .dx J = .dx
sin x + cos x sin x + cos x
- I + J I J
- I J
I = x cos 2 x.dx J = x sin 2 x.dx
- I + J I J
- I J

-
x+1 e x 1
I = x .dx J = x .dx
e +x e +x
I + J , J I
sin x cos x
- I = .dx J = .dx
- I + J I J
- I J
- I = e x cos 2 x.dx J = ex sin 2 x.dx
- I + J I J
- I J


--
a b y = f ( x )
F ( b ) F ( a ) F ( x ) f ( x )
f (x).dx = [ F(x)]a = F(b) F(a)

b
-
a
. f ( x ) .dx = 0
a
b a
. f ( x ) .dx = f ( x ) .dx
a b
b b
. k.f ( x ).dx = k. f ( x ) .dx
a a
b b b
. f ( x ) + g ( x ) .dx = f ( x ) .dx + g ( x ) .dx
a a a
b b b
. f ( x ) g ( x ) .dx = f ( x ) .dx g ( x ) .dx
a a a
b b b
. f ( x ) .dx = f ( z ) .dz = f ( t ) .dt
a a a

-$

b
- I = f ( x ) .dx ( 1)
a
x = ( t ) dx = ' ( t ) .dt x [ a,b ]
t t 1 , t 2
b t2
I= f ( x ) .dx = f ( t ) . ' ( t ) .dt

a t1
b
- I = f ( x ) . ' ( x ) .dx ( 2)
a
u = ( x ) du = ' ( x ) .dx
x [ a,b ] u ( a ) , ( b )
b (b )
I= f ( x ) . ' ( x ) .dx = f ( u ).du

a ( ) (a )
u .dv = [u .v ] v .du
b b
b
a
a a
( C ) : y = f ( x )
( x'ox ) x = a x = b

f ( x ) .d x = F ( x ) a = F ( b ) F ( a )
b
S =
a
.
(2):=ygx
( C1 ) : y = f ( x ) C
[a , b] x [ a,b ] : f ( x ) g ( x )
b
S= f ( x ) g ( x ) .dx
a
( c ) : y = f (x) [ a,b ]
b
V = [ f (x) ] .dx
2

a
( c1 ) : y = f (x) ( c 2 ) : y = g(x)
b
[ a,b ] V = f 2 (x ) g 2 (x ) .dx
a

f (x) g(x) , x [ a,b ]



n 2x
I n = x e .dx ; n IN
0
/ (I n ) In I n + 1
1
/ n 2 : 0 I n lim I n
(n 1)e 2 n +
( )
/ (I n ) In I n + 1
x [0 ,1] n IN x n + 1 x n
2x n +1 2x
e x e xne2x
1 1
x .dx xne 2x .dx I n +1 I n

n + 1 2x
e
0 0
In
1 1
.dx ; n IN I n +1 = xn +1e2x .dx

n 2x
I n = x e
0 0
du = (n + 1)x .dx n
u = xn +1
2x
1 2x
dv = e .dx v = e
2
1 2x n +1 n + 1 n 2x
1 1
I n +1 = e x +
2 0 2
0
x e .dx

1 n+1
I n + 1 =
2
+ I n
2e 2
1
/ n 2 : 0 I n lim I n
(n 1)e 2 n +
(I n ) I n + 1 I n
1 n+1
I n + 1 =
+ In
2e 2 2
1 n+1 1
2 + I n I n I n (1)
2e 2 (n 1)e 2
1

n 2x
x [0,1] : x n e 2x 0 I n = x e .dx 0 (2)
0
1
(1) (2) n 2 : 0 I n lim In = 0
(n 1)e 2 n +
( )
1/ A , B ,C x 1
x A B(2x 1) c
= + +
x3 + 1 x + 1 x2 x + 1 x2 x + 1
xdx
2/ I = 3
x +1
n
x
3/ n > 0 J n = 3 .dx
0
x +1
2
lim J n =
n+ 3 3

1/ A , B ,C

x A B(2x 1) c
= + +
x3 + 1 x + 1 x2 x + 1 x2 x + 1
x = A(x 2 x + 1) + B(2x 1)(x + 1) + C(x + 1)
x = (A + 2B)x 2 + ( A + B + C)x + (A B + C)
A + 2B = 0
1 1 1
A + B + C = 1 A = , B = ,C =
A B + C = 0 3 6 2

xdx
2/ I = 3
x +1
1 1 1
A = , B = ,C =
3 6 2
x 1 1 1 2x 1 1 1
= . + . + .
x +1
3
3 x+1 6 x x+1 2 x x+1
2 2
1 dx 1 2x 1 1 dx
I= + 2 dx + 2
3 x+1 6 x x+1 2 x x+1
1 1 1 dx
= ln | x + 1 | + ln | x 2 x + 1 | +
3 6 2 1 3
(x )2 +
2 4
1
u = x du = dx
2
1 (x 2 x + 1) 1 du
2 2
I = ln +
6 (x + 1)2 3
u + ( )2
2
1 x x+1 1 2
2
2u 1
= ln + . arctan( ) + C u = x
6 (x + 1)2 2 3 3 2

1 x2 x + 1 1 2x 1
I = ln + arctan( )+C
6 (x + 1)2 3 3
2
3/ lim J n =
n+ 3 3
n
x
n > 0 J n = 3 .dx
0
x + 1
xdx 1 x 2 x + 1 1 2x 1
I= = ln + arctan( )+C
x3 + 1 6 (x + 1)2 3 3
n
1 x2 x + 1 1 2x 1
J n = ln + arctan( )
6 (x + 1) 2
3 3 0
1 n2 n + 1 1 2n 1 1 1
= ln + arctan( ) arctan( )
6 (n + 1)2 3 3 3 3
1 n2 n + 1 1 2n 1
= ln + arctan( ) +
6 (n + 1)2 3 3 6 3
1 n2 n + 1 1 2n 1
lim J n = lim [ ln + arctan( ) + ]
n + n + 6 (n + 1)2 3 3 6 3
n n+1
2
2n 1
lim ln = 0 , lim arctan( ) =
n + (n + 1)2 n + 3 2
2
lim J n = + =
n + 2 3 6 3 3 3

( )
1
I n = x 1 x.dx
n
n
/ In I n 1
I n 1
/ lim
n I
n
/ I 0 I n
/ I n I n 1
1
I n = x 1 x.dx
n
0
n 1
u = x n du = nx .dx

2
dv = 1 x .dx v = 1 xdx =
3
(1 x) 1 x
1
2x n
2n 1 n 1
In =
3
(1 x) 1 x +
0 3 0
x (1 x) 1 xdx
1 1
2n n 1 2n n
In =
3 0
x 1 x .dx
3 0
x 1 x .dx
2n 2n
In = I n 1 I
3 3 n
2n 2n
(1 + )I n = I n 1
3 3

2n
I n = I n 1
2n + 3
I
/ lim n 1
n I
n
2n
I n = I n 1
2n + 3
I 2n + 3 3
n 1 = = 1+
In 2n 2n
I 3 I
lim n 1 = lim(1 + ) = 1 lim n 1 = 1
n I n 2n n I
n n
/ I 0 In
1
n = 0 I 0 =
0
1 x.dx
1 x = t x = 1 t 2 dx = t.dt
x = 0 t = 1 x = 1 t = 0
0 1 1
2 3 2
I 0 = t .( 2tdt) = 2t .dx = t =
2
1 0 3 0 3
2 2n I 2n
I 0 = I n = I n 1 n =
3 2n + 3 I n 1 2n + 3
I 2
n = 1 1 =
I0 5
I 4
n = 2 2 =
I1 7
I 6
n = 3 3 =
I2 9

------------------------------------
I n 1 2n
n = n =
In 2n + 3
I 2 4 6 .... 2n 2
n = I 0 =
I 0 5 7 9 ... (2n + 3) 3
2 4 6 .... 2n 2
I n =
5 7 9 ... (2n + 3) 3
( )

2

I n = cos x.dx , n IN
n
1/ In I n 2
2/ I 2p I 2p+1 p IN
1/ In I n 2

2 2

n 1
I n = cos x.dx = cos x .cos x.dx , n IN
n
0 0
u = cosn 1 x du = (n 1)sin xcosn 2 x.dx


2
I n = cosn 1 xsin x + (n 1) sin 2 xcosn 2 x.dx
2
0
0


2
I n = (n 1) (1 cos 2 x)cosn 2 x.dx
0

2 2
I n = (n 1) cosn 2 x.dx (n 1) cosn x.dx
0 0
n1
I n = (n 1)I n 2 (n 1)I n I n = .I n 2
n
n 1
I n = In 2 ,
n
2/ I 2p I 2p+1 p IN
n 1 I n1
I n = I n 2 n =
n In2 n
I 2k
- n = 2k 2k =
I 2k 2 2k 1
p
I 2k n
2k 1
=
k =1 I 2k 2 k =1 2k
I2 I4 I6 I 2p 1 3 5 .... (2p 1)
. . ... =
I 0 I 2 I 4 I 2p 2 2 4 6 ....... 2p
1 3 5 .... (2p 1)
I 2p = I0
2 4 6 ...... 2p

2
1 3 5 .... (2p 1)
I 0 = 0 dx =
2
I 2p =
2 4 6 ...... 2p

2

I 2k
- n = 2k + 1 2k +1 =
I 2k 1 2k + 1

p n
I 2k +1 2k
=
k =1 I 2k 1 k =1 2k + 1
I 3 I 5 I 7 I 2p +1 2 4 6 .... 2p
. . ... =
I1 I 3 I 5 I 2p 1 3 5 7 ....... 2p + 1
2 4 6 .... (2p)
I 2p +1 = I
3 5 7 ...... 2p + 1 1

2
I1 = cos xdx = [ sin x] = 1 0
2
0
2 4 6 .... (2p)
I 2p + 1 =
3 5 7 ...... 2p + 1
( )
1
I n = x 1 x.dx n = 0 ,1, 2 ,...

n
/ I 0 In I n 1 In
1
/ I n <
(n + 1) 3
/ I 0 In I n 1
1
n = 0 I 0 =
0
1 x.dx
1 x = t x = 1 t 2 dx = t.dt
x = 0 t = 1 x = 1 t = 0

0 1 1
2 3 2
I 0 = t .( 2tdt) = 2t .dx = t =
2
1 0 3 0 3
2
I 0 =
3
1
I n = x 1 x.dx
n
0
n 1
u = x n du = nx .dx

2
dv = 1 x .dx v = 1 xdx =
3
(1 x) 1 x
1
2x n
2n 1 n 1
In =
3
(1 x) 1 x +
0 3 0
x (1 x) 1 xdx
1 1
2n n 1 2n n
In =
3 0
x 1 x .dx
3 0
x 1 x .dx
2n 2n
In = I n 1 I
3 3 n
2n 2n
(1 + )I n = I n 1
3 3
2n
I n = I n 1
2n + 3
In
2n I 2n
I n = I n 1 n =
2n + 3 I n 1 2n + 3
n n
Ik 2k
=
k =1 I k 1 k = 1 2k + 3

In 2 4 6 .... 2n 2
= I 0 =
I 0 5 7 9 ... (2n + 3) 3
2 4 6 .... 2n 2
I n =
5 7 9 ... (2n + 3) 3
1
/ I n <
(n + 1)3
2 4 6 .... 2n 2
I n =
5 7 9 ... (2n + 3) 3
2 4 6 .... (2n + 2) 1 1 n + 1 2k
= =
3 5 7 .... (2n + 3) n + 1 n + 1 k =1 2k + 1
k IN
(2k) + (2k + 2) 2 (2k)(2k + 2) 2k + 1 2k(2k + 2)

2k 2k k
=
2k + 1 2k(2k + 2) k +1
1 n +1 k 1 1
I n = <
n + 1 k =1 k + 1 (n + 1) n + 2 (n + 1) n + 1
1
I n <
(n + 1) 3

f g
sin x

f (x) = 1 x
ebI x 1

ebI x = 1
xn sin x

g(x) = 1 x
ebI 0 x < 1

ebI x = 1
1/ f g [0 ,1]
1

2/ S n = I 0 + I1 + I 2 + ... + I n 1 I n = x sin x.dx
n
0
1 1

3/ S n = f (x).dx g(x).dx
0

0

sin x
lim S n =
n + 0 x .dx

1/ f g [0 ,1]
sin x sin (1 t) sin
lim = lim = lim = = f (1)
x 1 1 x t0 t t 0 t
x sin x
n
lim g(x) = lim = lim[xnf (x)] = = g(1)
x 1 x 1 1 x x 1
f [0 ,1]
1

2/ S n = I 0 + I1 + I 2 + ... + I n 1 I n = x sin x.dx
n

1 xn
1 1
)sin x.dx =
n 1
Sn = (1 + x + x + ... + x sin x.dx
2
0 0
1 x
sin x xn sin x
1 1
= .dx .dx
0
1 x 0
1 x
1 1
sin x

3/ S n = f (x).dx g(x).dx lim S n =
0

0
n + 0 x .dx
sin x xn sin x
1 1
= .dx .dx
0
1 x 0
1 x
sin x xn sin x
f (x) = g(x) = [0 ,1]
1 x 1 x
1 1

S n = f (x).dx g(x).dx
0

0
f g [0,1]
x [0,1] M > 0 | f (x) |< M
| g(x) |= x n | f (x) |< M. x n

1 1 1
M

| g(x).dx | | g(x) | dx < M. x .dx =
n
0 0 0
n+1
1
M
lim = 0 lim g(x).dx = 0
n + n + 1 n
0
sin x
1
lim S n =
n + 0 1 x .dx (1)
1 x = t x = 1 t dx = dt
x = 0 t = 1 x = 1 t = 0

sin x sin (1 t) sin t

1 0 1
.dx = ( dt) = .dt (2)

0
1 x 1
t 0
t
x = t dx = .dt
t = 0 x = 0 t = 1 t =

sin t
1
sin x
.dt = .dx (3)
0
t 0
x

sin x
(1) , (2) (3) lim S n =
n + 0 x .dx

[0, ] n IN
2
sin(nx)

fn (x) = sin x
x>0 ebI
n
x=0 ebI

1/ fn (x) [0, ]
2

2

2/ I n = fn (x).dx I 2n +1 I 2n 1
0

1/ fn (x) [0, ]
2
sin(nx) sin(nx) x
lim fn (x) = lim = n lim . = n = f (0)
x 0 x 0 sin x x0 (nx) sin x


fn x = 0 fn [0, ]
2

fn (x) [0, ]
2
2/ I 2n +1 I 2n 1

2
sin(nx) sin(2n 1)x
2
I n = 0 sin x .dx I 2n 1 = 0 sin x .dx

2
sin(2n + 1)x
I 2n +1 = 0 sin x .dx

2
sin(2n + 1)x sin(2n 1)x
I 2n +1 I 2n 1 = 0 sin x
.dx

2
2sin xcos(2nx)
= .dx
0
sin x

2
1
= 2 cos(2nx).dx = [ sin(2nx)]02 = 0
0
n
I 2n +1 = I 2n 1

I n = sin x.dx n
n

1/ In I n + 2
2/ f (n) = (n + 1)I n .I n +1
f (n + 1) = f (n)
3/ f (n)
1/ In I n + 2

2 2 2
xdx = sinn +1 x.sin xdx

n+ 2
I n = sin x.dx I n + 2 = sin
n
0 0 0
u = sinn +1 x du = (n + 1)cos xsinn x.dx


2
I n + 2 = sin
n +1
xcos x + (n + 1) cos 2 xsinn x.dx
2
0
0

2
I n + 2 = (n + 1) (1 sin 2 x)sinn x.dx
0

2 2
I n + 2 = (n + 1) sin n x.dx (n + 1) sin n + 2 x.dx
0 0
n+1
I n + 2 = (n + 1)I n (n + 1)I n + 2 I n + 2 = I
n+2 n
2/ f (n) = (n + 1)I n .I n +1 f (n + 1) = f (n)
f (n) = (n + 1)I n .I n +1 f (n + 1) = (n + 2)I n +1 .I n + 2

n+1
I n + 2 = I
n+2 n
n+1
f (n + 1) = (n + 2).I n +1 I = (n + 1)I n I n +1
n+2 n
f (n + 1) = f (n)
3/ f (n)
f (n + 1) = f (n) f (n)

2

f (n) = f (0) = I 0 .I1 I 0 = dx =
0
2

2
I1 = sin x.dx = 1
0

f (n) =
2

1

I n = x(1 + x) .dx n = 0 ,1, 2 ,...
n
S n = I 0 + I1 + I 2 + .... + I n
1

n +1
/ Sn = 1 + (1 + x) .dx
0
/ S n In
/
1 0 1 1 1 2 1 n.2n +1 + 1
C + C + C + .... + C =
n

2 n 3 n 4 n n + 2 n (n + 1)(n + 2)


n +1
/ Sn = 1 + (1 + x) .dx
0
1 1

I n = x(1 + x) .dx = [ (x + 1) 1] (1 + x) .dx
n n
0 0
1 1
I n = (x + 1) n +1
.dx (x + 1)n .dx
0 0
n 1 n 1

S n = (I k ) = (1 + x) .dx (1 + x) .dx
k +1 k
k =0 k =0 0 0
1 1 1
= (1 + x) n +1
.dx dx dx = 1
0 0 0
1

n +1
Sn = 1 + (1 + x) .dx
0
/ S n In
1

n +1
Sn = 1 + (1 + x) .dx
0
2n + 2 1
1
1 n+ 2
= 1 + (1 + x) = 1 +
n + 2 0 n+2
2n + 2 1
Sn = 1 +
n+2
Sn = I 0 + I1 + ... + I n = S n 1 + I n I n = S n S n 1
2n + 2 1 2n + 1 1 n.2n +1 + 1
I n = ( 1 + ) ( 1 + )=
n+2 n+1 (n + 1)(n + 2)

n.2n +1 + 1
I n =
(n + 1)(n + 2)
/
1 0 1 1 1 2 1 n.2n +1 + 1
Cn + Cn + Cn + .... + Cn =
n
2 3 4 n+2 (n + 1)(n + 2)
(1 + x)n = Cn0 + C1n x + Cn2 x 2 + .... + Cnn x n
x
x(1 + x)n = Cn0 x + C1n x 2 + Cn2 x 3 + .... + Cnn x n +1
0 1
1 1
x(1 + x) .dx = (Cn0 x + C1n x 2 + Cn2 x 3 + .... + Cnn xn +1 ).dx

n
0 0
1
1 1 1 1
I n = Cn0 x 2 + C1n x 3 + Cn2 x4 + .... + Cnn xn + 2
2 3 4 n+2 0
1 1 1 1
I n = Cn0 + C1n + Cn2 + .... + Cnn
2 3 4 n+2
n +1
n.2 + 1
I n = ( )
(n + 1)(n + 2)
1 0 1 1 1 2 1 n.2n +1 + 1
C + C + C + .... + C =
n

