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External Lightning Protection Systems
*
. . 34190
1
2
(franklin rod)
(faraday cage) (early steamer emission-
enhanced ionizing air terminal)
(semi-conductor lightning eliminator)
1 [3] (dissipation array system)
[5]
2
[3]
18
(surge
protection) 2.
[4]
(IEEE)
(air
terminal)
114 .. 6 2 - 2556
3.
50% (conventional system)
45% (unconventional system)
3 -
4
(step-leader)
3 45.7 3.1
150 [6-7]
4
EE-UBU 5
3 [8- 9]
[10-11]
12.7 25.4
1.5 2
[6] (point
discharge)
10
20 400
30,000 [4, 6] 5
.. 6 2 - 2556 115
JUS N. B4. 811 6
r = 150
[12]
8
[13]
( )
6 [12]
1970
45
7 zone cone of
protection [6] (electrogeometric model) [14]
[14-15]
D = kI m (1)
D
I
k m
E. R.
7 Love [14, 16]
D = 10I0.65 (2)
(2) 10
D 150
D
(rolling ball) (rolling sphere)
9
8
150
8
116 .. 6 2 - 2556
D
[15]
3.3
9
3.2
[21]
(mesh method)
3 [1]
[17]
3.2 195
5
10
11 [18]
IEC61024
EIT2009-53 55
98
20
1515
90 45 10
[19-20]
.. 6 2 - 2556 117
226 60
241 85 210
1 [6] [29]
1 3 [1]
(papal crest) . 1976
22
NFPA [30]
[22] .. 2011 [31]
L 106 T (3) ..
L 1997 2003 [32]
.. 2001
. 2002 [5]
T .. 2005 [33]
.. 2012 [34] 20
[5, 32, 33, 35]
Helita Pulsar
NFC
10 50 [23] 17-102 (INERIS)
D + L D -
(1)
[33]
(CVM,
Collection Volume Method)
[24-25] ( Air Terminal Placement method)
[26]
[36]
[27] CIGRE
(international council on large electric systems) [37]
[28]
2 [23]
118 .. 6 2 - 2556
[26]
106
3.4
Dissipation Array System (DAS) 3.5
(semi-
conductor lightning eliminator)
12
11
99
6 [39]
[21-22]
5 10
5000
.. 2006 [40]
(CTS, Charge Transfer System) [5]
PAR1576
IEEE .. 2004 [38]
12 [5]
.. 1989 2005
NFPA780 4.
[33]
The
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) [41]
11
.. 1906
100
IEC IEC
.. 6 2 - 2556 119
61024 ..1993
IEC 2007
BS6651
[22] IEC .. 1985 .. 2008
62305 [33] IEC 61024 .. 2006 BS62305 [46]
IEC
(air terminal placement method) 1: (part 1: general
principles)
2: (Part 2: risk
management)
NFPA780 3:
National Fire Protection Association (part 3: physical damage to
(NFPA) structures and life hazard)
NFPA781
NFPA 4:
.. 1995 (part 4: electrical and electronic systems
within structures)
[42]
NFPA MS939
NFPA781 [43] IEC
.. 1995 17 MS-IEC61024 [5]
CP33
(international conference on lightning .. 1985 .. 1996
protection) 15 [47]
12
14 [48]
IEC
.. 2011
NFPA EIT2007-53
[44] 1 [49]
EIT2008-53
AS/NZS1768 .. 1991 2 [50]
EIT2009-53
3
.. 2003 [45] [20]
120 .. 6 2 - 2556
EIT2010-53 9 .
4
[51]
22 .
5-2 5 3 X
44 .
5. 14
..
NFC
17-102
60
60 15
20
13 .. 2556
= 60 .
19.4 .
15.4 .
13
15
..
15
13 16
19.4 .
7 44 15.4 .
16
14
..
.. 6 2 - 2556 121
[27] Allen, N. L. Cornick, K. J. Faircloth, D. C. [35] Adventure island lightning incident: Report
and Kouzis, C. M. 1998. Tests of the 'early on the deadly failure of an early streamer
streamer emission' principle for protection emission lightning rod (Revision 1) [Online]
against lightning. IEE Proceedings Science 2012. Available from: http://www.lightning
and Measurement Technology, 145(5):200- safetyalliance.com/documents/Adventure%2
206. 0Island%20Lightning%20Incident.pdf.
[28] Allen, N. L. and Evans, J. C. 2000. New Access November 1, 2012.
investigations of the 'early streamer [36] Mousa, A. M. 2012. Failure of the Collection
emission' principle. IEE Proceedings Volume Method and Attempts of the ESE
Science and Measurement Technology, Lightning ROD Industry to Resurrect it.
147(5):243 - 248. Journal of Lightning Research, 4:118-128.
[29] Becerra, M. and Cooray, V. 2007. The [37] CIGRE; [November 9, 2012]; Available
early streamer emission principle does not from: http://www.cigre.org/.
work under natural lightning!! IX [38] Hartono, Z. A. and Robiah, I. 2006. A
International symposium on lightning review of studies on Early Streamer
protection; Foz do Iguacu, Brazil. Emission and Charge Transfer System
[30] Rakov, V. A. and Uman, M. A. 2003. conducted in Malaysia. 17th International
Lightning: Physics and Effects Cambridge Zurich Symposium on Electromagnetic
University Press, Cambridge, UK. Compatibility.
[31] Mike, J. Kutc, J. Martnek, Z. and [39] Zhang, Y. and Liu, X. 2004. Experiment
Petrk, M. 2011. Biogas plant explosion of artificially triggered lightning to lightning
protected early streamer emission (ESE) air rod and semiconductor lightning eliminator
terminal. Elektro, 21(11):23-26. Asia-Pacific Radio Science Conference,
[32] Hartono, Z. A. and Robiah, I. 2003. A 2004
Long Term Study on the Performance of [40] Shanghai Pearl of the Orient, such as
Early Streamer Emission Air Terminals in a matches, fire lightning [Online] 2006.
High Keraunic Region. Asia-Pacific Available from: http://www.dab9.com/tag/
Conference on Applied Electromagnetics lightning-eliminator/. Access November 6,
(APACE 2003)146 - 150 2012.
[33] Conventional and Unconventional Lightning [41] International Electrotechnical Commission;
Air Terminals: An Update [Online] 2007. Available from: http://www.iec.ch.
Available from: [42] Brunt, R. J. V. Nelson, T. L. and
www.lightningsafety.com/nlsi_lhm/ACEM_Jo Firebaugh, S. L. Early streamer emission air
urnal_Q1_2007.pdf. Access November 25, terminals lightning protection systems:
2010. literature review and technical analysis.
[34] Death at the stadium: Report on the fatal Massashusetts, USA.: National Fire
use of an early streamer emission lightning Protection Research Foundation1995.
rod in Malaysia [Online] 2012. Available [43] Scientists Oppose Early Streamer Air
from: www.lightningsafetyalliance.com/. Terminals [Online]. Available from:
Access November 1, 2012. http://www.lightningsafety.com/nlsi_lhm/char
124 .. 6 2 - 2556