I

'-. :y "'sv

?#"- *
 TABLES OF
CALCULATED HOUR-ANGLES
AND

ALTITUDE AZIMUTH TABLE

30 N. TO 30 S.
 OPINIONS OF EXPERTS
ON THE

COMBINED HORARY AND

AZIMUTH TABLES
By H. S. BLACKBURNE.
*
From JOHN COLES, Esq., formerly in the R.N.
Instructor in Practical Astronomy and Surveying to the Royal Geographical Society
6th June 1897.
'
As you and
have talked over the utility of your tables, you already know the
I
high opinion I have of them ; in proof thereof I endorse a cheque, and I trust
they will receive the support they deserve. They are most excellent tables, and
will be of great service to Navigators ; their arrangement is good, and simple, and
that, I think, is about the best thing that can be said of any tables for the use of
seafaring men."

From Lieut. VINCENT J. ENGLISH, R.N., Teacher of Navigation.

Author of ^''
Navigation for Yachtsmen."
7TH June 1897.
" Many
thanks for the sheets of your new book. I am of opinion that they will
be most useful to the overworked Ship Master, and they excel other short methods
by their exceeding accuracy."

From A. C. JOHNSON, Esq., R.N.

Formerly Naval Instructor for H.M. Training Ship "Britannia."
Author of several concise Azimuth Tables, and other Nautical Works.
7TH June 1897.
"
have no doubt that Captain Blackburne's Tables for finding the time would
I
be very useful within the limits which they comprise, and that they are sufficiently
accurate and safe. The facility they afford for obtaining the Azimuth simultaneously
iscertainly remarkable."

From Lieut. GEORGE WHITE, R.N., late Navigating Lieut., R.N.

iiTH June 1897.
**
I have carefully examined the specimen copy of your Horary and Azimuth
Tables, and have, as a test of their accuracy, worked several examples. I have
therefore much pleasure in stating that I think them (especially the Azimuth Table)
admirably adapted for their intended purpose. Having been for many years
Navigating Officer in the Telegraph Service, I should have been very glad of such
tables, especially when arriving on the intended grappling ground in the early
morning, or late in the evening, as they would have so readily given the ship's
position by double Altitudes of suitable stars."

From Captain T. S. ANGUS, P. & O. S.S. " Ballaarat."

Now Nautical Inspector, P. & O. S. N. Company, London,
28TH July 1897.
" I have examined your specimen leaf, and as far as I can see the tables will
simplify and shorten the work of finding the hour-angle to a great extent the ;

Azimuth Table will add much to their value. From your well-known conscientious
care, there can be no doubt as to the accuracy of the tables when completed."
 TABLES OF
CALCULATED HOUR-ANGLES
AND
ALTITUDE AZIMUTH TABLE
30 N. TO 30 S.

EX-MERIDIAN TABLES
70 N. TO 70 S.

CALCULATED REDUCTIONS AND

AZIMUTHS OF 30 BRIGHT STARS
From I HOUR to 3 HOURS from MERIDIAN
64 N. TO 60 S.

BY

H. S. BLACKBURNE
EXTRA MASTER (London)
PRINCIPAL EXAMINER OF MASTER AND MATES IN NEW ZEALAND, AND
NAUTICAL ADVISER TO THE GOVERNMENT

SECOND MDflTJON,,.^ ,

THOMAS AINSLEY, South Shields, England

JAMES BROWN & SON, Darnley Street, Glasgow, Scotland
52-58
J. D. POTTER, 145 Minories, London, E.i, England

Price 1 0/6
Entered at Stationers' Hail. Copyright.
 THIS BOOK. IS DEDICATED TO

Mr CHARLES WESTLAND
OF GLEN MUICK, CANTERBURY, NEW ZEALAND
AS A TOKEN OF GRATITUDE AND ADMIRATION FOR HIS VERY ABLS,
GRATUITOUS, UNSELFISH, PAINSTAKING, AND LABORIOUS WORK IN
HELPING THE WRITER WITH THE COMPILATION OF HIS PREVIOUSLY
PUBLISHED EX-MERIDIAN TABLES, AND OF SEVERAL OF THE STAR
REDUCTION TABLES IN THIS WORK

380035
 EXPLANATIONS RE THE PUBLICATION OF
THE CALCULATED HOUR-ANGLE TABLES
In view of the fact that other works have been published partly for the
same purpose for which these Tables of Calculated Hour- Angles are intended,
and especially considering the work which was published only a few years ago
by Mr Percy Davis on very similar lines to these (except for Davis's omission
to utilise the latitude variations for the azimuth) I feel that it is necessary for
,

me to explain something about the reasons which have led me to publish these
tables (which I began many years before Mr Davis thought of publishing his
work), lest it should be thought that I was simply following Mr Davis, with
some improvements and additions. am glad to say that Mr Davis has
I
generously mentioned in the Preface to his work that he knew of my MS. and
previous efforts in this direction. I began the calculation of these tables about
thirty-eight years ago, and worked at them every spare minute of my time
for a few years, until (after tabulating about 80,000 calculations, including
the variations) I was told about Lynn's famous " Horary " Tables, which
were published in 1827, ^^^ were even then out of print. This somewhat
damped my ardour. I had discovered in the meantime that the latitude
variations which had been calculated to three places of decimals gave the
azimuth accurately to ^' of arc. This discovery was due to Mr A. C. Johnson's
little book. Latitude and Longitude in Cloudy Weather. In this work the
latitude and sun's azimuth are used to find the correction of longitude due to
i' of error in the latitude. I therefore rightly concluded that, inversely, the
azimuth could be obtained if the latitude and longitude correction due to
i' of error in the latitude were known finding how accurately this came out
;

with my Hour- Angle Table, I tried a small skeleton table published by Adams
of Southampton without any author's name, which was in general use in some
of the mail-steamer lines under the title of A and B Tables for Correcting the
Longitude for Error in Latitude.
I found, however, that this table was too inaccurately computed to give
a true azimuth, so I determined to compute a table for every four minutes
of time, which, with the aid of only half a dozen figures, would give the
azimuth as accurately and quickly as by Burdwood's and Davis's tables, and
which would include many azimuths that had been omitted in the large
tables of inspection, and which I felt were much needed in double altitude
work, especially in low latitudes, where no azimuths were given sometimes
for two hours on each side of noon, and no azimuths at that time were given
when the declination was over 23. I accordingly then devoted all my spare
time to this smaller work, A and B Tables for Time Azimuths., etc., which were
published early in 1883, for latitudes from 60 N. to 60 S., and for any hour-
angle from the meridian. In the Preface to these tables I mentioned that I
had begun the calculation of my Horary Tables seven years before. Three
or four years after this I handed over the manuscript of my Horary Table
work to Captain Martin, R.N., then Naval Instructor of Greenwich College,
with full permission to give them to anyone who was willing to continue the
viu EXPLANATIONS RB PUBLICATION OF HOUR-ANGLE TABLES
work and publish them on the same plan as I had begun them. He had
them In his possession for a few years, but after giving up the sea I asked for
them again, as no one seemed inclined to take them up, and Captain Martin
returned them to me about eighteen years ago.
A year or two after this Mr Percy Davis, of the Nautical Almanac Office,
and author of the famous Time Azimuth Tables, wrote to me of his intention
to publish these tables, asking my advice, etc., about them, and I assisted him
for a very short time in choosing suitable altitudes, and planning about the
variations, etc., which I persuaded him to give for latitude, altitude, and
declination. I was unable, however, to persuade him to follow my plan
altogether in utilising the tables for azimuths as well. My disappointment
that the tables were to be published with their utility so much curtailed led

me after having given Mr Davis full notice of my intention to endeavour
to publish them myself, at any rate for the latitudes of which I had already
calculated so much, and which fortunately were of a different zone of latitude
from that which Mr Davis was then contemplating publishing for trial. About
two years after this I accepted an appointment, which I still hold, under the
New Zealand Government, and found that I was not allowed then to publish
on my own account, and the Government were not prepared to publish the
work themselves. However, about four years ago I received permission from
the Minister of Marine to publish the work on my own account, and have also
been granted permission to publish with them some Ex-Meridian Tables and
Calculated Star Reduction Tables, which, combined with the Hour-Angle
Tables, make the work specially valuable for quickly fixing ship's position from
two sun or star observations.
Mr Davis, however, was far in advance of me, and published his book
several years ago, and his work now includes latitudes from o to 50.
I hope and confidently expect that the publication of these tables will
not only not injure the sale of Mr Davis's work, but will actually increase it,
as I prominently bring to the notice of navigators by several examples the
value of the tables in connection with fixing the ship's position by combined
altitudes of either sun or star observations, and the Altitude Azimuth Table
may be used with the latitude variations from Davis's table, with amply
sufficient accuracy for position-line purposes, though his variations would not
give sufficient accuracy for azimuth purposes on account of their having been
calculated for the mid-interval of latitude.

HAROLD S. BLACKBURNE.
Wellington, New Zealand,
June 1 91 4.
 PREFACE
The main purpose of these tables is to make as easy as possible the problem
of finding the ship's position from combined altitudes of sun, moon, or stars,
and especially to encourage the at present much neglected and apparently
little valued practice of determining the ship's position from two or three stars
at twilight, a few minutes before sunrise, and a few minutes after sunset. The
writer, having made a regular practice of such observations for several years
of his sea life, is fully alive to the great value of the problem, and considers it
to be the most valuable problem in navigation, and has consequently for the
last thirty and odd years deplored the neglect of the authorities to give it in
the Board of Trade examination for masters and mates.
It ought to be the rule, instead of the rare exception, in all seagoing
steamers to take such observations daily. In spite of the discouragement
I have received from those whom I might most naturally have expected to
help and encourage me, and the continued opposition of the authorities to
the use of my tables and methods in the examination room, it will be seen that
I have not yet given up my efforts to stir up and encourage shipmasters
and officers to get out of the rut of relying wholly on their morning longitude
and noon latitude position, and am working to make easier and more
still
popular the above-mentioned problems, and I have been much encouraged
of late to find that my methods and tables are now being very generally used
by the younger generation of officers, at any rate in the ships which trade
regularly to New Zealand, and even by some of our coasting shipmasters.
My greatest incentive, however, to continued effort in this direction has
been the knowledge that such observations tend greatly to the saving of lives
and ships from destruction. In the course of my duties in the investigation
of witnesses' evidence in wTeck inquiry cases in New Zealand, I was struck
by the fact that within three years no less than three ships were wrecked,
and many lives lost, which would in all probability have been saved had the
officers been in the habit of determining the ship's position by simultaneous
observations of two stars at twilight but no Court of Inquiry could justly
;

censure the master for neglect to take such observations when the determina-
tion of this problem is not provided for in the Board of Trade examination
for either the mate or master. At about the same time I also received
letters from two shipmasters gratefully acknowledging the value that
my books had been to them, and telling me that the determination of their
ship's position by stellar observations (after experiencing exceptionally
strong currents) had been the means of saving their ships from great risk
of stranding, one in the China Sea, and the other in the Bay of Bengal.
By the aid of the Calculated Star Reduction and Azimuth Tables in this
work, a latitude and position-line can be obtained at any time when the stars
are visible, almost as easily as by a meridian altitude of a star. Nothing,
so far as the writer knows, has ever been published to so quickly, simply,
and accurately solve the problem of finding the ship's position from two or
three stellar observations out of the meridian, or for determining the latitude
X PREFACE
and position-line from a single observation, which may often be used in
conjunction with a sounding, or the bearing of some mountain peak or light,
in determining the actual position of ships, as shown in example on page Hi.
The below-Pole reductions and azimuths are of most value when only
the azimuth or latitude and position-line are required, as the body is then
changing very slowly, both in bearing and altitude but owing to the small
;

change of bearing, even up to two hours from the meridian, it is seldom that
the position-lines resulting from bearings east and west of the meridian
from two stars is sufficiently large to give a reliable " cut " for determining
the position from two ex-meridian observations but a good " cut " can
;

always be made by combining a longitude by chronometer with one of these

ex-meridian observations. The below-Pole reduction tables are also confined
to extra tropical latitudes. The calculated reductions and bearings of stars
from upper meridian, however, cover a much wider limit of latitude, and, owing
to the much more rapid change of bearing when near the upper meridian,
two stars can often be chosen from the Calculated Reduction and Azimuth
Tables, where the position-lines cut one another at an angle of from 40 to 50,
which is amply sufficient for a good determination of the ship's position. The
reductions and azimuths of twenty-seven of the brightest stars have been
tabulated for about one hour from upper meridian, and the reductions of a
few of the high declination stars to two and three hours from the meridian.
Another great advantage of these tables is that the approximate bearing of
the bright stars, and their altitude for setting on the sextant, is determined
very simply, so that there can be no mistake in the star, and no need of any
star maps, which are, however, of little value when observing stars in twilight.
It is my hope, therefore, that the publication of these tables will stimulate
and encourage greatly the practice of determining the position of the ship
from twilight observations of two or three stars ; also of the more frequent
determination of the ship's position from combined altitudes of the sun,
after considerable change of bearing, or of the sun and moon, and not only in
high latitudes but even in the tropics. If this work fulfils its aim in this
direction, I shall be gratified by a knowledge that I have helped in some
measure to save ships, and lives, from disaster.
Probably owing to the fact that all the " Sumner " problems in our Board
of Trade examinations for masters and mates have for many years been set
between the parallels of 46 to 52 N. and S. latitudes, an impression exists
among many officers in the merchant service that a " Sumner " position is of
no value in low latitudes. The lengthy and not very accurate way, especially
in low latitudes, by which the candidate is obliged to work the problem in
"
our examinations also tends to the neglect of officers practising the " Sumner
problem at sea. Also another great drawback is the difficulty about the
chart : the coast charts are on too large a scale, and the ocean charts too
small, and there are comparatively few yet who realise the fact that a plane
chart (which does for any latitude) may be used with equal accuracy as a
Mercator chart, as shown by examples in these pages. As my method of
utilising the plane chart is not allowed in the examination room, none of the
navigational guide-book? mention it.
I feel certain, too, that the Altitude Azimuth Table in this work will be
much appreciated by navigators, both for compass correction and for laying
off position-lines in connection with observations for fixing the ship's position.
Excellent as the many Time Azimuth Tables are, especially Burdwood's and

Davis's and nothing can be handier for compass adjusters when the time
is correctly known, yet I have so often seen mistakes made in obtaining the
azimuth at sea through using an erroneous time, that I feel sure that a good
Altitude Azimuth Table would be much more valued by the ordinary seagoing
 PREFACE zi

officer than the Time Azimuth Tables, and it would certainly ensure greater
accuracy. On the other hand, this Hour-Angle Table will make the Time
Azimuth Tables of much more value, as the correct apparent time can be
found by it at once by simple inspection. It was for this purpose that I first
contemplated bringing out these Horary Tables, as many captains under whom
I sailed, especially in earlier years, would not allow their officers to use the
Time Azimuth Tables. Now, I believe they are almost universally used, and
many men become careless about the time being correct, being content to
take the time by the ship's clock, which is often several minutes in error,
through the ship's change of longitude, or through the change of the clock to
mean time before arrival at some by-port.
The following mentioned ladies and gentleman have assisted me in the
compilation of these tables :

Miss Elsie Chapman, Miss Marie Moys, Miss
Ida Richardson, and Mr C. B. Maltby, and I consider myself most fortunate
in having secured the services of such faithful, conscientious, and accurate
assistants.
Although I have had so much assistance in the compilation of the tables,
I have personally overlooked every single observation, and can truthfully
state that the utmost care has been taken to ensure the most minute accuracy.
The hour-angles have been calculated to the nearest decimal of a second by
six-figure logarithms, and each one checked by differences. The variations
to every degree of latitude, etc., are the variations at the degree^ not the mid-
interval as it is given in Davis's work they have all been worked out to three
;

places of decimals, and checked by differences, and with such accuracy that I
have always found the latitude variation (with three places of decimals) give
the azimuth to the nearest \' of azimuth. The Reduction Tables have been
calculated with the same minute carefulness, and I am confident that not
one per cent, of the tabulated reductions will be as much as o'-i in error. In
addition to the Hour- Angle and Altitude Azimuth Tables and Star Reduction
Tables, there is also a very comprehensive general Ex-Meridian Table, which,
though occupying very few pages, yet comprises more extensive limits of use
than most other Ex-Meridian Tables. This will be found very useful for
facilitating the work of fixing the ship's position by combined altitudes of two
sun ex-meridians, or with a chronometer and ex-meridian observation. A
few other useful tables are also given. The Azimuth Table corresponding to
the latitude variation is given from the equator to latitude 60, so that it may
be used also with Davis's Hour- Angle Table for aiding in quickly taking out
the position-line for use with either a plane or Mercator chart, when outside
the latitude limits of the Hour- Angle Table of this work, which are at present
confined to latitudes from 30 N. to 30 S. This table is also used in con-
junction with Table VIII., Ex-Meridian Table.
To minimise the need of interpolation as much as possible, the reductions
to the meridian and azimuths of all the bright stars have been calculated for
the actual declination of the stars for a few years ahead but as the declination
;

of most of the stars changes so slowly, there will be no appreciable change in

the tabulated reductions and azimuths for the next forty or fifty years, and,
the results being exhibited in this tabular form, the value of an error in either
the latitude or time is seen at a glance.
In the Hour- Angle and Altitude Azimuth Table a glance at the table will

show the best time for observing, viz. when the lat. var. is 0, the body
being then on the prime vertical. Also, when the declination is greater than
the latitude the lat. var. shows at a glance when the body is nearest to the
prime vertical.
In closing, I have much pleasure in acknowledging the kind, gratuitous
help voluntarily tendered to me by Mr Charles Westland, and in thanking
xii PREFACE
him for his disinterested labours in the calculation of several star
reductions. I would also like to thank the Hon. Ministers of Marine for
their permission to publish a few of the smaller tables previously published by.
the New Zealand Marine Department in their Azimuth and Reduction Tables,
also some of their previously published Star Reduction Tabfes now further
extended by myself, and my assistants.
In the words of Raper, the nautical author whose work I have used
and valued more than any book on navigation, I would solicit the indulgence
of the reader to errors and to deficiencies. As he truly says, absolute correct-
ness, especially in tables, is scarcely attainable, and in a work which contains
much that has not appeared before, I caiinot reasonably flatter myself that,
notwithstanding every care and attention, some small inaccuracies may not
be found, especially as in my case, owing to the long distance from my printer,
and my desire to keep faith with those who bought copies of the work before
publication, I have had to trust to a single correction of the proofs.
Should, however, any errors be discovered in the work, I shall be most
grateful to anyone who will bring such to my notice.

HAROLD S. BLACKBURNE.
Wellington, New Zealand,
June 1914.
 PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION
In this Second Edition of these tables over 35,000 new calculations have been
made and added to the tabulations of the previous Edition, and some new
examples are published with surprising results from ex-meridians with very
high altitudes. The Ex-Meridian Table has been considerably enlarged,
and the limits of its use increased both in latitude and bearing from the
meridian. This is especially the case with high altitudes, when nearly all
other Ex-Meridian Tables fail. I am indebted for the idea of the new table
to a little book published about two years ago by Captain Cook of Bowden,
Jamaica, in which he gives a small table of two half pages giving the reduction
to I min., corresponding to a given latitude and azimuth.
I found that although only roughly computed by the traverse table,
it often gave very good results, and would be independent of the latitude
variation, and I saw that if it were expanded, and accurately computed by
a true formula, accompanied by a table giving the limits within which it
might be used with safety, it was likely to prove a very useful table and ;

the results \vith very high altitudes have far exceeded my expectations, and
I have no doubt will surprise a good many.
A well-kno\Mi and up-to-date author, in a recent publication, when
advocating the claims of the " New Navigation," tells us that an ex-meridian
at 22 from the meridian is an impossible thing but an example is given on
;

p. xxxviii of this book, with a very high altitude, where the latitude and
longitude are accurately determined from two ex-meridians, one of them
being over 70 from the meridian.
It is probable that a \vrong impression will have been gathered with
regard to the immense amount of labour which has been put into this work,
on account of the remarks made by the reviewer of one of the principal
Nautical Magazines about most of the tables having seen the light in earlier
publications, and mention being made of Lynn's and Davis's Hour-Angle
Tables having been previously published on the same lines. I may say
that although Lynn's tables were very complete in the tabulation of hour-
angles from sunrise to the meridian, no variations were given for any of the
elements, and consequently interpolation was very tedious. With regard
to Davis's tables, the variations are only given to one place of decimal, and
for the mid-interval, instead of being the variation at the degree of latitude,
altitude, and declination consequently, they could not be expected to
;

give hardly one-tenth of the accuracy obtained by these tables. I, at first,

computed several thousand of my own variations for the mid-interval, as
it was so much easier to do this, but finding that results did not give the

accuracy which I was aiming at, I recomputed them as now published.

Neither Lynn's nor Davis's tables give the azimuth, whereas I understand
from some of those who have used these tables that the Altitude Azimuth
Table in this book is preferred even to the world-famous Red Book Time
Azimuth Tables.
I can truthfully state that every tabulated hour-angle and variation
in the book has been rigorously calculated, either by myself, or by computers
paid by me. No one could contest this, as no other work tabulates the results
to the same degree of fineness, viz., to jSg^ of a second. I alone am responsible
for every tabulated result in the book, all the calculations having been
 ;

xiv PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION

made either by myself, or under my direct supervision and scrutiny, so that
I can confidently guarantee the extreme accuracy of all the tabulations.
The Ex-Meridian Table is entirely new, though on the same principle
(with an extension of limits) as the Ex-Meridian Table in my book of A B C
Azimuth and Reduction Tables also, about 50,000 new calculations have
;

been made, and tabulated in the Tables of Calculated Reductions and Azimuths
of Bright Stars.
These are the main tables in the book ; the other small supplementary
tables which were previously published in one or two of my earlier works
only comprise a few pages.
I have been disappointed to find that there is small probability of the
immense labour and great expense entailed in the production of this work
being rewarded by the satisfaction of knowing that the tables and methods
advocated in the work will be at all generally used in my own lifetime, as
the present authorities prohibit their use in the Board of Trade examinations
for masters and mates, and the great majority of ship officers in the merchant
service appear to be still ignorant of the value of a position-line in connection
with an ex-meridian for position finding, or even in connection with a calcu-
lated altitude as taught in the so-called " New Navigation " (now forty years
old), owing to the regrettable conservatism of the authorities in only allowing
the " Sumner " to be worked from the calculation of four hour-angles, and
plotted on the chart from two parallels of latitude, notwithstanding that
this method has been frequently shown to give errors of a few miles in the
resulting position, besides taking twice as long in the calculation.
Quite naturally the numerous guide-books which are used in preparation
for our examinations only present the methods which candidates are expected
to use in the examination room, and other improved methods are only taken
up by the comparatively few who take a special interest in Navigation.
Such men are usually conversant with all the best and shortest methods
but to ensure the greater safety of navigation generally, it is essential to
encourage in every way possible the man who is not fond of lengthy calcu-
lations, or who has little time at his disposal to frequently take azimuths,
and determine the ship's position by the simplest accurate methods ; but
when a candidate is given a problem such as our double altitude problem,
either by the sun, planet, or a star, and he is required to get a latitude only
by the use of numerous logarithms, all rigorously corrected for seconds
of arc, it is apt to leave an impression on his mind that the determination
of even the latitude at some distance from the meridian is a very difficult,
tedious, and uncertain business. As we in New Zealand are bound by the
Board of Trade regulations in our examinations for foreign-going certificates,
we are unfortunately debarred from making use of our tables for quick
position finding by two stars at twilight, or by any of the simple methods
of obtaining the azimuth, or position of ship by sun or stars, presented in
this book.
Notwithstanding this discouragement, I am still continuing my labours
for the sake of the few in my day who will profit by them, and in the assur-
ance that at least some ships and lives will be saved by these efforts, and in
the belief that in some future generation these methods, with the tables
still further extended in their limits, will be generally adopted.