2 n 3 n 4 n n + 2 n (n + 1)(n + 2)
( - //)

2

I n = cos x.dx , n IN
n

/ In I n 2 n
1 3 .... (2p 1)
/ I 2p =
2 4 6 ..... (2p) 2
2 4 6 ..... 2p I 2p + 2 I 2p +1
I 2p + 1 = 1
1 3 5 ..... (2p + 1) I 2p I 2p
(2 4 6 .... 2p)2 1
lim
p + [1 3 5 .... (2p 1)]2 2p + 1

/ In I n 2 n

2 2

n 1
I n = cos x.dx = cos x .cos x.dx , n IN
n
0 0
n 1
u = cos x du = (n 1)sin xcosn 2 x.dx


2
I n = cosn 1 xsin x + (n 1) sin 2 xcosn 2 x.dx
2
0
0

2
I n = (n 1) (1 cos 2 x)cosn 2 x.dx
0

2 2
I n = (n 1) cosn 2 x.dx (n 1) cosn x.dx
0 0
n1
I n = (n 1)I n 2 (n 1)I n I n = .I n 2
n

n 1
I n = I
n n 2
I 2p + 2 I 2p +1
/ 1
I 2p I 2p
2p + 2
x [0, ] p IN cos x cos 2p +1 x cos 2p x
2

2 2 2

2p + 2 2p + 1
cos x.dx cos x.dx cos 2p
x.dx
0 0 0
I 2p + 2 I 2p +1
I 2p+ 2 I 2p+1 I 2p 1
I 2p I 2p
(2 4 6 .... 2p)2 1
lim
p + [1 3 5 .... (2p 1)]2 2p + 1
n 1 2p + 1 I 2p + 2 2p + 1
I n = I n 2 I 2p + 2 = I 2p =
n 2p I 2p 2p
I 2p + 2 I 2p +1 2p + 1 I 2p +1
1 1
I 2p I 2p 2p I 2p
2p + 1 I 2p +1
lim = 1 lim =1
p + 2p n + I
2p
1 3 .... (2p 1) 2 4 6 ..... 2p

I 2p = I 2p +1 =
2 4 6 ..... (2p) 2 1 3 5 ..... (2p + 1)
I 2p +1 (2 4 6 .... 2p)2 1 2
=
I 2p [1 3 5 .... (2p 1)]2 2p + 1

(2 4 6 .... 2p)2 1 I 2p +1
= .
[1 3 5 .... (2p 1)]2 2p + 1 2 I 2p
I 2p +1
lim = 1 ()
n + I
2p
(2 4 6 .... 2p)2 1
lim =
p + [1 3 5 .... (2p 1)]2 2p + 1 2

1
f (x) =
x(x + 1)
a
1/ a F(a) = f (x).dx
1
2/ n IN Sn = F(1) + F(2) + .... + F(n)
(Sn ) n +
S n
1/ a F(a) = f (x).dx
1
1 1 1
f (x) = =
x(x + 1) x x + 1
a
1 1
F(a) = ( ).dx
1
x x+1
a
x
= [ ln | x | ln | x + 1 |]1 = ln |
a
|
x + 1 1
a 1 2a
= ln( ) ln = ln , a>0
a+1 2 a+1

(Sn ) n +
2/ S n
n
S n = F(1) + F(2) + .... + F(n) = F(k)
k =1
2a
F(a) = ln
a+1
n
2k n
2k 2n
S n = ln( ) = ln[ ] = ln
k =1 k +1 k =1 k + 1 n+1
2n
Sn = ln
n+1
2n 2n
lim Sn = lim ln = + ( lim = + )
n + n + n+1 n n+1

1
x
I= .dx
0 x +1
3

1
x
I= .dx
0 x +1
3
1
1 3 1
x 2 .dx 3
I = t= x2 dt = x 2 .dx
x +1
0
3 2
x = 0 t = 0 x = 1 t = 1
2 1 dt
I = t = tan dt = (1 + tan )d
2
3 0 t2 + 1


t = 0 = 0 t = 1 =
4

2 (1 + tan 2 )d 2 d
4 2 cos .d 4 4
I = = =
3 0 1 + tan 2 3 0 cos 3 0 1 sin 2
u = sin du = cos .d
1
= 0 u = 0 = u =
4 2
1 1
2 2
2 du 1 1 1
I = = ( + )du
3 0 1 u2 3 0 1 u 1+ u
1
1 1 2 +1
I = [ ln | 1 u | + ln | 1 + u |]0 2 = ln( )
3 3 2 1
2 +1 1
= ( 2 + 1)2 I = ln( 2 + 1)2
2 1 3
2
I = ln( 2 + 1)
3

In = xsinn x.dx n = 0,1, 2,...
0

2
/ I n = sin x.dx
n
0
n1
/ n 2 I n = I n 2
n


2
/ I n = sin x.dx
n
0

In = xsinn x.dx n = 0,1, 2,...
0
x = t dx = dt
x = 0 t = x = t = 0
0
I n = ( t)sinn ( t)( dt)

In = ( t)sin t.dt = sin tdt t sinn t.dt
n n
0 0 0

n
In = sin x.dx In In = sin x.dx (1)
n
0 20

2
sin
n
x.dx = sin x.dx + sin n x.dx (2)
n
0 0
2
x = t dx = dt

x= t = x = t = 0
2 2


0 2
sin
n
x.dx = sinn ( t)( dt) = sinn t.dt (3)
0
2 2

2
(2) (3) sin n
x.dx = 2 sin n
x.dx (4)
0
2

2
(4) (1) I n = sin x.dx
n
0
n1
/ n 2 I n = I n 2
n

2 2
n 1
I n = sin x.dx = sin
n
x .sin xdx
0 0
u = sinn1 x du = (n 1)cos x sinn 2 x.dx

dv = sin x.dx v = sin xdx = cos x


2
In = sinn1 xcos x 2 + (n 1) cos 2 x sinn 2 x.dx
0
0

2
In = (n 1) (1 sin 2 x)sinn 2 x.dx
0

2 2
In = (n 1) sinn 2 x.dx (n 1) sinn x.dx
0 0
In = (n 1)I n 2 (n 1)I n
n1
nI n = (n 1)I n 2 In = I
n n 2
n1
I n = I
n n 2

3 sinn x cosn x3
In = .dx J n = .dx
n n n n
6 6
/ I n = J n
/ I n J n

/ I n = J n

3sinn x 3cosn x
I n = .dx J n = .dx
n n n n
6 6

3sinn x
I n = .dx x = t dx = dt
sin x + cos x
n n
2
6

x= t = x = t =
6 3 3 6
n

6 sin ( t)
I n = 2 .( dt)

sin n ( t) + cosn ( t)
3 2 2

3 cosn t
In = .dt = J n
cos t + sin t
n n
6
I n = J n
/ I n J n

3sinn x 3 cosn x
I n + J n = .dx + .dx
n n n n
6 6


3
In + J n = dx = = I n = J n
3 6 6
6

2I n = 2J n = In = J n =
6 12

I n = J n =
12 12

2
I = x 3e x .dx > 0
0
I lim I
+
+

I lim I
+
+
2
I = x 3e x .dx > 0
0
u = x 2 du = 2x.dx

1 x2
x2
dv = xe dx v = e
2

x 2 x2 x2
I = e + xe .dx
2 0 0


1 2 1 1 1
= e e x = e ( e )
2 2 0 2 2 2
1 + 1 1
I = e lim I =
2 2 +
+ 2

1
xn
I n = 2 .dx n = 0,1, 2,...
0 x + x+1
/ (I n ) I n + I n + 1 + I n + 2
/ lim (nIn )
n+

/ (I n )
1
xn 1
xn + 1
I n = 2 .dx In+1 = 2 .dx
0 x + x+1 0 x + x+1
n +1
x [0,1] n IN x x
n
xn xn +1
2 2 I n I n + 1
x + x+1 x + x+1
(I n )
I n + I n + 1 + I n + 2
xn + xn +1 + xn + 2
1
I n + I n+1 + I n + 2 = .dx
0 x + x+1
2

xn (1 + x + x 2 )
1
= .dx
0 x + x+1
2
1
1 xn +1 1
= x .dx =
n
=
0 n + 1 0 n+1
1
In + I n+1 + I n+ 2 =
n+1
/ lim (nI n )
n+
1
I n + I n +1 + I n + 2 =
(1)
n+1
1
In 2 + In1 + I n = (2) n 2
n1
(I n ) n 2
I n + 2 I n + 1 I n I n 1 I n 2
I n + I n + 1 + I n + 2 3I n I n 2 + I n 1 + I n (3)
(1), (2) (3)

1 1
3In
n+1 n1
n n
n In
3(n + 1) 3(n 1)
n n 1
lim = lim =
n 3(n + 1) n 3(n 1) 3
1
lim (nI n ) =
n 3


n
dx
I n = n > 0
0 8x + 6x + 1
2
I n n lim I n
n+

I n n lim In
n+
n
dx
I n = n > 0
0 8x + 6x + 1
2
1 1
f (x) = =
8x2 + 6x + 1 (2x + 1)(4x + 1)
a b
f (x) f (x) = +
2x + 1 4x + 1
a b 1
+ = 2
2x + 1 4x + 1 8x + 6x + 1
a(4x + 1) + b(2x + 1) = 1
(4a + 2b)x + (a + b) = 1
4a + 2b = 0
a = 1 , b = 2
a + b = 1
1 2
f (x) = +
2x + 1 4x + 1
n n
2 1
In = f (x).dx = ( ).dx
0 0 4x + 1 2x + 1

n
2dx n dx
=
0 4x + 1 0 2x + 1
1 1
=
2
[ ln | 4x + 1 |]0 2 [
n
ln | 2x + 1 |]0
n
1 1 4n + 1
= ln(4n + 1) ln(2n + 1) = ln
2 2 2n + 1
4n + 1 4n + 1
I n = ln lim I n = lim ln = ln 2
2n + 1 n n 2n + 1

1
t 3n
I n = .dt n = 0,1, 2,...
0 1+ t
3
lim (n In )
n+

lim (n In )
n+
1 3n
t
I n = .dt n = 0,1, 2,...
0 1+ t
3
t 3n+ 3 1
I n +1 = .dt
0 1+ t
3
1
1 3n
t + t 3n + 3 1 t 3n +1 1
I n + I n +1 = .dt = t 3n
.dt = =
0 1 + t3 0 3n + 1 0 3n + 1
1 1
I n + I n +1 = (1) In1 + In = (2)
3n + 1 3n 2

3n + 3 t 3n t 3n+ 3
t [0 ,1] t 3n
t
1+ t 3
1 + t3
1 1 3n + 3
t 3n t
dt .dt I n I n +1 n = 0,1, 2,...
0 1+ t 0 1+ t
3 3
(I n )
I n +1 + I n I +I
I n + 1 I n I n 1 In n n1 (3)
2 2
(1) (2) (3)
1 1 n n
In nIn
6n + 2 6n 4 6n + 2 6n 4
n n 1
lim = lim =
n 6n + 2 n 6n 4 6
1
lim (n I n ) =
n+ 6

f IR IR
f (x + 1) + x f (x + 1) = x + 3 x x IR
2 3 3
2
I = f (x).dx
1

2
I = f (x).dx
1
- x = t + 1 dx = dt

x = 1 t = 0 x = 2 t = 1
2 1
I = f (x).dx = f (t + 1).dt (1)
1 0
- x = t + 1 dx = 3t dt
3 2
x = 1 t = 0 x = 2 t = 1
2 1
I = f (x).dx = 3 t 2 f (t + 1).dt
1 0
1
1
I = t 2 f (t 3 + 1).dt (2)
3 0
(1) (2)
1
1
I + I = [f (t + 1) + t 2f (t 3 + 1)].dt
3 0
f (x + 1) + x f (x + 1) = x + 3 x x IR
2 3 3
1
4 1 1 4 3 3
4
I = (t + t ).dt = t + t = 1
3 3
3 4 4
0 0
3
I =
4

n
I n =
(n 1)
e x sin x.dx n = 1, 2 , 3 , ...
/ I1

/ (I n ) In n
/ Sn = I1 + I 2 + ... + I n n
/ S n n +
I n =
(n 1)
e x sin x.dx n = 1, 2 , 3 , ...
/ I1

x
n = 1 I1 = e sin x.dx
0
u = e x du = e x .dx


I1 = e cos x 0 e x cos x.dx
x
I1 = 1 + e
e x cos x.dx
0
u = e x du = e x .dx


I1 = 1 + e
e sin x e x sin x.dx
x
0
0
I1 = 1 + e I1

1 + e 1 + e
I1 = =

2 2e
/ (I n )
n ( n + 1)

x
I n =
(n 1)
e sin x.dx I n + 1 =
n
e x sin x.dx
x = + t dx = dt
x = n t = (n 1) x = (n + 1) t = n
n n

t
I n +1 = e sin( + t).dt = e e t sin t.dt
(n 1) (n 1)
I n +1 = e I n (I n )
In n
1 + e n 1
I n = I1 q = ( e )n 1
2
/ Sn = I1 + I 2 + ... + I n n
1 qn 1 + e 1 (e )n 1 (e )n
Sn = I1 =
=
1 q 2 1+ e 2
/ S n n +
1 + ( e )n 1
limSn = lim = lim( e )n = 0
n n 2 2 n
1
limSn =
n 2


a
xn .dx
I n = 3 ,a>0
0
x +a 3
. n In a
. In n
. n In a
a
xn .dx
I n = x 3 + a 3 , a > 0
0
x = a .t dx = a.dt
x 0,a [ ] t [ 0,1 ]
1 1
(a.t)n .a.dt t n .dt
I n = = a . 3
n2
0
(at) 3
+ a 3
0
t +1
In a
n2=0 n = 2
In a n = 2
. I n n
1
x 2dx
n = 2 I 2 = x 3 + 1
0
U = x + 1 dU = 3x .dx
3 2
x 0,1 [ ] U [ 1 , 2 ]

2
1 dU 1 1
2 3 U [ ]
2
I = = ln | U | 1
= ln 2
1
3 3
1

I2 = ln 2
3
I n = x 1 x 2 .dx n IN
n
. In I n 2
. Pn = I n .I n 1 , n 1 n
n
. S n = ( Pk ) = P1 + P2 + ......... + Pn n
k =1
nlim
+
Sn
. In n
. In In 2
1 1
I n = x 1 x .dx I n 2 = xn 2 . 1 x 2 .dx
n 2
0 0
x
dU = .dx
U = 1 x2 1 x 2

dV = x .dx V = xn .dx = 1 xn+1
n
n+1

xn+ 2
1 1
1 n +1 2 1
In =
n + 1
x . 1 x +
0 n + 1 0 1 x 2
.dx
xn (xn xn + 2 ) xn xn (1 x 2 )
1 1
1 1
In =
n+1 0 1 x 2
.dx =
n+1 0 1 x 2
.dx
1 1
1 xn .dx 1
In =
n 2
x 1 x .dx
n +1 0 1 x 2 n+1 0
1
1 xdx 1

n 1
In = x . In
n+1 0 1 x 2 n+1
U = x n 1
dU = (n 1)xn 2 .dx
dV = xdx
V = 1 x
2

1 x2
1 xn1 1 x2 + (n 1) xn2 1 x2 .dx 1 I

1 1
In =
n +1 0 0 n+1
n
n1
(n + 1)In = (n 1)In 2 In I n = I n 2
n+2
In I n 2
n1
In = In 2 , n 2
n+2
. Pn = In .I n1 , n 1 n
Pn = I n .I n 1 Pn +1 = I n +1 .I n

n1 n
I n = I n 2 In+1 = .I
n+2 n + 3 n 1
n n
n + 1
P = I .I = P ( Pn = In .In1 )
n + 3 n 1 n n + 3 n
Pn +1 n n n+1 n+ 2
= = . .
Pn n+ 3 n+1 n+ 2 n+ 3
(n 1)
Pk +1 (n 1) k k +1 k + 2
=
+
.
+
.
+

k =1 Pk k =1 k 1 k 2 k 3
(n 1)
Pk +1 (n1) k (n 1) k + 1 (n1) k + 2

k =1 P
=
k =1 k + 1 k + 2 k + 3
k =1 k =1
k
P2 P3 P 1 2 n 1 2 3 n 3 4 n+1
. .... n = . ....
. .... . ....
P1 P2 Pn 1 2 3 n 3 4 n +1 4 5 n + 2
Pn 1 2 3
= . .
P1 n n + 1 n + 2
6 6
Pn = .P1 = .I .I
n(n + 1)(n + 2) n(n + 1)(n + 2) 0 1

1 1
x 1
I 0 = 1 x .dx = 1 x 2 + arcsin x =
2
0 2 2 0 4
1
1
1 2 2
3
1
I1 = x 1 x .dx = (1 x ) =
2
0 3 0 3
6 1 1
Pn = . . = .
n(n + 1)(n + 2) 4 3 2 n(n + 1)(n + 2)
1
Pn = .
2 n(n + 1)(n + 2)

. S n = (P ) = P
k =1
k 1 + P2 + ......... + Pn
1 1 1
Pn = . =
2 n(n + 1)(n + 2) 4 n(n + 1) (n + 1)(n + 2)
n 1 1
S n = 4 k(k + 1) (k + 1)(k + 2)
k =1
1 1 1 1 1 1
= ( )+( ) + ..... +
4 1.2 2.3 2.3 3.4 n(n + 1) (n + 1)(n + 2)
1 1 n(n + 3)
= = .
4 2 (n + 1)(n + 2) 8 (n + 1)(n + 2)
n(n + 3)
Sn = . lim Sn =
8 (n + 1)(n + 2) n+ 8
. In n
n1
I n = I n 2 , n 2
n+2
- n = 2p + 1 ( )
2p
I 2p+1 = .I 2p1
2p + 3
I 2p +1 2p
=
I 2p 1 2p + 3

I3 I5 I7 I 2p +1 2 4 6 2p
. . ..... = . . .....
I1 I 3 I 5 I 2p 1 5 7 9 2p + 3
I 2p+1 2 4 6 2p
= . . .....
I1 5 7 9 2p + 3
2.4.6....2p
I
2p +1 = .I1 I = 1
5.7.9....(2p + 3) 1
3
2.4.6....2p 1
I 2p+1 = .
5.7.9....(2p + 3) 3
- n = 2p ( )
2p 1 I 2p 2p 1
I 2p = .I 2p 2 =
2p + 2 I 2p 2 2p + 2
I2 I4 I6 I 2p 1 3 5 2p 1
.
I I I . ..... = . . .....
0 2 4 I 2p 2 4 6 8 2p + 2
I 2p
1 3 5 2p 1
= . . .....
I0 4 6 8 2p + 2
1.3.5....(2p 1)
I 2p+1 = .I 0 I 0 =
4.6.8....(2p + 2) 4
1.3.5....(2p 1)
I 2p + 1 = .
4.6.8....(2p + 2) 4


b b
f (x).dx =
a a
f (a + b x).dx

3
I = ln(1 + 3 tan x).dx

0

b b
f (x).dx =
a a
f (a + b x).dx
t = a + b x dt = dx
x = a t = b x = b t = a
b a a b
f (x).dx = f (a + b t)(dt) = f (a + b t).dt = f (a + b t).dt

a b b a
b b
f (x).dx =
a a
f (a + b x).dx

3
I = ln(1 +
0
3 tan x).dx


3
3
3 tan x
I = ln 1 + 3 tan( x) .dx = ln 1 + 3. .dx

0 3 0 1 + 3 tan x

3
4 3
I = ln .dx = ln 4 ln(1 + 3 tan x) .dx
0 1 + 3 tan x 0

3 3
2
I = ln 4 dx ln(1 + 3 tan x).dx = ln 2 I
0 0
3
2
2I = ln 2 I = ln 2
3 3

3

I = ln(1 + 3 tan x).dx = ln 2
0
3

f 0,1 [ ]

x.f (sin x).dx = f (sin x).dx ?
0
20

xsin x.dx
I = 0 1 + cos2 x

x.f (sin x).dx = f (sin x).dx
0
20
x = t dx = dt
x 0, [ ] t ,0[ ]

x.f (sin x).dx = ( t).f [sin( t)].dt

0

x.f (sin x).dx = ( t).f (sin t).dt = f (sin t).dt t.f (sin t).dt
0 0 0 0

x.f (sin x).dx = f (sin x).dx x.f (sin x).dx

0 0 0

x.f (sin x).dx = f (sin x).dx
0
20

xsin x.dx
I = 0 1 + cos2 x

x.sin x.dx sin x.dx sin x.dx
I = = x. =
0
1 + cos x 0 2 sin x 2 0 2 sin 2 x
2 2
z = cosx dz = sin x.dx
[
x 0, z 1, 1] [ ]
1
dz 2
I = = [ arctan z ]1 = + =
1

2 1 1 + z2 2 2 4 4 4

x sin x.dx 2
I= =
0
1 + cos 2
x 4

f a ,a [ ]
a a
f (x).dx
. = f (x).dx , q > 0 ,q 1
a
1+ q x
0

2 + 2cos2x
. I= .dx

1 + 3x

a a
f (x).dx
. = f (x).dx , q > 0 ,q 1
a
1+ q x
0
a 0 a
f (x).dx f (x).dx f (x).dx
= + ( 1)
a
1+ q x
a
1+ q x
0
1+ q x
x = t dx = dt x a,0 t a,0 [ ] [ ]
f ( t).dt q t .f ( t)dt q xf ( x).dx
0 0 a a
f (x).dx
= t
= =
a
1 + q x
a
1 + q 0
1 + q t
0
1 + qx
f (x) f ( x) = f (x) , x a,a [ ]
0 a
f (x).dx q x .f (x)
= .dx ( 2 )
a
1 + q x
0
1 + q x
(2) (1)
(q x + 1)f (x).dx
a a a a a
f (x).dx q x .f (x).dx f (x).dx
a 1 + q x = 0 1 + q x + 0 1 + q x = 0 1 + q x = f (x).dx
0
a a
f (x).dx
= f (x).dx , q > 0 ,q 1
a
1+ q x
0


2 + 2cos 2x
. I =

1 + 3x
.dx
f(x) = 2 + 2cos2x

I = 2 + 2cos 2x .dx = 2 | cos x | .dx
0 0

2
= 2 cos x.dx 2 cos x.dx
0
2

= 2 [ sin x ] 2 [ sin x ] = 2(1 0) 2(0 1) = 4

2
0
2
I=4

4 4
I = cos x.dx
J = sin x.dx
2 2
0 0
- I + J I J
- I J
- I + J I J

4 4

I + J = cos x.dx + sin x.dx
2 2
0 0


4 4

= (cos 2 x + sin 2 x).dx = dx =
0 0
4

I+J =
4

4 4

I J = cos x.dx sin x.dx
2 2
0 0

4 4
= (cos 2 x sin 2 x).dx = cos 2xdx
0 0

1 1 1
4 1
= sin 2x = sin sin 0 =
2 0 2 2 2 2
1
IJ=
2
- I J

I + J =
4

I J = 1
2
1 1
I = + J =
8 4 8 4


1
enx
I n = x .dx , n IN
0
e +1
- I 0 + I1 , I1 I 0
- I n + I n +1 n
- I 0 + I1 , I1 I 0
1 1
1 ex
I 0 = x .dx , I1 = x
0
e + 1 0
e +1
1 + ex
1 1 1 1
1 ex
I 0 + I1 = x .dx + x .dx = x .dx = dx = 1
0
e +1 0
e +1 0
e +1 0
(ex + 1)' e+1

1 1
ex 1
I1 = x .dx = x .dx = ln(e + 1) = ln(e + 1) ln2 = ln
x

0
e +1 0
(e + 1) 0 2
e+1
I 0 + I1 = 1 I 0 = 1 I1 = 1 ln( )
2
e+1 e+1
I 0 + I 1 = 1 , I 1 = ln , I 0 = 1 ln 2
2
- I n + I n +1 n
e(n +1)x
1 1
enx
I n + I n +1 = x .dx + x .dx
0
e + 1 0
e + 1

enx + e(n +1)x enx (1 + e x )

1 1
= .dx = .dx
0
e +1
x
0
e +1
x
1
en 1
1
1 nx
= e .dx = e =
nx
0 n 0 n
en 1
I n + I n +1 =
n

f IR
f ( x ) + f ( x ) = 2 2cos 2x

3
I = f ( x ) .dx

3
I = f ( x ) .dx

3

3 0 3
I = f (x).dx = f (x).dx + f (x).dx
0

3 3
x = t dx = dt

x , 0 t ,0
3 3


0 0 3 3
f (x).dx = f (t).(dt) = f (t).dt = f ( x).dx
0 0

3 3

3 3 3

I = f ( x).dx + f (x).dx =
0

0
[f ( x) + f (x)].dx
0
f ( x ) + f ( x ) = 2 2 cos 2x = 4 sin 2 x = 2 | sin x |

1
3 3
I = 2 | sin x | .dx = 2 sin x.dx = 2 [ cos x] = 2 + 1 = 1 3
0 0 2 0

3
I= f ( x ) .dx = 1

3
(1 + x ) .dx ,n IN
n
- I n =
0
1 1 1 2 1 2n +1 1
- C + Cn + Cn + ..... + Cn =
0 n
n+1 n+1
n
2 3

-
1
I n = ( 1 + x ) .dx ,n IN
n

1
1
( 1 + x ) =
n +1 1 1
= .2n +1
n + 1 0 n + 1 n+1
2n + 1 1
=
n+1
1 1 1 2 1 2n +1 1
- C + Cn + Cn + ..... + Cn =
0 n
n+1 n+1
n
2 3

( 1 + x ) = Cn0 + C1n x + Cn2 x 2 + ..... + Cnn xn

n
[ ]
0,1
1 1
(1 + x )
n
( )
.dx = Cn0 + C1n x + Cn2 x 2 + ..... + Cnn xn .dx
0 0
2n + 1 1 0
1
1 1 1
= Cn x + C1n x 2 + Cn2 x 3 + ...... + Cnn xn +1
n+1 2 3 n+1 0
2n + 1 1 1 1 1
= Cn0 + C1n + Cn2 + ............ + Cnn
n+1 2 3 n+1
1 1 1 2 1 2n + 1 1
Cn + Cn + Cn + ..... +
0
C =
n

2 3 n+1 n n+1

(I n ) n 1
1
1
I n = . (1 x)n .e x .dx
n! 0
- I1
n
1
- I n + 1 In I n = e P!
p=0
- lim I n
n +
1 1 1 1
lim 1 + + + + .... + = e = 2.71828
n +
1! 2! 3! n!

- I 1
1 1
1
I1 = (1 x)e .dx = (1 x).e .dx
x x
1! 0 0
u = 1 x du = dx

dv = e x
dx v = e
x
1
x 1 1

I = (1 x)e e ( dx) = 1 + e = e 2
x x
0 0
0
I = e2
- I n + 1 In
1
1
I n = . (1 x)n .e x .dx
n! 0

1
1
I n + 1 = . (1 x)n +1 .e xdx
(n + 1)! 0
u = (1 x)n +1 du = (n + 1)(1 x)
n

dv = e dx v = e
x x
+
1
1 1 n 1
I n +1 =
(n + 1)!
(1 x)n +1 ex +
0
(n + 1)! 0
(1 x)nex .dx
1
1 1 1
I n +1 = + (1 x)nexdx = I n
(n + 1)! n! 0 (n + 1)!
1
I n +1 = I n
(n + 1)!
n
1
I n = e
p = 0 p!
1 1
I n +1 = I n I n +1 I n =
(n + 1)! (n + 1)!
n 1 n 1
1
( I k +1 I k ) =
k =1 k =1 (k + 1)!
1 1 1
I n I1 = ....
2! 3! n!
1 1
I 1 = e 2 = e
0! 1!
1 1 1 1
I n = e ....
0! 1! 2! n!
n
1
I n = e
p = 0 p!

- lim I n
n +
x 0, 1 [ ] 1 e x e (1 x)n 0
(1 x)n e x (1 x)n e(1 x)n

1 1 1
1 1 e
(1 x)n .dx
n n x
(1 x) .dx (1 x) e .dx
n! 0 n! 0 n! 0
1 1
1 1
(1 x) .dx = (1 x)n +1 =
n
0 n+1 0 n + 1
1 e
In
n!(n + 1) n!(n + 1)
1
n + 0
n!(n + 1)
lim I n = 0
n +

1 1 1 1
lim 1 + + + + .... + = e = 2.71828
n +

1! 2! 3! n!
n
1 n
1
I n = e = e I n
p = 0 p! p = 0 p!
1
n
lim
n +
p! = nlim
+
( e I n ) = e nlim
+
In = 0
p=0
1 1 1 1
lim 1 + + + + .... + = e = 2.71828
n +
1 ! 2 ! 3 ! n !

n
x
f (x) = 2
n IN x 1
1 x
n 1
nx (1 + x 2 )
/ f '(x) =
(1 x 2 )n + 1
2 1 2 1
f (x).dx
/ I n = J n = f '(x).dx
0
1 + x 2
0
J
I n 1 + 4I n +1 = n n IN
n
/ (I n ) n 2
1 1
n +1
I n 1

5(n + 1)2 n
5(n 1)2
/ lim (n 2n I n )
n +

nx n 1 (1 + x 2 )
/ f '(x) =
(1 x 2 )n + 1
(u n )' = nu 'u n 1
x x n 1
f '(x) = n( )'( )
1 x2 1 x2
1 x 2 + 2x 2 x n 1 nx n 1 (1 + x 2 )
=n . 2 n 1
=
(1 x ) 2 2
(1 x ) (1 x 2 )n + 1
nx n 1 (1 + x 2 )
f '(x) = 2 n +1

(1 x )

Jn
/ I n 1 + 4I n +1 =
n
2 1 2 1
xndx nxn 1 (1 + x 2 )
I n = J n = 2 n +1
.dx
0
(1 x ) (1 + x )
2 n 2
0
(1 x )
2 1
x n 1 4xn +1
I n 1 + 4I n +1 = 0
[ 2 n 1 2
+ 2 n +1
(1 x ) (1 + x ) (1 x ) (1 + x )
2
].dx
2 1 2 1
xn 1 (1 x 2 )2 + 4xn +1 xn 1 (1 + x 2 )2
=
0
2 n +1
(1 x ) (1 + x ) 2
.dx =
0
2 n +1
(1 x ) (1 + x ) 2
.dx
2 1 2 1
xn 1 (1 + x 2 ) 1 1
= .dx = f '(x).dx = .J n
0
(1 x 2 )n +1 n 0
n
J
I n 1 + 4I n +1 = n
n
/ (I n )
2 1
xndx
I n =
0
(1 x 2 )n (1 + x 2 )
2dx 2x
x = tan d = tan =
2 1 + x2 1 x2
x = 0 tan = 0 = 0
2( 2 1)
x = 2 1 tan = = 1 =
1 ( 2 1)2 4

4
1
I n = .d
n
n +1
tan
2 0


[0, ] tan n tan n + 1
4
1 1 1
n +1
tann n +1
tann +1 n+2
tann +1
2 2 2

4 4
1 1
2 n +1
0
tann .d
2 n+ 2
0
tann +1 .d I n I n +1
(I n )
1 1
I
5(n + 1)2n +1 5(n 1)2n 1
n
J
I n 1 + 4I n +1 = n
n
2 1 2 1
x n 1
J n = f '(x).dx = [ f (x)]0
2 1
= ( ) =
1 x 0
2
0
2n
1
I n 1 + 4I n + 1 = n 2
n.2n
(I n ) I n + 2 I n I n + 4I n + 2 5I n
1 1
I n 1 + 4I n + 1 = I + 4I n+ 2 =
n.2n
n
(n + 1)2n +1
1 1
5I n n +1
I n +1
(1)
(n + 1)2 n
5(n + 1).2
I n I n 2 5I n I n 2 + 4I n
1
I n 2 + 4I n =
(n 1)2n 1
1 1
5I n n 1
I n 1
(2)
(n 1)2 n
5(n 1)2

1 1
(1) (2) n +1
I n 1

5(n + 1)2 n
5(n 1)2
/ lim (n 2n I n )
n +
1 1
I
5(n + 1)2n +1 n
5(n 1)2n 1
n 1
n.2
n
n2n I n
10(n + 1) 10(n 1)

n 1
lim lim(n2n I n ) lim
n 10(n + 1) n n 10(n 1)
1 1
lim(n2n I n )
10 n 10
1
lim (n 2n I n ) =
n + 10

x ( 2n +1)
e
I n = .dx ; n = 0,1, 2,....,e = 2.71828

1
1 + x 2
/ I 0
e 2n + 2 1
/ I n + I n + 1 =
2(n + 1)e 2n + 2
1 2(n +1) x 2n 1 2n
/ x 1 x x
2 1+ x 2
2
/ lim I n lim nI n
n + n +

/ I 0
e e
dx 1 x
I 0 = = ( ).dx
1
x(x + 1) 1 x 1 + x
2 2
e
1 e 2
= ln x ln(1 + x 2 ) = ln
2 1 1 + e2
e 2
I = ln
1 + e2
e 2n + 2 1
/ I n + I n + 1 =
2(n + 1)e 2n + 2
e (2n + 3)
x + x (2n +1)
I n + I n +1 = .dx
1
1 + x 2
1 e 2n 2
e e
1 2n 2
= x 2n 3
.dx = x = 2(n + 1)
1 2n + 2 1
e 2n + 2 1
I n + I n + 1 = 2n + 2

2(n + 1)e
1 2(n +1) x 2n 1 2n
/ x x
2 1+ x 2
2
2n+ 2
x 1 x x 2n
1 1 2(n+1) 2n
x x
x 2n + 2 x 2n

1 2(n +1) 1 2n
x x
2 2
1 2n 1 2(n +1)
x + x x 2n
2 2
1 2(n +1)
x (1 + x 2 ) x 2n
2
2(n + 1) x 2n
x (1)
1 + x2
2n 2n+ 2
x 1 : x 2n x 2n 2 x x
1
2n 1 1
x

x 2n + 2 + x 2n = x 2n (1 + x 2 )
2 2 2
2n
1 2n x
x (2)
2 1+ x 2
1 2(n +1) x 2n 1 2n
(1) (2) x x x 1
2 1+ x 2
2
/ lim I n
n
1 2(n +1) x 2n 1 2n
x x x 1
2 1+ x 2
2
(2n + 1)
1 2n 3 x 1 2n 1
x x
2 1 + x2 2
e e ( 2n + 1) e
1 x 1
21 x 2n 3 .dx
1
1+ x 2
.dx x 2n 1 .dx
21
1 e 1 e
x 2n 2 I n x 2n
4(n + 1) 1 4n 1
1 e 2n 2 1 e 2n
In
4(n + 1) 4n

1 e 2n 2 1 e 2n
lim = lim =0
n 4(n + 1) n 4n
lim I n = 0
n +
n(1 e 2n 2 ) 1 e 2n
nI n
4(n + 1) 4
n(1 e 2n 2 ) 1 e 2n 1
lim = lim =
n + 4(n + 1) n + 4 4
1
lim nI n =
n + 4

f g
f (x) = arcsin(sin x cos x)
g(x) = ln(sin x + cos x + sin 2x )
/ h(x) = f(x) g(x)

4
/ I =
0
tan x.dx
/ h(x) = f(x) g(x)

h'(x) = f '(x) g'(x)
(sin x cos x)' cos x + sin x
f '(x) = =
1 (sin x cos x)2 sin 2x
(sin x + cos x + sin 2x )'
g'(x) =
sin x + cos x + sin 2x

cos 2x
cos x sin x +
g'(x) = sin 2x
(cos x sin x)(cos x + sin x)
(cos x sin x) +
sin 2x
cos x sin x
=
sin 2x
cos x + sin x cos x sin x 2sin x
h'(x) = =
sin 2x sin 2x 2sin xcos x
h'(x) = 2 . tan x

4
/ I =
0
tan x.dx

1 4
1 4
1
I =
20
2. tan x.dx =
20
h'(x).dx =
2
[h(
4
) h(0)]

h( ) = f ( ) g( ) = arcsin(0) ln( 2 + 1) = ln( 2 + 1)
4 4 4

h(0) = arcsin( 1) ln(1) =
2
2
I = [ ln( 2 + 1)]
2 2

4

I n = tan x tan x.dx ,n = 0,1, 2,...
n

/ (I n ) I 0
/ I n + I n + 2 n
1 1
/ In lim I n lim(nI n )
2n + 3 2n 1 n n
/ (I n ) I 0
n +1
x [o, ] : tan x tann x
4
tan n +1 x. tan x tann x. tan x

4 4
x tan x.dx I n+1 In

n +1
tan x tan x.dx tan n
0 0
(I n )

4
n = 0 I 0 = 0
tan x.dx
1 + tan 2 x 1 + t4
tan x = t dt = .dx = .dx
2 tan x 2t
2t
dx = .dt x [0, ] t [0,1]
1+ t 4
4
(1 + t 2 ) (1 t 2 )
1 1
2t 2
I 0 = .dt = .dt
0
1+ t 4
0
1+ t 4
1 + t2 1 t2
1 1
= dt .dt
0
1+ t 4
0
1+ t 4

1 1
1+ d(t )
1+ t
1 2 1 1
2
A = .dt = t .dt = t
0
1 + t 4
0 t +
2 1 1
0 (t ) 2 + 2
t2 t
1 t 1 1
2