HAROLD S. BLACKBURNE.
Wellington, New Zealand,
August 19 16.
 .

CONTENTS
PAGES
Explanations re the Publication of the Calculated Hour-Angle Tables . vii-viii

Preface . .

Explanation and Use of Tables

General Remarks, Rules, and Examples

.

.....
.

:
. . . . . ix-xiv

xvii-xxx

Remarks on the Doiible Altitude and " Sumner " Problem

.......
(General xxiii

Remarks on the Position-Line and " Sumner " Problem in connection

with Ex-Meridians xxiv

An
Limits of Ex-Meridian Tables .....
Formulae for Calculation of Latitude by Ex-Meridian when outside the

interesting Experience of Excessive Refraction .

xxiv-xx\ai
. . xxvii
Remarks on P.M. Observations, and Effect of Altitude Errors . xxvii-xxviii
The Superiority of Stellar over Solar Observations . . . xxviii

Rule for finding the Position of Ship from two Observations by aid of
these Tables, either with or \\athout the use of Chart . xxix-xxx
Examples in the use of the Tables :

1. Position from two A.M. Longitude Observations of the Sun . . xxxi

2.
and Blackburne's Ex-Meridian Tables ....
" Sumner " Problem, worked by aid of Da\4s's Chronometer Tables
xxxii
3.
Examinations .......
" Sumner " Problem as given and worked for the Board of Trade
xxxiii

4. Position
Altitude over 88 .......
from Chronometer and Ex-Meridian Observation of Sun, 2nd
xxxiv
5.
.....
Previous Example worked by the old " Sumner " Method, and also
by the Marcq St Hilaire System xxxv

.......
6. Position from two Ex-Meridian Sun Observations, with Altitudes
only 1 from the Zenith, and worked by the aid of the Ex-
Meridian Tables xxxvi
7-8. Previous Example, worked by the Short Equal Altitude Method
and Ex-lMeridian Latitude, also by plotting on the Chart . . xxxvii
9-10. Position from two Ex-Meridian Observations of Sun with Altitudes
less than i| from Zenith, and double proof of its Correctness xxxviii-xxxix
11-12. Position from two combined Altitudes of the Sun deduced by two
different Methods, also reworked and Correctness proved

.......
. xl-xli
.

13. Position from two Ex-Meridian Sun Observations, using the Ex-
Meridian Tables xlii

Example of finding the Error of Chronometer by Observations in

.....
14.
Artificial Horizon ; showing the use of the Alt. Var. in working
out several Observations separately xliii

15. Position of Ship by Combined Observations of Sun and Planet Venus,

by Longitude and Ex-Meridian Observations . . . xUv
 .

XVI CONTENTS
PAGES
i6. Position from Combined Altitudes of Sun and Moon showing how ;

the Limits of the Hour-Angle Table may be extended in Declina-

tion by transposing Latitude and Declination xlv
17. Position
Calculated Hour-Angle Table
18. Position
.....
from Combined Longitude Observations of two Stars, using

from Longitude by Chronometer and Ex-Meridian Observa-

xlvi

tions of two Stars, using Hour-Angle and Star Reduction Tables . xlvii

19. Example to find Approximate Altitude, and Bearings of Suitable

Stars for Observations, to quickly obtain Position of Ship . xlviii

20-22. Position from Combined Altitudes of two Ex-Meridian Stars, using

Star Reduction and Azimuth Tables .... xlviii-1

23.

.......
Position by Short Equal Altitude of Star for Longitude and Ex-
Meridian Latitude.
Method
Problem reworked by Double Altitude

24.

TABLES
of the Land .......
Position from Ex-Meridian Position-Line of Star and Single Bearing
lii

II.

III.
L Hour- Angles and

Error in Time produced by

Variations to
Proportional Sexagesimal Table
i'
....
1' of Lat.,

Error in Altitude
Deck, and Alt. 2-245
246-251
252-257
IV. Azimuth Table . . . . . . 258-267
V. Azimuth corresponding to Latitude Variation in Departure 268-269

......
.

VI. Position-Lines corresponding to Latitude Variation in Departure

(for Plane Chart) 270
VII. Hoiu--Angle Limits for Ex-Meridian Table VIII 272
Vila. Hour-Angle Limits for Ex-Meridian Tables Villa and VIII& 292
VIII. Azimuth Ex-Meridian Table 1 to 60 from Meridian . 273-291
Vlllfl. Azimuth Ex-Meridian Table 26 36' to 74 from Meridian 293-295
VI 1 1 J. Ex-Meridian Table used in Combination with Table IV 296-299

Longitude
X. Mean Places
.......
IX. Error in Latitude due to an Error of 4 Seconds in Time or

of 108 of the Brightest Stars (January i, 1914) .

i' of
300-301
302-303
XL Meridian Passage of Stars 304-306
XII. Alphabetical
Bright Stars
List
....... of Calculated Reductions and Azimuths of

307

XIII. Pole Star Ex-Meridian Table for 191 5, with Annual Variation
XIV. Pole Star Azimuth Table for 1915
XV. Reduction and Azimuth Table for Bright
....Stars
308
309
310-41 I
XVI. Correction of Altitude Table for Sun and Stars 6 feet to 80 feet 412-413
XVIfl. Acceleration Table . . . . 412
Advertisements . . . . . . 414-421


EXPLANATION AND USE OF TABLES

TABLE LFOR FINDING HOUR-ANGLE AND AZIMUTH FROM ALTITUDE
(pp. 2-245)

The arrangement of the arguments will be easily followed by attention to the following
explanations, viz. :

The latitude heads each page ; the table begins at the equator, and comprises four^
pages to each latitude up to 30 of latitude and declination of same name, then continuesj
with latitude and decUnation of contrary names from 1 to 30, with another four pages to r

each latitude.
The declination immediately below the latitude runs horizontally through the four
pages of latitude from 0 to 23.
The altitudes are arranged vertically on the left side of each page.
The hour-angle is given to the nearest decimal of a second for the full degrees of
latitude, decUnation, and altitude.
The variation to i' of declination is given under the decUnation column on the right-
hand side of the hour-angle, and the variations to i' of latitude and altitude are given
on the lower half of the page, L standing for latitude, and A for altitude. The variations
to i' of latitude, etc., are the variations at the degree in the same way as they are given in
the Nautical A Imanac. For instance, the variation at 8 is found by dividing the difference
between the hour-angles at 7 and 9 by 120, and the latitude and altitude variations are
computed in the same way. It is important to bear this in mind as the variations in Davis's ,

Chronometer Tables have been calculated for the mid interval, and the apparent discrepancy
between the variations as given in the two works might lead to some want of confidence in
either work.
The latitude variation referred to Azimuth Table on pages 258-267 gives the true
azimuth, or bearing of the sun or other heavenly body, and on page 270 the position-line
for a plane chart or if the variation, considered as a difference of longitude, is converted
;

into departure, it will give the true position-line for use on a Mercator chart.
In using the table, enter it with the latitude, declination, and altitude, eacl^ to the
nearest degree, and take out the recorded hour-angle correct for the odd minutes of ;

latitude, etc., by the previously mentioned variations. This may be effected either by
simple multiplication or by reference to the Proportional Sexagesimal Table on pages
246-251. The resulting hour-angle will seldom be more than \ second in error, and more
often than not it will be within o-i s. of the truth.
Strict attention, however, must be paid to the signs which are given with each of the
variations.
Formula used in the calculation of the table :

Haversine H.A. =sec I cosecp cos S sin S a,

. . .

where a =alt., I =lat., p =P. Dist., and S =? i-^

2

Examples of Finding the Time and Azimuth from Tables

Example i.
In latitude 30 12' S., p.m. at ship, decU 16 18' S., and altitude 32 40'. Required the
hour-angle and sun's bearing.
The nearest degrees are L. 30, D. 16, and A. 33.
Minutes
(in excess +,
Variations, in defect - ).
s. s.
" H. M. s.
,

L ->
D. +2-0 X -1-18= -I- 36-0
D 16 S
Isives H.A, from Table 4 2 590 L. -|-o*07X -t-i2= -f- 0-8
fCor. T^
A. 33 J y A. -4"62x -20= + 92*4
True H.A. 4
^ 5 8*2 ^ "' ^
"^ Cor. ,

-(-i29'2=2 9*a
By logarithmic spherical calculation 4 '''*^
5 8*i

For the Asimuth.

s.
L. Var.-|-*o7 gives (p. 258) Azimuth S. 89'''2 W.
i)
xviii EXPLANATION AND USE OF TABLES
Example 2.In latitude 30" 8' N., p.m. at ship, decl. 14" 48' S., and altitude 20" 12'. Required
-ans'le and sun
hour-angle sun'ss bearinc.
bearing.
^
Minutes
(in excess +,
Variations, in defect ).
s. , s.

3 43
I
 EXPLANATION AND USE OF TABLES xix

The results of the table can be easily found by inspection from the traverse table.
At the equator, when the sun or any other heavenly body is on the prime vertical, it
moves at the rate of i in 4 m., or i' in 4 s. of time and in any other latitude, when the
;

sun is on the prime vertical, the ratio of its movement will be dep. diff long. Having, : .

then, the rate of movement in any latitude on the prime vertical, the rate of movement on
any other bearing may be found by the traverse table.

Example. In latitude 30, and 's bearing N. 63 E., required the rate at which
it moves. In latitude 30, against 4 in D. lat. column, is 4-62 in dist. column with 's ;

bearing 63, and 4-62 in dep. column, we have 5-18 in distance column=5-i8 s. to i' of
altitude.
Further examples in the use of the table are given on page xlii.

TABLE IV AZIMUTH TABLE (pp. 258-267)

Enter table with lat. var. to i' at side, and latitudes on top of page running horizon-
tally. Corresponding azimuth is given to nearest decimal of a degree, and the rule for
naming the azimuth is clearly given at head of page.
Formula of calculation :
Cot azim.=lat. var. x cos lat. x 4.

Example in Use of Table. Lat. 20 N., decl. 0, alt. 50, lat. var. 2-05 s. gives
azim. (page 258) S. 64'25.

TABLE v.AZIMUTH CORRESPONDING TO LATITUDE VARIATION IN DEPARTURE

(pp. 268-269)
This table is given for cases where the azimuth is required to the nearest minute of arc.

Rule. Consider the lat. var. as a d. long, and convert it into dep. by the traverse
table. The azimuth corresponding to this factor may then be taken out to the nearest
minute of arc.
Formula of calculation :
Cotan azim. = lat. var. x 4.

Example IN Use OF Table. Lat. 20 N., decl. 0, lat. var. 2-05 s. = dep. 1-9268. gives
azim. (page 268) S. 64 17 J'.

TABLE VI.POSITION-LINES CORRESPONDING TO LATITUDE VARIATION FOR USB

WITH THE PLANE SCALE CHART IN THE "SUMNER" PROBLEM (p. 270)
This table is given for the purpose of plotting a " Sumner " position on a plane chart.
The position-lines corresponding to the lat. var. give the same result as to latitude and
longitude on a plane chart as the true hues of position would give on a Mercator's chart.
One chart, therefore, does for any latitude, or, with the aid of a small 6-inch rule with a
protractor and diagonal scale of inches marked on it, the chart may be dispensed with and
the position plotted in the work book. To do this, set off the points of two longitudes on the
parallel of the D.R. latitude at a distance from one another of, say, i in. to 10' of longitude.
From these points lay down the " Sumner " lines, and from the point where they intersect
draw a perpendicular to the parallel of D.R. lat. The longitude at the point struck by
the perpendicular is the longitude required, and can be measured from either of the points
of longitude. The same scale is used for the latitude as for the longitude.
It must be borne in mind that this table does not give the true geographical lines of
position. If this is required for a Mercator chart, consider the lat. var. as a diff. long,
and convert it into dep. by the traverse table. The position-line corresponding to this dep.
will be the true geographical Une of position.
Formula of calculation
^Tan position-Une=lat. var. X4.
:

Example. a.m. at ship in lat. 30 N., lat. var. was+'75 s.=dep. '650 s., which gives
true position-Une S. 9-2 E. and N. 9'2 W.

TABLE Vn. AND Vila.LIMITS OF EX-MERIDIAN TABLE (pp. 272 and 292)
These tables show at a glance the hour-angles at which it is safe to use the Ex-Meridian
Table so that with the correct time the reduction will not be in error more than J'. It must,
however, be borne in mind that the resulting latitude is the latitude corresponding to the
meridian of longitude used in the deduction of the time. The latitude variation will
readily show the line of position which must be laid down, on the meridian of the
D.R. longitude used in determining the time or if the azimuth has been determined,
;

Table IX. will show at a glance the error due to 1' of longitude.

TABLE Vm.AZIMUTH EX-MERIDIAN TABLE (pp. 273-291)

The under the heading of Azimuth abreast lat. are the reduction at
factors 1 m.
from the meridian to apply to an altitude to reduce it to the meridian altitude.


XX EXPLANATION AND USE OF TABLES

Instructions concerning the Use of Table, and Rule for Application
Multiply the factor corresponding to the latitude and azimuth in Tables VIII. and
Villa., and abreast lat. var. in Table Vlllh., by the number of minutes and decimals in
the hour-angle from the meridian, which gives the correction to apply to the observed
altitude to reduce it to the meridian altitude. Add this correction to the observation
taken near the upper meridian passage, and subtract the correction when observation
is taken near the meridian below the Pole. This reduction will not be more than |' in
error when the hour-angle is less than that shown in the preceding Tables VII. and Vila. ;

the " g " against the factor in the table signifies that the true reduction will be greater,
and " 1 " less, than the tabular reduction.
The table gives the correct reduction at i min. from the meridian for any azimuth
up to 60 from the meridian, and has been rigorously calculated by seven-figure logarithms
from the following formulae :

Cot . ZD = Sin Azim. . Cot H.A. i min.

Tan = Sin H.A. i min. Cot Azim.
. Decl. .

In Lat. 0, Decl.=MZD, and ZD-MZD = Reduction at Lat. 0.

Then Cos Lat. x Redn. = Redn. for succeeding Latitudes.

TABLES Vma. AND VmbEX-MERIDIAN TABLES (pp. 293-299)

Table Villa, gives the reduction at i min. to three place of decimals corresponding
to azimuths from 26 36' to 74, in lat. 0.
The reduction for other latitudes may be quickly found by the Traverse Table. By
taking the reduction at i min. in dist. column, the corresponding reduction for any
latitude is found in D. lat. column: or cos lat. X Redn. at i min. = reduction for
.

latitude required.
Table VIII&. is a continuation of Table Villa., but must be used in conjunction with
Table IV. (Azimuth Table), as shown in the following example.

Example. Lat. 20 azimuth 9'3 gives lat. var. 26-00 sec, which gives Redn. at
I min. = i''i47.
Pages 296 and 297 of Table VIII6. have been recalculated with the formula above
stated, but as there was no appreciable difference in the results when the azimuth was
small between this formula and that employed in the first edition of the book, pages
298 and 299 have been retained. These two pages were calculated by the following
formula : Reduction for i min.= SoV
-^^, where V=lat. var. time, i.e. the error in time m
4 + V2
due to i' of error in lat. Table VIII. will be found the most convenient to use, but a
reference to Tables VII. and Vila, will indicate under different circumstances which
table should be used to get the best results.

TABLE IX.ERROR IN LATITUDE BY EX-MERIDIAN DUE TO 4 SEGS. IN TIME,

OR 1' OF LONGITUDE (pp. 300-301)
This table (pages 300-301) shows at a glance the error which would result in the
latitude from any single observation out of the meridian for every 4 sees, of time, or i' of
longitude. When two observations are taken the factors given in this table facilitate the
problem of finding the ship's position from two ex-meridian observations, or one chrono-
meter observation and an ex-meridian. See pages xxxiv, xlii, xlviii and xlix.
Formula used in the calculation of table =
Lat. error long, error x tan azim. x cos lat.
:

TABLE X.THE MEAN PLACES OF 108 OF THE BRIGHTEST STARS. IN ORDER

OF RIGHT ASCENSION, FOR 1ST JANUARY 1914
On pages 302-303 the mean places of 108 of the brightest stars are given, in the order
of their right ascension, for the ist January 1914. In the column headed " Mag." the
adopted unit of brightness is designated i-o. The magnitudes of stars are determined to
tenths of a magnitude with reference to this adopted unit. The magnitudes of the ten
stars brighter than the unit are indicated by figures less than i-o thus, the value 0-3 for :

Arcturus indicates that that star is seven-tenths of a magnitude brighter than the unit ;
the value 1-4 for Sirius that it is 2-4 magnitudes brighter than the unit. As the right
ascensions and declinations of the stars do not change uniformly throughout the year, the
correction for intermediate months cannot be made accurately by multiplying the annual
change by a fraction of the year but the change is so small that for navigational purposes
;

at sea the right ascensions and declinations here given may be used without appreciable
 EXPLANATION AND USE OF TABLES xxi

error for azimuths and latitudes, and even for longitude the error due to using these
elements would seldom exceed a mile. When greater accuracy is required the navigator
should use the Admiralty Nautical Almanac for the year, where the right ascensions
and declinations of these and many other stars are given very minutely for every ten days
throughout the year.

TABLE XI.APPROXIMATE APPARENT TIMES OF THE MERIDIAN PASSAGES OF

THE PRINCIPAL FIXED STARS (pp. 304-306)
The times are given in this table for the ist of each month and the meridian of
Greenwich. To find the time for any other day, subtract the portion of time corresponding
to the day of the month in the day-correction table. Add i min. for every 90 of east
longitude, and subtract i min. for every 90 of west longitude.
The time of the meridian passage of each star has been carefully calculated to the
nearest second of time for the year 1910, and is given in the table to the nearest minute.
For the circumpolar stars which never set in higher latitudes than 50 N. or S. the
times of the meridian passages of the inferior as well as the superior transit have been given.

Example and Caution in using this Table

Required the meridian passage of }? |8 Centauri on 31st October, in longitude 10" W.
H. M.
Mer. pass, of -Sf /3 Centauri on ist Oct. is i 30 p.m.
Cor. for 31st day i 52
D.
Approx. time 31 23 38=11 38 a.m. on ist Nov.
2nd cor. required - 4
D.
Approx. mer. pass. -Jf /3 Centauri 31 23 34 or 11 34 a.m. on ist Nov.

The interval in this case is within 2 hours of 31 days instead of 30 days, therefore
nearly 4 minutes more correction is required to be subtracted. The correction for longi-
tude would be less than 10 seconds.
The table is calculated for the year 1910, but will be within 2 min. for many years,
with the single exception of the ^
Polaris, which has an annual and increasing change in
R.A. of over 27 s., and will therefore be about 5 min. later in passing the meridian in
10 years' time.

TABLE Xn. ALPHABETICAL LIST OF 30 OF THE BRIGHTEST STARS WHOSE REDUCTION

TO THE MERIDLAN AND AZIMUTH HAS BEEN CALCULATED AND TABULATED IN
THE FOLLOWING PAGES. ALSO THE ORDER OF THESE STARS IN R.A., GIVING THE
SIDEREAL TIME OF STAR'S MERIDIAN PASSAGE ABOVE AND BELOW THE POLE
FOR THE CIRCUMPOLAR STARS (p. 307)
This table will be useful for reference in quickly determining which are the most
suitable bright stars for latitude, longitude, azimuth, or position-finding from combined
observations of two or three stars.

TABLE Xm.REDUCTION TO THE MERIDIAN FOR -H- POLARIS, 1915

This table (page 308) has been calculated for star's declination in 1915, and shows at
a glance the reduction to the meridian required for every 10 m. of hour-angle and every 10 m.
of latitude from 10 N. to 60 N. latitude.
Examples in the use of the table are given at foot of page under the table.

TABLE XIV. STAR POLARIS AZIMUTH TABLE (p. 309)

The true bearing to the nearest decimal of a degree is given in this table for every
20 m. of hour-angle from 0 to 60 N. latitude. The declination of the star for the year 1915
was used in the calculation of the azimuth. The table is especially useful between 10 N.
and 30 N., as for instance in the Red Sea. In a high latitude the altitude will be too high
for compass correction work. It is therefore not given beyond 65 of latitude.
 .

3qai EXPLANATION AND USE OF TABLES

TABLE XV.REDUCTION TO THE MERIDIAN AND AZIMUTH TABLES FROM 1 HOUR TO
3 HOURS FROM THE MERIDIAN ABOVE AND BELOW THE POLE OF 26 OF THE
BRIGHTEST STARS (pp. 310-411)
These tables give at sight the reductions and azimuths of 29 of the brightest stars from
about I hour to 3 hours from the meridian above and below the Pole. The reduction must
be added to the altitude to reduce it to the meridian above the Pole, and subtracted from the
altitude to reduce to the meridian altitude at the inferior transit.
it
The azimuth always be of the same name as the latitude at the inferior transit,
will
and North or South at the superior transit according to whether the Star's declination is
North or South of the observer's latitude.
It is hoped that these tables will induce navigators to establish a habit of regular and
systematic observation of stars for position-finding at twilight.
The reduction taken out at sight to the nearest couple of minutes, and applied to the
calculated meridian altitude, would give the approximate altitude for setting on the
sextant, and the bearing which is given on the same page will give the direction in which to
look. There will be no need of star maps or celestial globes, as the altitude and bearing of
the star will positively determine its identity.
The reductions which have been tabulated to the nearest tenth of a minute have been
calculated to the nearest hundredth part of a minute. Most of them were calculated with
Shortrede's seven-figure logarithm table, using the star's declination corrected to the
nearest second of arc for the year 1920. The below-Pole reductions up to i h. 15 m. from the
meridian which were calculated at an earlier date, and first published in 1908, have been
calculated for the year 1910. The difference would seldom amount to as much as o'-i.
The results have been carefully checked by differences of both time and latitudes, and can
therefore be relied on for close accuracy.
The formula used in the calculations for the reduction tables is that deduced from
dropping a perpendicular on the hour-circle from Z at N
inside or outside the usual spherical
triangle PZD, using the supplement of P. (H.A.) for below-Pole hour-angles.
Then PN (arc i)=cos P . tan ZP.
ND 2)=NPPD.
(arc
Cos ZD=cos PZ cosND . . sec NP.
Reduction = ZD~MZD

TABLE XVI.ALTITUDE CORRECTIONS OP SUN AND STARS, AND

ACCELERATION TABLE (pp. 412-413)
This table (the upper half for the sun, and the lower half for the stars) gives the lump
correction to apply to their observed altitudes, involving for the sun dip, refraction,
semidiameter, and parallax, and for the stars dip and refraction.
As the correction for very small altitudes changes rapidly, a supplementary table
is given on page 413 for the correction of both sun and stars, at a height of 40 feet above
sea-level, for altitudes between 3 and 11, for every few minutes of altitude, and for other
heights greater or less than 40 feet a second correction is given in same table.
Heights are given from 6 feet to 80 feet, so as to meet the need of navigators in every
class of vessel, from the smallest to the largest. As standard authorities still slightly differ
in their dip and refraction tables, a mean of the dip and refraction given in the three
standard works (Raper, Inman, and Norie) has been used in the calculation of the table
here given, and great care has been taken to ensure accuracy.