= arctan( ) =
2 t 2 0 2 2
1 1
1 d(t + )
1 t
1 2 1 1
2
B = .dt = t .dt = t
0
1 + t 4
0 t2 +
1 1
0 (t + ) 2 2
t2 t
1 t2 t 2 + 1 1
B= ln
2 2 t2 + t 2 + 1 0
12 2 1
= )= ln( ln( 2 + 1)
2 2 2+ 2 2
1
I 0 = ln( 2 + 1)
2 2 2
/ I n + I n + 2 n

4

n+ 2
I n + I n + 2 = (tan x + tan
n
x) tan x.dx
0

4 1
n+
= tan 2
x.(1 + tan 2 x).dx
0
t = tan x dt = (1 + tan 2 x).dx

x [0, ] t [0,1]
4

1
1
n+
1
2 n+
3
2
I n + I n + 2 = t
0
2
.dt =
2n + 3
t 2 =
0 2n + 3
2
I n + I n + 2 =
2n + 3
1 1
/ In
2n + 3 2n 1
2
I n + I n + 2 = (1)
2n + 3
2
I n 2 + I n = (2) n 2
2n 1
(I n ) I n + I n + 2 2I n I n 2 + I n (3)
2 2
(1),(2) &(3) 2I n
2n + 3 2n 1
1 1
In
2n + 3 2n 1
/ lim I n lim(nI n )
n n
1 1 n n
In nI n
2n + 3 2n 1 2n + 3 2n 1
1
lim I n = 0 lim(nI n ) =
n n 2


2x + 1 2x + 2 2x + n 2nx
I( ) = + + ... + .dx
0 x +x
2
x + 2x
2
x + nx
2
x +1
2
> 0
/ I()
/ lim I( )
+
/ I()
n
2x + k 2x
I( ) = 0 2
k =1 x + kx

x +1
2
.dx
n
2x + k 2x
= .dx
k =1 0 x + kx
2
x +1
2
= 2 x + kx 2 x + 1
2 2
k =1
0
n
I( ) = 2 (
k =1
2 + k 2 + 1 + 1]
/ lim I( )
+
n
I( ) = 2 (
k =1
2 + k 2 + 1 + 1]

n
k 1
= 2 + 1
k =1 + k + 2 + 1
2

n
k 1/
= 2 + 1
k =1 1 + k / + 1 + 1 /
2

n
k n(n + 5)
lim I( ) = 2 ( + 1) =
+
k =1 2 2

1
xn
I =
0 1 x 2
.dx n = 0 ,1, 2 ,...
/ I 0 I1 (I n )
In+ 2
/ In I n + 2 lim
n + I
n
/ Pn = I n .I n + 1 n
I n +1
/ lim lim ( n .I n ) =
n + I n + 2
n
/ In
2
2 4 6 .... (2k) 1
/ lim
2k + 1
n + 1 3 5 ..... (2k 1)

/ I 0 I1 (I n )
n = 0

1
dx
= [ Arcsin x ]0 = arcsin(1) arcsin(0) =
1
I0 =
0 1 x2 2

n = 1
1 (1 x 2 )'
1 1 1
x 1 2
I1 = .dx = .dx = 2 1 x =1
0 1 x 2 2 0 1 x 2 2 0

I 0 = I1 = 1
2
/ In I n + 2
xn + 2
1 1
xn
I n =
0 1 x 2
.dx I n + 2 =
0 1 x 2
.dx
n+1
u = x
du = (n + 1)x .dx
n

x
dv = .dx v = 1 x

2
1 x 2
1 1
In+ 2 = x n +1
1 x + (n + 1) xn 1 x 2 .dx
2
0 0
xn (1 x2 ) xn+ 2
1 1 1
xn
In+ 2 = (n + 1) .dx = (n + 1) .dx (n + 1) .dx
0 1 x 2
0 1 x 2
0 1 x 2
n+1
I n + 2 = (n + 1)I n (n + 1)I n + 2 I n + 2 = In
n+2
n+1
I n + 2 = In
n+2
I
lim n + 2
n + I
n
n+1 I n+1
I n + 2 = I n n + 2 =
n+2 In n+2
I n+1
lim n + 2 = lim =1
n + I n + n + 2
n

/ Pn = I n .I n + 1 n
n+1
Pn = I n .I n + 1 Pn + 1 = I n + 1 .I n + 2 I n + 2 =I
n+2 n
n+1 n+1 P n+1
Pn +1 = I n +1 In = Pn n + 1 =
n+2 n+2 Pn n+2
n 1
Pk +1 n 1 k + 1 P 1 2 3 n 1
= n = ... =
k = 0 Pk k =0 k + 2 P0 2 3 4 n+1 n+1

P0 = I 0 .I1 =
2
1
Pn = I n I n +1 = .
2 n+1
I
/ lim n + 1 lim ( n .I n ) =
n + I n + 2
n
(I n ) I n + 2 I n + 1 I n
I n + 2 I n +1 n + 1 In+1 n+1
1 1 lim =1
In In n+2 In n n + 2
I
lim n +1 = 1
n + I
n
1
Pn = I n I n +1 = .
2 n+1
n I n In
n I n 2 = . . n n In =
2 n + 1 I n +1 2 n+1 I n +1
n In
lim n I n = .lim . lim =
n 2 n n + 1 n I n +1 2

lim ( n .I n ) =
n + 2

/ In
In+ 2 n + 1
= n = 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , ...
In n+2
- n = 2p ( )
I 2p + 2 2p + 1 k 1 I 2p + 2 k 1 2p + 1
I 2p
=
2p + 2

p = 0 I 2p
=
p = 0 2p + 2
I 1 3 5 .... (2k 1)
2k = I 0 =
I0 2 4 6 ...... (2k) 2
1 3 5 .... (2k 1)
I 2k =
2 4 6 .... (2k) 2
- n = 2p 1 ()
I 2p+1 2p k I 2p +1 k 2p
=
2p + 1
= 2p 1
I 2p 1 p =1 I
2p 1 p =1 +
I 2k + 1 2 4 6 .... (2k)
= I1 = 1
I1 3 5 7 ...... (2k + 1)
2 4 6 .... (2k)
I 2k + 1 =
3 5 7 ...... (2k + 1)
2
2 4 6 .... (2k) 1
/ lim
n + 1 3 5 ..... (2k 1)
2k + 1
2 4 6 .... (2k)
I 2k +1 = (1)
3 5 7 ...... (2k + 1)
1 3 5 .... (2k 1)
I 2k = (2)
2 4 6 .... (2k) 2

(1) (2)
2
I 2k +1 2 4 6 .... (2k) 1 2
=
I 2k 1 3 5 ..... (2k 1) 2k + 1
2
2 4 6 .... (2k) 1 I 2k +1
=
2k + 1 2 . I
1 3 5 ..... (2k 1) 2k
2
2 4 6 .... (2k) 1 I 2k +1
lim = lim
k + 1 3 5 ..... (2k 1)
2k + 1 2 k + I 2k
(I n ) I 2k + 2 I 2k +1 I 2k k = 0 ,1, 2 , ...
I 2k + 2 I 2k +1 I n+1 I 2k + 1
1 n + 2 = 2k + 2 =
I 2k I 2k In n+2 I 2k 2k + 2
2k + 1 I 2k +1 2k + 1
1 lim = 1
2k + 2 I 2k k 2k + 2
I
lim 2k +1 = 1
k I
2k
2
2 4 6 .... (2k) 1
lim =
2k + 1 2
k + 1 3 5 ..... (2k 1)



1
dx
3 3

0
x3 + x2 + 1

4

1
dx
3 3

0
x3 + x2 + 1

4
x [0,1] 0 x x x 1
3 2
x 2 + 1 x 3 + x 2 + 1 x 2 + x + 1
1 1 1

x2 + x + 1 x3 + x2 + 1 x2 + 1
1 1 1
dx dx dx
0 x2 + x + 1 0 x3 + x2 + 1 0 x2 + 1

1
dx
0 x2 + 1 [ ]
1
= arctan x 0
=
4
1
1
dx d(x + 1 )
2 = 2
x + x+1 0 1 3
0
(x + )2 + ( )2
2 2
1
2 2x + 1
= Arc tan
3 3 0
2
= ( )=
3 3 6 3 3


1
dx

3 3

0
x + x +1
3 2

4

x2 1
/ x 0 e
1 + x2

3
/ e .dx
x 2

0
3

1
x

2
/ x 0 e
1 + x2
f x 0 f (x) = e x 1
x2 2
f '(x) = 2x(ex 1) 0 x 0 f
2
x 0 f (x) f (0) = 0
1 x2 1
e 1 + x
x2 2
=e
e x2
1 + x2
x 1

2
x 0 e
1 + x2

3
e
x2
/ .dx
0
3
x 1

2
x 0 e
1 + x2
3 3
dx
e
x2
.dx
0 0
1 + x2

3
dx
I = 0 1 + x = = + ).d
2
2
x tan dx (1 tan

x = 0 = 0 x = 3 =
3

(1 + tan 2 ).d
3 3 3
dx
I =
0
1 + x 2 0 1 + tan 2
= = 0 d =
3

3
.dx
x 2
e
0
3

O R
S = R2

y = R 2 x2
O R x + y = R
2 2 2
y = R 2 x2
y
y = R 2 x2
x
R R
O
y = R 2 x2
R
S = 2
R
R 2 x 2 . dx
x = R sin t dx = R cos t.dt

x [ R , R] t [ , ]
2 2


2
S = 2
R 2 R 2 sin 2 t .R cos t.dt

2

2 2
1 + cos 2t
= 2 R 2 cos 2 t.dt = 2R 2 .dt
2

2 2

2
2
1 2
= R2 (1 + cos 2t).dt = R t
2

+ sin 2t

2
2
1 1
= R 2 [( + sin ) ( sin )] = R 2
2 2 2 2
O R S = R
2

x2 y 2
2 + 2 = 1
a b

y
x2 y 2
2 + 2 = 1
a b x2
y = b 1 2
x2 a
y = b 1 2
a x

a
x2
S = 2 b 1 2 .dx
a
a
x2
y = b 1 2
a

x = asint dx = acost.dt

x [ a,a] t [ , ]
2 2

2 2
S = 2b

1 sin 2 t .acost = 2ab cos 2 t.dt = ab

2 2
S = a b
r h
y
1
V = r 2 h
3

A(h,r)
r

x
r
(OA) : y = x (ox)O
h
[0 ,h]
h
V = y .dx
2
0
h
r x 3 r 2 h 3
h 2 2
r 2 1
= 2 x .dx = 2 = 2 ( 0) = r 2h
0
h h 3 0 h 3 3


(o, i , j ) (c) : y = x 2
A B (c) AB = 2a ( a > 0 )
A B
(AB)
(c)
y

y B
x A xB
B
A B
A(x A , x 2A ) B(x B , x B2 )
(AB)
y y A yB y A A
=
x x A xB x A
x
xA O xB
y x 2A xB2 x 2A
= y = (x A + xB )x x A xB
x x A xB x A
S (AB) x A
xB
S = (x
xA
A + xB )x x A xB x 2 .dx

x
1 1 3 B 1
= (x A + x B )x x A x B x x = (xB x A )3 (1)
2
2 3 xA 6
AB = 2a AB = 4a
2 2
(x B x A )2 + (x B2 x 2A )2 = 4a 2
(x B x A )2 + (x B x A )2 (x B + x A )2 = 4a 2
2a
x B x A = (2)
1 + (x A + xB ) 2
(2) (1)
1 8a 3 4a 3 1
S= = .
6 1 + (x + x )2 3 3 1 + (x + x )2 3
A B
A B

S 1 + (x A + x B )2
(x A + x B )2 = 0 x A = x B
(2) 2x B = 2a x B = a x A = a
4a3
A( a,a ) B(a,a ) Smax
2 2
=
3


(o, i , j ) (c) : y = 4 x 2
(D) m A(1, 2)
m (c)
(d)

-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 x
-1
-2
(d) : y 2 = m(x 1) y = mx m + 2
(c) (d)
mx m + 2 = 4 x 2 x 2 + mx m 2 = 0 (E)

= m 2 + 4m + 8 = (m + 2) 2 + 4 > 0 m IR
(E) (d)
(c)
A B x A + x B = m (1) ; x A x B = m 2 (2)
S (d) (c)
xB
S=
xA
(4 x 2 ) (mx m + 2) .dx
xB x
1 3 1 2
B
= ( x mx + m + 2).dx = x mx + (m + 2)x
2
xA 3 2 xA
1 1
= (xB3 x3A ) m(xB2 x2A ) + (m + 2)(xB xA )
3 2
1
= (xB xA )[2(x2A + xA xB + xB2 ) + 3m(xA + xB ) 6m 12]
6
1
= (xB xA )[2(xA + xB )2 2xA xB + 3m(xA + xB ) 6m 12] (3)
6
(1) (2) (3)
1
S = (x B x A )[2m 2 + 2m + 4 3m 2 6m 12]
6
1
= (x A + x B )2 4x A x B ( m 2 4m 8)
6
1 1
= m 2 + 4m + 8 . (m 2 + 4m + 8) = (m + 2)2 + 4
6 6

S (m + 2) 2 = 0 m = 2
1
S min =
3

t
3.dx
I(t) =0 4x2 + 5x + 1 t > 0
3 a b
/ a b = +
4x 2 + 5x + 1 x + 1 4x + 1
/ I(t) t lim I(t)
t +
/ a b
3 a b
= +
4x 2 + 5x + 1 x + 1 4x + 1
3 a(4x + 1) + b(x + 1)
=
4x 2 + 5x + 1 (x + 1)(4x + 1)
3 (4a + b)x + (a + b)
=
4x 2 + 5x + 1 4x 2 + 5x + 1
a + b = 3
a = 1 , b = 4
4a + b = 0
a = 1 , b = 4
/ I(t) t
3 4 1
a = 1 , b = 4 =
4x 2 + 5x + 1 4x + 1 x + 1

t
4 1
I(t) = (
0

4x + 1 x + 1
).dx
= [ ln | 4x + 1 | ln | x + 1 |]0
t
4x + 1 4t + 1
t
= ln | | = ln
x+1 0 t+1
4t + 1
I = ln
t+1
lim I(t)
t +
4t + 1 4t + 1
lim I(t) = lim ln lim =4
t + t +
t + 1 t + t + 1
4t + 1
lim I(t) = lim ln = ln 4
t + t +
t+1

1
n

{an } an = xcos x.dx ; (n = 1, 2, 3,....)
2
lim (n 2a n )
n +
( )
lim (n 2a n )
n +
1
n
1 + cos 2x
an =
0
xcos 2 x.dx cos 2 x =
2

1
n
1
2 0
an = x(1 + cos 2x).dx
du = dx
u = x
1
dv = 1 + cos 2x v = x + sin 2x
2
1 1
1 1 1 n n
1
an =
2
x(x +
2
sin 2x)
0 2 0
(x +
2
sin 2x).dx
1
1 1 1 2 1 x 1 2 n
= ( 2+ sin ) cos 2x
2 n 2n n 2 2 4 0
1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1
= ( 2+ sin ) [( 2 cos ) ( )]
2 n 2n n 2 2n 4 n 4
1 1 2 1 1 2 1
= 2+ sin 2 + cos
2n 4n n 4n 8 n 8
1 1 2 1 1
= 2 + sin sin 2
4n 4n n 4 n
1 n 2 n2 1
lim (n an ) = lim ( + sin
2
sin 2 )
n + n + 4 4 n 4 n
1
u = n + u 0
n
1 1 1
lim (n 2a n ) = lim( + sin 2u 2 sin 2 u)
n + u0 4 4u 4u
1 1 sin 2u 1 sin 2 u 1 1 1 1
= lim( + . . 2 )= + =
u0 4 2 2u 4 u 4 2 4 2
1
lim (n an ) =
2
n + 2


5 3
-/ sin 6 x + cos 6 x = + cos 4x
8 8

8

/ I = (sin x + cos x).dx
6 6
0
1 1
-/ = 1
1 + ex 1 + ex
ln 2
dx
/ I =
0
1 + e x

4
sin x
- I = 0 sin x + cos x .dx

2
cos x
J= .dx
0
sin x + cos x
/ I + J I J
/ I J

2 2

- I = sin x.dx J = cos x.dx
2 2
0 0
I = J I + J I J
1

- I = cos x.dx n = 0 ,1, 2 ,...
n
/ I 0 I1 (I n )

In+ 2
/ In I n + 2 lim
n + I
n
/ Pn = I n .I n + 1 n
I n +1
/ lim lim ( n .I n ) =
n + I n + 2
n
/ I n
2
2 4 6 .... (2k) 1
/ lim
n + 1 3 5 ..... (2k 1) +
2k 1
1 1
dx dx
- I = 2 J = 2
0
x x+1 0
x + x+1
2x + 1 1 1
-/ 2 = x 0 , x 1
x (x + 1) 2
x (x + 1)
2 2
2x + 1
3
/ I = 2 .dx
1
x (x + 1) 2
2
1
- x f (x ).dx = xf (x).dx , > 0
3 2
0
2 0

2 2
- f (sin x).dx =
0 0
f (cos x).dx
- f
b b
f (x).dx = f (x).dx
a a


t
2x ln x
-/ t > 1 I(t) = .dx
1
(1 + x )
2 2
/ lim I(t)
t +
1
dx
- I = 0 x4 + 1
(2t)n + (1 t 2 )n
1
- I n = 2 n +1
.dt
0
(1 + t )
/ In I n + 2
/ In
-

3 n n 3
sin x cos x
In = n .dx J = .dx
n n n n

6 6
/ I n = J n
/ I n + J n In J n
a a
-/ f (x).dx = f (a x).dx
0 0

4

/ I = ln(1 + tan x).dx
0

2
sin(2n + 1)x
/ I 2n +1 = 0 sin x .dx

I 2n + 1 I 2n 1 I 2n +1
+
/ I n =
0
xne x .dx
( 1998 )
e

- I n = (ln x) .dx
n
/ I n = e nI n 1
/ I 4

2

- I n = sin x.dx
n
/ In
/ I 4 I 5
ln x
- f (x) = 2
, x1
x
/ f (x).dx
a
/ a > 1 I(a) = f (x).dx

1
/ lim I(a)
a +

3
xsin x
- I = 0
cos 2 x
.dx


n 1
- I n = sin xcos x ,n IN*
3
/ In n
n
/ S n = I 1 + I 2 + I 3 + ... + I n = (I )
k =1
k
3 2n + 3
S n = ,n IN
2 ( n + 1) ( n + 2 )
/ lim S n
n +

2

- I n = sin xcos x.dx ,n IN
2 n
/ ( I n ) ,nIN
I 0 I 1
n 1
/ n 2 I n = .I n 2
n+2
/ Pn = I n .I n 1 n 1
Pn n lim n .Pn
n +
( 2
)
n
/ S n = P1 + P2 + P3 + ........ + Pn = (P )
k =1
k
n ( n + 3)
Sn = . lim S n
8 ( n + 1) ( n + 2 ) n +
/ n = S1 S 2 S 3 .... S n n
/ I 2n I 2n + 1 n

1
1
( )
n
- I n = . x 2 .dx ,n IN
2n 1 0
/ In n
/ S n = I1 + I 2 + I 3 + .... + I n lim S n
n +
-
( n + 1)a ( n + 1 )a
dx dx
In =
na
cos 2 x
J n = a
2
cos x
,n IN,a > 0
/ I1 + I 2 + I 3 + .... + I n = J n
/ In J n n
/
1 1 1
Sn = + + .... +
cosacos 2a cos 2acos 3a cos ( na ) cos ( n + 1) a
-

2 2
I n = e nx cos 2 x.dx J n = e nx sin 2 x.dx ,n IN
0 0
/ I n + J n I n J n n
/ In J n
e n
- I n = cos ( ln x ) .dx ,n IN
e(
n +1)
/ ( I n ) ,nIN

/ In n

/ S n = I 0 + I1 + I 2 + ... + I n lim S n
n +
- f p np, ( n + 1 ) p
n IN a > 0,a 1
( n + 1) p
In = a x .f ( x ).dx
np
/ ( I n ) ,n IN

/ In n I 0
( n + 1)
/ I n =
n
ex .cos 2x.dx
x( + )
e 2n + 1
In = .dx ,n IN,e = 2,71828...
1
1+ x 2
/ I 0
e 2n + 2 1
/ I n +1 + I n =
2 ( n + 1) .e 2n + 2
/
1 2( n + 1 ) x 2n 1 2n
x x , x 1
2 1 + x2 2
/ lim I n lim ( nI n )
n + n +

-

2 2
In =
1 +
dx
tan n
x
ngi Jn =
1 +
dx
cot n
x
0 0
1
t n .dx
- In = ( n IN )
0
1 + t2
/ (I n ) I 0 I1
/ In I n + 2
1 1
/ In , n 2
2 ( n + 1) 2 ( n 1)
/ lim I n lim nI n
n + n +
-
en + 1
ln x
In = x 2
.dx n IN,e = 2, 71828....
en
n n +1
n
1 1
/ I n = n n + 1 + 1
e e e e
/ lim I n
n +
n
/ S n = (I ) = I
k =0
k 0 + I1 + I 2 + .... + I n
lim S n
n +

-
1 x 1
I n = lim .n .dx
1 ( 1 + x ) +
+ 2
x 1
1 n
/ I n = . lim I n
2 n+1 n +
n
/ Pn = ( I ) = I .I
k =1
k 1 2 .I 3 ....I n n
-
e
I n = xn .dx ,n IN,e = 2.71828...

0
/ In n
1 1 1 1
/ S n = + + + ...... +
I 0 I1 I 2 In
/ lim S n
n +
- ( I n ) ,n IN

2
I n = cosn xcosnx.dx
0
/ I 0 I 1
/ In In n
/ S n = I 0 + I1 + I 3 + ... + I n lim S n
n +

-
( n +1) x

y = fn ( x ) = e t .dx n IN e = 2.71828...
2
nx
/ y' = f 'n ( x )
/ n IN n = f 'n ( 1)
Sn = 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + n
lim S n
n +
- f [ 0, ]

2
/ xf ( sin x ) .dx = f ( sin x ) .dx

0 0

xsin x
/ I = 0 1 + sin x
2
.dx
1
xn
- I n =
0 x x+1
2
.dx
/ I 0 I1
/ I n ,I n +1 I n + 2
1
x4
/ k =
0 x x+1
2
.dx


1-
F( x, y, y' , y' ' , y' ' ' ,....., y ) = 0

(n)

y' ' x 2 y'+2 sin x 3 = 0
y = ( x ) F( x, y, y' , y' ' , y' ' ' ,....., y ) = 0

(n)
y = sin x y' '+ y = 0
y' = cos x , y' ' = sin x y' '+ y = sin x + sin x = 0

F( x, y, y' , y' ' , y' ' ' ,....., y ( n ) ) = 0
( x , y, C) = 0 , C : cons tan ce
3x + xy + y + 1 = 0
2 3
(E): (3y 2 + x ) y'+6x + y = 0 ?

2-
F( x , y , y' ) = 0
y'+2xy 4x = 0
2 3
- f ( x ).dx = g( y).dy
- f ( x )dx = g ( y)dy
f ( x ).dx = g( y).dy
F( x ) = G ( y) + C , C IR

2x
1. dx = e y dy
x +1
2
2x
2 dx = e dy
y
x +1
ln(x 2 + 1) = e y + C y = ln | ln(x 2 + 1) C | , C IR
x
2. dx = (4 y 3 9 y 2 + 4 y)dy
1+ x 2
x
.dx = (4 y 3 9 y 2 + 4 y)dy
1+ x 2
1 + x 2 = y 4 3y 3 + 2 y 2 + C
y 4 3y 3 + 2 y 2 1 + x 2 + C = 0

3. (tan x + cot x ) .dx = (sin y + cos y) dy

2 2
1 1
(tan x + cot x ) = tan x + 2 + cot x = +
2 2 2
cos x sin 2 x
2
(sin y + cos y) 2 = sin 2 y + 2 sin y cos y + cos 2 y = 1 + sin 2 y

1 1
( cos 2 x + sin 2 x )dx = (1 + sin 2 y)dy
1
tan x cot x = y cos 2 y + C
2
1
y cos 2 y tan x + cot x + C = 0 C IR
2
.
- P( x, y)dx + Q( x, y)dy = 0 (E)
P( x, y)
Q( x , y)

y
- (E) y' = f x (E1 )

-
y = u.x y' = u + u '.x
du
(E1 ) u + u ' x = f (u ) u ' = dx
du du dx
u + x dx = f (u ) f (u ) u = x
du dx
f (u ) u = x = ln | x | +C C IR
( x + 2xy + 3y )dx ( x + 2xy)dy = 0

2 2 2

dy x 2 + 2 xy + 3y 2 dy
dx = x 2 + 2xy y = ux dx = u + u ' x
x 2 + 2 x 2 u + 3u 2 x 2 1 + 2u + 3u 2 du
u + u ' x = = u ' = dx
x + 2x u
2 2
1 + 2u
du 1 + 2u + 3u 2
du 1 + 2u + 3u 2 1 + u + u2
u + x = x = u=
dx 1 + 2u dx 1 + 2u 1 + 2u
2u + 1 dx
u 2 + u + 1 du = x
2u + 1 dx
u 2 + u + 1du = x
ln | u 2 + u + 1 |= ln | x | + ln | C |= ln | Cx |
y
u 2 + u + 1 = Cx y = ux u =
x
2
y y
2 + + 1 = Cx (C 1) x xy y = 0 , C IR
2 2
x x
ax + by + c
. y' = f a ' x + b' y + c'

a b
- det = = ab'a ' b = 0
a ' b'
U = ax + by
a b
- det = a ' b' = ab'a ' b 0
x = X + x 0 , y = Y + y 0
a (X + x 0 ) + b(Y + y 0 ) + c
Y ' = f
a ' ( X + x 0 ) + b ' ( Y + y 0 ) + c'
aX + bY + (ax 0 + by 0 + c)
Y ' = f a ' X + b' Y + (a ' x + b' y + c' )
0 0
ax 0 + by 0 + c = 0
a ' x + b' y + c' = 0 x 0 y 0
0 0
aX + bY
Y' = f a ' X + b' Y


Y = U.X Y' = U + U'.X

aX + bU.X a + bU dU
U + U '.X = f = f U' =
a ' X + b' U.x a '+ b' U dX
dU dX
dU a + bU =
U + X. dX = f a '+ b' U f a + bU U X

a '+ b' U

x + 2y + 4
1. y' = 2x + 4 y + 1
4x 2 y + 3
2. y' = 2x y + 1
2x y 1
3. y' = x + y 5
x+y6
4. y' = x y + 2
. (E) : y'+ P( x ).y = Q( x )
- e P ( x ).dx
P ( x ).dx P ( x ).dx
y' e + P( x ) y e = Q( x ). e P ( x ).dx
- U = y e
P ( x ).dx P ( x ).dx P ( x ).dx
U ' = y' e + P( x ) y e
P ( x ).dx
U' = Q( x ).e

P ( x ).dx
U = Q ( x ) e .dx + C , C IR

P ( x ).dx P ( x ).dx
- y e = Q ( x ) e dx + C

P ( x ) dx P ( x ).dx P ( x ).dx
y = e Q( x ) e dx + C e


1. y'+2 xy = e sin x
x 2
1
2. y'+ y = 3x
2
x
xe x
3
3. y'+3x =
2
1+ x4
. (E) : y'+ P(x ).y = Q( x ).y , IR

- y y' y + P( x) y = Q( x )
1
1
- U = y U' = (1 ) y' y y' y = 1 U' , 1
1
1
1 U'+ P( x ).U = Q( x )
U'+(1 )P( x ).U = (1 )Q( x )

4 xy 3
y'2x y = (1 + x 2 ) 2
3
y' = u ( x ) y + v( x ) y + w ( x )
2
- y
1
- y = y + z 0
z
.
y = xy'+f ( y' )
dy
y' = dx = t

3-
F( x , y , y' , y' ' ) = 0
2.
y' '(x + 1) y'+2xy 4x = 0

2 3
(E) ay' '+ by'+cy = f ( x )
a 0 , a , b , c
a / f ( x ) = 0
ay' '+ by'+cy = 0 , a 0 , a , b, c IR

ay' '+ by'+ cy = 0 , a 0, a , b, c IR

ar + br + c = 0
2

ay' '+ by'+cy = 0 , a 0, a , b, c IR
ar + br + c = 0
2
- = b 4ac > 0 r1 r2
2
y = f (x ) = A.e r x + B.e r x
1 2
A, B IR
- = b 4ac = 0
2
b
r1 = r2 = = r0
2a

y = f (x ) = (Ax + B).e r x A, B IR
0
- = b 4ac < 0
2

r1 = + i r2 = i

y = f (x ) = (A cos x + B sin x ).e x A, B IR
b / f ( x ) 0 (E) ay' '+ by'+ cy = f ( x )

- y
- ay' '+ by'+cy = f ( x ) (1) ay' '+ by'+cy = f ( x ) (2)
- (1) & (2) a ( y' ' y' ' ) + b( y' y' ) + c( y y) = 0
- Z = y y az' '+ bz'+cz = 0
4-

P( x, y)dx + Q( x, y)dy = 0 (1)

P( x, y) Q( x, y)
y = x (1)
dU ( x , y) = 0
(1) U( x, y) = C , C IR
1. (3x + 6xy )dx + (6x y + 4y )dy = 0

2 2 2 3
2. ( x 3xy + 2)dx (3x y y )dy = 0

3 2 2 2
3. (4x + 3x y + 2xy )dx + (2x y + 3x y + 8y )dy = 0

3 2 2 3 3 2 2 3
P( x, y)dx + Q( x, y)dy = 0 (1)

P( x, y) Q( x, y)

y x

= ( x, y)
( x , y)[P ( x , y)dx + Q( x , y)dy ] = dU = ( x , y) -

y [(x, y)P(x, y)] = x [(x, y)Q( x, y)]
= ( x, y)
1 P P
1. Q y x = F( x ) = ( x )

1 P P
2. P y x = G ( y) = ( y)

1. y'+2xy = x 6. y' '2y'+2 y = 8x

3 2
2x 1
2. y' y =1 7. y' '2 y'+ y = e
3x
x2
3. y'+ y cos x = sin x cos x 8. y' '+ y'2 y = sin 2x
4. xy'+ y = xy ln x 9. y' '+4 y = (2x + 3)e x

2
5. y + y' = cos x 10. y' ' y = e 2 x cos x

x + 3y
1. y' = 2x + 6 y + 5 6. y' ' y = 2x sin x
3x + 2 y 7
2. y' = x + y 3 7. y' '4 y = e sin 2x
2x

3. ( x + y)dx + ( x + 2 y)dy = 0 8. y' '+4 y = 2 sin 2x 3 cos 3x
4. ( x + y + 2x )dx + 2xydy = 0 9. y' ' = xe + y

2 2 x
2 xdx y 2 3x 2
5. y 3 + y 4 dy = 0 1. y' '9 y = x (1 + e )
x
.
x2 +1 ydy
1. x 4 + 1 dx = 1 + y 2
2. 4 = e (sin y + cos y ) .dy

dx y 2
x +1
3. (2x + 1)(1 + y 5 ) 2 dx = y 4 x 2 + x + 4dy
4. x 1 + y dx = y (1 + x )dy
7 4 3 4
5. y tan x dx = dy

Z x,y
( x, y )
Z x,y
Z = f (x, y)
V x
y h
y
1
V= .y 2h h = x 2 y 2
3
1 2 2
V = f (x, y) = y x y
2
3
x = 10cm , y = 8cm
1
V = f (10 , 8) = 82 102 82 = 128 cm 3
3

x ,y ,z
d = f (x, y, z) = x 2 + y 2 + z 2
x = 2, y = 3, z = 6 d = f (2,3,6) = 4 + 9 + 36 = 7
-
Z = f (x, y)
M(x, y) XOY ()
Z = f (x, y)

1
Z=
4 x y
2 2
4 x 2 y 2 > 0 x 2 + y 2 < 4

R = 2
Z = f (x, y)
f (x, y) = C XOY
z = x 2 y ?
U = f (x, y, z)
f (x, y, z) = C
U = 2x + 2y + z 4 ?
Z = f (x, y)
- y Z x
- x Z y

y Z x
Z x
Z = f (x, y) x
Z f (x + x , y) f (x, y)
Z'x = f 'x ( x, y ) = = lim
x x 0 x

Z f (x , y + y) f (x, y)
Z'y = f 'y ( x, y ) = = lim
y y 0 y
Z = f (x, y) = 2x 3 + 3x 2 y + 5xy 2 7y 3
?
Z
Z'x = = 6x 2 + 6xy + 5y 2
x
Z
Z'y = = 3x 2 + 10xy 21y 2
y
2
Z = f (x, y, z) = x 3 + y 3 + z 3 3xyz
Z'x = 3x 3yz , Z'y = 3y 3xz , Z'z = 3z 2 3xyz
2 2
3 Z = f (x, y) = ln(x 2 + y 2 )

?
( x 2 + y 2 )' 2x ( x 2 + y 2 )' 2y
Z' x = x +y
2 2
= 2
x + y2
, Z' y =
x +y
2 2
= 2
x + y2

4 Z = f ( x , y) = e
x +y 3 3
Z' x = ( x + y )' e = 3x 2 e x + y , Z' y = ( x 3 + y 3 )' e x + y = 3y 2 e x + y

3 3 x +y 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
5
Z = f ( x, y, z) = x y + y z + z x + x x y y z z , x > 0, y > 0, z > 0
Z'x = y x + z ln z + x y z (1 + ln x )
y 1 x x y z
Z' y = x y ln x + zy z 1 + x x y y z z (1 + ln y)
Z'z = y z ln y + xz x 1 + x x y y z z (1 + ln z)
. Z = f ( x, y) , x, y D
( x, y)
Z Z
dZ =
x
.dx +
y
.dy
z = x + 4xy + 3y
2 2
dZ = (2x + 4 y).dx + (4x + 6 y).dy
. Z = f ( x, y, z) , x, y, z D
( x, y, z)
Z Z Z
dZ = .dx + .dy + .dz
x y z


Z = f ( x, y, z) = ln(2x 2 + 5y 2 + 4z 2 )
4x 10 y 8z
dZ = 2x 2 + 5y 2 + 4z 2 .dx + 2x 2 + 5y 2 + 4z 2 .dy + 2x 2 + 5y 2 + 4z 2 dz
Z = f (x , y )

Z 2 Z
1. f ' ' xx (x , y ) = = 2
x x x
Z 2 Z
2. f ' ' yy (x, y ) = = 2
y y y
Z 2 Z
3. f ' ' xy (x , y ) = =
y x y.x
Z 2 Z
4. f ' ' yx (x, y ) = =
x y x.y
Z = f ( x, y) = x + y 2x y + 5xy + 3
3 3 2 2
f ' ' xx , f ' ' yy , f ' ' xy f ' ' yx ?
Z = f ( x, y)
- M ( x 0 , y 0 )
M (x , y ) M 0 f (x 0, y 0 ) > f (x, y )


- M ( x 0 , y 0 )
M (x , y )
M 0 f (x 0, y 0 ) < f (x, y )
Z = f (x , y )
- f ' x (x, y ), f ' y (x, y )

f ' x (x , y ) = 0
- f ' (x , y ) = 0
y
( x 0 , y 0 )
- a = f ' ' xx (x, y ) , b = f ' ' xy (x, y ) , c = f ' ' yy (x, y )
- = ac b 2
> 0 , a > 0 Z = f ( x 0 , y 0 )
> 0 , a < 0 Z = f ( x 0 , y 0 )
< 0 Z = f ( x 0 , y 0 )
= 0
Z = f (x, y ) = 2x + 5y 2xy 6x 6 y + 34
2 2
- Z' x = 4x 2 y 6 and Z' y = 10 y 2x 6

4 x 2 y 6 = 0
- 10 y 2x 6 = 0

x = 2 , y = 1

- = ac b 2
a = Z' ' xx = 4 , b = Z' ' xy = 2 , C = Z' ' yy = 10
= 40 4 = 36 > 0 M 0 ( 2 ,1 )
Z min = f (2 ,1) = 25
Z = f ( x, y ) x , y x = (t ) , y = (t )

dZ Z dx Z dy
= . + .
dt x dt y dt
dZ
Z = e 3 x + 2 y x = cos t , y = t
2
dt
.
Z = f ( x, y ) x , y
x = ( u , v ) , y = (u , v )
u v
Z Z x Z y Z Z x Z y
= . + . v = x . v + y . v
u x u y u
Z Z
1 . Z = sin x + sin y
u v
x = cos u + sin v , y = sin u + cos v
2. Z = ( x + y )
2 2
Z Z
y x =0
x y

.