TABLE XVIaACCELERATION TABLE (p. 412)

This table is used for converting intervals of mean solar time into equivalent intervals
of sidereal time. The seconds column which is given in most navigational tabular works
has here been omitted for the sake of space, and because it is considered quite unnecessary
in ordinary practical navigation. In practical navigation it becomes necessary in nearly
allthe problems where stars are used to convert mean solar time into sidereal time, as, for
instance, in the time azimuth, longitude by chronometer, and the ex-meridian problems.
In these problems the time is generally taken by a chronometer keeping mean solar time,
and to compare this with the sidereal time found by the stellar observation it must be
reduced to sidereal time.
Examples will be found among some of the worked-out problems following these
explanations.
 GENERAL REMARKS, RULES, AND
EXAMPLES
GENERAL REMARKS ON THE DOUBLE-ALTITUDE AND "SUMNER" PROBLEM
Many navigators undervalue Sumner's method in low latitudes first, because of the
:

small change of bearing between the usual times of taking the observations and secondly,
;

because with a high altitude the circle of altitude or line of position is not to the same extent
a straight line on the chart. Those who do not think for themselves are further con-
firmed in the very common impression which one has so often heard expressed about the
uselessness of attempting to get a " Sumner " position in low latitudes, owing to the
practice of those who are responsible for setting the papers for the Board of Trade examina-
tions for masters and mates in confining all their examples within the parallels of 46 to
52 of N. or S. latitudes, and compelling candidates to work the " Sumner " problem by
the calculation of four hour-angles, plotting the position between two parallels of latitude
instead of by the briefer, more accurate, and up-to-date method of working by position-
lines taken from azimuth tables, and making the starting-point either from the meridian
or parallel of latitude, according to whether the sun is nearest the meridian, or prime
vertical. Naturally, all the navigational guide-books for candidates follow suit, and in
consequence comparatively few officers in the merchant service know anything about
utilising a position-line from an ex-meridian observation, or from the " intercept " of the
altitude, as used in the Marcq St Hilaire method.
Some of the problems in this work have been purposely given in low latitudes and with
very high altitudes, and it will be seen that a perfectly accurate result is obtained with an
altitude as high as 89 and 37 from the meridian, when the same problem worked by the
above-mentioned method would be as much as 9' in error in the latitude. If observations
are used intelligently, accurate " Sumner " positions may be obtained in any latitude,

and no altitude need be considered too high the only consideration is to make sure that
the sun has changed sufficiently in bearing to make a good " cut " of not less than 40, and,
to ensure this, one of the observations should be made within half an hour of noon when in
the tropics. In the winter months an hour from noon will sometimes give a sufficiently
large angle to make a satisfactory " cut " ; but when the observer is nearly under the sun,
one of the observations should be taken within a few minutes of noon, and under such
conditions a right-angle " cut " may sometimes be obtained within an interval of five to
ten minutes, by a.m. and p.m. observations.
The writer has served a great deal of his sea time in low latitudes, and never found ^ny
difficulty in getting good reliable positions from double-altitude observations, although
in those days, to the best of the writer's knowledge, there were no ex-meridian tables
published which would give a reliable latitude when the sun was over 30 from the meridian.
He may, however, be wrong in this surmise, as, notwithstanding the fact that at least
three or four such tables are now on the market, a very well-known and up-to-date author
of nautical works, as lately as 1913, considered that an altitude of a star which was only
22 from the meridian was an impossible ex-meridian. On page xxxviii of this work an
example is given where position of ship is accurately determined by these tables from
two ex-meridians, one of them being over 70 from the meridian, and the proof of the
accuracy of the determination is verified by other methods.
In obtaining the latitude by the double-altitude or " Sumner " method, it is best
if the observations are taken on the same side of the meridian for the same person to
observe both and generally the truest latitude will be found if both observations are
;

taken on the same side of the meridian, as it is probable that if for any reason the altitude
is observed too high, or too low, the same thing will occur in both observations. For the
same reason the truest longitude will be found from observations taken on different sides
of the meridian.
 ;

xxiv EXPLANATION AND USE OF TABLES

REMARKS ON THE POSITION-LINE AND "SUMNER" PROBLEM IN CONNECTION

WITH EX-MERIDIANS
Although most navigators are now fully alive to the value of the position-Une in
connection with the longitude by chronometer, the value of the position-line in connection
with the latitude by ex-meridian is seldom presented in works of navigation. It is generally
supposed that an ex-meridian, if taken within a certain time from noon, will give a correct
latitude, and that therefore the ship's line of position is anywhere on that parallel of
latitude. This, however, is only the case when the ship time (which depends on the
longitude) is nearly correct.
The further the object is in bearing away from the meridian, the greater will be the
error due to an error in the time. (See Table IX., pp. 300-301.)
The time, however, might be uncertain to 4 or 5 minutes, and yet the ex-meridian
observation may be of great value in connection with the position-line, either when near
the land by combining this line of bearing with some sounding (see p. lii), or bearing of
the land, or by combining it with another astronomical position-line, as in the " Sumner "
problem. When the body which is used as an ex-meridian is within the limits of ex-
meridian tables, an accurate latitude for a particular meridian may be obtained with very
few figures. For cases where the body is outside the usual ex-meridian limits the formula
here given (pp. xxv-xxvii) will give a correct latitude for any time from the meridian corre-
sponding to the true hour-angle of the sun, or other heavenly body, and the latitude on
an approximate D.R. longitude will give the starting point for the position-line, which
these tables give, cutting this longitude meridian at that latitude.
It is very generally believed by navigators than an observation taken near the meridian
is of no use in connection with the " Sumner " problem. To some extent this is true when
the problem is worked by the usually taught methods and the D.R. latitude is much in
error. I have endeavoured to show by the following examples how the ex-meridian
problem may be combined with the chronometer observation in the " Sumner " problem ;

and, if this is done, it matters little how the sun or stars bear when the observations are
taken, provided there is a suitable difference in bearing (say 3 points or more) between the
two position-lines.
The ex-meridian and star reduction tables in this work enable the navigator to very
readily obtain his position from two ex-meridians or by an ex-meridian and chronometer
observation, which may be worked as a double altitude, or plotted on the chart, just as
accurately and even more rapidly than it could be worked from two chronometer observa-
tions. Tables of still wider hmits by Blackburne and Westland were published by the
New Zealand Marine Department in 1908.

"When observations are taken at the best possible time shortly before sunrise and
after sunset, when probably only three or four of the brightest stars are visible we
cannot expect always to get two stars sufficiently far from the meridian and prime
vertical as is considered by some necessary (vide Wrinkles, 9th ed., p. 514) for a
satisfactory double altitude to be worked on the " Sumner " principle. However, if
advantage is taken of the methods shown in the following examples it will be seen
how little this matters. The only necessary condition of importance to ensure good
results is that the stars should be sufficiently far apart in bearing to give a good cut
and if one observation be near the prime vertical, and the other one near the meridian,
the writer would say so much the better, rather than that this should be looked upon as
an objection.
By the following formula a true latitude may be calculated when the correct hour-
angle is known, and if an approximate longitude is used for finding the hour-angle, the
latitude and position-Une from this meridian is just as valuable as any position-line drawn
from a given longitude on a D.R. parallel of latitude.

FORMULAE FOR CALCULATION OF LATITUDE BY EX-MERIDIAN WHEN OUTSIDE

THE LIMITS OF EX-MERIDIAN TABLES

Case No. i. Object above the Pole. Angle at Z (= bearing of object) more than 90*
reckoned from observer's Pole.
In the spherical triangle ZPD, let ZP=co. lat., ZD=co. alt., and PD=P. Dist.
Given ZD, PD, and angle at P to find PZ=co. lat.
:

From D drop a perpendicular on the meridian at M, then in the right-angled spherical

triangle PMD we have PD and angle at P to find PM=arc (i).
Formula :
Cos P=tan arc (i) cot PD
. .-. tan arc (i)=cos P . tan PD.
Next find ZM=arc (2).

EXPLANATION AND USE OF TABLES XXV

In the spherical triangle PMD, cos PD =cos arc (i). Cos MD.
,, ,, ZMD, cos ZD =cos arc (2). Cos MD.
.-. Cos ^cos^ZD
(2) ._
^^g ^2)' =cos (I) . cos ZD . sec PD.
Cos (i) cos PD ^

PZ CO. lat. =arc (i) arc (2).

Case No. 2. Angle at Z less than 90. Same formula as in previous case, but
PZ=arc (i) +arc (2).
Case No. 3. Object below the Pole. In the spherical triangle PMD, angle at P=
supplement of hour-angle.
Then follow the same formula as in Case No. i.
=arc (2) arc (i). PZ (co. lat.)
By using the complements of PD and ZD and complement of PM for arc (i) when the
object is above the Pole, or complement of ZM when object is below the Pole, tlxe formula
may be arranged as follows, and the rule as below apphed :

Object above the Pole

Cot arc =cos H.A, cot decl.
(i) .

"^
Cos arc =cosec decl. sin arc
(2) . (i) . sin alt.
Name arc (i) same as decl.
Name arc (2) contrary to bearing of object i.e. N. or S. of the prime vertical.
Add like and subtract unhke names. Sum or difference of arc (i) and arc (2) ^latitude.

Object below the Pole

Tan
arc (i) =cos. supplement of H.A. cot decl. .

Sin arc (2) =cosec. decl. cos arc (i) sin alt. . .

Name both arc (i) and arc (2) same as the decl.
Latitude =sum of arc (i), and arc (2) always named same as decl.
Note.
It is not advisable to use the formula here given when the declination of object
is within 3 or 4 N. or S. decl. If it is then used, six-figure logarithms should be taken out
and the corrections made for odd seconds of arc.
In the above-mentioned case it is recommended to calculate arc {2) after the azimuth
has been calculated by the following formula as deduced from the spherical triangle MZD,
viz. :

Above-Pole Observation. Tan arc (2) =cos Z cot alt. .

Below-Pole Observation. Cot arc (2) =cos Z cot alt. .

As the azimuth is nearly always required to make use of an observation taken out of
the meridian, this last-mentioned formula is preferred to the foregoing one, and is in the
writer's opinion the best formula for an ex-meridian latitude that he knows of. For
accuracy the azimuth should be calculated by the following formula :

Sin azim. =sin H.A. cos decl. . sec alt. .

CALCULATION OF EX-MERIDIAN LATITUDES. No. i Method

Examples to Illustrate each Case
Case No. i. H.A. 3 h. 00 m., decl. 22 o' S., alt. 22 2i'-8 S.fiiy. .

H.A. 3h. 00 m. Cos 9-84948

Decl. 22* o' S. Cot 0-39359 Cosec 0*42642

Arc (i) 29 44J' S. Cot 0-24307 Sin 9"69558

Alt. 22* 2i'-8 Sin 9'58o33

Arc (2) 59" 44}' N. ... Cos 9-70233

Lat. 30 o' N.


XXVI EXPLANATION AND USE OF TABLES

Case No. 2.H.A. 2 h. 40 m., decl. 50" N., alt. 54" 2'-6 H.E^.

H.A. ah. 40 m. Cos 9-88425

Decl. 50' o' N. Cot 9-92382 Cosec 0-11375

Arc(i) 57" 16' N. Cot 9-80807 Sin 9.92490

Alt. 54' 2'-6 Sin 9-90819

Arc (2) 27 16' S. Cos 9-94884

Lat. 30 0' N.

Case No. 3-* Capella, H.A. 2h. 6 m. from lower Pole, decl. 45" 54'-7 N., alt. 7 2' N.W. (Beep.xlviii)
/V

H.A.Supt. 2h. 6 m. Cos 9-93077

Decl. 45 54''7N. Cot 9-98618 Cosec 0-14371

Arc (i) 39 33' 16' N. Tan 9"9i695 Cos 9-88707

Alt. 7 2' Sin 9-08795 f/

Arc (2) 7 33' 17' N. . Sin 9-1 1873

Lat. 47 6' 33' N.

The accuracy of this method may easily be proved by reversing the process, and finding the hour-
angle from the latitude, declination, and altitude given.
Case No. 3 is especially useful, as with high declination stars the latitude will generally be fairly correct
even when the time is in error a couple of minutes, and the body observed is an hour or more from the
meridian below the Pole, as may be seen by a glance at the Reduction Tables of some of the high declination
stars.

FORMULA FOR CALCULATION OF EX-MERIDIAN LATITUDES WHEN

AZIMUTH IS KNOWN. No. 2 Method
Previous Examples Worked by this Alternate Method
Arc (i) is calculated as shown in the preceding examples, and from the foregoing figures it will be
apparent that Arc (2) ZM may be found from the right-angled spherical triangle MZD by the following
formula :

Above- Pole Observations . . . Tan Arc (2) = Cos Z Cot Alt.

Below- Pole Observations . . . Cot. Arc (2) = Cos Z Cot Alt.

Note. ^The Supt. of the hour-angle is used for the below- Pole observations, and for convenience of the
rules and arrangement of the formula, Comp. of ZM
is called Arc (2) in the deduced formula used.

Case No. i.H.A. 3h. 00m., decl. 22 o' S., alt. 22" 2i'-8 S.Eiy.

H.A. 3 h. 00 m. Cos 9-84948 . Sin 9'8495 Azim. 45" 9' Cos 9-84835
Decl. 22 o' S. Cot 0-39359 Cos 9-9672 Alt. 22 2i'-8 Cot 0-38571
Alt. 222i'-8 Sec 0-0339
Arc (i) 29" 44J' S. Cot 0-24307 Arc (2) 59 44i' Tan 0-23406
Azim. 45 9' Sin 9-8506
Arc (2) 59 44i' N.

Lat. 30 o^ N.
 EXPLANATION AND USE OF TABLES xxvii

Case No. 2. H.A. zh. 40 m., decl. 50" o' N., alt. 54 2'-6 N.E'x.

H.A. 2h. 40 m. Cos 9-88425 Sin 9-8081

Decl. 50" o' N. Cot 9-92382 Cos 9-8081

Arc (i) 57 16' N. Cot .9-80807 Alt. 54''2'-6 Sec 0-2312 . . Cot 9-86057

Azim. 44 43J' Sia 9-8474 Cos 9-85156

Arc (2) 27 16' S. Arc (2) 27 16' Tan 9-71213

Lat. 30 o^ N .

Case No. 3. H.A. 2 h. 6 m. from lower Pole, decl. 45" 54'-7 N., alt. 7 2' N.W'y.
H.A. Supt. 2h. 6 m. Cos 9-93077 Sin 9-7I8I
Decl. 45" 54'-7 N. Cot 9-98618 Cos 9-8425

Arc (i) 39 33'-3 N. Tan 9-91695 Alt. 7" 2' Sec

Azim. 21 29J' Sin

 ;

xxviii EXPLANATION AND USE OF TABLES

from meridian at each observation, an error in the latitude of 2' too Httle on both occasions
would make a difference of 12' of longitude, as may be seen from Table III., on page 256.
Suppose, then, that on the same occasion both observations have been worked with an
error of 2' south of the true latitude: this would make another difference of about loj' of
longitude, making the p.m. sights 221^' of longitude to eastward of the a.m. observation, and
a slight easterly current in the interval between the two observations might easily make
over 30' difference. Generally, no doubt, one of these errors will in a measure counteract
another, but exceptional occasions are almost sure to arise when they wiU all combine
in the same direction.

EFFECT OF ALTITUDE ERRORS

With a.m. sights too great an altitude will place a ship to eastward of true position,
and vice versa with p.m. sights and too small an altitude. The amount of error in longitude
or time due to i' error of altitude is shown in Table III., pages 252-257.

THE UNRELIABILITY OF NOON POSITION FROM SUN OBSERVATIONS

The usually recorded noon position should never be relied on too implicitly, as it is
generally liable to be a few minutes in error, and this may happen when three or four
persons have taken observations and are all in agreement. The very agreement of so
many observers would only give a false confidence, which is the more dangerous as there is
no opportunity with the sun observation (except when near land) of checking it and
thereby determining the error. Many well-known authorities, however, have recorded'
their experience of errors in the latitude from sun observations, due to excessive refraction,
as amounting to from 7' to 18' (see page 132 of Tables for Azimuths, etc., by Blackburne,
and experience mentioned on previous page). Such refraction, however, is undoubtedly
very exceptional the greatest error in the noon latitude that the writer ever experienced
:

was 7' this was in the Malacca Straits ; three observers on this occasion making the
altitude practically the same, and at i p.m. the ship was abreast One Fathom Bank
Lighthouse. It must be remembered also that the so-called noon longitude generally
depends on an observation taken at about 8 a.m. or 9 a.m., and the calculation of the time
from this observation is often made with an erroneous latitude, thereby giving a wrong
result; and currents, or bad steering, etc., may again combine to still further throw the
position out. In the winter months i' of error in the latitude used for the calculation of
the time will often throw the longitude out as much as 2'. As the results of errors of both
altitude and latitude are reversed with p.m. sights, it would be a good plan to adopt in
recording the noon longitude to wait until p.m. sights had been taken for longitude, and
then to take the mean of the a.m. and p.m. results, worked up to noon, as the true noon
longitude.
As shown, however, in the lower part of this page, with the position obtained by simul-
taneous observations of three stars, errors resulting from uncertainty of refraction, etc.,
may be eliminated. The horizon shortly after sunset is generally very clearly defined,
without any glare ;and the latitude and longitude are obtained at the same instant of
time. If shipowners made it compulsory for their officers to obtain the ship's position,
whenever possible by stellar observations at twilight, it would, I believe, be the means of
saving many ships from disaster, and the saving of not a few lives.

THE SUPERIORITY OF STELLAR OVER SOLAR OBSERVATIONS

The two great advantages of stellar over solar observations are (i) that by the stars
:

the latitude and longitude can be obtained simultaneously, instead of having an interval
of three or four hours between the observations, as is often the case when the sun is used
and (2) that uncertain errors in altitude resulting from personal equation, arc errors of
sextant, or exceptional refraction may be practically eliminated by a proper choice of
stars. If meridian altitudes can be obtained about the same time to the north and south
of observer, it will be apparent to anyone that the errors would be eliminated by taking
the mean result of the two observations for the true latitude ; and in the same way the
true longitude would be found by the mean result of observations taken nearly east and
west of meridian. But it may happen that stars are not to be found north, south, east, and
west of observer during the short time that the horizon is good for observation. The fol-
lowing is the plan that the writer used for several years with great success :

Take three
stars, and of these choose two on the same side of the meridian northward and southward
of the observer for a good latitude. If they both happen to be the same distance from the
meridian, as in the example on page 1 14 of Blackburne's 1916 edition of Tables for Azimuth,
etc., 10' of error in the altitude will make practically no difference in the resulting latitude
as found by the " Sumner " or double-altitude problem. Then choose another star on the
other side of the meridian, as near as possible the same distance from the meridian cal- ;

EXPLANATION AND USE OF TABLES xxix

culate the longitude with the latitude found from the previous observations, and the true
longitude will be obtained by taking the mean between the eastern and western stars
worked with the correct latitude.
On pages 114 and 115 of the work previously mentioned three stars were taken, and
the altitude of each star was 10' in error (too great) but following the plan above mentioned,
;

the calculation of ship's position was made, and did not differ more than o'-i in either the
latitude or longitude from the correct position as determined from the correct altitudes of
the same three stars.
/
RULE FOR FINDING THE POSITION OF SHIP FROM TWO OBSERVATIONS BY AID OF
THESE TABLES EITHER WITH OR WITHOUT THE USE OF CHART
From Two Chronometer Observations of the Sun
(i) Let two chronometer observations be taken at an interval in time during which the
sun has changed at second observation not less than three points, and let the first be worked
out with the D.R. latitude at the time of observation, or generally the nearest whole degree
of latitude may be used.
(2) Let the D.R. latitude and longitude thus obtained be corrected for the run of the
ship in the interval between the observations, and let the second observation be worked
with the corrected latitude. Name these longitudes (i) and (2).
(3) With the hour-angle, latitude, and declination at each observation take out the
lat. var. from the lower half of the page, and name the position-lines corresponding to this
variation according to the instruction under the heading of Table No. VI. This variation
divided by 4 gives the error in longitude due to i' of error in latitude.

When both Position-Lines go through the Same or Opposite Quadrants

(4) The difference between the two '-

4
1 will give the difference in the resulting

longitudes due to i' of error in the latitude. (See fig. 2 below.)

When the Position-Lines go through Adjacent Quadrants

(5) The sum of the two will give the difference in the resulting longitudes due
*

4
to i' of error in the latitude. (See example on page xxxi and fig. i below.)
The three elements used in the calculation of time, or longitude, are altitude, latitude,
and polar distance. Presuming that the altitude and polar distance are correct, the re-
sulting difference in longitude between the two observations must be due to error in the
latitude. The sum or difference of the two lat. vars. -=- 4 gives the difference of longi-
tude in the two observations due to i ' of error in the latitude used in the calculation, and
the amount of error in the latitude will therefore be found by a simple proportion sum
(see page xxxi), from which it will be seen that the error or correction to be applied to the
D.R. latitude will be found by dividing the difference between longitudes (i) and (2) by the
sum or difference of the variation corrections. It must be applied to the latitude used in
the last observation, and to the N. or S. according to whether the position-lines cut one
another N. or S. of the D.R. latitude used in the calculation. The true longitude is then
^ ^^^^'
found by multiplying either of the '
by the latitude error, and applying the
4
correction accordmg to the trend of the position-line.
To prevent the possibiUty of making a mistake in the application of the correction to
the latitude, a short horizontal line representing the parallel of D.R. latitude may be drawn
with a free hand in the work-book on this line put down longitudes (i) and (2), and roughly
;

draw the position-lines through each longitude, following the rule for naming the position-
Unes given on page 270, under the heading of Table VI., also bearing in mind that if the line
runs in a north-easterly direction it is equally true that the line must also run in the opposite
direction or south-westerly. No scale for longitude need be used, or protractor for laying
down the bearings, but simply put longitude (i) or (2) to the right or left of the other, as
they are to the east or west of one another, then draw tiie general trend of the position-lines
through these two longitudes, thus :
XXX EXPLANATION AND USE OF TABLES
For Stellar Observations
When finding the position of ship from stellar observations, it is best to observe the
altitude of two stars which have a considerable difference in bearing from one another, and
to take both observations within a few minutes of the same time. If the ship has not
appreciably changed her position during the interval between the observations, both
observations may be worked with the same latitude, and no correction for run need be
applied to the first-observation latitude or longitude. Otherwise the same rules apply as
for the observations by the sun.
When the ship has appreciably changed her position during the interval between the
observations, rules Nos. i and 2 must be observed as in the sun observations.

From Ex-Meridian and Chronometer Observation Combined, to Plot

ON Plane Chart
Let two observations be taken with a suitable difference in bearing between them,
and the one nearest the prime vertical be used for a longitude (working it with the D.R.
let
latitude), and the other one for a latitude, using the time deduced from the longitude found
by observation in the calculation for latitude bring both results up to the same instant
;

of time by applying the run in interval between the observations.

Take out the lat. var, for each observation, and with this enter Table VI., page 270, and
take out the corresponding position-lines. We have then two latitudes and their corre-
sponding position-lines starting from different points on the same meridian. Where these
lines cut with one another on a plane chart will be the position of the ship.
For the ex-meridian observation, or if outside the limits of the Calculated Hour- Angle
Table, the lat. var. must be found from Table IV. (Azimuth Table) from the approximate
latitude and azimuth.

From Two Ex-Meridian Observations on Different Sides of the Meridian

Let two observations be taken with a suitable difference in bearing between them, one
east and the other west of the meridian, deducing the hour-angle by applying the equation
of time and longitude by D.R. Bring both results up to the same instant of time by
applying the run in interval between the observations. The latitude from either observa-
tion (if worked by a correct method) is the latitude where the circle of altitude of the body
observed cuts the meridian used in deducing the time. If both latitudes agree when
observations have a considerable difference in bearing between them, the longitude must
be correct. If the latitudes do not agree, the true latitude and longitude may readily be
found by plotting on the chart, or by the method explained below.

Without the Aid of Chart

By aid of Table IX. giving the Error in Latitude by Ex-Meridian due to
4 sec. Error in Time, or i' of Longitude
By the aid of the above-named table the double-altitude problem may be worked
from the meridian, on the same principle as two chronometer observations are worked from
a parallel of latitude. If the azimuth is not over 85 (the limit of the table), the problem
may be worked from the meridian with either an ex-meridian and chronometer observation
combined or from two ex-meridians.
When both observations are on same side of meridian, the difference between the two
errors in latitude, due to i' of error in the longitude, taken from the table, will be the divisor
for the two differences of latitude resulting from the two observations, and will give the
correction for the longitude used.
When one observation is east and the other west of meridian, the error of longitude will be
found by dividing the differences of latitude resulting from the two observations by the sum
of the factors taken from the table. The error in latitude will then be found by multiply-
ing the error in longitude by the correction taken from the table (in preference using the
azimuth nearest to the meridian) and applying this to the ex -meridian latitude in the
direction of the trend of the position-line, which is always at right angles to the bearing
of object.
When the altitude is high and near the meridian the azimuth should be obtained by
the time and altitude. This is most satisfactorily done by the rule of sines. (See examples
on pages xxxii, xxxiv, xxxvi, etc.)
For examples from chronometer and ex- meridian observation see pages xxxii, xxxiv,
xliv, xlvii.
For examples from two ex-meridian observations see pages xxxvi, xxxviii, xlii,
xlviii, xlix, 1.