Z = f ( x, y ) l = PP1
Z f ( P1 ) f ( P)
= Plim f ( P1 ) , f ( P)
l P 0
1
P1 P
P1 P
Z
Z Z Z
= cos + sin

l OX
l x y
P1 ( x1 , y1 )
P( x, y)
Z = 2 x 3 y
2 2
OX 120 P (1 , 0 )

Z = f ( x, y )

Z Z

grad Z = x . i + y . j

l
= proj drad Z
l
l
Z = x y
2
P (1 , 1)
P ( x, y ).dx + Q ( x, y ).dy

U = f ( x, y ) P ( x, y ) , Q ( x, y )

D
Q( x, y ) P( x, y )
=
x y
( x + 4 xy )dx + (6 x y 5 y )dy
4 3 2 2 4

P ( x, y , z ) dx + Q ( x, y, z ) dy + R ( x, y , z ).dz
U = f ( x, y, z )
Q P R Q P Q
= , = , =
x y y z z x
(3x + 3 y 1)dx + ( z + 3 x)dy + (2 yz + 1)dz
2 2
P ( x, y ).dx + Q ( x, y ).dy
U = f ( x, y )
P ( x, y ) , Q ( x, y )
(L ) M 1 ( x1 , y1 ) M 2 ( x2 , y2 )
( x2 , y 2 )
P( x, y).dx + Q( x, y ).dy = P( x, y).dx + Q( x, y ).dy

( L) ( x1 , y1 )
= U ( x2 , y 2 ) U ( x1 , y1 )

I= ( x + 4 xy )dx + (6 x y 5 y ).dy M (2,1) , N (3 ,0 )
4 3 2 2 4
( MN )
f ( x, y ) = 0 f ( x, y )

x , y y x
f ' y ( x, y ) 0
dy f ' x ( x, y )
dx =
f ' y ( x, y )
dy d 2 y
, 2 ( x 2 + y 2 ) 3 3( x 2 + y 2 ) + 1 = 0
dx dx
.
F ( x, y , z ) = 0 F ( x, y , z )
x , y, z z x, y

f ' z ( x, y, z ) 0
z F ' ( x, y, z ) Z F ' ( x, y , z )
= x , = y
x F ' y ( x, y , z ) y F ' z ( x, y , z )
z F ( x, y , z ) = 0
F F F
x .dx + y .dy + z .dz = 0
z z
x , y x 2 y + 3z yz + y = 0
2 2 2

-B

Z = f ( x, y )
f ( x, y )
- M 0 ( x0 , y0 , z0 ) Z = f ( x, y )
Z z 0 = f ' x ( x0 , y0 )( X x0 ) + f ' y ( x0 , y 0 )(Y y0 )
- M 0 ( x0 , y0 , z0 ) Z = f ( x, y )
X x0 Y y0 Z z0
= =
f ' x ( x 0 , y 0 ) f ' y ( x0 , y 0 ) 1
x2
z = y
2
2
M ( 2,1 , 1)
.

F ( x, y , z ) = 0
F ( x0 , y0 , z0 ) = 0

F ' x ( x0 , y 0 , z 0 )( X x0 ) + F ' y ( x0 , y 0 , z 0 )(Y y 0 ) + F ' z ( x0 , y0 , z 0 )( Z z0 ) = 0
X x0 Y y0 Z z0
= =
F ' x ( x0 , y 0 , z 0 ) F ' y ( x 0 , y 0 , z 0 ) F ' Z ( x 0 , y 0 , z 0 )


1.
1
. Z = 1 x2 y2 . Z=
4 x2 y2
1
. Z = 1 x2 y2 z2 . Z = 4 x2 y2 z2
x2 y2 z2
. Z = 1 , a, b, c IR *
a2 b2 c2
2.
. Z = x+ y . Z = xy
y
. Z=
x2 . Z = x2 + y2
x2 y2
. Z=
4
+
9
3.
. Z = x 3 + y 3 3xy . Z = x2 y5
x2 y2
z
x
. Z= 2
x + y2 . Z = xy +
y
xy
. Z = arctan 2 . Z= x2 + y2 + z2
z
dz x
4. dt z= , x = e t , y = ln t
y
du x
5. u = ln sin , x = 3t 2 , y = 1 + t 2
dt y

du z
6. dt u = x 2 + y 2 , x = r cos t , y = r sin t , z = h
z dz y
7. x
,
dx z = arctg
x
, y = x2

8. W = f (u , v ) u = x + at , v = y + bt
W W W
=a +b
t x y
y
9. Z = xy + x ( )
x
z z
x + y = xy + z
x y
x2
1. Z = e y . ( ye 2 y )
2

z z
(x2 y 2 ) + xy = xyz
x y
11. z = x 2 xy 2 y 2 P (1 ,2)
OX 60 P( 1 , 2 )

12. grad Z P(2 , 1 ) Z = x 3 + y 3 3xy

13. grad Z P (5 , 3 ) Z = x2 y2

14. grad Z P (1 , 2 , 2 ) Z = x2 + y2 + z2
2z 2 z 2 z
15. , ,
x 2 zy y 2
x2 y2
. z=c + . Z = ln( x 2 + y 2 )
a2 b2
x+ y
. z = 2 xy + y 2 . z = arctan
1 xy
y
16. u = arctan
x
Laplace
2u 2u
+ =0
x 2 2 y

17. u ( x, t ) = A sin( at + ). sin x
2u 2 u
2
Cordes vibrantes :
t 2
=a
x 2

y y
18. z = x ( x ) + ( x )
2 z 2z 2 z
2 2
x
x 2
+ 2 xy
xy
+ y
y 2
=0
19. Z = f ( x, y )
. dZ = ( 2 x + y ).dx + ( x + 2 y )dy
. dZ = ydx + xdy
. dZ = (cos x + 3 x 2 y )dx + ( x 3 y 2 )dy
x + 2y 2x y
. dz = dx 2 dy
x +y
2 2
x + y2
x y
. dZ = dx + dy
x2 + y2 x2 + y2
2. z = x2 + y2
M (1,2,5)
x2 y2 z2
21. +
16 9

8
=0
M ( 4 , 3 , 4)
22.

x 3 + y 3 + z 3 3xyz = 0 M ( 2 , 3 , 1 )

23.
( 3 , 2)
. I= (4 x + 2 y )dx + (2 x 6 y )dy
( 2 , 1)
( 2 , 1)
. I= (3 x
2
+ 2 xy + y 2 ) dx + ( x 2 + 2 xy + 3 y 2 )dy
(1 , 2 )
( 2 , 1)
. I= (x
4
+ 4 xy 3 ) dx + (6 x 2 y 2 5 y 4 )dy
( 1 , 2)
(1,1) x y
dx + dy
. I=
+ y

+ x

( 0,0 ) x +y
2 2
x +y
2 2

(3x 2 xy + y 2 ).dx (x 2 2 xy + 3 y 2 ).dy

( 3 , 4)
. I= 2
( )
1, 2
xdx + ydy + zdz

(2 ,3, 6 )
. I=
( 0 , 0 , 0) x2 + y2 + z2

.
Y
A B
M i
M i +1
X
O x0 = a x i x i +1
ba
[a , b ] n x i = a + n .i
ba
x i = x i+1 x i = n
[f ( x ).x ]
n
Re imann i i d = max x i
i =1
lim [f ( x i ). x i ] = f ( x ).dx
n
d 0
i =1 a
( )
i 1
- a = 0 , b = 1 x i = n , x i = n
1 n
i
1
lim
n + n

i =1
f (
n ) =
0
f ( x ).dx

. z = f ( x , y) z = 0

D ( xoy)
z = f ( x , y)
f (x i , y i )
Y
O
D
X
S i = x i .y i

f ( x i , y i ).Si = Volume collonnette
i f ( x i , y i ).Si
z = f ( x , y)
z = 0 D ( xoy) d = max Si
V = lim
d 0
[f ( x
i
i , y i ). S i ] = f ( x , y ).dS = f ( x , y ).dxdy
D D
. D = {( x, y) / a x b , ( x ) y ( x ) }
Y
y = (x)
D
y = (x)
a b X
b (x)
f ( x , y ).dxdy = dx
D a
f ( x , y ).dy
( x )

. D = {( x, y) / c y d , ( y) x ( y) }
Y x =(y) x = (y)
d
D
c
d (y)
X
f ( x , y ).dxdy = dy f ( x , y ).dx
D c (y)
. D = {( x, y) / a x b , c y d }
b c d b
f ( x , y ).dxdy = dx f ( x , y ). dy = dy f ( x , y ). dx
D a c c a

0 x 1
I = D xy.dxdy D x 2 y x

x 1
1 x
xy 2
1
11 3 1 x4 x6 1
I = dx xy.dy = 2 .dx = 2 (x x ).dx = 2 4 6 = 24
5
0 x 2
0 x 0 2 0
I = (x + y)dxdy D D
0 x 1
2
x y x
x
1 x
y2
1 1
x x4
I = dx ( x + y).dy = xy + .dx = ( x x + x 3 ).dx
0 x 2 0 2 x 0 22 2

1
2 52 x 2 x 4 x 5 3
= x + =
5 4 4 10 0 10
.
a/ k.f ( x, y).dxdy = k . f ( x, y)dxdy
D D
b/ f ( x, y).dxdy = . f (x, y)dxdy + f ( x.y)dxdy

D D1 D2
D = D1 + D 2
c/ [f ( x, y) + g( x, y)].dxdy = . f ( x, y)dxdy + g( x.y)dxdy
D D D
-'

. ( x, y) (u, v)
x = (u, v) , y = (u, v)
x x
u v
Jacobien J = y y
= ( u , v)
u v
f ( x , y ).dxdy
D
= f [ ( u , v ) ; ( u , v ) ]. | J | .dudv
S

M(r,)
r

O x
x = r. cos

y = r. sin

x x
J = r = cos r sin = r cos 2 + r sin 2 = r
y y sin r cos
r
f ( x , y ).dxdy
D
= f [r cos , r sin ].rdrd
S

I = x 2 + y 2 .dxdy
D
D = {(x, y) / x + y = R }
2 2 2

I = (r cos ) 2 + (r sin ) 2 .rdrd
S
2 R
2 3
= r 2 drd = d r 2 dr = R
S 0 0
3
I = D xydxdy
x = R cos 3 t

D Astroide
y = R sin t ( 0 t )
3
2
I = D ydxdy
D Cycloid
x = R ( t sin t )
y = R (1 cos t )
I = xy 2 dxdy
D
y = 2px x = p
2
D

. z = f (x, y) z = 0 D ( xoy)
V = f ( x , y ).dxdy
D

. D
S = dxdy
D
= (x, y) Plaquette.
- Plaquette. m = .dS
S
- Sox = S y.( x, y).dxdy
- Soy = S x.(x, y).dxdy
-
Sy 1 S 1
x0 = = x( x , y)dxdy , y 0 = x = y( x , y).dxdy
m m S m m S
- Inertie I x = S y ( x, y).dxdy
2
- Inertie I y = S x (x, y).dxdy

2
- Inertie O I O = I x + I y = S ( x + y )( x, y).dxdy
2 2

x = a ( t sin t ) , y = a (1 cos t ) (OX) ?


(P1 ) : y 2 = 4x + 4 and (P2 ) : y 2 = 2x + 4
I = D (3x + 8xy + 6 y ).dxdy D = {(x, y) / 0 x 1, 1 y 2 }

2 2
1 2
I = dx (3x 2 + 8xy + 6 y 2 ).dy

0 1
= [3x 2 y + 4xy 2 + 2 y 3 ]1 dx
1
2
0
1
= (6x 2 + 16 x + 16 3x 2 4x 2).dx
0
= (3x 2 + 12 x + 14).dx = [x 3 + 6 x 2 + 14 x ]0 = 21
1
1
I = D (6 x y + 4 y ).dxdy D = {( x , y) / 0 x 1, x y x }
2 3
2
1 x
I = dx (6 x y + 4 y )dy
2 3
0 x2
= [3x ]
1 1
y +y .dx = (3x 3 + x 2 3x 6 x 8 ).dx
2 2 4 x
x2
0 0
1
3x 4 x 3 3x 7 x 9 3 1 3 1 127
= + = + =
4 3 7 9 0 4 3 7 9 252

I = D (4x + 2xy).dxdy D = {( x, y) / 0 x y , 0 y 4 }
3
4 y
I = dy (4x + 2xy)dx
3
0 0
4
= [x + x y].0 dy = ( y + y ).dy =
4 4
2 y 3 128
= 3
4 2 y 2 2
0 0 3 0

I = D 4 y .dxdy
3
D = {(x, y) / 2 x 2 , x y 4 }
2
I = dx 4 y dy = [y ] x9
2 4 2
dx = (256 x ).dx = 256 x =

2
3 4 4 8 8192
x2
2 x2 2 2 9 2 9
I = D (6x y + 4 y ).dxdy
2 3
D = {(x, y) / 0 x 1, x y x }
2
1 x
I = dx (6x y + 4 y )dy
2 3
0 x2
= [3x 2 y 2 + y 4 ]x .dx = (3x 3 + x 2 3x 6 x 8 ).dx

1 1
x
2
0 0
1
3x 4 x 3 3x 7 x 9 3 1 3 1 127
= + = + =
4 3 7 9 0 4 3 7 9 252

1-
2 2 2 a
. dy ( x + 2 y).dx . d rdr
2
0 1 0 a sin

4 2 2 3 cos
dy
. 3 dx 1 (x + y) 2 . d r sin dr
3 2
0

2
2 x
1 x 2 x2
dx
1
dy
. dx 1 x 2 y 2 dy . 1 1 y
3
0 0 x
dxdy
2- I = (x + y) 3
D
D = {( x , y) / x 1, y 1 , x + y 3 }
3- I = x 2 + 1 D = {(x, y) / x 0 , y 0 , x + y 1 }
ydxdy

2 2
4- I = D x ( y x )dxdy D = {(x, y) / y = x , x = y }
2
2 2
5- I = D ln(x + y).dxdy D = {(x, y) / x = 1, y = 1 , y = x + 1 }

xdxdy
6- I = D 1 + x 2 + y 2 D = {(x, y) / y = 2x , x = 2 }
7- I = x 2 + y 2 .dxdy D = {(x, y) / x = 0 , y = 0 , x + y = 1 }
xy
D
8- I = D ( x + y + 1).dxdy D = {( x, y) / , x + y x = 0 }
2 2
2 2
9- I = D x + y .dxdy D = {(x, y) / x + y = 4 , x + y = 16 }
2 2 2 2 2 2
10- I = D 4 x y .dxdy D = {( x, y) / x + y 2 , y 0 }
2 2 2 2
11- I = D xy .dxdy D = {(x, y) / (x + y ) xy }

2 2 2
12- I = D x y 1 x y .dxdy D = {( x, y) / x 0, y 0, x + y 1 }
2 2 3 3 3 3

f ( x, y , z ) V
f ( x , y , z ). dx dy dz = lim
max x i 0

i j k
f ( xi , y j , z k )xi y j z k
V max y ji 0
max z ki 0

I = x 3 y 2 z.dz
V
0 x 1

V 0 y x
0 z xy

1 x xy 1 x xy
1
I = dx dy x 3 y 2 zdz = dx x 3 y 2 z 2 dy
0 0
0 0 0 0
2
1 x 1 x 1
1 1 1 1
= dx x 5 y 4 .dy = x 5 y 5 dx = x10 dx =
0 0
0 0
2 10 0
10 110
1.
V
k . f ( x, y, z )dxdydz = k . f ( x, y, z ).dxdydz
V
2.
. f ( x, y, z ) dxdydz = . f ( x, y , z ).dxdydz + f ( x, y , z ) dxdydz
V V1 V2
V = V1 + V2
3. [ f ( x, y, z ) + g ( x, y, z )]dxdydz = f ( x, y, z ).dxdydz + g ( x, y, z )dxdydz

V V V

-%

V
f ( x, y, z )dx dy dz
x = (u, v, w)

x, y, z u ,v,w y = (u, v, w)
z = (u, v, w)

V
f ( x , y , z ) dxdydz = f [ ( u , v , w ), ( u , v , w ), ( u , v , w ) ]. | J
V'
| .dudvdw
x x x
u v w
y y y
Jacobien : J =
u v w
z z z
u v w
1- ( r ,
, h)
x = r cos , y = r sin , z = h
Jacobien : J = r .

V
f ( x , y , z ) dxdydz = f (r cos , r sin , h ).r dr d d h
V'
( , , r )
2-
x = r cos cos , y = r cos sin , z = r sin
Jacobien : J = r cos .
2

f (x, y, z)dxdydz= f (r cos cos, r cos sin, r sin ).r cos d d dr

2
V V'
I = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 dxdydz
V
V R
x = r cos cos , y = r cos sin , z = r sin

0 2 ,
2

2
,0rR

2 2 R
I = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 dxdydz = d d r .r 2 cos .dr = R 4
V 0 0

2
. V OXYZ
V = dxdvdz
V

x2 y2 z2
+ +
a2 b2 c2
=1 ?
. V
M = ( x, y, z ).dxdydz
V
( x, y , z )
( x, y , z )
.
M XY = ( x, y, z ) .z.dxdydz
V
M YZ = ( x, y, z ) .x.dxdydz
V
M ZX = ( x, y, z ) . y.dxdydz
V

.
M YZ M M
G(x= , y = ZX , z = XY )
M M M
.
I X = ( y 2 + z 2 ) ( x, y, z ) .z.dxdydz
V
I Y = ( z 2 + x 2 ) ( x, y, z ) .x.dxdydz
V
I Z = ( x 2 + y 2 ) ( x, y, z ) . y.dxdydz
V

1-
1 1 1
dz
1. I = dx dy
0 0 0 1+ x + y + z
4 x y2
2 2 x 2
2. I = dx dy xdz
0 0 0
a a x2 2 a2 x2 y2
dz
3. I = dx dy
0 0 0 a x y2 z2
2 2
1 1 x 1 x y
4. I = dx dy xyz.dz
0 0 0
2 2 x x2 a
2- I = dx dy z x 2 + y 2 dz
0 0 0
2r 2 rx x 2 4r 2 x2 y2
3- I= dy dz
0 2 rx x 2 0
R R x2 2 R x2 y2
2
4- I = dx dy ( x 2 + y 2 ).dz
R R2 x2 0

5-
I = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 dxdydz
V
V

x2 + y2 + z 2 x
dxdydz
6- I = V
V ( x + y + z + 1) 3

x + y + z =1
x2 y2 z2
7- I = a 2 + b 2 + c 2 dxdydz V
V
2 2 2
x y z
a 2 + b 2 + c 2 = 1
- x2 + y2 + z2 = R2

U = f ( x, y ) y = ( x) , a x b
- M i ( xi , y i ) , i = 1 , 2 , 3 ,...., n
(c) : y = ( x) M i 1 M i = S i
n
- S n = f ( xi , y i ).S i
i =1
- n + max S i 0
lim
n +
f ( x , y ).S = f ( x, y ).ds
i =1
i i i
C
ds ds = 1 + y ' 2 .dx
b
- f ( x, y )ds = f [x, ( x)]. 1 + [ ' ( x)]2 .dx

C a
- x = (t ) , y = (t ) , t

f ( x, y).ds = f [ (t ), (t )].
C
' 2 (t ) + ' 2 (t ) .dt
I = ( x + y ).ds
C
C ABO A(1, 0 ) , B (0 ,1) , O (0 ,0)

P ( x, y ) Q ( x, y )
y = ( x ) , a x b (C )
C
P ( x , y ) dx + Q ( x , y ) dy = [P ( x , ( x ) ) + ' ( x ).Q (x , ( x ) )].dx
a
x = (t )
- (C ) t
y = (t )
C
P ( x , y ) dx + Q ( x , y ) dy = [P ( ( t ), ( t ) ). ' ( t ) + Q ( ( t ), ( t ) ). ' ( t ) ].dt