For examples from two longitude observations see pages xxxi, xlvi.
For examples by equal altitude and ex-meridian see pages xxxvii, li.
 EXAMPLES IN THE USE OF THE TABLES
POSITION FROM TWO A.M. LONGITUDE OBSERVATIONS OF THE SUN
1913. On May 12th, a m. at ship, in approximate lat. 30 N, and long. 20 W., observed alt. of sun's L.L.
was 9 25'when a chronometer indicated M.T, Green. 19 h. 18 m. 43 s. and again a.m. at ship, observed alt. ;

of sun's L.L. was 60 32' when chronometer indicated 23 h. 17 m. 23 s. Course and distance run between obser-
vations, N. 36, E. 40 m. height of eye, 30 ft. Required position of ship at 2nd Observation, and Azimuth
;

at time of ist Observation.

1ST A.M. Observation.
H, M. s. o , M. s. . ,

M.T.G. 19 18 43 Decl. (12th) 18 3 14 N. Eq. Time 3 46-4 Obsd. Alt. 9 25

Eq. Time +346 Var. 38" x 47 h. -2 598. "065. X47h. Cor. - "3 30 ft. Cor. +S
A.T. Sp. 19 22 29 Cor. Decl. 18 o 15 N. Cor. Eq. Time 3 46*1 True Alt. 930
+ M. Time.
Course and distance run between observations N. 36, E. 40 m. =32' "4 N., 23'*s E. =d. long. 27*2 E. gives
lat. at 2nd Observation 30 32' '4 N.
Variations,
H. M. s. s.
Lat. 30 o N. 1-30 -j
Tabular H. A. 5 54 40-4 D. +2-28 X + O^: + o'S7
Decl. 18 oiyiJ^^^^'-
+ 2 24-3 A. -479 X -30 : + 14370
Alt. 9 30 loj Cor. H.A. 5 57 047 Cor. +144*27=2 24 '3
24 00 OO'O

A.T. Sp. 18 2 55-3

A.T. Green. 19 22 29"0

Long, in Time I 19 34 Lat. Var. i'26 gives Az. (p. 258) N. 74-8 E. and
(p.266) Posn.-Line for Plane Chart N. i7*4 W,
Long. 19 53 30 W.
Run 27 12 E.

Long, (i) 19 26 18 W. 1-26+4 gives -315 long.

2ND A.M. Observation.

H. M. S.
M.T.G. 23 17 23 Decl. (i2th) 18 3 14 N. Obsd. Alt. 60 32
Eq. Time + 3 46 Var. 38" X 07 h. = - 27 S. 30 ft. Cor. + 10
A.T.G. 23 21 9 Cor. DecL 18 2 47 N. True Alt. 60 42

Variations.
H. M. s. S.
Lat. 30 32-4 N. / 30 "jTabular H.A, 2 00 59*1 D, +2'36x + 2-8= + 6-6i
Decl. 18 2-8 N.< 18 1^^- -4 4-8 A. -4'83X + 42 = -202 -86

Alt. 6042 (eojcor. H.A. I 56 54"3 L. -I 'SOX +32*4= -196-25

24 00 OO'O - 48-60

A.T. Sp. 22 3 57 Cor. -244-85=4 4-85

Lat.iO'39N A.T. G, 23 21 9*o
Long.l9 ZQiiW.
Long, in Time 1 18 3-3 1-50+4 gives -375 long.

Long. (2) 19 30 50 W. -375 N. to E. Lat.

Long, (i) 19 26 18 W. -315 N. to W.

Diff. Long. 4-5 -69 : d. long. 4'-5 : : lat. I'-o : lat. cor.6''5.

Lat. 30 32'4 N. Long. 19 30-8 W.

Lat. Cor. 6-5 N. Cor. 6''5x'-375 24 E.

Lat. in 30 38 -9 N. Long, in 19 28 -4 W.

Var. i'50 gives Azim. S. 72*0 E. and Posn.-Line for Plane

Chart N. 20^ E.
Lat 30'32'^ N.
Lonp /9 3Q-8W.
19''26'-3W
XXX EXPLANATION AND USE OF TABLES
For Stellar Observations
When finding the position of ship from stellar observations, it is best to observe the
altitude of two stars which have a considerable difference in bearing from one another, and
to take both observations within a few minutes of the same time. If the ship has not
appreciably changed her position during the interval between the observations, both
observations may be worked with the same latitude, and no correction for run need be
applied to the first-observation latitude or longitude. Otherwise the same rules apply as
for the observations by the sun.
When the ship has appreciably changed her position during the interval between the
observations, rules Nos. i and 2 must be observed as in the sun observations.

From Ex-Meridian and Chronometer Observation Combined, to Plot

ON Plane Chart
Let two observations be taken with a suitable difference in bearing between them,
and let the one nearest the prime vertical be used for a longitude (working it with the D.R.
latitude), and the other one for a latitude, using the time deduced from the longitude found
by observation in the calculation for latitude bring both results up to the same instant
;

of time by applying the run in interval between the observations.

Take out the lat. var. for each observation, and with this enter Table VI., page 270, and
take out the corresponding position-lines. We have then two latitudes and their corre-
sponding position-lines starting from different points on the same meridian. Where these
lines cut with one another on a plane chart will be the position of the ship.
For the ex-meridian observation, or if outside the limits of the Calculated Hour- Angle
Table, the lat. var. must be found from Table IV. ^Azimuth Table) from the approximate
latitude and azimuth.

From Two Ex-Meridian Observations on Different Sides of the Meridian

Let two observations be taken with a suitable difference in bearing between them, one
east and the other west of the meridian, deducing the hour-angle by applying the equation
of time and longitude by D.R. Bring both results up to the same instant of time by
applying the run in interval between the observations. The latitude from either observa-
tion (if worked by a correct method) is the latitude where the circle of altitude of the body
observed cuts the meridian used in deducing the time. If both latitudes agree when
observations have a considerable difference in bearing between them, the longitude must
be correct. If the latitudes do not agree, the true latitude and longitude may readily be
found by plotting on the chart, or by the method explained below.

Without the Aid of Chart

By aid of Table IX. giving the Error in Latitude by Ex-Meridian due to
4 sec. Error in Time, or i' of Longitude
By the aid of the above-named table the double-altitude problem may be worked
from the meridian, on the same principle as two chronometer observations are worked from
a parallel of latitude. If the azimuth is not over 85 (the limit of the table), the problem
may be worked from the meridian with either an ex-meridian and chronometer observation
combined or from two ex-meridians.
When both observations are on same side of meridian, the difference between the two
errors in latitude, due to i' of error in the longitude, taken from the table, will be the divisor
for the two differences of latitude resulting from the two observations, and will give the
correction for the longitude used.
When one observation is east and the other west of meridian, the error of longitude will be
found by dividing the differences of latitude resulting from the two observations by the sum
"of the factors taken from the table. The error in latitude will then be found by multiply-
ing the error in longitude by the correction taken from the table (in preference using the
azimuth nearest to the meridian) and applying this to the ex-meridian latitude in the
direction of the trend of the position-line, which is always at right angles to the bearing
of object.
When the altitude is high and near the meridian the azimuth should be obtained by
the time and altitude. This is most satisfactorily done by the rule of sines. (See examples
on pages xxxii, xxxiv, xxxvi, etc.)
For examples from chronometer and ex-meridian observation see pages xxxii, xxxiv,
xliv, xlvii.
For examples from two ex-meridian observations see pages xxxvi, xxxviii, xlii,
xlviii, xlix, 1.

For examples from two longitude observations see pages xxxi, xlvi.
For examples by equal altitude and ex-meridian see pages xxxvii, 11.
 EXAMPLES IN THE USE OF THE TABLES
POSITION FROM TWO A.M. LONGITUDE OBSERVATIONS OF THE SUN
1913. On May 12th, a m. at ship, in approximate lat. 30 N. and long. 20 W observed alt. of sun's I*L.
was 9 25'when a chronometer indicated M.T. Green. 19 h. 18 m. 43 s. and again a.m. at ship, observed alt ;

of sun's L.L. was 60 32' when chronometer indicated 23 h. 17 m, 23 s. Course and distance run between obser-
vations, N. 36, E. 40 m.; height of eye, 30 ft. Required position of ship at 2nd Observation, and Azimuth
at time of ist Observation.
1ST A.M. Observation,
H. M. S. o / ,1
M. s.

M.T.G. 19 18 43 Decl. (i2th) 18 3 14 N. Eq. Time 3 46-4 Obsd. Alt. 9 25

Eq. Time +346 Var. 38" x 47 h. -259S. -oes. X47h. Cor. - "3 30 ft. Cor. +5
A.T. Sp. 19 22 29 Cor. Decl. 18 o 15 N. Cor. Eq. Time 3 46'! True Alt. 0- 930
+ M. Time.
Course and distance run between observations N. 36, E. 40 m. =32' -4 N., 23' '5 E.=d. long. 27*2 E. gives
lat. at2nd Observation 30 32' "4 N.

Lat. 30
0,0o N. ^ 30 Tabular H. A.
H. M. S.
5 54 40*4
Variations,

D. +2-28x
S.
+ oJ=
^

+
S.
0-57
Decl. 18 oj N.
18
"J
I Cor. +2 24*3 A. -479X -30 = +14370
M. S.
Alt. 9 30 10; Cor. H.A. 5 57 047 Cor. 4-i44'27=2 24 '3
24 00 oo'o

A.T. Sp. 18 2 55-3

A.T. Green. 19 22 29'0

Long, in Time I 19 34 Lat. Van i"26 gives Az. (p. 258) N. 74*8 E. and
(p.266) Posn.-Line for Plane Chart N. i7-4 W.
Long. 19 53 30 W.
Run 27 12 E.

Long, (i) 19 26 18 W. 1-26+4 gives -315 long.

2ND A.M. Observation.

H. M. s.
M.T.G. 23 17 23 Decl. (i2th) 18 3 14 N. Obsd. Alt. 60 32
Eq. Time +3 46 Var. 38" X 07 h. = - 27 S. 30 ft. Cor. + 10
A.T,G. 23 21 9 Cor. DecL 18 2 47 N. True Alt. 60 42

Variations.
H. M. S, S. s.
Lat. 30 32-4 N. /'3oN Tabular H.A. 2 00 59'i D. +2*36 X + 2*8 = + 6-6i

Decl. 18 2-8 N.< i8l^''-

-4 4-8 A. -4'83X + 42 = -202 '86

Alt. 6042 (eojcor. H.A. I 56 54"3 L. -I 'SOX +32*4= -196-25

24 00 oo"o - 48-60
Figure.
A.T. Sp. 22 3 57 Cor. -244-85=4 4-85
lat.30'39/Y. A.T. G, 23 21 9'o
\ Posf
Lony./9 28>iW.)
Long, in Time I 18 3-3 i"50^4 gives -375 long.

Long. (2) 19 30 50 W. -375 N. to E. Lat.

Long, (i) 19 26 18 W. -315 N. to W.

Diff. Long. 4-5 69 : d. long. 4''5 : : lat. i''o : lat. cor. 6'*s.

Lat. 30 32-4 N. Long. 19 30-8 W.

Lat. Cor. 6-5 N. Cor. 6''5x''375 24 E.

Lat, in 30 38 -9 N. Long, in 19 28-4 W.

Var. I -50 gives Azim. S. 72*0 E. and Posn.-Line for Plane

Chart N. 20^ E.
Lat 30'32'AN.
Lonp /9 30-8 iV.
19'26'8W
xxxu EXAMPLES IN THE USE OF THE TABLES
" SUMNER " PROBLEM AS GIVEN IN THE BOARD OF TRADE EXAMINATIONS FOR MASTERS
AND MATES, WORKED BY THE AH) OF DAVIS'S CHRONOMETER TABLES AND
BLAGKBURNE'S EX-MERIDIAN TABLES
1898. On June 20th, a.m., at ship, at sea, and uncertain of my ship's position: when a chronometer
indicated M.T. Green. 19 d. 22 h. 30 m. the true altitude of sun's centre was 52 9' ; and again, a.m. on same
day, when chronometer indicated 20 d. o h. 16 m. the true altitude of sun's centre was 65 18', the ship having
made 23 miles on a true N. 24 E. course during the interval between the observations. Required the line
of position and true bearing of the sun at time of ist Observation, and the position of the ship when
2nd Observation was taken, assuming latitudes 46 N. and 47 N.
Longitude by Davis's Chronometer Tables.
o , o Gives Tabulated H.A. Variations.
Lat. 46 o N. 46 D. H. M. s. s. , s.
C "I
Decl. 23 27 N. < 23 V 2 30 13 D.+4-5X27= +121-5
Alt. 52 9 I 52 ) +1 5-7 A.-6-2X 9= - 55-8
M. 3.
H.A.
-22 31 I8-7E. Cor. + 65-7 = 1 57
24

A.T. Ship.
A.T. Green.

Long, in Time

Long.
Run d. long.

Long, (i)

Long, in Time
 EXAMPLES IN THE USE OF THE TABLES xxxau

"SUMNER" PROBLEM AS GIVEN IN THE BOARD OF TRADE EXAMINATIONS

1898. On June 20th, a.m., at ship, at sea, and uncertain of my ship's position when a chronometer :

indicated M.T. Green. 19 d. 22 h. 30 m. the true altitude of sun's centre was 52 9' and again, a.m. on same
;

day, when chronometer indicated 20 d. o h. 16 m. the true altitude of sun's centre was 65 18', the ship having
made 23 miles on a true N. 24 E. course during the interval between the observations. Required the line
of position and true bearing of the sun at time of ist Observation, and the position of the ship when
2nd Observation was taken, assuming latitudes 46 N. and 47 N.

1ST Observation. 2ND Observation.

D. H. M. s. D. H. M. S. e /
M.T. Green. 19 22 30 o 20 O 16 O Decl. 23 27 N.
Eq. of Time i i6'7 -I 17-7 90 o

A.T. Green. 19 22 28 43-3 A.T. Green. 20 o 14 42-3 P.D. 66 33

Lat. 46 o N. Long. A. 15 o 31 W. Long. C. 16 18 51 W.

47 o B. 14 20 54 W. D. 12 57 52 W.

Run between Observations N. 24 E. 23 miles was on line of first Position-Line.

Line of position N. 24 J E. Position at 2nd Obsn. Lat. 46 27 N. True Posn. Lat. 46 30 20 N.

Sun's bearing S. 65J E. Long. 14 43 W. Long. 14 41 o W.

With the desire to show the superiority of the method advocated in these pages for accuracy and
brevity over the method still employed in the Board of Trade examinations of masters and mates, for the
" Sumner " problem, the above example is given and plotted on the chart by both methods. For the
sake of better illustrating the possible error due to the old method, a wider range of latitude has been taken
than is usually given in the examination papers, though, considering the high speed of some of the present-
day steamers, the range is not excessive, as the run in interval itself might often amount to over 1 of latitude.
In the tropics, with a much smaller range of latitudes, the error resulting from considering the line of position
of the higher altitude as a straight line will sometimes cause an error of half a dozen minutes or more in the
latitude, as may be seen from the example on two following pages.
XXXIV EXAMPLES IN THE USE OP THE TABLES
POSITION PROM CHRONOMETER AND EX-MERIDIAN OBSERVATION OP SUN,
2ND ALTITUDE OVER 88=
1913. 6th August, in latitude somewhere between 18 N. and 18 40' N., and approximate longitude
when observation was taken 69 30' E., between heavy rain squalls in the S.W. monsoon, the sun
first
appeared for a few minutes at about 7 h. 48 m. a.m., and only showed himself for a short space a little after
noon. G.M.T. at ist Observation 15 h. 13 m. 19 s., when true altitude of - was 30 12'; an(i again at
p.m. M.T.G. was 19 h. 26 m. 4 s., when true altitude of
was 88 loj' S*. Run in interval N. yy" E.
=
56 m. gives i2'*6 N. 54''6 E. 57''4 E. d. long. Required the position of ship at time of 2nd Observation.

1ST Observation of a.m. 2ND Observation of p.m

D. H.M. s. H. M. s.
M.T.G. 5 15 13 19 T. Alt. 30 12 M.T.G. 19 26 4 T. Alt.
Eq. of Time 5 49 Eq. of Time 5 48

A.T.G. 5 15 7 30 Decl. 16 54 40 N. A.T.G. 19 20 16 Decl.

Variations.
Tabular H. A. s. s.
,
Lat. 18 o N. ri8N.') H. m. s. Decl. (defect) 5-3 X + 0-84 = 4-45
Decl. 16 54*7 N.-l 17N. }- 4 12 55-1 Alt. (excess) +12 x 4*27 = 51-24
Alt. 30 12 L30 J Cor. -55-7

Cor. H.A. 4
24

A.T. at Ship
A.T. at Green.

Long, in Time

Long, at ist Obsn.

Run between Obsns.
Long, at Time of 2nd Obsn.

Long, in Time
A.T.G.

H.A.
Decl. .

Alt.
 "

EXAMPLES IN THE USE OF THE TABLES XXXV

EXAMPLE ON PREVIOUS PAGE WORKED BY THE "OLD SUMNER METHOD" AND

ALSO BY THE MARCQ ST HILAIRE SYSTEM

" OLD SUMNER METHOD

1ST Observation. 2ND Observation.

A. Lat. i8 o N. gives Long. 70 7-6 E. Gives Long. C. 71 25-7 E. Run in interval.

B. 18 40 70 0-7 E. D. 70 13-7 E. N. 77 E. 56 m.

Resultant Position plotted on the Chart at 2nd Observation : Lat. 18* 11' N., Long. 71 6' E.

MARCQ St HILAIRE SYSTEM

1ST Observation.

D.R. Posn. Lat. 18 o N., Long. 69 30 E. D.R. at 2nd Obsn. : Lat. 18 13 N., Long. 70 28 E.
H. M. s. / H. M. s. o /
A.T.G. 15 7 30 T. Alt 30 12-0 A.T.G. 19 20 16 True Alt. 88 lof
Long. E. +4 38 o Run Cor. +0 55-9 Long. E. +4 41 52
T.Z.D. I 49J
A.T. Sp. 19 45 30 Alt. at 2nd Obsn. 31 7-9 H.A. o 2 8W. Gives cal. Z.D. i 27
90 o'o
H.A. 4 14 30
Z.D. at 2nd Obsn. 58 52-1 Away from (j) o 22I

Gives cal. Z.D. 60 23-3

Nearer I 31-2=91 '2 Azimuth S. 16^" W.

Azimuth N. SoJ" E.

Resultant Position plotted on the Chart : Lat. 18 28 N., Long. 71 2*5 E.

True Position Lat. 18 20*3 N., Long. 71 yy E.

:S

Poi'. by MaK<]. Si. Hilaire Syslem

Pos" by Improvid Smntrtteihoa

Pos"by^ld Sumner rtethod

I8*0N \lst. D.H

69*30' E ] Pas':

Note. The St Hilaire system would have given the same accuracy as by the Improved Sumner Method
if the problem were worked by the method shown by Brent in his ex-meridian book (combining chronometer
observation and the St Hilaire method), and no chart is needed ; or an accurate result would also be obtained
if the first observation had been plotted on the chart before the second observation was taken, and the

approximate longitude from this position-line had been used in obtaining the hour-angle and azimuth for
second observation.
The plotting on the chart, in a somewhat extreme case, has been here given to clearly illustrate the
possible errors which may arise from following the plan as given above, and advocated by some recent
authors. Although one of these authors, in a little work which has attracted some attention in the Merchant
Service, gives examples where the D.R. lat. is over 40 and 50 miles in error, he was wise enough when
advocating the above plan never to give much error in the D.R. long., although it is undoubtedly a much
more uncertain element than the latitude.
With the methods advocated in this work it is quite immaterial what the D.R. latitude is, as no difference
would result if it were 2 or more in error.
XXXVl EXAMPLES IN THE USE OF THE TABLES
POSrnON FROM TWO EX-MERIDIAN OBSERVATIONS OF SUN WITH ALTITUDES
ONLY 1 FROM ZENITH

1914. 12th May, in approximate lat. 19 N. and long. 72 E., making Bombay. From the following
observations find the position of ship. Work the problem first from the two ex-meridian latitudes and
position-lines, and confirm resulting position by other methods.

H. M. s.
istObsn. M.T. Green, (a.m. at ship) 19 5 20 True Alt. of Sun's centre 89'
2nd (p.m. ) 19 9 38 89 o
Rim in interval East I'-o of Long. Long. D.R. ist Obsn. 71 59' E. Long. (2) 72 E.
A.M. Observation. p.m. Observation.
H. M. s.
M.T. Green.
Eq. Time

A.T. Green.
Long, (i)


EXAMPLES IN THE USE OF THE TABLES XXXVll

POSITION OF SHIP BY SHORT EQUAL ALTITUDB OF SUN AND

EX-MERIDIAN LATITUDE
1914. May 12th, in approximate lat. 19 N. and long. 72 E. From the following observations find
the position of ship by equal altitude method :

D. H. M. s.

istObsn. M.T.G. (a.m. at ship) 11 19 5 20 True Alt. -- 89 o

2nd M.T.G. (p.m. ) 19 n 9 38 >i - 89 o
Run in interval I'-o of long. East (true).

H. M. s. M. S.

M.T. Green (a.m.). 19 5 20 Interval 4 18

M.T. Green (p.m.). 19 9 38 Run E. +4

2)38 14 58 2) 4 22

Middle Time by Chron. 19 7 29

Eq. of Time
XXXVIU EXAMPLES IN THE USE OF THE TABLES
POSITION FROM TWO EX-MERIDIAN OBSERVATIONS OP SUN WITH ALTITUDES
LESS THAN 1^ FROM ZENITH
1917. March 19th, in approximate position in lat. 0 and long. 45 W.
:
With the following observations find the position of ship at time of second observation
D. H. M. S. o /

(A.M. at ship) M.T. Green. 19 3 2 51 True Alt. of -^ 88 41 S.E^.

(P.M. at ship) 19 3 9 27 88 47-4 S.Wd.
Run in interval between observations West, i } miles.

M.T. Green.
Eq. of Time

EXAMPLES IN THE USE OF THE TABLES XXXIX

DOUBLE PROOF OF CORRECTNESS OF POSITION AS DETERMNED BY THE

METHOD AND CALCULATION OF PREVIOUS EXAMPLE
The following is a very good and simple -way of proving the accuracy of double
altitude observations, viz. :

With the resulting longitude deduce a new hour-angle, and recalculate the latitude by a
truemethod from the observations. If both latitudes are the same as from previous deter-
minations, it is a good guarantee of the correctness of position or ;

With the resulting latitude recalculate the longitude from both observations. If they
both agree with previous results we may rely with confidence on the correctness of the
calculations, but of course this will not guarantee the correctness of position if a wrong
altitude has been observed or a wrong declination used in the calculations.

For Determination of Latitudes

A.M. Observation. P.M. Observation.

A.T. Green.
Long. 44 37'
3d EXAMPLES IN THE USE OF THE TABLES
POSITION FROM TWO COMBINED ALTITUDES OF THE SUN DEDUCED BY TWO
DIFFERENT METHODS
1917. On May 21st, in approximate position 18 30' W. and 72 o' E. at time of
second observation.
With the following observations find the position of ship at time of second observation.
First by ex-meridian method, and then by two longitude observations.
D. H. M. s.
o /
(A.M. at ship) M.T.G. 20 18 50 24 True Alt. Sun's L.L. 87 14-2 N.E<i.
(P.M. at ship) 20 19 12 42 88 7-0 N.W<i.
Run in interval between observations, N. 77 E. 3-5 m. =o'-8 N. 3''4 E. =d. long. 3''6 E.
Gives position at ist observation lat, 18 29''2 N. and long. 71 56 J' E.

A.M. Observation. Latitudes by Ex-Meridian.

D. M. s.
H.
M.T.G. 20 18 58 24 True Alt. 87 14-2 N. Azim. 6o-i gives
Eq. Time + 3 38 Redn. +1 24 (TableVin.,p.29i)
Redn. at i m. 8'-23
A.T.G. 19 2 2 Mer. Alt. 38-2 X 10-2 m. = 83''95
Long. 71 56i' E. +4 47 46 or 1 24'.
M.Z.D. I 21-8 S.
A.T. Ship 23 49 48 Decl. 20 5-0 N.

H.A. o 10 12 Sin 9-6483 Lat. 18 43-2 N.

Ded. 20" 5' N. Cos 9.9727 Run 0-8N.
Alt. 87 14 12 Sec 1-3169
* ^8 44-0 N. and Posa.-Line S. 314' E.
Azim. N. eo'-s E. Sin 9-9379 ^^2nd Ob^' }

Gives (p. 258) 2'44 s. Lat. Var., which gives (p.

270) Posn.-Line for Plane Chart S. 3i'4 E.

M.T.G.
Eq. Time
EXAMPLES m THE USE OF THE TABLES xli


yli ii
EXAMPLES IN THE USE OF THE TABLES
POSITION OF SHIP FROM TWO EX-MEBIDIAN SUN OBSERVATIONS, USING THE
EX-MERIDIAN TABLES
19I3. On December 22nd, in approximate lat. 13 N, and long. 51 E. Find ship's position from the
following observations of the sun :

D. H. M. s.
^ ^
(i) a.m. at shipM.T.G. by chron. 21 19 34 26 Obsd,Alt. of Sun's L.L. 50 35 S.
(2) p.m. ,, ,, ,, 21 21 36 22 ,, 50 24 S.

Run between the observations N, 86 W. (true) distance 28

in interval ra. =a''o N, 27*9 W.=d. long. 28''5 W.
gives long, at 2nd Observation 50 3i'*5 E.; height of eye, 42 ft.

1ST Observation. a.m. at Ship, Var.

D. H. M. S. M. S. S. H.
M.T. Green. 21 19 34 26 Obsd.Alt. 50 35-08. Eq. of Time i 28*9 1*25 x 4*4
Long. 51 E. +3 24 00 42 ft. Cor. +9*2 Cor. +s'S

M.T, Sp. 21 22 58
Eq. Time +1
A.T. Sp.

H.A.


EXAMPLES IN THE USE OF THE TABLES xliii

EXAMPLE OF FINDING THE ERROR OF CHRONOMETER BY OBSERVATIONS IN ARTIFICIAL

HORIZON, SHOWING THE USE OF THE ALTITUDE VARIATIONS IN WORKING OUT
SEVERAL OBSERVATIONS SEPARATELY.
1913. On AprilObservation
about 7h. 10 m. a.m. M.T.
i6th, at
Spot, Suez Dock. Index Error
at place. Suppose the following observations to
of Sextant o' 34', Lat. 29 56' 3' N.,
have been taken at
Long. 32 33' 12' E. = 2h. 10 m. 12-85.
Alt. DifE.
H. M. S. o / * / ,
Approximate times at Green, by chronometer 16 59 33 Obsd.AIt.^(i) 39 38 40 10 40
16 59 57-5 (2) 39 49 20
11 o
17 o 23 (3) 40 o 20
10 30
17 47 . (4) 40 10 50 10 20
17 1 II (5) 40 21 10
10 30
17 1 35-3 (6) 40 31 40 11 40
17 2 o (7) 40 43 20
Required the error of chronometer

Middle Sight (No. 4).

O. H. H. S. o / # o / # M. S.
M.T.G. 15 17
24
o 47
o o
Alt.
I.E.
40 10 50
034
Decl. i6th
53''3X7h.Cor.
10 o 28 N.
613
Eq. of Time
Var. o-6 s. X7h. Cor. 4-2
o 5*26

From Noon of i6th 7 hrs.

2)40^0^ Cor. Dl. 9 54 15 N. Cor. Eq. Time o I -06 App. T.
App. Alt. 20 5 8
Ref. and Par. 2 30

20 2 38
Semi. D. + 15 57

T. Alt. ^ 20 18 35

Gives from Table

Latb.29 56 N. 30 N.') H. M.
f
Decl
cl. 9 54iN.-| 10 N. > H.A. 4
Alt 20
. i8-6 L 20 J Cor.

H.A.

A.T. Place
Eq. Time

M.T. Place
Long. E.

M.T. Green.
Chron. (4)

Chroa. slow (No. 4)

xliv EXAMPLES IN THE USE OF THE TABLES

POSITION OF SHIP BY COMBINED OBSERVATIONS OF SUN AND PLANET VENUS.

LONGITUDE AND EX-MERIDIAN OBSERVATIONS

1917. December 29th P.M. at ship in approximate latitude 30 S. the true altitude
was 52 3' when a chronometer (corrected) indicated M.T.G. i h. 51 m. 58 s,,
of sun's centre
and about the same time the true altitude of planet Venus (centre) was 74 43' N. when
chronometer, (corrected) indicated M.T.G. i h. 53 m. 15 s. Run in interval N. 41 W.
o3 m. = d. long, o' 15* W. Required position of ship at time of second observation.

P.M. Observation for Longitude. Planet Venus. Ex-Meridian for Latitude.

H. M. S. H. M. s.
M.T. Green. i 51 58 T. Alt. -^52 3 W. M.T. Green, i 53 15 T. Alt. of -X- 74 43-0 N.
Eq. Time 2 2 Ded. 23 15 S. S.T.G. Noon 18 29 28-7 Redn. + 11-5
Accl. + 18-6
A.T. Green. i 49 56 Mer. Alt. 74
S.T. Green. 20 23 2-3
Long. E. o 58 6-7 M.Z.D.
By Hour-angle Tables. Ded.
S.T. Ship 21 21 9-0
s. , s.
Lat. 30 o S. ) H-'s R.A. 21 31 39 Lat.
it.

Decl.
Dl. Var. + i56x 15= +23-40
ici. 23 15 s.

Alt.
y Alt. 4-62X 3= 13-86 ^'s H.A. o 10 30 E.
t- 53 3 )

Cor. to Tabular H.A. + 9-54

 EXAMPLES IN THE USE OF THE TABLES xlv

POSITION FROM COMBINED ALTITUDES OF SUN AND MOON

30th, at about oh. 24m. p.m., in approximate latitude 2 N. and longitude 46 E.
1914.April
G.M.T. 21 17 15 and
Obsd Alt of 's L L. was 76 2 o N.W. when chronometer showed
d'sUL. 33 56 20N.E. ,, .. 21 18 41
Plane Chart.
Height of eye, 40 ft. Required position of ship by plotting on
Ex-Mer. Observation of .

M.T. Green.
Long. 46 E.
xlvi EXAMPLES IN THE USE OF THE TABLES
POSITION FROM COMBINED LONGITUDE OBSERVATIONS OF TWO STARS
1913. On January 7th, in approximate position lat. 30 S. and long. 179 E.
Soon after sunset, at about 7.15 p.m. A.T. Sp., the observed altitude of ^k Sirius was 30 19' 30" E. of
mer., when a chronometer indicated M.T.G. 6 d. 19 h. 23 m. 39 s., and after running on a true S. 10 W. course
o*3m., observed altitude of 4t Aldebaran was 34 57' 10" E. of mer., when a chronometer indicated M.T.G.
6 d. 19 h. 25 m. 23 s.; height of eye, 35 ft. Required position of ship at 2nd Observation.

Sirius to East
D. H.
M.T.G. 6 19
M. G's R.A. 19


EXAMPLES IN THE USE OF THE TABLES xlvii

POSITION BY STARS SIRIUS AND ALDEBABAN FROM CHRONOMETER AND
EX-MERIDIAN OBSERVATIONS
1913. Shortly after
sunset, at about 6h. 55 m. p.m. A.T. Sp., on January 27th, in approximate latitude
30* S. and longitude 106 E. Suppose a chronometer to indicate M.T.G. oh. 2m. 523. when true altitude of
^ Sirius was 44 48' E. of meridian, and after running East (true) 07 m. the chronometer indicated o h. 8 m. la s.
when the true altitude of 4t Aldebaran was 41 aa' S. E. Required position of ship at time of and Observation.
5fr Sirius to Eastward.
H. M. s. H. M. s.
M.T.G. o 2 52 True Alt. 44 48 Sid. T. (Green, noon) 20 24 37-65
M. 'sR.A. +20 24 38 Decl. 16 35-8 S. Accl. 3m. + 47
Sid. T. G. 20 27 30 *'s R.A. 'Sh. 41m. 20 "OS. M. G's R.A. 20 24 38 'IS
Accl. sjm. +9

M. 's R.A. (2nd Obs.) 20 24 39"o

M,
Run East 07=d. long. o'S E, Variations.
H. M. S. s. S.
L. 30 S.'\ Gives tabular H.A. 3 9 28-3 D. +2*03 X 24 "2 = -49"i3
+67 A. -4'6sx I2'0 = + 55-80
D.i7S.p^^-
A, 45 J 4V 's H.A. 3 9 35"o Cor. +6-67
it's R.A. 6 41 20"0

Sid. T. at Sp. 3 31 45 'o L. Var--5i gives Posn.-Line for Plane

Sid. T. at Green, 20 27 30" o Chart (Table VI.) S. 7^ E.

Long, in Time 7 4 iS'o

Long. 106 3 45 E.
Run E. 45 E.

Long, at time of and Obs. 106 4 30 E. 7 418

* Aldebaran to North-Eastward.
H. M. S.

M.T.G. IX True Alt. 41 22'0 N.

Long. 7 4 18 Redn. + 1 467
M.T. Sp. 7 12 30 Msr, Alt. 43 87
M. 's R.A, 20 24 39
M.Z. Dist. 46 51-3 S.
Sid. T, Sp. S 37 9 Decl. 16 20 '3 N.
Sfr's R.A. 4 30 56-5
Approx. Lat. 30 31*0 S.
*'sH.A. o S3 47*5 Cor. for 31' +1*3
(interpolation)
Lat. in 30 32-33.

Aximuthfrom Table (p. 316) N. 17^ E. gives (Table IV., p. 260)

Lat. Van 14-53., which gives (Table VL) Posn.-Line for Plane
Chart S. 74^ E.

To make certain that the right stars are observed, the approxi-
mate altitudes and bearing of both stars may be quickly calculated,
or taken from the table almost at sight.

The final calculation of ship's position may be calculated readily

without the aid of the Chart, as follows :

Lat. (i) 30 00 "o S.

II
Az. N. 83-7 E. gives 7-82 to i-o of Long.
Lat. (2) 30 32-3 S. Az. N. 17*5 E. gives o 28 to i-o of Long.

D. Lat. 32-3 Lat. Error 7-54

Lat. Error D. Lat. Long. Long. Cor.

/S4 32''3 : I'-o : 4-3 E.
4'-3Xo'-28 gives Lat. Cor. I'-a S,

Lat. (2) 30 32-3 S, Long, at 2nd Obs. 106 4-5 E.

Cor. 1-2 S. Cor. 4-3 E.

Lat, in 30 33-5 S. Long, in 106 8-8 E. ^oaa 30 33 5S

706 S' -7 E.
xlviii EXAMPLES IN THE USE OF THE TABLES
TO FIND APPROXIMATE ALTITUDES AND BEARINGS OF SUITABLE STABS FOR
OBSERVATION TO QUICKLY OBTAIN POSITION OF SHIP
1913.
On July 9th, soon after sunset, at about 7 h. 50 m. p.m. and 7 h. 54 m., in approximate latitude
47" N. and longitude 7 W., find what stars of first magnitude within the limits of the Reduction and
Azimuth Tables would be suitable for quickly determining the ship's position, and the approximate
altitudes and bearings of the stars. Height of eye, 40 ft.

First find the Sid. Time at ship-=A.T. Sp.+ A. 's R.A.

A.T. Sp. 7 50 Next look up Table of Stars in order of R.A. (p. 307) and see what stars in
A. 's R.A. +7 13 adjacent quadrants come within the limits of this Sid. Time.
ft will be seen at a glance that Capella to N.W. and Arcturus to S.W. are
Sid. T. Sp. 15 3_
the two most suitable stars.

H. M.
Sid. Time 15 3 Jfr'sDecl. 45 54*7 N. Sid. Time 15 7 *'sDecl. 19 38 N.
St Capella 17 10 below Jt Acturus 14 12 Lat. 47 oN.
Mer. Pass Pole. P.D. -44 5-3N. Mer. Pass.
*'sH.A. 2 Lat. 47 o*oN. Jt'sH.A. c 55 I M.Z.D. 27 22
Lat. 47 N1} Lat. 47' N. f
Gives Redn. 4 5' Mer. Alt. 2 54-7 N. Gives Redn. 2 13' Mer. Alt. 62 38 S.
andAzim. N. 2ii W Redn. +4 5-0 andAzim.S.27'W. Redn. 2 13
Cor. 40 ft. + 13-7
True Alt. 60 25
Alt. for 7 13-4 N. 40 ft. Cor. +7
Sextant
Alt. for 60 32 S.
Sextant

POSITION FROM COMBINED ALTITUDES OF TWO EX-MERIDIAN STARS

1913.
On July 9th, soon after sunset, at about 7h. 50 m. p.m., in approximate latitude 47 N. and
longitude 7 W., the true altitude of * Capella was 7 2' N.W., when chronometer showed M.T.G.
8h. 23 m. 37 s., and true altitude of -^ Arcturus was 60 25' S.W., when chronometer showed M.T.G.
8 h. 26 m. 56 s. Run in interval N. 32 E. 0-7 m. Required position of ship at time of 2nd Observation.

H. M. S.
M.T.G. 8 23 37
Long. 7 W. 28 o

M.T. Sp. 7
M. 's R.A. +7
Sid. T. Sp.
X-'s R.A.

Jfr's H.A.

Supt. or below
Pole H.A.
 EXAMPLES m THE USE OF THE TABLES xlix

POSITION FROM COMBINED EX-MERIDIAN OBSERVATIONS OF TWO STARS,

USING STAR REDUCTION TABLES

1913. March nth, shortly after sunset, at about 6h. p.m., A.T. at ship, at approximate lat. 47* N. and
long. 6 W. Suppose a chronometer to indicate M.T. Green. 6h. 35 m. 47 s., when the true altitude of
* Aldebaran was 57 6' to south-westward of mer. and again, after running N. 28 E. (true) for i mile
;

the chronometer indicated M.T. Green. 6 h. 40 m. 55 s., when the true altitude of %
Sirius was 24 14' south-
eastward of mer. Required the position of ship at time of and Observation.

5V Aldebaran to South-Westward.
H. M. s. H. M. s.

M.T. Green. 6 35 47 Sid. T. (Green, noon) 23 14 9*53

Long. 6 W. - 24 o Accl. 6 h. 3S| m. i s"o2

M.T. Sp. 6 II 47 M. 0's R.A. 23 IS H'55

M. 's R,A. 23 15 14*6 Accl. + o'8

Sid T. at Sp. 5 27 i'6 2nd Obsn. 23 IS iS"4

X-'s R.A. 4 30 55-9

*'sH.A. o 56 57 W. 4^ 's bearing from Table S. 25*5 W.

-
Position-Line N. 64*5 W.

M. N. E. ,
Run N. 28 E. i'o=o*9 0*5 =d. long. 07 E.

45- SiRius TO South-eastward.

n. M. s. o /

M.T.Green. 64055-0 -Jts' Alt. 2414-05.

Long. 5 S9'-3 W. -2357-0 Redn. -fi 52-2

M.T. Sp.
M. 's R.A.
1 EXAMPLES IN THE USE OF THE TABLES
POSITION OF SHIP FROM COMBINED EX-MERIDIAN OBSERVATIONS OF TWO STARS,
USING STAR-REDUCTION AND AZIMUTH EX-MERIDIAN TABLES
1917. On March 26th, soon after
sunset, at about 6 h. 5 m. and 6 h. 12 m. p.m., in
approximate latitude 18 and longitude D.R. 3 36' W., the true altitude of ^ Capella
S.,

was 24 5' N.W., when chronometer showed M.T.G. 6 h. 24 m. 18 s., and after running
N. 45 W. ij miles the true altitude of ^ Sirius was 87 io|' N.E^^. when chronometer
showed 6 h. 31 m. 17 s. Required, the position of ship at 2nd observation. Run
N. 45 W. 1-5 m. = i-o' N. i-i' W.

* Capella to North-westward. 4f- Sirius to North-eastward.

H. M. s.
M.T. Green. 6 24 18 *'s Alt. 24 5-0 N. M.T.G.
Long. 3 36' W. o 14 24 Redn. +3 9-1 Long. 3

M.T. Ship 6 9 54 Mer. Alt. 26 I4'l

Sid. T.G. Noon 13 26
Accl. + I 3 M.Z.D, 63 45-9 S.
Decl. 45 55-1 N.
Sid. T. Ship 6 24 23
*'s R.A. 5 10 35 Lat. 17 50-8 S.
Run i-oN ,

*'sH.A. W, 1 13 48 Lat. at , oo
time \
ofandObsn. }^749^S.
Gives (p. 319)Redn. 2 g'-i and
Azim. N. 14 W.

For Positum-line on Plane Chart.

At. N. 14 W. gives (Table IV., p. 260) Lat. Var. i^-o s.,
which gives (p. 270) Posn.-Line S. 76-8 W.

Position on Chart 17 51-48. and 3 4V5W.

True Position 17 jriS. and 3 43'3W.
 EXAMPLES IN THE USE OF THE TABLES U

LATITUDE BY EX-MERIDIAN AND LONGITUDE BY EQUAL ALTITUDE OP ^ PROCYON.

WORK ALSO PROVED BY DOUBLE ALTITUDE METHOD OF CALCULATION
1917. April
5th, at 6 h. 30 m. and 6 h. 50 m. p.m. in lat. by D.R. 6 10' N. and long.
93 30' E. Suppose observed alt. of -Jf Procyon to S.E<i. 87 28' when a chrono-
meter which was 5 m. 10 s. fast on M.T. Green, showed o h. 22 m. 34 s., and again after
an interval of about 20 m. the same alt. of the ^ Procyon was observed to S.\V<i. when
chronometer showed o h. 42 m. 11 s. Run in interval Ccist 5 m. Height of eye 26 ft.
Required position of ship at time of 2nd observation.

I St Obsem. Chron.
and

Mean of Times
Chron. Error

M.T.G. of Transit
Sid.T.G. Noon
Accl. 27 m. 12 s.

Sid. T. Green.

Long, at Mid Time

Run
lii EXAMPLES IN THE USE OF THE TABLES

BELOW POLE EZ-MEBIDIAN AND POSITION-LINE

igio. On April soon after sunset, at 6h. 42 m. p.m., observed altitude of * a Cygni (Deneb)
ist,
8* 46' W. of meridian when a chronometer indicated mean time
at Greenwich 7 h. 34 m. 13 s. Approximate
latitude 52" N. and longitude 12' W. Required latitude of meridiam and position-line from it.

jt * Cygni to Northward.
H. U. S. H. M. S.
M.T. Green. 7 34 13 Sid. T. (Green, noon) o 35 si-e Obsd. alt. of ^k 8 46-0 N.
Long. 12' W. 48 o Accl. 7h. 34 m. +1 14-6 Cor. (40 ft.)

M. T. Sp. 6 46 13 M, 's R.A. 37 6-2

M. 's R.A. + 37 6

Sid. T. at Sp. 7 23 19
X-'s R.A. 20 38 21
Azimuth from table N. 13-3 W.
*'sH.A. 10 44 58 W. (p. 358) 90-0
Supt. or
H.A. at Inferior 115 2 W. Position-line N. 76-7 E.
Transit. -
HOUR-ANGLE AND ALTITUDE
AZIMUTH TABLE
30 N. TO 30 S.
2 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT.
; LATITUDE 0 EQUATOR.
DECLINATION.
True
 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT. 3

LATITUDE 0 EQUATOR.
DECLINATION,
True
4 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT.
LATITUDE 0 EQUATOR.
DECLINATION.
True
Alt.
 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT. 5

LATITUDE 0 EQUATOR.
DECLINATION.
True
Alt.
6 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT.
LATITUDE 1.

DECLINATIONS^ ME NAME .4 SLATITUDE.

True
 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT. 7

LATITUDE 1.

DECLINATIONS^ ME NAME ^SLATITUDE.

True
8 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT.
LATITUDE 1.
 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OP LAT., DECL., AND ALT. 9

LATITUDE 1.

DECLINATION S^ ME NAME ^SLATITUDE.

True
Alt.
10 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT.
LATITUDE 2.

DECLINATIONS J ME NAME ^SLATITUDE.

True
HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT.. DECL., AND ALT. U
LATITUDE 2.

DECLINATION S^M NAME ^SLATITUDE.

True
12 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT.
LATITUDE 2.

DECLINATIONS^ ME NAME ^SLATITUDE.

True
Alt.
HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT. 13

LATITUDE 2.

DECLINATIONS^M NAME ^5LATITUDE.

True
Alt.
14 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO V OP LAT., DECL., AND ALT.
LATITUDE 3.

DECLINATION S^M NAME J SLATITUDE.

True
HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT. 15
LATITUDE 3.

DECLINATION S^iVfE NAME .45LATITUDE.

True
16 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT.
LATITUDE 3.

DECLINATIONS^ ME NAME ^SLATITUDE.

HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT. 17
LATITUDE 3.

DECLINATIONS^ ME NAME ^5LATITUDE.

True
Alt.
18 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT.
LATITUDE 4.

DECLINATION S^M NAME ^5LATITUDE.

True
 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT. 19
LATITUDE 4.

DECLINATION S^M NAME ^SLATITUDE.

True
20 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT.
LATITUDE 4.

DECLINATION S^ MS NAME ^SLATITUDE.

True
Alt.
HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT. 21
LATITUDE 4.

DECLINATION S^ ME NAME J SLATITUDE.

True
Alt.
22 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT.
LATITUDE 5.

DECLINATIONS/4 MS NAME ^SLATITUDE.

True
Alt.
HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT. 23
LATITUDE 5.

DECLINATION 5^ M NAME ^SLATITUDE.

True
24 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARUTIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT.
LATITUDE 5.

DECLINATIONS^M NAME ^5LATITUDE.

True
Alt.
HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL. AND ALT. 25

i
LATITUDE 5.

DECLINATION S^M NAME ^SLATITUDE.

True
Alt.
26 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT.
LATITUDE 6.

DECLINATIONS^ MS NAME ^S LATITUDE.

True
 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT. 2T
LATITUDE 6.

DECLINATION S^M NAME ^5LATITUDE.

True
28 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT.
LATITUDE 6.

DECLINATION S^M NAME ^S LATITUDE.

True
Alt.
HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL.. AND ALT. 29
LATITUDE 6.
DECLINATION5^ M NAME ^SLATITUDE.
True
Alt.
30 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT.
LATITUDE 7.

DECLINATION S^M NAME ^SLATITUDE.

True
HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT. 31
LATITUDE 7.
DECLINATION 5^ ME NAME ^SLATITUDE.
True
32 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT.
LATITUDE T.
DECLINATION S^ ME NAME ^5LATITUDE.
True
Alt.
HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL.. AND ALT. 33
LATITUDE 7.
DECLINATIONS^ ME NAME ^SLATITUDE.
True
Alt.
34 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT.
LATITUDE 8.

DECLINATION S^ ME NAME ^SLATITUDE.

True
HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT. 35
LATITUDE 8.

DECLINATION5^ M NAME ^SLATITUDE.