I = y 2 dx + x 2 dy C
C
x = a cos t , y = b sin t
[ ]
0
I = y 2 dx + x 2 dy = b 2 sin 2 t.(a sin t ) + a 2 cos 2 t.(b cos t ) .dt

C
0 0
4 2
= ab sin t.dt + a b cos 3 t.dt =
2 3 2
ab
3
P ( x, y ).dx + Q ( x, y ).dy
U = f ( x, y )
P ( x, y ) , Q ( x, y )
(L ) M 1 ( x1 , y1 ) M 2 ( x2 , y2 )

( x2 , y 2 )
P( x, y).dx + Q( x, y ).dy = P( x, y).dx + Q( x, y ).dy

( L) ( x1 , y1 )
= U ( x2 , y 2 ) U ( x1 , y1 )

I= ( x + 4 xy )dx + (6 x y 5 y ).dy
4 3 2 2 4
( MN )
M ( 2,1) , N (3 ,0 )

-
(1 , 2 )
1. I= (4 x + 2 xy 2 )dx + (2 x 2 y + 4 y 3 )dy
3
( 0 , 1)
( 2 , 3)
2. I= (3x 2 xy + y 2 )dx ( x 2 2 xy + 3 y 2 )dy

2
(1 , 0 )

( , )
2
3. I= (sin 2 x + cos x sin y)dx + (sin x cos y + sin 2 y)dy

(0 , )
2
( 1 , 3) ( 3, 5 )
2x 2y
4. I= (x + 4 xy )dx + (6 x y 5 y )dy 5. dx + 2
4 3 2 2 4
dy
(1,1) x + y x + y2
22
( 2 , 1)
1. I = ( x 2 2 xy)dx + (2 xy + 4 y 2 )dy (C ) : y = x 2 , 1 x 2
C
2. I = (4 x 3 8 x 2 y )dx + (6 xy 2 8 y 3 )dy y = x , 2 x 4
C
3. I= (x 2 xy )dx + (2 xy + y 2 )dy y = x2
2
AB
AB
A(1 , 1) B ( 2 , 4)

- I = xdx + ydy C x2 + y2 = R2
C
ds
I =
- C x + y2 + 4
2 C
O (0,0) A(1 , 2 )
(1 , 2 )
- I= (4 x + 6 x 2 y + 6 xy 2 4 y 3 )dx + (2 x 3 + 6 x 2 y 12 xy 2 + 8 y 3 )dy
3
(0 , 0 )

c i
i i 2 = 1 i = 1
2i , 5i ,
2i
, 3i ,...
3
.

z = a + i.b a b
a z = a + i.b Re( z ) = a
b z = a + i.b Im( z ) = b
1 + 2i , 3 + 2i , 4 3i , 1 4i ,5i , 7i
z = 3 + 2i ?
z = 3 + 2i Re( Z ) = 3 ; Im( z ) = 2

-
z1 = a + i.b z2 = c + i.d
a , b , c , d
z1 + z2 = (a + i.b) + (c + id ) = (a + c ) + i (b + d )
z1 + z2 = (a + c ) + i.(b + d )
z1 = 3 + 2i z2 = 7 5i
z1 + z2
z1 + z2 = (3 + 2i ) + (7 5i ) = (3 + 7) + (2i 5 i )
z1 + z2 = 4 3i
z1 = a + i.b z2 = c + i.d
a , b , c , d
z1 z2 = (a + i.b) (c + id ) = (a c ) + i (b d )
z1 + z2 = (a c ) + i.(b d )
z1 = 3 + 2i z2 = 7 5i
z1 z2
z1 + z2 = (3 + 2i ) + (7 5i ) = (3 + 7) + (2i 5i )
z1 + z2 = 10 + 7i

z1 = a + i.b z2 = c + i.d
a , b , c , d
z1 z2 = (a + i.b)(c + i.d )
= ac + iad + ibc + i 2bd
= ac + iad + ibc bd
= (ac bd ) + i (ad + bc)
z1 z2 = (ac bd ) + i (ad + bc )
z1 = 2 + i z2 = 1 3i
z1 z2
z1 .z2 = (2 + i)(1 3i ) = 2 6i + i 3i 2 = 5 5i
z1 .z2 = 5 5i
z1 = a + i.b z2 = c + i.d
a , b , c , d
z1 a + ib (a + ib)(c id ) ac iad + ibc i 2bd
= = =
z2 c + id (c + id )(c id ) c2 i 2 d 2
ac iad + ibc + bd (ac + bd ) + i (bc ad )
= =
c2 + d 2 c2 + d 2
z ac + bd bc ad
1 = 2 + i. 2
z2 c + d 2
c + d2
z1 = 1 + 5i z2 = 1 + i
z1

z2

z1 1 + 5i (1 + 5i )(1 i ) 1 i + 5i + 5 6 + 4i
= = = =
z2 1 + i (1 + i )(1 i ) 1+1 2
z
1 = 3 + 2i
z2
. i
i
i1 = i
i 2 = 1
i 3 = i 2 .i = i
i 4 = (i 2 ) 2 = (1)2 = 1
i 5 = i 4 .i = i
i 6 = i 5 .i = i.i = i 2 = 1
i 7 = i 6 .i = i
i 8 = i 7 .i = i.i = i 2 = 1

i 4 n = 1 , i 4 n+1 = i , i 4 n+ 2 = 1 , i 4 n+3 = i n IN
i n i , 1 , i 1
n IN


(a + ib) 2 = a 2 b 2 + i.2ab
(a + ib)3 = (a 3 3ab 2 ) + i (3a 2 b b3 )
(a + ib) 4 = (a 4 6a 2b 2 + b 4 ) + i (4a 3b 4ab3 )

n
(a + ib) = C (n, k ) a nk b k .i k
n
k =0
n!
c(n, k ) =
k !(n k )!
(1 + 3i )2 , (2 + i)3 (1 + 2i) 4

(1 + 3i ) 2 = 1 + 6i 9 = 8 + 6i
(2 + i )3 = 8 + 12i 6 i = 2 + 11i
(1 + 2i )4 = 1 + 8i 24 32i + 16 = 7 + 24i
.
z1 = a + ib z2 = c + i.d a, b, c, d
a=c
z1 = z2
b=d

z1 = 2 + 3 + 4i z2 = 9 + 8i
z1 = z2 ?

2 + 3 = 9
2 + 3 + 4i = 9 + 8i
4 = 8
= 2 , = 3
z = a + i.b a , b
w = x + i. y z = a + i.b ( x , y )
w2 = z
( x + i. y ) 2 = a + i.b
( x 2 y 2 ) + i (2 xy ) = a + ib
x2 y 2 = a

2 xy = b

( x, y ) = {(1 , 1 );( 2 , 2 )}
w1 = 1 + i 1 ; w2 = 2 + i 2
z = 21 + 20i
w = x + i. y z = 21 + 20i ( x , y )
w2 = z
( x + i. y ) 2 = 21 + 20i
( x 2 y 2 ) + i (2 xy ) = 21 + 20i
x 2 y 2 = 21

2 xy = 20

x=5, y=2 x = 5 , y = 2

w1 = 5 + 2i ; w2 = 5 2i
z = 21 + 20i
w = x + i. y z = 8 6i ( x , y )
w2 = z
( x + i. y ) 2 = 8 6i
( x 2 y 2 ) + i (2 xy ) = 8 6i
x 2 y 2 = 8

2 xy = 6
x = 1 , y = 3 x = 1 , y = 3
w1 = 1 3i ; w2 = 1 + 3i
z = a + i.b , a; b IR
z = a i.b
z = 4 + 3i z = 4 3i
1. ( z1 + z2 ) = z1 + z2
2. ( z1 .z2 ) = z1 .z2
z
3. 1 = z 1
z2 z 2


z1 = a + ib z2 = c + id a , b , c , d
z1 = a i.b z2 = c i.d
z1 + z2 = (a + c ) + i (b + d ) z1 + z2 = (a + c) i (b + d )
z1 + z2 = a ib + c id = (a + c) i (b + d )
( z1 + z2 ) = z1 + z2
z1 z2 = (a + ib)(c + id ) = (ac bd ) + i (ad + bc )
z1 .z2 = (ac bd ) i (ad + bc)
z1 .z2 = (a ib)(c id ) = (ac id ) i (ad + bc)
( z1 .z2 ) = z1 .z2
z1 a + ib (a + ib)(c id ) ac + bd bc ad
= = = 2 + i.
z2 c + id (c + id )(c id ) c + d 2 c2 + d 2
z ac + bd bc ad
1 = 2 i. 2
z2 c + d c + d2
2
z1 a ib (a ib)(c + id ) ac + bd bc ad
= = = 2 i.
z2 c id (c id )(c + id ) c + d c2 + d 2
2
z
1 = z 1

z 2 z2
. z z
z = a + ib z = a ib a; b
z+z
z + z = a + ib + a ib = 2a a =
2
zz
z z = a + ib a + ib = 2ib b =
2i
z+z zz
Re( z ) = Im( z ) =
2 2i

- Re( z ) = 0 z = z z
- Im( z ) = 0 z = z z
az 2 + bz + c = 0
a 0 , a, b , c
= b2 4ac
- > 0
b + b
z1 = ; z2 =
2a 2a
b
- = 0 z1 = z2 =
2a
- < 0
b + i | | b i | |
z1 = ; z2 =
2a 2a

2 z 2 6 z + 5 = 0
= 36 40 = 4 = 4i 2
6 2i 3 1 6 + 2i 3 1
z1 = = i. ; z2 = = + i.
4 2 2 4 2 2

3 1 3 1
z1 = i. ; z2 = + i.
2 2 2 2
-


( xoy )
z = a + i.b ; a, b IR M (a, b)
M z = a + ib z
M (a, b) M ( z )

z = a + i.b ; a, b IR

u = OM = (a, b)

u
z = a + ib z

u u ( z )
b M
o a x
( xoy )
z1 z2 M 1 M 2 z1 z2


OM 1 OM 2
z1 z2
y
M
M1
M2
O x

z1 + z2 = OM 1 + OM 2 = OM

z1 + z2
OM 1 MM 2

.
( xoy ) z1 z2
M 1 M 2 z1 z2

OM 1 OM 2
z1 z2

M2
M1
x' O x
M 2' y'

z1 z2 = z1 + ( z2 ) = OM 1 + OM '2 = OM

z1 z2
OM 1 MM '2


.

y
M '
O x
M M ' z z , ( > 0)

z OM ' OM ' = OM
( xoy ) M (a, b) z = a + ib
OM z = a + ib
z = a + ib | z | r
| z |= r = OM = a 2 + b 2

b M
o a x
OMP OM 2 = MP 2 + OP 2
OP = a , MP = b
OM 2 = a 2 + b 2 OM = a 2 + b 2
| z |= OM = a 2 + b 2
1. | z |=| z |
2. z.z =| z |2
3. | z1 .z2 |=| z1 | . | z2 |
z1 | z1 |
4. =
z2 | z 2 |
5. | z n |=| z |n

z1 z2 | z1 + z2 | | z1 | + | z2 |
z1 = x + iy z2 = u + iv
z1 + z2 = ( x + u ) + i ( y + v )
| z1 + z2 |= ( x + u ) 2 + ( y + v)2
| z1 | + | z2 |= x 2 + y 2 + u 2 + v 2
| z1 + z2 |2 = x 2 + y 2 + u 2 + v 2 + 2( xu + yv)
(| z1 | + | z2 |) = x 2 + y 2 + u 2 + v 2 + 2 ( x 2 + y 2 )(u 2 + v 2 )
2
(| z1 | + | z2 |) | z1 + z2 |2 = 2 ( x 2 + y 2 )(u 2 + v 2 ) ( xu + yv)
2

(| z1 | + | z2 |) | z1 + z2 |2 0
2
( x 2 + y 2 )(u 2 + v 2 ) ( xu + yv)2 0
x 2u 2 + x 2 v 2 + u 2 y 2 + v 2 y 2 x 2 u 2 2 xyuv y 2 v 2 0
x 2 v 2 2 xyuv + u 2 y 2 0
( xv uy ) 2 0
| z1 + z2 | | z1 | + | z2 |

( xoy ) M (a, b) z = a + ib
b M
P
o a x

( Ox , OM ) z = a + i.b
Arg ( z ) z = a + i.b
OMP
r 2 = OM 2 = a 2 + b 2 r = a 2 + b2 (
)
OP a MP b
cos = = sin = =
OM r OM r
z = a + i.b
a b
cos = sin = Arg ( z ) = + 2k , k Z
r r
z = 2 3 + 2i
r = | z | = a 2 + b 2 = (2 3)2 + 22 = 4

a 2 3 3 b 2 1
cos = = = sin = = =
r 4 2 r 4 2

z Arg ( z ) = + 2 k ; k Z
6
z = 1 + i 3
r = | z | = a 2 + b 2 = (1) 2 + (3)2 = 2
a 1 b 3
cos = = sin = =
r 2 r 2
2
z Arg ( z ) = + 2k ; k Z
3
z = 2 i 2
r = | z | = a 2 + b 2 = 2 + 2 = 2
a 2 b 2
cos = = sin = =
r 2 r 2

z Arg ( z ) = + 2k ; k Z
4
-

z = a + i .b
r = a 2 + b 2 z = a + i.b
a b
cos = sin = z
r r
a b
z = a + i.b = r ( + i. ) = r (cos + i.sin )
r r
z = r (cos + i.sin ) z
z = 1 + i 3

r = 12 + ( 3)2 = 2
1 3
z = 2( + i. ) = 2(cos + i.sin )
2 2 3 3
z = 2 3 + 2i
r = (2 3)2 + (2)2 = 4
3 1
z = 4( + i. ) = 4( cos + i.sin )
2 2 6 6

z = 4[cos( ) + i.sin( )]
6 6
5 5
z = 4(cos + i sin )
6 6
-

z1 = r1 (cos + i.sin )
z2 = r2 (cos + i sin ) r1 > 0 , r2 > 0
z1 .z2 = r1r2 [cos( + ) + i sin( + )]
z1 z2 = r1 (cos + i.sin ).r2 (cos + i sin )

z1 z2 = r1r2 [(cos cos sin sin ) + i(sin cos + sin cos )
z1 .z2 = r1r2 [cos( + ) + i sin( + )]

z1 = 2(cos + i sin )
5 5
2 2
z2 = 3(cos + i sin ) z1 .z 2
15 15
2 2
z1 z2 = 6[cos( + ) + i sin( + )]
5 15 5 15

5 5
= 6(cos + i sin ) = 6(cos + i.sin )
15 15 3 3

z1 z2 = 6(cos + i.sin )
3 3
.
z1 = r1 (cos + i.sin )
z2 = r2 (cos + i sin ) r1 > 0 , r2 > 0

z1 r1
= [cos( ) + i sin( )]
z2 r2

z1 r1 cos + i sin
= .
z2 r2 cos + i sin
r (cos + i.sin )(cos i sin )
= 1.
r2 (cos + i sin )(cos i sin )
r (cos cos + sin sin ) + i(sin cos sin cos )
= 1.
r2 cos 2 + sin 2
r1
= [ cos( ) + i sin( )]
r2
z1 r1
= [cos( ) + i sin( )]
z2 r2
. n

r > 0
z n = [r (cos + i.sin )]n = r n (cos n + i.sin n )
n
z1 .z2 = r1r2 [cos( + ) + i sin( + )]

z 2 = z.z = r.r[cos( + ) + i sin( + )] = r 2 (cos 2 + i sin 2 )

z 3 = z 2 .z = r 2 .r [cos(2 + ) + i sin(2 + )]
= r 3 (cos3 + i.sin 3 )

z n = r n (cos n + i.sin n )
z n+1 = z n .z = r n .r[cos(n + ) + i sin(n + )]
= r n+1[cos(n + 1) + i sin(n + 1) ]
z n = r n (cos n + i.sin n )
z n = [r (cos + i.sin )]n = r n (cos n + i.sin n )
r n (cos + i.sin ) n = r n (cos n + i.sin n )
(cos + i.sin ) n = cos n + i.sin n
( )
4 4
z = cos + i.sin
9 9
z2
w =
1 + z3
4 4 8 8
z 2 = (cos + i sin ) 2 = cos + i sin
9 9 9 9
4 4 4 4
z 3 = (cos + i sin )3 = cos + i sin
9 9 3 3
8 8
cos + i.sin
w = 9 9
4 4
1 + cos + i.sin
3 3

8 8
cos + i.sin
= 9 9
2 2 2
2cos 2 + 2i sin cos
3 3 3
8 8
cos + i.sin
1 9 9
= .
2 2 2
2cos cos + i sin
3 3 3
8 2 8 2
= [cos( ) + i sin( )]
9 3 9 3
2 2 11 11
= (cos + i sin ) = cos + i sin
9 9 9 9
11 11
w = cos + i.sin
9 9
-
w = cos + i.sin
M '( z ') M ( z ) O
z ' = w. z = (cos + i sin ).z y
M'
M
O x

( xoy ) M
z= 3+i
z ' M '( z ') M

O =
12

M '( z ') M ( z ) O =
12

z ' = (cos + i sin
)z
12 12
3 1
z = 3 + i = 2( + i. ) = 2(cos + i.sin )
2 2 6 6

z ' = 2[cos( + ) + i sin( + )]
12 6 12 6

z ' = 2(cos + i sin )
4 4
( xoy ) M
z =1 i 3
z ' M '( z ') M

2
O =
3
2
M '( z ') M ( z ) O =
3
2 2
z ' = (cos + i sin ) z
3 3
1 3
z = 1 i 3 = 2( i. ) = 2[cos( ) + i.sin( )]
2 2 3 3
2 2
z ' = 2[cos( ) + i sin( )]
3 3 3 3

z ' = 2(cos + i sin )
3 3

- n
z = r (cos + i sin )
w = (cos + i sin ) n z wn = z
n (cos n + i sin n ) = r (cos + i sin )

n = r = n r

cos(n ) = cos + 2k
sin(n ) = sin =
n
n z
+ 2k + 2k
wk = n r cos + i.sin
n n
k = 0, 1 , 2 ,...., n 1
z = 4 2 + i.4 2
2 2
z = 4 2 + i.4 2 = 8( +i ) = 8(cos + i sin )
2 2 4 4

r = 8 , = 3 z
4
+ 8k + 8k

wk = 2 cos + i sin , k = 0,1,2
12 12
3 3
w0 = 2(cos + i sin ); w1 = 2(cos + i sin )
12 12 4 4
17 17
w2 = 2(cos + i sin )
12 12
-

x eix = cos x + i sin x
e = 2.71828...