True
36 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL.. AND ALT.
LATITUDE 8\
DECLINATIONS^ ME NAME ^SLATITUDE.
True
Alt.
HOUR-ANGLES AND VARLATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT. 37
LATITUDE 8.

DECLINATION S^ ME NAME ^SLATITUDE.

True
Alt.
38 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT.
LATITUDE 9.

DECLINATION S^M NAME ^SLATITUDE.

True
HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT. 39
LATITUDE 9.
DECLINATIONS^ ME NAME ^SLATITUDE.
True
40 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., ANP ALT.
LATITUDE 9.

DECLINATION S^M NAME ^SLATITUDE.

True
Alt.
HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT. 41
LATITUDE 9.

DECLINATION S^ ME NAME ^SLATITUDE.

True
Alt.
42 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT.
LATITUDE 10.

DECLINATIONS^M NAME J 5LATITUDE.

True
HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT. 45
LATITUDE 10.

DECLINATION 5^ ME NAME ^SLATITUDE.

True
44 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT.
LATITUDE 10.

DECLINATION S^ MS NAME ^S LATITUDE.

True
Alt.
HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT. 45
LATITUDE 10.

DECLINATIONS.4 MS NAME ^SLATITUDE.

True
Alt.
46 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT.
LATITUDE 11.

DECLINATION S^ ME NAME J SLATITUDE.

HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT. 47
LATITUDE 11.

DECLINATION S^M NAME ^SLATITUDE.

True
48 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT.
LATITUDE 11.

DECLINATION5^ ME NAME ^SLATITUDE.

True
Alt.
HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT. 49
LATITUDE 11^
DECLINATION 5.4 M NAME /4SLATITUDE.
True,
Alt. !
50 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO V OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT.
LATITUDE 12.

DECLINATION S^ ME NAME ^5LATITUDE.

True
HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT. 51
LATITUDE 12.

DECLINATION 5^ MS NAME ^5LATITUDE.

True
52 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT.
LATITUDE 12^
DECLINATION S^ ME NAME ^SLATITUDE.
True
Alt.
HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO V OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT. 53
LATITUDE 12.

DECLINATION 5^ ME NAME ^SLATITUDE.

True
Alt.
54 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT.
LATITUDE 13.
DECLINATIONS^ MS NAME ^SLATITUDE.
True
HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT. 55
LATITUDE 13.

DECLINATION S^M NAME ^SLATITUDE.

True
56 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT.
LATITUDE 13.

DECLINATION S^ ME NAME ^SLATITUDE.

True
Alt.
HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO V OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT. 57
LATITUDE 13.

DECLINATION5^ ME NAME ^SLATITUDE.

True
Alt.
58 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT.
LATITUDE 14.

DECLINATION S^ ME NAME ^SLATITUDE.

True
HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT. 59
LATITUDE 14.

DECLINATION S^ ME NAME ^5LATITUDE.

True
60 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT.
LATITUDE 14.

DECLINATION5^ ME NAME ^SLATITUDE.

True
Alt.
HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT. 61
LATITUDE 14.

DECLINATION S^M NAME ^SLATITUDE.

True
Alt.
62 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO I' OF LAT., DECL.. AND ALT.
LATITUDE 15.

DECLINATIONS^ MS NAME ^5LATITUDE.

True
HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT. 63
LATITUDE 15.
DECLINATION5^ M NAME ^SLATITUDE.
True
64 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT.
LATITUDE 15.

DECLINATIONS^M NAME ^SLATITUDE.

True
Alt.
HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT. 65
LATITUDE 15.

DECLINATIONS^M NAME ^SLATITUDE.

True
Alt.
66 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT.
LATITUDE 16.

DECLINATION S^ ME NAME ^SLATITUDE.

True
HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF ALT., DECL., AND ALT. 67
LATITUDE 16.

DECLINATION S^M NAME ^S LATITUDE.

True
68 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT.
LATITUDE 16.

DECLINATIONS^ MS NAME .45LATITUDE.

True
Alt.
HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT. 69
LATITUDE 16.

DECLINATIONS^ ME NAME ^5LATITUDE.

True
Alt.
70 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT.
LATITUDE 17.

DECLINATION S^M NAME ^SLATITUDE.

True
HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT. 71
LATITUDE 17.

DECLINATIONS^ ME NAME ^5LATITUDE.

True
72 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., ANT ALT.
LATITUDE 17.

DECLINATIONS^M NAME ^5LATITUDE.

True
Alt.
HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT. 73
LATITUDE 17.

DECLINATION S^ MS NAME ^5 LATITUDE.

True
Alt.
74 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL.. AND ALT.
LATITUDE 18^
DECLINATIONS^M NAME ^SLATITUDE.
True
HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO V OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT. 76
LATITUDE 18.

DECLINATIONS^M NAME ^SLATITUDE.

True
76 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OP LAT., DECL., AND ALT.
LATITUDE 18.

DECLINATIONS^M NAME ^SLATITUDE.

True
Alt.
HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT. 77
LATITUDE 18.

DECLINATION 5.4 ME NAME ^SLATITUDE.

True
Alt.
78 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT.
LATITUDE 19.

DECLINATION S^MJS NAME ^SLATITUDE.

True
HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT, 79
LATITUDE 19.

DECLINATION S^M NAME ^SLATITUDE.

True
80 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO V OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT.
LATITUDE 19.

DECLINATION5^ ME NAME ^SLATITUDE.

True
Alt.
HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO V OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT. 81
LATITUDE 19^
DECLINATIONS^M NAME ^SLATITUDE.
True
Alt.
82 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT.
LATITUDE 20.

DECLINATION S^ ME NAME ^SLATITUDE.

True
HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT. 83

LATITUDE 20.

DECLINATIONS^MJS NAME ^SLATITUDE.

True
84 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT.
LATITUDE 20.

DECLINATIONS^ MS NAME ^SLATITUDE.

True 12
Alt

lO
12
14
l6
i8
20
22
24
26
28
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT. 86
LATITUDE 20.

DECLINATION S^ ME NAME ^SLATITUDE.

True
Alt.
86 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT.
LATITUDE 21.

DECLINATIONS^ ME NAME ^SLATITUDE.

True
HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT. 87

LATITUDE 21.

DECLINATIONS^ ME NAME ^SLATITUDE.

True
88 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO V OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT.
LATITUDE 21.

DECLINATION S^M NAME ^SLATITUDE.

True
Alt.
HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT. 89
LATITUDE 21.

DECLINATION S^M NAME ^SLATITUDE.

True
Alt.
90 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT.
LATITUDE 22.

DECLINATIONS^M NAME ^SLATITUDE.

True
HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT. 91
LATITUDE 22.

DECLINATIONS.4M NAME ^SLATITUDE.

True
92 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT.
LATITUDE 22.

DECLINATION S^ ME NAME ^S LATITUDE.

True
Alt.
HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL.. AND ALT. 9a
LATITUDE 22.

DECLINATION S^ ME NAME ^SLATITUDE.

True
Alt.
94 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO V OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT.
LATITUDE 23.

DECLINATION5^ ME NAME ^4 SLATITUDE.

True
HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT. 96
LATITUDE 23.

DECLINATION S^MJS NAME ^SLATITUDE.

True
96 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT.
LATITUDE 23.

DECLINATIONS^M NAME ^5LATITUDE.

True
Alt.
HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT. 97
LATITUDE 23\
DECLINATION S^M NAME ^SLATITUDE.
True
Alt.
98 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT.
LATITUDE 24.
HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT. 99
LATITUDE 24.

DECLINATION S^iVf NAME ^SLATITUDE.

True
100 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT.
LATITUDE 24.

DECLINATION S^ ME NAME ^SLATITUDE.

True
Alt.
HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1 OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT. 101
LATITUDE 24.
j''-'^ ^'^ !''.'
;
/:-

DECLINATION S^ ME NAME .4 SLATITUDE.

True
Alt.
102 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT.
""' ''>'"
v^\l .^ '*
LATITUiDE 25".

DECLINATION S^ MS NAME ^5LATITUDE.

True
HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT. 103
LATITUDE 25.

DECLINATION5^ M NAME ^SLATITUDE.

True
104 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT.
LATITUDE 25.

DECLINATION S^ ME NAME ^SLATITUDE.

True
Alt.
HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT. 105
LATITUDE 25.
106 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT,
LATITUDE 26.

DECLINATIONS^ ME NAME ^SLATITUDE.

True
HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT, 107
LATITUDE 26.

DECLINATION S^M NAME ^SLATITUDE.

True 6 Decl.
7
Alt. Var.

H. M. S.
6 II 452 + 1-97
5 27 6-8 I-9I
5 18 12-6 1-90
5 9 i8-5 1-90
5 O 24-4 I-9I

4 51 30-2 + 1-91
20 4 42 35-6 1-92
22 4 33 40-5 1-93
24 24 44-7 1-95
26 15 480 1-96
28 6 502 + 1-99
30 57 5I-0 201
32 48 50-2 205
33 44 I9-I 207
34 39 47-4 2-o8

35 35 153 + 2-II
36 30 424 213
37 26 9-0 2-i6
38 21 34-7 2-i8
39 16 59-7 2-21

40 12 23-8 + 2-24
41 7 47-0 2-28
42 3 91 231
43 58 30-2 2-35
44 53 50-1 2-39

45 49 8-6 + 2-44
46 44 25-7 2-49
47 39 4I-I 2-54
48 34 54-9 2-59
49 30 6-8 2-66

50 25 i6-5 + 2-72
51 20 239 2-8o
52 15 28-7 2-88
53 10 306 2-96
54 5 29 o 3 -05
108 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT.
LATITUDE 26.

DECLINATION S^M NAME ^SLATITUDE.

True
Alt.
HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT. 109
LATITUDE 26.

DECLINATION 5 J ME NAME ^SLATITUDE.

True
Alt.
110 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT.

LATITUDE 27.

DECLINATION S^M NAME ^SLATITUDE.

True
HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO V OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT. Ill
LATITUDE 27.

DECLINATION S^ ME NAME ^SLATITUDE.

True
112 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT.
LATITUDE 27.

DECLINATION S^ ME NAME ^SLATITUDE.

True
Alt.
HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT. 113
LATITUDE 27.

DECLINATION S^M NAME ^5LATITUDE.

True
Alt.
114 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT.. DECL., AND ALT.

LATITUDE 28.

DECLINATIONS^M: NAME .45LATITUDE.

True
HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO V OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT. 115
LATITUDE 28.

DECLINATION 5^ M NAME ^SLATITUDE.

True
116 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT.
LATITUDE 28.

DECLINATION S^ ME NAME ^SLATITUDE.

True
Alt.
HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT. 117
LATITUDE 28.

DECLINATIONS^ ME NAME ^5LATITUDE.

True
Alt.
118 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT,

LATITUDE 29.

DECLINATION S^ ME NAME ^SLATITUDE.

True
 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT. 119
I
^ LATITUDE 29.

DECLINATION S^ ME NAME ^SLATITUDE.

True
120 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT.
LATITUDE 29.

DECLINATIONS.4 ME NAME ^SLATITUDE.

True
Alt.
HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO V OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT. 121
LATITUDE 29.

DECLINATION S^M NAME ^SLATITUDE.

True
Alt.
122 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT.

LATITUDE 30.

DECLINATIONS^ ME NAME ^SLATITUDE.

True
HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT. 123

LATITUDE 30.

DECLINATION S^ ME NAME ^SLATITUDE.

True
124 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT.
LATITUDE 30.

DECLINATIONS^MJS NAME ^SLATITUDE.

True
Alt.
HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT. 125
LATITUDE 30.

DECLINATION S^M NAME .45LATITUDE.

True
Alt.
126 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO V OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT.
LATITUDE 1.

DECLINATIONCOiVTi?^ 72 F NAME TOLATITUDE.

True
Alt.
HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT. 127
LATITUDE 1.

BECLmATlOi^CONTRARY NAME JOLATITUDE.

True
Alt.
128 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT.
LATITUDE 1.

DECLINATION COiVri?^i?y NAME JOLATITUDE.

True
Alt.
HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT. 129
LATITUDE 1.

DECLINATION CONTRARY NAME TOLATITUDE.

True
Alt.
130 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT.
LATITUDE 2.

DECLINATION CONTiJ^iJY NAME TOLATITUDE.

True
Alt.
HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT. 131
LATITUDE 2.

BECLmATlON CONTRARY NAME TOLATITUDE.

True
132 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT.
'^
LATITUDE 2.

DECLINATION CONTie^iey NAME TOLATITUDE.

True
Alt.
HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT. 133

LATITUDE 2.

DECLINATION COiVrie^ijy NAME TOLATITUDE.

True
Alt.
134 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT.
LATITUDE 3.

DECLINATION CONJi?^ 7? y NAME TOLATITUDE.

True
HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT. 135

LATITUDE 3.

DECLmATlOi^ CONTRARY NAME TOLATITUDE.

True
136 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT.
LATITUDE 3.

DECLINATION COA/TiJJiJY NAME TO LATITUDE.

True
Alt.
HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT. 137

LATITUDE 3.

DECLINATION COiVTT?^ J? y NAME TO LATITUDE.

True
Alt.
138 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT.
LATITUDE 4.

DECLINATION COiVri?^i?y NAME TOLATITUDE.

True
HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT. 139

LATITUDE 4.

DECLmATION CONTRARY NAME TOLATITUDE.

True
140 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT.
LATITUDE 4.

DECLINATION COiVri?^/?Y NAME TOLATITUDE.

True
Alt.
HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT. 141

LATITUDE 4^
DECLINATIONCONTRARY NAME TOLATITUDE.
True
Alt.
142 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT.
LATITUDE 5.

DECLINATION COArri?^i?y NAME TOLATITUDE.

True
HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT. 143
LATITUDE 5.

T>ECl.lNAT10iJ CONTRARY NAME TOLATITUDE,

True
144 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT.
LATITUDE 5.

DECLINATION CONTie^iey NAME TOLATITUDE.

True
Alt,
HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT. 145

LATITUDE 5.

DECLINATION COiVri?^i?y NAME TOLATITUDE.

True
Alt.
146 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT.
LATITUDE 6^
DECLINATION CO Arri?^i?y NAME TOLATITUDE.
True
HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT. 147
LATITUDE 6.

DECLINATIONCONTRARY NAME TOLATITUDE.

True
148 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT.
LATITUDE 6.

DECLINATION COiVri?^i?y NAME TOLATITUDE.

True
Alt.
HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT. 149
LATITUDE 6.

DECLINATION CONTRARY NAME TOLATITUDE.

True
Alt.
150 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT.
LATITUDE 7.
^
DECLINATION C0Nri?.4i?Y NAME TOLATITUDE.
True
HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT. 151

LATITUDE r.
DECLINATION COiVrJ? J i?y NAME TOLATITUDE.
True
152 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT.
LATITUDE 7.

DECLlNATIOiiCONTRARY NAME JOLATITUDE.

True
Alt.
HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT. 153
LATITUDE 7.

DECLINATIONCOArri?^i?Y NAME TOLATITUDE.

True
Alt.
154 H0X7B-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO V OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT.
LATITUDE 8.

DECLINATION COiVJi?^ J? Y NAME TOLATITUDE.

True
HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT. 156

LATITUDE 8.

DECLINATIONCOJVri?^i?y NAME TOLATITUDE.

True
156 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO V OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT.
LATITUDE 8.

BECLINATIOIJ CONTRARY NAME JOLATITUDE.

True
Alt.
HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT. 157

LATITUDE 8.

DECLINATION C0JVri?^i2y NAME TOLATITUDE.

True
Alt.
158 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT.
LATITUDE 9.

BECLmATlONCONTRARY NAME TOLATITUDE.

True
HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT. 159

LATITUDE 9.

DECLINATIONCOxYri?^i?y NAME TOLATITUDE.

True
160 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT.
LATITUDE 9".

DECLINATION C02S/^ri?^i2Y NAME JOLATITUDE.

True
Alt.
HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT. 161

LATITUDE 9.

DECLINATION CONTRARY NAME TOLATITUDE.

True
Alt.
162 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT.
LATITUDE 10.

BBCLmATIO^ CONTRARY NAME TOLATITUDE.

True
HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT. 163

LATITUDE 10.

DECLINATION COiSrTi?^i?y NAME TOLATITUDE.

True
164 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT.
LATITUDE 10.

DECLINATIONCOArri?^i?y NAME TOLATITUDE.

True
Alt.
HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT. 166

LATITUDE 10.

DECLINATION COiVri?^iey NAME TOLATITUDE.

True
Alt.
166 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT.
LATITUDE 11.

DECLINATIONCOiVri?^i?y NAME TOLATITUDE.

True
HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT. 167

LATITUDE 11.

DECLINATION CONTiJ^i^y NAME TOLATITUDE.

True
168 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT.
LATITUDE 11.

DECLINATION COiVrii!^i?y NAME TOLATITUDE.

True
Alt.
HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT. 169

LATITUDE 11.

DECLINATION COi^ri?^i?Y NAME TOLATITUDE.

True
Alt.
170 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO V OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT.
LATITUDE 12.

DECLINATION COiVrri?^i?y NAME TOLATITUDE.

True
 1

HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT. 17

LATITUDE 12.

DECLINATION COiVri?^ 7? y NAME TOLATITUDE.

True
172 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OP LAT., DECL., AND ALT.
LATITUDE 12.

DECLINATION C0JVri?^i2Y NAME TOLATITUDE.

True
Alt.
HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OP LAT., DECL.. AND ALT. 173
LATITUDE 12.

DECLINATION CONTRARY NAME TOLATITUDE.

True
Alt.
174 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT.
LATITUDE 13.

DECLmATIOT^ CONTRARY NAME TOLATITUDE.

True
HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT. 175
LATITUDE 13.

DECLINATION CONJiJ^iey NAME TOLATITUDE.

True
176 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT.
LATITUDE 13\
DECLll^ATlOlJCONTRARY NAME TOLATITUDE.
True
Alt.
HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OP LAT., DECL., AND ALT. 177

LATITUDE 13^
DECLINATION COJVrie^ijy NAME TOLATITUDE.
True
Alt.
178 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DEGL., AND ALT.
LATITUDE ir.
DECLINATION COiVri?^ 2? y NAME TOLATITUDE.
True
HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1 OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT. 179

LATITUDE 14.

DECLINATIONCOiVri?^i?y NAME TOLATITUDE.

True
180 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT.
LATITUDE 14".

DECLINATION COiVTi?^i?Y NAME TOLATITUDE.

True
Alt.
HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO V OF LAT., DEGL., AND ALT. 181

LATITUDE 14^
DECLINATION C02y^ri?^i?y NAME TOLATITUDE.
True
Alt.
182 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO V OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT.
LATITUDE 15.

DECLINATION COiVri?^i?Y NAME JO- LATITUDE.

True
HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT. 183
LATITUDE 15.

DECLINATION CONri?^i?y NAME JOLATITUDE.

True
184 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO V OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT.
LATITUDE 15.

DECLINATIONCOiVri2.4/ey NAME TOLATITUDE.

True
Alt.
HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO V OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT. 185
LATITUDE 15.

DECLINATIONCONTRARY NAME TOLATITUDE.

True
Alt.
186 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT.
LATITUDE 16.

DECLINATION COiVri?^i?y NAME TOLATITUDE.

True
HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT. 187

LATITUDE 16^
DECLINATION COiVr7?^i2y NAME JOLATITUDE.
True
188 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT.
LATITUDE 16.

DECLINATION COiVJi^^iey NAME TOLATITUDE.

True
Alt.
HOUB-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT. 189

LATITUDE 16^
DECLINATIONCOiVri?^/?Y NAME TOLATITUDE.
True
Alt.
190 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT.
LATITUDE 17.
BECLIi^ATlONCONTRARY NAME TO LATITUDE.
True
HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT. 191
LATITUDE 17^
DECLINATION COiVri?/Ii?Y NAME TOLATITUDE.
True
192 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT.
LATITUDE 17.

DECLINATION CONTie^ijy NAME TOLATITUDE.

True
Alt.
HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT.. DECL., AND ALT. 193

LATITUDE 17^
DECLINATIONCOiVri?^i?F NAME TOLATITUDE.
True
Alt.
194 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT.
LATITUDE 18.

DECLINATION CONTi?^ 22 y NAME TOLATITUDE.

True
HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT. 195

LATITUDE 18^
DECLINATIONCC>Arri?^i?Y NAME TOLATITUDE.
True
196 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT.
LATITUDE 18.

DECLINATION COiVri?^i?y NAME TOLATITUDE.

True
Alt.
HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT. 197

LATITUDE 18.

DECLINATION COiVJi?^ 2? y NAME TOLATITUDE.

True
Alt.
198 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT.
LATITUDE 19^
DECLINATION COJVrJ?^i?Y NAME TOLATITUDE.
True
HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT. 199

LATITUDE 19.

DECI^mATlON CONTRARY NAME TOLATITUDE.

True
200 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL.. AND ALT.
LATITUDE 19.
DECLINATION CONJi? J iey NAME JOLATITUDE.
True
Alt.
HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT. 201

LATITUDE 19.
202 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT.
LATITUDE 20.

DECLINATION COiVri?^ 7? y NAME TOLATITUDE.

True
HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT. 203
LATITUDE 20.

BECLmATlON CONTRARY NAME TOLATITUDE.

True
204 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT.
LATITUDE 20.

DECLINATION COiVri?^i?Y NAME TO LATITUDE.

True
Alt.
HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT. 206
LATITUDE 20.

DECLINATIONCOiVr/?^/?y NAME TOLATITUDE.

True
Alt.
206 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT.
LATITUDE 21.

DECLINATION COiVri?^i?y NAME TOLATITUDE.

True
Alt.
HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT. 207
LATITUDE 21.

DECLINATION COiVTiS^RY NAME TOLATITUDE.

True
208 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO V OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT.
LATITUDE 21".

DECLINATION CONTRARY NAME TOLATITUDE.

True
Alt.
HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT. 209
LATITUDE 21.

DECLINATION CONTi?^ 7? Y NAME TOLATITUDE.

True
Alt.
210 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT.
LATITUDE 22.

DECLmATIOliJCONTRARY NAME JOLATITUDE.

True
HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT. 211

LATITUDE 22.

BECLmATIOlS! CONTRARY NAME TOLATITUDE.

True
212 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT.
LATITUDE 22.

DECLINATION CONTRARY NAME TOLATITUDE.

True
Alt.
HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT. 213

LATITUDE 22.

DECLINATION COiVri?^i?y NAME TOLATITUDE.

True
Alt.
214 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT.
LATITUDE 23.

DECLINATION CO Arri2^i?y NAME TOLATITUDE,

True
HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT. 215
LATITUDE 23.

DECLINATIONC0Nri?^i2Y NAME TOLATITUDE.

True
216 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT.
LATITUDE 23.

BBCLmATlOl^ CONTRARY NAME TOLATITUDE.

True
Alt.
HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT. 217
LATITUDE 23.
-DECl,mATlON CONTRARY NAME TOLATITUDE.
True
Alt.
218 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OP LAT., DECL., AND ALT.
LATITUDE 24.

DECLINATION C0iVri?^i2F NAME TO LATITUDE.

True
HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT. 21
LATITUDE 24.

DBCLmATlOli CONTRARY NAME TOLATITUDE.

True
220 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT.
LATITUDE 24.

DECLINATION COiVT/?^i?Y NAME TOLATITUDE.

True
Alt.
HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL.. AND ALT. 221
LATITUDE 24.

DECLINATION COiVri?^i?Y NAME TOLATITUDE.

True
Alt.
222 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT.
LATITUDE 25.

DECLINATION CONTRARY NAME TOLATITUDE.

True
HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT. 223
LATITUDE 25.
TtECLm ATIOiJ CONTRARY NAME TOLATITUDE.
True
224 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OP LAT., DECL.. AND ALT.
LATITUDE 25.

DECLINATIONCONri?^i?y NAME TOLATITUDE.

True
Alt.
HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT. 225
LATITUDE 25.

DECLINATION COiVri?.4i2Y NAME TOLATITUDE.

True
Alt.
226 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT.
LATITUDE 26.

DECLINATION COArri?^i?F NAME JOLATITUDE.

True
Alt.
HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT. 227
LATITUDE 26.

DECLINATION COiVri?^ J? y NAME JOLATITUDE.

True
228 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT.
LATITUDE 26.

DECLINATION C0iVri?^i2Y NAME TOLATITUDE.

True
Alt.
HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT. 229
LATITUDE 26.

DECLINATIONC0iVrJ?^i2y NAME TOLATITUDE.

True
Alt.
230 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT.
LATITUDE 27^
DECLmATlOl^ CONTRARY NAME TOLATITUDE.
True
HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT. 231
LATITUDE 27.

DECLINATION COiVrJ?^ if y NAME TOLATITUDE.

True
232 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT.
LATITUDE 27.

DECLINATIONC0iVri?/4i?Y NAME TOLATITUDE.

True
Alt.
HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT. 233

LATITUDE 27.

DECLINATION CONrj?^i?Y NAME TOLATITUDE.

True
Alt.
234 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT.
LATITUDE 28.

DECLINATION COiVriJ^/jy NAME TOLATITUDE.

True
HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT. 236
LATITUDE 28.

DECLINATIONCOiVTiJ^iey NAME TOLATITUDE.

True
236 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT.
LATITUDE 28^
DECLINATION COiVri?^ii!y NAME TOLATITUDE.
True
Alt.
HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO V OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT. 237
LATITUDE 28.

BECUNATIONCONTRARY NAME TOLATITUDE.

True
Alt.
238 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL.. AND ALT.
LATITUDE 29.

DECLINATIONCONTRARY NAME JOLATITUDE.

True
HOUR- ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT. 239
LATITUDE 29.

DECLINATIOIJCONTRARY NAME TOLATITUDE.

True
240 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT.
LATITUDE 29.
DECLINATION CONT/f^ J? Y NAME TOLATITUDE.
True 12
Alt.

10
12
14
15
i6

17
i8
19
20
21

22
23
24
25
26

27
28
29
30
31

32
33
34
35
36
HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT. 241
LATITUDE 29.

DECLINATION CONTRARY NAME TO LATITUDE.

True
Alt.
242 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT.
LATITUDE 30.

DECLmATlOT^CONTRARY NAME TOLATITUDE.

True
HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL., AND ALT. 243
LATITUDE 30.

DECLINATIONCOi\^ri?^i?y NAME TOLATITUDE.

True
244 HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OF LAT., DECL.. AND ALT.
LATITUDE 30.

DECLINATION COA/^Tie^ijy NAME JOLATITUDE.

True
Alt.
HOUR-ANGLES AND VARIATIONS TO 1' OP LAT., DECL., AND ALT. 246
LATITUDE 30.

DECLINATIONCOiVri?^i?Y NAME TOLATITUDE.

True Decl. Decl. 20
18 19
Alt. Var. Var.

H. M. S. s. H. M. S. s.

5 16 45-0 -2-6o 5 14 8-0 -2-64

5 6 49-2 2-68 5 4 7-2 2-72
4 56 47-9 2-77 4 54 0-4 2-82
4 51 45-0 2-8i 4 48 54-6 2-87
4 46 40-6 2-86 4 43 47-2 2-92

4 41 34-5 2'9I 4 38 37-8 2-97

4 36 26-5 2-97 4 33 26-6 3-03
4 31 i6-7 3-02 4 28 13-3 3-09
4 26 4-9 3-o8 4 23 57*8 3-15
4 20 50-9 3-14 4 17 40-0 3-22

13 4 15 34-7 3*21 4 12 19-8 3-29

13 4 10 i6-i 3-28 4 6 56-9 3-36
14 4 4 54-9 3-35 4 I 31-3 3-44
15 3 59 30-9 3-42 3 56 2-6 3-52
i6 3 54 4-0 3-51 3 50 30-6 3-61

17 48 33-9 3-59 44 55-3 3-70

i8 43 0-5 3-68 39 i6-2 3-8o
19 37 23-3 3-78 33 33-1 3-90
20 31 42-2 3-88 27 45-6 4-01
21 25 56-8 3-99 21 53*4 4-13

22 3 20 6-7 4"io 3 15 56-0 4*26

23 3 14 ii'6 4-23 3 9 52-9 4-40
24 3 8 10-9 4-37 3 3 43-6 4-55
25 3 2 3-9 4-52 2 57 27-3 4-71
26 2 55 50-3 4-68 2 51 3-4 4-89

27 49 29-1 4-86 44 3I-0 5-09

28 42 59-5 5 -05 37 49-0 5-31
29 36 20-4 2 30 56-1
12 5-56
30 29 30*6 2 23 50-7 5-84
31 22 28-5 2 16 30-8 6-i6
246 TABLE n.

SEXAGESIMAL PROPORTIONAL TABLE.

y
 TABLE n. 247

SEXAGESIMAL PROPORTIONAL TABLE.

248 TABLE n.

SEXAGESIMAL PROPORTIONAL TABLE.

 TABLE n. 249

SEXAGESIMAL PROPORTIONAL TABLE.

250 TABLE n.

SEXAGESIMAL PROPORTIONAL TABLE.

/
 TABLE n. 251

SEXAGESIMAL PROPORTIONAL TABLE.

252 TABLE m.
SHOWINa THE ERROR PRODUCED IN THE TIME OR LONGITUDE BY AN ERROR
OF 1' IN THE ALTITUDE.
 TABLE m. 253
SHOWING THE ERROR PRODUCED IN THE TIME OR LONGITUDE BY AN ERROR
OF 1' IN THE ALTITUDE.

Lat.
254 TABLE in.
SHOWING THE ERROR PRODUCED IN THE TIME OR LONGITUDE BY AN ERROR
OF 1' IN THE ALTITUDE.

Lat.
 TABLE m. 255

SHOWING THE ERROR PRODUCED INTHE TIME OR LONGITUDE BY AN ERROR

OF 1' IN THE ALTITUDE.
266 TABLE m.
SHOWING THE ERROR PRODUCED IN THE TIME OR LONGITUDE BY AN ERROR
OF 1' IN THE ALTITUDE.

Lat.
 TABLE m. 267

SHOWINO THE ERROR PRODUCED IN THE TIME O R LONGITUDE BY AN ERROR

OF 1' IN THE ALTITUDE.
258 TABLE IV.AZIMUTH TABLE.
Whf n the Latitude Variation is + name the Azimuth the same name as Latitude.
opposite name to the Latitude.
On the Equator the Azimuth will have the same name as the Declination.

Lat.
Var.
to l'
 TABLE IV.AZIMUTH TABLE. 259
When the Latitude Variatici is + name the Azimuth the same name as Latitude.

opposite name to the Latitude.
On the Equator the Azimuth will have the same name as the Declination.

Lat.
260 TABLE IV.AZIMUTH TABLE.
When the Latitude Variation is + name the Azimuth the same name as Latitude.
opposite name to the Latitude.
On the Equates the Azimuth will have the same name as the Declination.

Lat. LATITUDES.
Var.
toi' 10 18" 18" 18 20 22" 24 26 26 27 29 80
28

AZIMUTHS.
s.
I2'00 8-4 8-5 8-7 8-9 9-1 9-3 19-5 19-8 20-0 20-2
I2'IO 8-3 8-4 8-6 8-7 9-0 9-2 19-4 19-6 19-9 20-0
I2'20 8-2 8-2 8-4 8-6 8-9 9-0 19-2 19-5 19-7 9-9
12-30 8-0 8-1 8-3 8-5 8-7 8-9 ig-i 19-3 19-6 9-7
I2"40 7-9 7-9 8-1 8-3 8-6 8-7 18-9 19-2 19-4 9-6

I2'50 T7 7*8 8-0 8-2 8-4 8-6 18-8 19-0 19-3 9-4
I2'6o 7-6 7.7 7.9 8-0 8-3 8-5 i8-7 i8'9 19-2 9-3
1 2- 70 7-5 7-5 TJ 7-9 8-1 8-3 i8-5 i8-8 19-0 19-2
I2'8o 7-4 7-4 7-6 7-8 8-0 8-2 1 8-4 18-6 18-9 9-0
I2'90 7-2 7-3 7-5 7-9 8-1 18-3 18-5 18-7 8-9

13-00 7-1 7-2 7-4 7-5 1"7 7.9 18-1 18-4 18-6
13-20 6-9 6-9 7-1 7-3 7-5 7-7 17-9 i8-i 18-4 8-5
13-40 6-6 6-7 6-9 7-0 7-3 7-4 17-6 17-8 18-0 8-2
13-60 6-4 6-4 6-6 6-8 7-0 7-2 17-4 17-6 17-8 8-0
13-80 6-2 6-2 6-4 6-6 6-8 6-9 17-1 17-4 17-6 T7
14-00 5-9 6-0 6-2 6-3 6-6 6-7 16-9 17-1 17-4 7-5
15-00 4-9 5-0 5-2 5-3 5-5 5-7 15-8 i6-o 16-3 6-4
i6-oo 4-0 4-1 4-2 4-4 4-6 4-7 14-9 15-1 15-3 5-4
17-00 3-2 3-3 3-4 3-6 3-8 3-9 14-0 14-2 14-4 4-6
i8-oo a-5 2-6 2-7 2-8 3-0 3-2 13-3 13-5 13-7 3-8

19-00 1-9 1-9 2-0 2-2 2-3 2-5 12*6 12-8 13-0 3-0
20-00 1-3 1-4 1-5 1-6 1-8 1-9 12-0 12-2 12-3 2-4
21-00 0-8 0-8 0-9 i-i 1-2 1-3 11-5 11-6 11-8 1-9
22-00 0-3 0-3 0-5 0-6 0-7 0-8 II-O Il-l II-3 1-3
23-00 9-9 9.9 o-o 0-1 0-3 0-4 10-5 10-6 10-8 0-9

24-00 9-5 9-5 9-6 9.7 9-8 9-9 lO-I 10*2 10-3 0-4
25-00 9-1 9-1 9-2 9-3 9-4 9-5 9-7 9-8 9-9 0-0
26-00 8-7 8-8 8-9 9-0 9-1 9-2 9-3 9-4 9-6 9-6
27-00 8-4 8-5 8-6 8-6 8-8 8-9 9-0 9-1 9-2 9-3
28-00 8-1 8-2 8-3 8-3 8-5 8-5 8-6 8-8 8-9 9-0

29-00 7-9 7-9 8-0 8-1 8-2 8-3 8-3 8-5 8-6 8-7
30-00 7-6 7-6 7-8 7-9 8-0 8-0 8-2 8-3 8-4
31-00 7-3 7-4 7-5 7-5 7-6 7-7 7-8 7-9 8-0 8-1
32-00 7-2 7-2 7-3 7-4 7-5 7-6 7-7 7-8 7-9
33-00 6-9 6-9 7-0 7-1 7-2 7-3 7-3 7-4 7-6 7-6

34-00 6-7 6-7 6-8 6-9 7-0 7-1 7-1 7-2 7-4 7-4
35-00 6-5 6-5 6-6 6-7 6-8 6-9 6-9 7-1 7-1 7-2
36-00 6-3 6-4 6-4 6-5 6-6 6-7 6-7 6-8 6-9 7-0
37-00 6-2 6-2 6-3 6-3 6-4 6-5 6-6 6-6 6-7 6-8
38-00 6-0 6-0 6-1 6-2 6-2 6-3 6-4 6-5 6-6 6-6

39-00 5-9 5-9 5-9 6-0 6-1 6-2 6-2 6-3 6-4 6-5
40-00 5-7 5-7 5-8 5-9 5-9 6-0 6-1 6-2 6-2 6-3
42-00 5-4 5-5 5-6 5-6 5-7 5-7 5-8 5-9 6-0 6-0
44-00 5-2 5-2 5-3 5-3 5-4 5-5 5-5 5-6 5-7 5-7
46-00 5-0 5-0 5-0 5-1 5-2 5-2 5-3 5-4 5-4 5-5

48-00 4-8 4-8 4-8 4-9 5-0 5-0 5-1 5-1 5-2 5-3
50-00 4-6 4-6 4-6 4-7 4-8 4-8 4-9 4-9 5-0 5-0
52-00 4-4 4-4 4-5 4-5 4-6 4-6 4-7 4-7 4-8 4-8
54-00 4-2 4-3 4-3 4-3 4-4 4-5 4-5 4-6 4-6 4-7
56-00 4-1 4-1 4-1 4-2 4-3 4-3 4-3 4-4 4-4 4-5

58-00 4-0 4-0 4-0 4-0 4-1 4-1 4-2 4-3 4-3 4-4
60-00 3-8 3-8 3-9 3-9 4-0 4-0 4-1 4-1 4-2 4-2
70-00 3-3 3-3 3-3 3-4 3-4 3-4 3-5 3-5 36 3-6
80-00 2-9 2-9 2-9 2-9 3-0 3-0 3-0 3-1 3-1 3-2
90-00 2-5 2-6 2-6 2-6 2-6 2-7 2-7 2-7 2-8 2-8

lOO-O 2-3 2-3 2-3 2-4 24 2-4 2-4 2-5 2-5 2-5
120-0 1-9 1-9 1-9 2-0 2-0 2-0 2-0 2-1 2-1 2-1
150-0 1-5 1-5 1-6 1-6 1-6 1-6 1-6 1-6 x-7 1-7
200-0 1-1 1-2 1-2 1-2 1-2 1-2 1-2 1-2 1-3 1-3
300-0 0-8 0-8 0-8 0-8 0-8 0-8 0-8 0-8 0-8 0-8
 TABLE IV.AZIMUTH TABLE. 261

When the Latitude Variation is + aame the Azimuth the same name as Latitude.
opposite name to the Latitude.

Lat.
262 TABLE IV.AZIMUTH TABLE.
When the Latitude Variation is + name the Azimuth the same name as Latitude.
opposite name to the Latitude.

Lat.
 TABLE IV.AZIMUTH TABLE. 263

When the Latitude Variation is + name the Azimuth the same name as Latitude.
It .
.. opposite name to the Latitude.

Lat.
Var.
264 TABLE IV.AZIMUTH TABLE.
When the Latitude Variatioa is + name the Azimuth the same aame as Latitude.
opposite name to the Latitude.

Lat.
Var.
 TABLE IV.AZIMUTH TABLE. 265

When the Latitude Variation is + name the Azimuth the same name as Latitude.
opposite name to the Latitude.

Lat.
266 TABLE IV.AZIMUTH TABLE.
When th Latitude Variation is + name the Azimuth the same name as Latitude.
II II
opposite name to the Latitude.

Lat.
Var.
to I
 TABLE IV.AZIMXJTH TABLE. 267

When the Latitude Variation is + name the Azimuth the same name as Latitude.
,, opposite name to the Latitude.

Lat.
LATITUDES.
Var.
to i' 46 47' 48' 49' 50' 51' 52' 53' 54' 55' 56' 57' 58' 59' 60

AZIMUTHS.
s.
20"00 16-1 i6-<t
20*20 15-9
20-40 15-8
20'60 15-6
20-8o 15-5

21'00 15-3
2I*20 15-2
21-40 15-0
2i-6o 14-9
2I-8o 14-8

22-00 14-7
22-20 X4-5
22-40 14-4
22-6o 14-3
22-8o 14-2

23-00 14-0
23-20 139
23-40 13-8
23-60 13-7
23-80 I3"6

24-00 13-5
24-40 13-3
24-80 131
25'20 12-9
25-60 12-7

26-00 12-5
27-00 I2-0
28-00 II-6
29-00 11-2
30-00 10-9

31-0 10-5
32-0 10-2
33-0 9-9
34-0 9-6
35-0 9*3

36-0 9-1
37-0 8-8
38-0 8-6
39-0 8-4
40-0 8-2

43-0 7-8
44-0 7*5
46-0 7-1
48-0 6-8
50-0 6-6

52-0 6-3
54-0 6-1
56-0 5-9
58-0 5-7
60-0 5-5

64-0 5-1
70-0 4-7
80-0 4-1
go-o 3-7
loo-o 3-3

1200 2-7
140-0 2-4
i6o-o 2-1
200-0 1-6
300-0 i-i
 TABLE V.
AZIMUTH CORRESPONDINa TO LATTEXTDE VARIATION IN DEPARTURE.
Lat.
TABLE V. 269
270 TABLE VI.

POSITION LINES CORRESPONDING TO LATITUDE VARIATION FOR USE WITH

THE PLANE SCALE CHART.
When the Latitude Variation is + name the Position Line contrary Name to Latitude.
When same Name as Latitude.

Lat.
Var.
in Dep.
 CAUTION IN USING TABLE VI. 271

It must be bome in mind that Table VI. does not give the true geographicallines of position, but lines
of position which will give the same result as to latitude and longitude on a plane chart as the true lines of
position would give on a Mercator chart.
This table has been published on account of the difficulty often experienced in getting a suitable scale
Mercator chart for plotting Sumner positions, as the ocean charts are usually on too small a scale, and,
moreover, it saves the trouble of getting out an ordinary chart.
Plane Sumner charts can naturally be published at a much cheaper price, as one chart does for all
latitudes ; or the position may be plotted on paper with squared lines ruled on it. If neither of these are at
hand, the Sumner position may be plotted in the work book by drawing a horizontal line representing the
D.R. latitude at time of second observation, and a line at right angles to this as a meridian of longitude,
which may be used for laying off the position-lines by a protractor.
On the horizontal line set off the points of two longitudes at a distance from one another of say i min. to
lo' of longitude. From these two points lay off the Sumner lines, and from the point where they intersect
draw a perpendicular to the parallel of D.R. latitude ; the longitude at the point struck by the perpen-
dicular is the longitude required, and can be measured from either of the points of longitude.
With ex-meridian latitudes the position-lines would of course be set off from the meridian, from the
starting-points of the latitudes by the observations.

Special Caution. ^When double altitudes are taken with a run interval between the sights the traverse
table should be employed to bring both observations up to the same instant of time, as the true course plotted
on the plane chart would not give a correct result. If the course is plotted it must be altered in the same
way as shown below for the position-lines. A
small 6-inch boxwood protractor rule with a diagonal scale
of inches for measuring to yj^ part of an inch may be bought for about is., and is the only instrument
which will be required.
The examples on accompanying chartlet below will show how a plane chart may be used, and illustrates
clearly how both the Mercator and plane charts may be made to give the same final position from position-
line plottings.
The upper longitude scale with the meridian scale represents a Mercator chart in latitude 60" N.,
where 1' of latitude would equal 2' of longitude, and the lower longitude scale represents with the same
meridian scale of latitude a plane Sumner chart, where the scales of latitude and longitude are equal, as on
the Equator.
Two positions are plotted, one from a parallel of latitude starting from latitude 59' 55' N. and longitudes
10 o' W. and 10 20' W. with true position-lines N. 26 W. and N. 26 E., and the other from a meridian
starting from longitude 10" 0' W. and latitudes 59 55' N. and 60" 5' N. with true position-lines N. 45 E.
and S. 45' E.
Ffrst observation star's bearing N. 64 E., position-line N. 26" W., in latitude 60 gives (p. 264, Table
IV.) lat. var. a^-go, which gives (p. 270, Table VI.), position-line for plane chart N
44^ W., and for the
second position-line in same way N. 44^^ E.
For second position star's bearing N. 45 W. and S. 45 W. gives (p. 265) lat. var. 8-oo, which gives
(p. 270) position-lines for plane chart N. 63'4 E. and S. es'^ E.

Upper longitudes represent scale on a Mercator Chart. Position-lines on Mercator Chart represented by continuous lines.

Lower longitudes represent scale on a Plane Chart. Position-lines on Plane Chart represented by dotted Uues.
Note. Without the aid of
or from two sun observations (if
this table the Simmer position from simultaneous observations of two stars,
the course and true interval is applied from the traverse table), will always
give the same latitude when taken from a plane as from a Mercator chart, and the correct longitude will be
found by converting the departure into d. long,
In the example above in latitude 60", 10' dep. gives 20' d. long.
272 TABLE VII.HOUR-ANGLE LIMITS FOR EX-MERIDIAN TABLE Vm.
THE TABLE SHOWS THE LIMITS WITHIN WHICH THE REDUCTION AT 1 MIN., AS GIVEN
IN TABLE vm., WHEN BIULTIPLIED BY THE NUMBER OF MINUTES IN TABLE BELOW,
WILL NOT GIVE A GREATER ERROR IN REDUCTION THAN Oh'.
 TABLE Vm.AZIMUTH EX-MERIDIAN TABLE. 273

SHOWING THE REDUCTION AT 1 BON. FROM THE MERIDIAN CORRESPONDING TO

AZIMUTHS FROM 1 TO 60 FROM THE MERIDIAN.

AZIMUTHS.
274 TABLE Vm.AZIMUTH EX-MERIDIAN TABLE.
SHOWING THE REDUCTION AT 1 MIN. FROM THE MERIDIAN CORRESPONDING TO
AZIMUTHS FROM 1 TO 60 FROM THE MERIDIAN.

AZIMUTHS. 1
 TABLE Vm.AZIMUTH EX-MERIDIAN TABLE. 276

SHOWING THE REDUCTION AT 1 MN. FROM THE MERIDIAN CORRESPONDINQ TO

AZIMUTHS FROM 1 TO 60 FROM THE MERIDIAN.

AZIMUTHS.

Lat. 8-4 8-6 8-8 90 92 9-4 9-8 9S 100 10-2 10-4 10-6 10-8 ll'O ll'^

REDUCTION TO THE MERIDIAN AT HOUR-ANGLE OF 1 MIN.

o 102
4
8
10
18

14
i6
i8
19
20

21
22
23
24
25

26
27
28
29
30

31
32
33
34
35

36
37
38
39
40

41
42
43
44
45

46
47
48
49
50

51
52
53
54
55

56
57
58
59
60

61
62
63
64
65

66
67
68
69
70
 1

276 TABLE Vm.AZIMUTH EX-MERIDIAN TABLE.

SHOWING THE REDUCTION AT 1 MIN. FROM THE MERIDIAN CORRESPONDING TO
AZIMUTHS FROM V TO 60" FROM THE MERIDIAN.

AZIMUTHS.

Lat. ir-4 ir-6 ir-8 12^-0 12-2 12" 4 12' 8 !