f ( ) x
cos x + i sin x
f ( x) =
eix
( sin x + i cos x)eix ieix (cos x + i sin x)
f '( x) =
e2ix
eix ( sin x + i cos x i cos x i 2 sin x)
=
e2ix
sin x + i cos x i cos x + sin x 0
= = ix = 0
eix e
f ( x ) x
cos0 + i sin 0 cos x + i sin x
f ( x) = f (0) = = 1 f ( x ) = =1
e0 eix
eix = cos x + i sin x
g ( x) = cos x + i.sin x
g '( x) = sin x + i cos x
i i.g '( x) = i sin x csox
g ( x) + ig '( x) = 0 g '( x) i . g ( x) = 0
g ( x) = k eix
x = 0 g (0) = k g (0) = cos0 + i.sin 0 = 1

k = 1 g ( x) = eix eix = cos x + i sin x
h( x) = eix
h '( x) = i.eix h ''( x) = i 2 eix = eix
h ''( x) + h( x) = eix + eix = 0
h1 ( x ) = cos x
h2 ( x ) = sin x
h( x) = A cos x + B sin x
A B h(0) = A = ei 0 = 1
h '(0) = B = iei 0 = i h '( x) = A sin x + B cos x
h( x) = cos x + i sin x
e x , cos x sin x

x x 2 x3 xn
ex = 1 + + + + ..... + + .....
1! 2! 3! n!
x2 x4 x6 n x
2n
cos x = 1 + + ..... + (1) + ......
2! 4! 6! (2n)!
x3 x 5 x 7 x 2 n+1
sin x = x + + .... + (1) n
+ ....
3! 5! 7! (2n + 1)!
x ix
z = a + i.b a , b
a b
z = r ei r = a 2 + b2 , cos = ,sin =
r r
z = r ei z = a + i.b
x eix = cos x + i sin x (1)
x x e ix = cos x i sin x (2)
(1) (2) eix + e ix = 2cos x

eix + e ix
cos x =
2
(1) (2) eix eix = 2i sin x
eix e ix
sin x =
2i
eix + e ix eix e ix
cos x = ; sin x =
2 2i
( x )

.
eix + e ix eix e ix
cos x = ; sin x =
2 2i
x i.x
e x + e x e x e x
cos(ix) = = cosh x sin(ix ) = i = i sinh x
2 2
e x + e x e x e x
cosh x = sinh x =
2 2
eix + e ix eix e ix
cosh(ix) = = cos x , sinh(ix ) = = i sin x
2 2
z = 2 + 2i 3 ?
r = 22 + (2 3)2 = 4

1 3
z = 4( + i ) = 4(cos + i sin ) = 4 e 3
i
2 2 3 3

z = 1 + e 4 ?
i

i i

i e +e8 8
z = 1 + e 4 = e 8 (e + e 8 ) cos
i i i
8
=
8 2

z = 2cos .e 8
i
8
ii ?

i = cos + i.sin
i
=e 2
2 2
i
i2

i = e = e 2
i

cos x = 2 ?
eix + e ix
cos x =
2

eix + e ix
=2 e2ix 4eix + 1 = 0 t = eix
2
t 2 4t + 1 = 0
' = 4 1= 3 t1 = 2 3 ; t2 = 2 + 3
t = 2 3 eix = 2 3 ix = ln(2 3)
x = i ln(2 3)
t = 2 + 3 eix = 2 + 3 ix = ln(2 + 3)
x = i ln(2 + 3)
sin x = 3 ?
eix e ix
sin x =
2i
ix
e e
ix
= 3 e2ix + 6eix 1 = 0 t = eix
2i
t 2 + 6t 1 = 0 , ' = 9 + 1 = 10
t1 = 3 + 10 , t2 = 3 10
- t = 3 + 10 eix = 3 + 10 x = i ln(3 + 10)
- t = 3 10 = (3 + 10)
eix = (3 + 10) = (3 + 10)ei = ei +ln(3+ 10 )
ix = i + ln(3 + 10) x = i ln(3 + 10)
x = i ln(3 + 10) , x = i ln(3 + 10)

-
z = r ei w = ei
r > 0 ; > 0 ,
z.w = r. ei ( + )
z = r ei w = ei
r > 0 ; > 0 ,
z r i ( )
= e
w
.
z = r ei n
z n = ( r ei ) = r n ein
n

z = 2e w = 3e
i i
6 12
z
z.w
w

i( + ) z 2 i ( 6 12 ) 2 i12
z.w = 6 e
i
6 12
= 6e 4
= e = e
w 3 3


eix + e ix eix e ix
x cos x = ; sin x =
2 2i
2
eix + e ix e 2 ix + e 2ix + 2
cos x = 2
=
2 4
1 e 2 ix + e i 2 x 1 1 1
cos x = .
2
+ = cos 2 x +
2 2 2 2 2
cos 2 x = 2cos 2 x 1
e 2ix e2ix eix e ix eix + e ix
sin 2 x = = 2. .
2i 2i 2
sin 2 x = 2sin x cos x
.
3
eix + e ix
cos x = 3

2
e3ix + e3ix + 3(eix + e ix )
=
8
2cos3 x + 6cos x cos3 x + 3cos x
= =
8 4
cos3x = 4cos3 x 3cos x
3
eix e ix
sin x =
3

2i

(e3ix e 3ix ) 3(eix e ix )

=
8i
2i sin 3 x 6i sin x
=
8i
sin 3 x 3sin x
=
4
sin 3x = 3sin x 4sin 3 x
ei ( a +b ) = eia .eib a b
eia .eib = (cos a + i sin a)(cos b + i sin b)

eia eib = (cos a cos b sin a sin b) + i(sin a cos b + sin b cos a)
ei ( a +b ) = cos(a + b) + i sin(a + b)
cos(a + b) = cos a cos b sin a sin b
sin(a + b) = sin a cos b + sin b cos a
ei ( a b ) = eia .e ib a b
eia .e ib = (cos a + i sin a)(cos b i sin b)

eia eib = (cos a cos b + sin a sin b) + i(sin a cos b sin b cos a)
ei ( a b ) = cos(a b) + i sin(a b)
cos(a b) = cos a cos b + sin a sin b
sin(a b) = sin a cos b sin b cos a
.
eia + e ia eib + e ib
cos a cos b = .
2 2

ei ( a +b ) + ei ( a b ) + e i ( a b ) + e i ( a +b )
=
4
1 ei ( a +b ) + e i ( a + b ) ei ( a b ) + e i ( a b )
= +
2 2 2
1
[cos(a + b) + cos(a b)]
=
2
1
cos a cos b = [ cos(a + b) + cos(a b)]
2
e e eib e ib
ia ia
sin a sin b = .
2i 2i
i ( a +b ) i ( a b )
e e e i ( a b ) + e i ( a +b )
=
4i 2
1 ei ( a +b ) + e i ( a +b ) ei ( a b ) + e i ( a b )
=
2 2 2
1
[cos(a + b) cos(a b)]
=
2
1
sin a sin b = [ cos(a b) + cos(a + b)]
2
-

(an )
an+ 2 + pan+1 + qan = 0 p , q

z 2 + pz + q = 0
= p 2 4q < 0
z1 z2
an
zn = an+1 z1an ( zn )

zn an


(an )
a0 = 0 , a1 = 1 an+ 2 = an+1 an n = 0,1, 2,...
an n

an+ 2 = an+1 an r 2 = r 1
r 2 r + 1 = 0 ; = 1 4 = 3 = 3i 2
1 i 3 1+ i 3
r1 = ; r2 =
2 2
1 i 3
zn = an+1 an
2
1 i 3
zn+1 = an+2 an+1 an + 2 = an +1 an
2
1 i 3
zn+1 = an+1 an an+1
2
1+ i 3
zn+1 = an+1 an
2
1+ i 3 2
zn+1 = (an+1 an )
2 1+ i 3
1+ i 3 1 i 3
zn+1 = (an+1 an )
2 2
1+ i 3
zn+1 = an
2
1+ i 3
( zn )
q =
2
zn = z0 q n
1 i 3 1+ i 3
z0 = a1 a0 = 1 q = = cos + i sin
2 2 3 3
n n
zn = (cos + i sin ) n = cos + i sin
3 3 3 3

1 i 3 a 3
zn = an+1 an = (an+1 n ) + i an
2 2 2
3 n
an = sin
2 3
2 n
an = sin
3 3
-

.
y
A B
y1 A
O x1 x2 x
z1 = x1 + i. y1 z2 = x2 + i. y2
A B z1 z2 ( xoy )
AB = ( x2 x1 )2 + ( y2 y1 ) 2
z2 z1 = ( x2 x1 ) + i ( y2 y1 )
| z2 z1 |= ( x2 x1 ) 2 + ( y2 y1 )2
AB =| z2 z1 |

A B z1 = 1 + 2i z2 = 2 + 6i
A B
AB =| z2 z1 |
=| (2 + 6i ) (1 + 2i ) |
=| 3 + 4i |= (3) 2 + 42 = 5
AB = 5
z1 = 2 + a + i z2 = 3 + i (6 a ) a IR
( xoy ) A B z1
z2
a A B ?
AB =| z2 z1 |
=| 3 + i (6 a ) 2 a i |
=| (1 a ) + i (5 a ) |= (1 a )2 + (5 a ) 2
= 1 2a + a 2 + 25 10a + a 2
= 2a 2 12a + 26
= 2(a 3) 2 + 8
AB a = 3 ABmin = 8 = 2 2
( xoy ) A B z A
z B P z P

[ AB ] >0
B
P
A
y
O
P [ AB ]

AP = PB

AP ( zP z A ) PB ( zB zP )
z p z A = ( zB zP )
z A + zB
z P =
1+
= 1 P [ AB]
z A + zB
P [ AB ] z P =
2

( xoy ) A B z A
zB
Q zQ [ AB ]
> 0
Q
B
A
y
O
Q [ AB ]

QA = QB

QA ( z A zQ ) QB ( zB zQ )
z A zB
z A zQ = ( z B zQ ) zQ =
1
A B
z A = 2 + 7i

z B = 1 + i P z p [AB]
1
p =
3
2
Q zQ [AB] Q =
3
z P zQ ?
P z p [AB] p =
1
3
1 1
2 + 7i + i
z A + P z B 3 3 = 5 + 11 i
z P = =
1 + P 1+
1 4 2
3
Q zQ [AB] Q =
2
3
2 2
z A Q z B 2 + 7i + i
zQ = = 3 3 = 8 + 19i
1 Q 1
2
3
5 11
z P = + i zQ = 8 + 19i
4 2
.
( xoy ) A , B , C
z A , z B , zC

C
y
C'
B
A
B'
O x

OB ' = AB OC ' = AC OB ' C ' ABC
BAC = B ' OC '

OB ' = AB ( zB z A ) OC ' = AC ( zC z A )
B ' OC ' = XOC ' XOB '

zC z A
BAC = arg( zC z A ) arg( zB z A ) = arg

zB z A
AC | zC z A | zC z A
= =
AB | z B z A | z B z A
A( z A ) , B ( z B ) , C ( zC ) ABC
AC zC z A zC z A
= BAC = arg
AB z B z A zB z A

( XOY ) A , B , C
z A = 2 + i , z B = 3 + 4i , zC = 2 + 9i
AC
BAC ?
AB
zC z A = 2 + 9i 2 i = 4 + 8i
z B z A = 3 + 4i 2 i = 1 + 3i
zC z A 4 + 8i (4 + 8i )(1 3i )
= = = 2 + 2i
zB z A 1 + 3i (1 + 3i )(1 3i )
2 2
= 2 2( +i ) = 2 2(cos + i sin )
2 2 4 4
AC
=2 2 BAC =
AB 4
.

(o, i , j )
P( x; y )
z = x + i. y
z (1 + i ) z + (1 i ) z = 4
P z ( xoy ) P

z = x + i. y z = x i. y y
(1 + i ) z + 2(1 i ) z = 4

(1 + i)( x + iy) + (1 i)( x iy) = 4 1
x + iy + ix y + x iy ix y = 4 0 1 x
2x 2 y = 4 y = x 2 () : y = x 2
() : y = x 2
z | z 2 + i |= 3
P z ( xoy )
P ? y
z = x + i. y P
| z 2 + i |= 3 1
0 1 x
| x + iy 2 + i |= 3
| ( x 2) + i ( y + 1) |= 3
( x 2) 2 + ( y + 1) 2 = 3
( x 2)2 + ( y + 1)2 = 9
P I (2, 1) R = 3


z 2 + 2i
w = P z
z + 2 2i
( xoy )
P w ?
w+w
w Re( w) = =0
2
w = w
z 2 + 2i z 2 2i
w = w =
z + 2 2i z + 2 + 2i
z 2 + 2i z 2 2i
= z 2 + 2i
z + 2 2i z + 2 + 2i
( z 2 + 2i )( z + 2 + 2i ) = ( z + 2 2i )( z 2 2i )
z z + (2 + 2i ) z (2 2i ) z 8 = z.z + (2 + 2i ) z (2 2i ) z + 8
2 z z = 16 | z |2 = 8
z = x + iy ( x, y ) (2,2)
x 2 + y 2 = 8
P O R = 2 2
A(2,2)
y
x2 + y 2 = 8
1
0 1 x

z P z ( xoy )

P arg( z 2 + 2i ) =
4
z = x + iy z 2 + 2i = ( x 2) + i ( y + 2)

arg( z 2 + 2i ) = arg(( x 2) + i( y + 2)) =
4 4
y+2
tan = = 1 y = x 4 P
4 x2
x 2 > 0
(d ) : y = x 4 x > 2 , y > 2
y + 2 > 0

( xoy ) P( z ) , Q(iz ) , R(2 + 2i )
P P , Q , R ?

P , Q , R t IR : PQ = t QR
zQ zP = t ( zR zQ ) z = x + iy zQ = ix y
ix y x iy = t (2 + 2i ix + y )
( x y ) + i ( x y ) = (2 + y )t + i (2 x)t
x y = (2 + y )t ( x y ) = (2 x)t
x y 2 + y
=
x y 2x
2 x + x 2 2 y + xy = 2 x + xy 2 y y 2
x2 + y 2 4 x 4 y = 0
( x 2) 2 + ( y 2) 2 = 8
P I (2, 2) R = 2 2

( xoy ) P z

z 2 + 2i 1
= P ?
z i 2
2 | z 2 + 2i |=| z i | z i
2 | z 2 + 2i |2 =| z i |2 z = x + i. y
2 | x + iy 2 + 2i |2 =| x + iy i |2
2 | ( x 2) + i ( y + 2) |2 =| x + i ( y 1) |2
2[( x 2)2 + ( y + 2) 2 ] = x 2 + ( y 1) 2
2 x2 8x + 8 + 2 y 2 + 8 y + 8 = x2 + y 2 2 y + 1
x 2 + y 2 8 x + 10 y + 15 = 0
( x 4) 2 + ( y + 5) 2 = 26
P I (4, 5) R = 26
.-

( xoy ) M M ' z
z '

M ' M v ( zv )
z ' = z + zv

y
M'
M

v
x
O

M ' M v ( zv ) MM ' = v

MM '( z ' z ) z ' z = zv z ' = z + zv
( xoy ) M M ' z
z '
M ' M ( z )
z ' z = ( z z )(cos + i sin )

y Y
M'
M

X

x
O
M ' M ( z )
M = M ' = r M M ' = =
= X M ' = X M
z ' z r.ei
= i = ei =
z z r.e
z ' z = ( z z )(cos + i sin )
( xoy ) M M ' z
z ' M ' M ( z )
z ' z = ( z z )

y
M'
x
O
M ( z )

M ' = M M '( z ' z ) ; M ( z z )
z ' z = ( z z )
.-
( Ak , k ) 1k n n
n
z A k
( ) 0
k =1
k G
n
( z Ak )

k
zG = k =1
n
( )
k =1
k
G ( Ak , k ) 1k n

GAk = OAk OG
n

k
k =1
G A k = O

k . O Ak k . O G = O
n n
OG . ( k ) = k . OAk
n
k =1 k =1 k =1
n
n n ( z Ak )
zG . ( k ) = ( k z Ak ) zG =
k
k =1
n
( )
k =1 k =1
k
k =1

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Polytechnic Institute of Battambang

-" " 253

> 0 > 0 0 < | x a | <

| f (x) L | < lim f (x) = L

| (3x + 4) 10 |< 0 <| x 2 |<

0 < | x a | < f (x) > M f (x) < M

Prepared by LIM PHALKUN Page 1

/ lim(3 + 1) = 10 / lim (sin x) = 1

Prepared by LIM PHALKUN Page 2

/ lim( x + 1) = 3 / lim(x + 2x) = 12

> 0 N > 0 x > N

x < N | f (x) L | <

lim f (x) = L lim f (x) = L

Prepared by LIM PHALKUN Page 3

lim f (x) = 2 lim f (x) = 2

+ M > 0 N > 0 x > N

M > 0 N > 0 x < N

Prepared by LIM PHALKUN Page 4

lim f (x) = L , lim g(x) = M lim h(x) = N

/ lim[f (x) + g(x) h(x)] = L + M N

Prepared by LIM PHALKUN Page 5

= lim(x3 + 4x) + 3 lim(x 2 + 3x 2)

Prepared by LIM PHALKUN Page 6

x A: f (x) g(x) lim g(x) = +

Prepared by LIM PHALKUN Page 7

x A: f (x) g(x) lim g(x) =

x A: g(x) f (x) h(x) lim g(x) = lim h(x) =

x A: f (x) g(x) lim f (x) = , lim g(x) = '

Prepared by LIM PHALKUN Page 8

Prepared by LIM PHALKUN Page 9

Prepared by LIM PHALKUN Page 10

(2x + 1)2 (4e x + 1)2

Prepared by LIM PHALKUN Page 11

Prepared by LIM PHALKUN Page 12

Prepared by LIM PHALKUN Page 13

Prepared by LIM PHALKUN Page 14

1 + sin x 1 sin x 2 1 + cos x

Prepared by LIM PHALKUN Page 15

1 cos xcos 2xcos 3x x 2 + sin 2 x

Prepared by LIM PHALKUN Page 16

Prepared by LIM PHALKUN Page 17

Prepared by LIM PHALKUN Page 18

esin x 1 esin x 1 sin x

Prepared by LIM PHALKUN Page 19

Prepared by LIM PHALKUN Page 20

ln(3 2ex ) ln(1 + 2(1 ex )] 2(ex 1)

Prepared by LIM PHALKUN Page 21

Prepared by LIM PHALKUN Page 22

Prepared by LIM PHALKUN Page 23

Prepared by LIM PHALKUN Page 24

3/ lim f (x) = f (a)

Prepared by LIM PHALKUN Page 25

lim f (x) = lim x 2 + 2x + 6 = 1 + 2 + 6 = 3

Prepared by LIM PHALKUN Page 26

Prepared by LIM PHALKUN Page 27

lim f (x) = f (a) lim f (x) = f (b)

lim f (x) = lim (1 + x ln x) = 1 = f (0)

Prepared by LIM PHALKUN Page 28