12-8 W-O 18-2 18 4 WQ 13-8 14 14 2

REDUCTION TO THE MERIDIAN AT HOUR-ANGLE OF i MIN.

o 498 1-524 I-550 1-577 1-603 630 656 683
4 494 1-520 1-546 1-573 1-599 626 652
8 482 1-509 1-535 1-562 1-587 614 640
lO 474 1-501 1-526 1-553 1-579 605 631
12 464 1-491 1-516 1-543 1-568 594 620

14 453 1-479 1-504 1-530 1-555 582 607

i6 439 1-465 1-490 1-516 1-541 567 592
i8 424 1-450 1-474 1-500 1-525 550 575
19 416 1-441 1-466 I -49 1-516 541 566
20 407 1-432 1-457 1-482 1-507 532 ^56
21 398 1-423 1-447 1-472 1-497 522 546
22 389 1-413 1-437 1-462 1-486 511 536
23 379 1-403 1-427 1-451 1-476 500 525
24 368 1-393 1-416 1-440 1-465 489 513
25 357 1-382 1-405 1-429 1-453 477 501

26 346 I-370 1-393 1-417 1-441 465 489

27 335 1-358 1-381 1-405 1-429 152 476
28 323 1-346 1-369 1-392 1-416 439 463
29 -310 1-333 1-356 1-379 1-402 426 449
30 297 1-319 1-342 1-366 1-389 412 435

31 283 1-306 1-329 1-352 1-374 397 420

32 270 1-292 1-314 1-337 1-360 382 404
33 256 1-278 1-300 1-323 1-345 367 389
34 241 1-263 1-285 1-308 1-329 351 373
35 227 1-248 1-270 1-292 1-314 335 357

36 -211 1-233 1-254 1-276 1-297 319 340

37 -196 1-217 1-238 1-260 1-281 302 323
38 -180 I-20I I-22I 1-242 1-264 284 305
39 164 I-184 1-205 1-225 1-246 267 287
40 -147 i-i67 I-187 1-208 1-229 249 269

41 -131 1-150 I-170 1-190 1-211 230 250

42 113 1-133 I-I52 1-172 1-192 211 231
43 -096 I-II5 I-I34 I-I53 1-173 192 212
44 -077 1-096 I-II5 I-I34 1-153 173 192
45 059 1-078 1-096 1-115 1-133 153 172

46 040 1-059 1-077 1-096 1-113 132 150

47 -021 1-040 1-057 1-076 1-093 112 129
48 002 1-020 1-037 1-056 1-073 091 108
49 983 I -000 1-017 1-035 1-052 069 086
50 -963 980 -996 1-013 1-030 048 065

51 943 -960 975 992 1-009 026 042

52 922 -938 -954 971 -987 004 020
53 -902 917 933 -949 -965 981 997
54 -880 -895 911 -927 -942 958 974
55 859 -874 -905 -920 935 950

56 837 -852 -867 882 -897 911 927

57 -816 -830 844 859 -873 888 902
58 -794 807 821 836 850 864 877
59 771 785 798 813 -826 840 853
60 749 762 775 -788 -802 815 828

61 726 739 -751 -764 -778 790 803

62 -704 716 728 -740 -753 765 778
63 679 -692 704 -716 -728 740 752
64 -656 -668 679 691 -702 715 726
65 -633 -644 -655 667 677 700

66 609 -620 -630 -642 -652 663 674

67 585 -596 -606 -616 -626 637 647
68 -561 -570 -581 -591 -600 611 620
69 -537 -546 -555 -565 -574 584 593
70 -513 -521 530 -539 -548 557 566
 TABLE Vm. AZIMUTH EX-MERIDIAN TABLE. 277

SHOWDiO THE REDUCTION AT 1 MIN. FROM THE MERIDIAN CORRESPONDING TO

AZIMUTHS FROM 1 TO 60 FROM THE MERIDIAN.

AZIMUTHS.
278 TABLE Vm.AZIMUTH EX-MERIDIAN TABLE.
SHOWING THE REDUCTION AT 1 MIN, FROM THE MERIDIAN CORRESPONDING TO
AZIMUTHS FROM 1 TO 60 FROM THE MERIDIAN.

AZIMUTHS.
 TABLE Vm.AZIMUTH EX-MERIDIAN TABLE. 279

SHOWING THE REDUCTION AT 1 MIN. FROM THE MERIDIAN CORRESPONDING TO

AZIMUTHS FROM 1 TO 60 FROM THE MERIDIAN.

AZIMUTHS.
280 TABLE Vm. AZIMUTH EX-MERIDIAN TABLE.
SHOWING THE REDUCTION AT 1 MIN. FROM THE MERIDIAN CORRESPONDING TO
AZIMUTHS PROM 1 TO 60 PROM THE MERIDIAN.

AZIMUTHS.
 TABLE Vm. ASOMUTH EX-MERIDIAN TABLE. 281

SHOWIRO THE REDUCTION AT 1 MIN. FROM THE MERmiAN CORRESPONDINa TO

AZ3MUTHS FROM V TO 60 FROM THE MERTOIAN.

AZIMUTHS.

Lat. ae'^ Ze'-e 26-8 ZrO 27 2 274j27''8 27-8 880 i

28''-2 28 4 28-8 28-8 290 29-2
,

REDUCTION TO THE MERIDIAN AT HOUR-ANGLE OF i MIN.

o 3-518 3-546 3-574

4 3-509 3-537
8 3-484 3-511
10 3-465 3-492
12 3-441 3-469

14 3-413 3-441
i6 3-382 3-409
i8 3-346 3-373
19 3-327 3-353
20 3-306 3-332

21 3-285 3-310
22 3-262 3-287
23 3-238 3-264
24 3-213 3-239
25 3-188 3-213

26 3'i62 3-187
27 3-134 3-159
28 3-106 3-130
29 3-077 3-101
30 3-047 3-071

31 3-016 3-039
32 2-984 3-007
33 2-951 2-974
34 2-917 2-940
35 2-882 2-905

36 2-847 2-869
37 2-809 2-832
38 2-772 2-795
39 2-734 2-756
40 2-695 2-716

41 2-655 2-676
42 2-614 2-635
43 2-573 2-593
44 2-531 2-550
45 2-507

46 2-444 2-463
47 2-400 2-418
48 2-354 2-373
49 2-308 2-327
50 2-261 2-280

51 2-213 2-231
52 2-i66 2-184
53 2-II7 2-133
54 2-o68 2-084
55 2-018 2-033

56 1-968 1-983
57 1-915 1-931
58 1-864 1-879
59 1-812 1-826
60 1-759 1-773

61 1-706 1-719
62 1-652 1-665
63 1-598 i-6io
64 1-543 1-554
65 1-486 1-498

66 I-43I 1-442
67 1-375 1-385
68 1-318 1-328
69 1-261 1-271
70 1-204 I-2I3
282 TABLE VmAZIMUTH EX-MERIDIAN TABLE.
SHOWING THE REDUCTION AT 1 MIN. PROM THE MERIDIAN CORRESPONDINa TO
AZIMUTHS FROM 1 TO 60 FROM THE MERIDIAN.

AZIMUTHS.
 TABLE Vm.AZIMUTH EX-MERIDIAN TABLE.
SHOWING THE REDUCTION AT 1 MIN. FROM THE MERIDIAN GORRESPONDINO TO
AZIMUTHS FROM 1 TO 60^ FROM THE MERIDIAN.

AZIMUTHS.
284 TABLE Vm.AZIMUTH EX-MERIDIAN TABLE.
SHOWING THE REDUCTION AT 1 MIN. FROM THE MERIDIAN CORRESPONDINO TO
AZIMUTHS FROM 1 TO 60 FROM THE MERIDIAN.

AZIMUTHS.
 TABLE Vm.AZIMUTH EX-MERIDIAN TABLE. 286

SHOWING THE REDUCTION AT 1 MIN. FROM THE MERIDIAN CORRESPONDING TO

AZIMUTHS FROM 1" TO 60 FROM THE MERIDIAN.

AZIMUTHS.
286 TABLE Vm.AZIMUTH EX-MERIDIAN TABLE.
SHOWING THE REDUCTION AT 1 BON. FROM THE MERIDIAN CORRESPONDDTG TO
AZIMUTHS FROM 1 TO 60 FROM THE MERIDIAN.

AZIMUTHS.
 TABLE Vm.AZIMUTH EX-MERIDIAN TABLE. 287

SHOWING THE REDUCTION AT 1 HIN. FROM THE MERIDIAN CORRESPONDINO TO

AZIMUTHS FROM 1 TO 60 FROM THE MERIDIAN.

AZIMUTHS.
288 TABLE VmAZIMUTH EX-MERIDIAN TABLE.
SHOWINO THE REDUCTION AT 1 MIN. FROM THE MERmiAN CORRESPONDING TO
AZIMUTHS FROM 1 TO 60 FROM THE MERIDIAN.

AZIMUTHS.

Lat. 48"'l 48-2 48'3 48-4 48-6 48-8 48 7 48 8 48-9 490 i

49- 1 49''-2 49-8 i
49-4 49-6

REDUCTION TO THE MERIDIAN AT HOUR-ANGLE OF i MIN.

6-6g 6-71 6-73 6-74 676 6-77 6-79 6-8o 6-82 6-84 6-85 6-87 6-88 6-90 6'9i
6-69 6'7i 6-72 6-74 6-75 6-77 6-78 6-8o 6-82 6-83 6-85 6-86 6-88 6-89 6-91
6-68 6-69 6-71 6-73 6-74 6-76 6-77 6-79 6-8o 6-82 6-84 6-85 6-87 6-88 6-90
6-66 6-67 6-69 6-70 6-72 6-74 6-75 6-77 6-78 6-8o 6-8i 6-83 6-85 6-86 6-88
6-63 6-64 6-66 6-68 6-69 6-71 6-72 6-74 6-75 6-77 6-79 6.80 6-82 6-83 6-85

9 661 6-63 6-64 6-66 6-67 6-69 670 6-72 6-74 6-75 6-77 6-78 6-8o 6-8i 6-83
lo 6-59 6-6i 6-62 6-64 6-65 6-67 6-68 6-70 6=72 6-73 6-75 676 678 679 6-8i
II 6-57 6-59 6-6o 6-62 6-63 6-65 6-66 6-68 6-69 6-71 6-73 6-74 676 677 679
12 6-55 6-56 6-58 6-59 6-6i 6-63 6-64 6-65 6-67 6-69 6-70 672 673 675 676
13 6-52 6-54 6-55 6-57 6-58 6-6o 6-6i 6-63 6-64 6-66 6-68 6-69 671 672 674
14 6-50 6-51 6-53 6-54 656 6-57 6-59 6-6o 6-62 6-63 6-65 6-66 6-68 6-69 671
15 6-47 6-48 6-50 6-51 6-53 6-54 6-56 6-57 6-59 6-6o 6-62 6-63 6-65 6-66 6-68
i6 6-44 6-45 6-46 6-48 6-50 6-51 6-53 6-54 6-56 6-57 6-59 6-6o 6-62 6-63 6-65
17 6-40 6-42 6-43 6-45 6-46 6-48 6-49 6-51 6-52 6-54 6-55 6-57 6-58 6-6o 6-6i
i8 6-37 6-38 6-40 6'4i 6-43 644 646 6-47 6-49 6-50 6-52 6-53 6-55 6-56 6-58

19 6-33 6-34 6-36 6-37 6-39 6-40 6-42 6-43 6-45 6-46 6-48 6-49 6-51 6-52 6-54
20 6-29 6-30 6-32 6-33 6-35 6-36 6-38 6-39 6-41 6-42 6-44 6-45 6-47 6-48 6-50
21 6-25 6-26 6-28 6-29 6-31 6-32 6-34 6-35 6-37 6-38 6-40 6-41 6-43 6-44 646
22 6*21 6-22 6-24 6-25 6-26 6-28 6-29 6-31 6-32 6-34 6-35 6-37 6-38 6-40 6-41
23 6-i6 6-i8 6'I9 6-21 6-22 6-23 6-25 6-26 6-28 6-29 6-31 6-32 6-34 6-35 6-37
24 6 II 6-13 6'I4 6-i6 6-17 6'I9 6-20 6-22 6-23 6-24 6-26 6-27 6-29 6-30 6-32

25 6-07 6-o8 6-09 6-II 6-12 6*14 6-15 6-17 6-i8 6-19 6-21 6-22 6-24 6-25 6-27
26 6-02 6-03 6-04 6-o6 6-07 6-09 6'io 6'12 6-13 6"I4 6-i6 6-17 6-19 6-20 6-22
27 5-96 5-98 5-99 6'0i 6-02 6-03 6-05 6-o6 6-o8 6-09 6-II 6'12 6-13 6-15 6-i6
28 5-91 5-92 5-94 5-95 5-97 5-98 5-99 6-01 6-02 6-04 6-05 6-o6 6-o8 6-09 6-II
29 5-86 5-87 5-88 5-90 5-91 5-92 5-94 5-95 5-97 5-98 5-99 6'Oi 6-02 6-03 6-05
30 5-8o 5-8i 5-82 5-84 8-85 5-87 5-88 5-89 5-91 5-92 5-93 5-95 5-96 5-97 5-99

AZIMUTHS.

Lat. 49-6 49-7 49-8 UQ'-Q SCO 501 50-2 50-8 50''-4 SC-S 60-6 SO"-? 50-8 50-9 5ro

REDUCTION TO THE MERIDIAN AT HOUR-ANGLE OF i MIN.

6-93

13

14
15
16
17

19
30
21
22
23
24

25
26
27
28
29
30
 TABLE VmAZIMUTH EX-MERIDIAN TABLE. 289

SHOWING THE REDUCTION AT 1 MIN. FROM THE MERIDIAN CORRESPONDING TO

AZIMUTHS FROM 1 TO 60 FROM THE MERIDIAN.

AZIMUTHS.
290 TABLE Vm. -AZIMUTH EX-MERIDIAN TABLE.
SHOWING THE REDUCTION AT 1 MIN. FROM THE MERIDIAN CORRESPONDING TO
AZIMUTHS FROM 1 TO 60 FROM THE MERIDIAN.

AZIMUTHS.
 TABLE Vm.AZIMUTH EX-MERIDIAN TABLE. 291

SHOWING THE REDUCTION AT 1 MIN. FROM THE MERIDIAN CORRESPONDINO TO

AZIMUTHS FROM V TO 60 FROM THE MERIDIAN.

AZIMUTHS.
292 TABLE Vna.
HOURpANOLE limits for ex-meridian tables Vma. AND vmb.
THE TABLE SHOWS THE LIMITS WITHIN WHICH THE REDUCTION AT 1 MIN., AS GIVEN
IN TABLES vma. AND VHIb. WHEN MULTIPLIED BY THE NUMBER OF MINDTES IN
TABLE BELOW, WILL NOT GIVE A GREATER ERROR IN REDUCTION THAN OJ'.
 TABLE Vma.EX-MERIDIAN TABLE. 293

REDUCTION AT 1 HIN.FROM THE MERIDIAN IN LAT. 0 CORRESPONDING

TO AZIMUTHS PROM 74 TO 26 36'.

Azim.
294 TABLE Vma.EX-MERIDIAN TABLE.

REDUCTION AT 1 BON.FROM THE MERIDIAN IN LAT. 0 GORRESPONDINa

TO AZIMUTHS FROM 74 TO 26 86'.

Azim.
 TABLE Vma.EX-MERIDIAN TABLE. 295

BEDUCnON AT 1 MIN.FROM THE MERIDIAN IN LAT. 0 CORRESPONDINa

TO AZIMUTHS FROM 74 TO 26 36'.

Azim.
296 TABLE Vmb.EX-IOERIDIAN TABLE.
REDUCTION AT 1 MIN.FROM THE MERIDIAN CORRESPONDING TO THE LATITUDE
VARIATION TAKEN FROM THE AZIMUTH TABLE.

Lat.
Var.
 TABLE Vmb.EX-MERIDIAN TABLE. 297

REDUCTION AT 1 MIN.FROM THE MERIDIAN CO ItRESPONDING TO THE LATTTODE

VARIATION TAKEN FROM THE AZIMUTH TABLE.

Lat.
Var.
298 TABLE VmEX-MERIDIAN TABLE.

REDUCTION AT 1 MIN.FROM THE MERIDIAN CORRESPONDING TO THE LATITUDE

VARIATIONS TAKEN FROM THE AZIMUTH TABLE.

Lat.
Var.
 TABLE VmEX-MERIDIAN TABLE. 299

REDUCTION AT 1 MIN. FROM THE UERIDIAN CORRESPONDING TO THE LATITT7DE

VARIATIONS TAKEN FROM THE AZIMUTH TABLEcontinued.

hi: R<^-
300 TABLE IX.

ERROR IN LATITUDE DUE TO AN ERROR OF 4 SECS. IN TIME OR 1' OF LONGITUDE.

 TABLE IX. 301

ERROR IN LATITUDE DUE TO AN ERROR OF 4 SECS. IN TIME OR 1' OP LONGITUDE.

302 TABLE X.

THE MEAN PLACES OF108 OF THE BRIGHTEST STARS IN ORDER OF RIGHT

ASCENSION FOR 1st JANUARY 1914.

Star's
 TABLE X. 303

THE MEAN PLACES OP 108 OP THE BRIGHTEST STARSconHnuerf.

Star's Name.
304 TABLE XI.

APPBOXIHATE APPARENT TIMES OF THE MERIDIAN PASSAGES OF THE PRINCIPAL

FIXED STARS AT GREENWICH ON THE FIRST DAY OF EACH MONTH, 1910.
 TABLE XI. 305

APPROXIMATE APPARENT TIMES OF THE MERIDIAN PASSAGES OF THE PRINCIPAL

FIXED STARS AT GREENWICH ON THE FIRST DAY OF EACH MONTH, IQlOcontd.

306 TABLE XI.

APPROXIMATE APPARENT TIMES OF THE MERIDIAN PASSAGES OF THE PRINCIPAL
FIXED STARS AT GREENWICH ON THE FIRST DAY OF EACH MONTH, IdlOcontd.
 TABLE Xn. 307

CALCULATED REDUCTION AND AZIMUTH TABLES FOR BRIGHT STARS.

308 TABLE Xm.
REDUCTION TO THE MERIDIAN TABLE FOR 4C- POLARIS, TEAR 1915.

AT HOUB-ANGLES FROM UPPER MERIDIAN.

 TABLE XIV. 309

STAB POLABIS AZIMUTH TABLE FOB YEAB 1915.

i'c'sHr.
Angle.
310 TABLE XV.
REDUCTION TO THE MERIDIAN TABLE FOR HOUR-ANGLES FROM UPPER MERIDIAN.
^ ACHERNAR.
Lat. ^
 TABLE XV. 311

REDUCTION TO THE MERIDIAN AND AZIMUTH TABLE FOR HOUR-ANGLES

FROM UPPER MERIDIAN.
X- ACHERNAR.
m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m.
Lat. 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 78 74
61 62 63

N. REDUCTIONS.
O ,

26 58-5 0-5
24 59-7 1-7
22 I'O 3-0
20 2-2 4-2
i8 3-4 5-5
i6 4-7 6-8

14 6-0 8-2
12 7-4 9-6,
10 8-7 ii-o|
8 lO'I I2-4J
6 II-5 13-9,
4 13-0 15-4
2 14-6 17-0!

i6-2 i8-7
17-8 20-4
I9-6 22-2
21-4 24-1
23-3 26'I
25-4 28-2

12 27-6 30-4
14 29-9 32-8
i6 32-3 35-3
17 33-7 36-7
i8 35-0 38-1
19 36-4 39-5

37-9 41*0
39-4 42*6
22 41-0 44-3
23 42-7 46-0
24 44-4 47-8

25 46-3 49-7
26 48-2 51-7
27 50-3 53-8
28 52-4 56-0
29 54-7 58-4

30 57-1 2 o*9
31 59-7 2 3-5
32 2-4 2 6-3
33 5-4 2 9-3
34 8-5 2 12 5
312 TABLE XV.
REDUCTION TO THE MERIDIAN TABLE FOR H0X7R-ANGLES FROM UPPER MERIDIAN.

^ ACHERNAR.
Lat.
 TABLE XV. 313

REDUCTION TO THE MERIDIAN AND AZTMUTH TABLE NEAR THE MERIDIAN

BELOW THE POLE.
^ ACHERNAR.
* 1
314 TABLE XV.
REDUCTION TO THE MERIDIAN TABLE NEAR THE MERIDIAN BELOW THE POLE.
-X- ACHERNAR.
 TABLE XV. 315

REDUCTION TO THE MERIDIAN TABLE FOR HOUR-ANGLES FROM UPPER MERIDIAN.

^ ALDEBARAN.
316 TABLE XV.
REDUCTION TO THE MERIDIAN AND AZIMTITH TABLE FOR HOUR-ANGLES
FROM UPPER MERIDIAN.
^ ALDEBARAN.
m. m. m. m. m. m. m.
Lat. 56
43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 68 54 55

REDUCTIONS.

 TABLE XV. 317

REDUCTION TO THE MERIDIAN TABLE FOR HOUR-ANGLES FROM UPPER MERIDIAN.

-Jf ALDEBARAN.
318 TABLE XV.
REDUCTION TO THE MERIDIAN FOR HOUR-ANGLES FROM UPPER MERIDIAN.
'

-X- ALTAIR.
m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m.
Lat I
I

14 16 18 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
I 2 6 8 10 I
12 I

REDUCTIONS.
34
 1 1

TABLE XV. 319

REDUCTION TO THE MERIDIAN AND AZIMUTH TABLE FOR HOUR-ANGLES

FROM UPPER MERIDIAN.
-)f ALTAIR.

m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m.
Lat.j
43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56

N. REDUCTIONS.
O
36 I 42-1 I 46-8 I 51-5 56-4 2 1-3 2 6-3 2 11-5 16-7 2 22-0 2 27-4 32-8 38-4 44-02 49-8
37 I 37-8 I 42-2 I 46-8 51-4 I 56-2 2 i-o 2 5-9 10-9 2 16-0 2 21-2 26-4 31-8 37-22 42-7
38 I 33-6 I 37-9 I 42-3 46-8 I 51-3 I 56-0 2 0-7 5-5 2 10-4 2 15-4 20-4 25-5 30-82 36-1
39 I 29-8 I 33-9 I 38-1 42-4 I 46-7 I 51-2 I 55-7 0-3 2 5-1 2 9-8 14-7 19-6 24-72 29-8
40 I 26*1 I 30-0 I 34-1 38-2 I 42-4 I 46-7 I 51-0 55-5 2 0-0 2 4-6 9-3 14-0 18-82 23-8

41 I 22*6 I 26-4 I 30-3 34-2 I 38-2 I 42-4 I 46-6 50-8 I 55-2 I 59-6 2 4-1 8.7 2 13-3 18-1
42 I 19-3 I 22-9 I 26-6 30-4 I 34-3 I 38-3 I 42-3 46-4 50-6 I 54-9 I 59-2 3-6 2 8-1 12-6
43 I i6-i I I9'6 I 23-2 26-8 I 30-6 I 34-4 I 38-3 42-2 1 46-2 I 50-3 I 54-5 58-7 2 3-1 7-4
I I3'i I i6-5 I 19-9 23-4 I 27-0 I 30-7 I 34-4 38-2 I 42-1 I 46-0 I 50-0 54-1 I 58-3 2-5
44
45 I IO'2 I 13-4 I 16-8 20-I I 23-6 I 27-1 I 30-7 34-4 I 38-1 I 41-9 I 45-7 49-7 I 53-7 57-7

46 I 7-4 I 10-6 13-71 I7-0 I 20-3 I 23-7 I 27-2 30-7 I 34-3 I 37-9 41-61 45-4 49-3 I I 53-2
47 I 4-8 I 7-8 10-9 I 14-0 I I7'2 I 20-5 I 23-8 27-2 I 30-6 I 34-1 37-71 41-3 45-0 I I 48-8
48 I 2*3 I 5-2 8-i|i i: I 14-2 I 17-3 I 20-5 23-8 I 27-1 I 30-5 33-91 37-4 41-0 I I 44-6
49 o 59-8 I 2*6 5-4 I 8-3 I ii*3 I 14-3 I 17-4 20-5 I 23-7 I 27-0 30-3 I 33 7 I 37-1 I 40-6
50 o 57-5 I 0*2 2-9 I 5-7 I 8-5 I 11-4 I 14-4 17-4 I 20-5 I 23-6 26-8 I 30-0 I 33-3 I 36-7

51 55-2!0 57-8 0-4 I 5-8 I

3-1 I 8-6 I II-5 14-4 I 17-3 I 20-4 I 23-4 26-5 29-7 I 32-9
52 53-1 o 55-5 58-1 I 0-6 I
3-3 I 5-9 I 8-7 11-5 I 14-3 I 17-2 I 20-2 23-2 26-2 I 29-3
53 51-0 53-3 55-8 o 58 2 I 0-8 I 3-3 I 6-0 8-7 I 11-4 I 14 2 I 17-0 19-9 22-8 I 25-8
54 48-90 51-2 53-5 o 55-9 o 58-3 I 0-8 I 3-4 5-9 I 8-6 I 11-2 I 14-0 i6-7 19-6 I 22-4
55 47-00 49-2 51-4 o 53-7 o 56-0 o 58-4 I 0-8 3-3 I 5-8 I 8-4 I II-O 13-7 16-4 I 19-2

56 o 45-IO 47-2 49-3 o 51-5 o 53-8 o 56-0 o 58-4 0-8 I 3-2 I 5-7 I 8-2 10-7 13-3 I 16-0
57 o 43*20 45-2 47-3 o 49-4 o 51-6 o 53-8 o 56-0 58-3 I 0-6 I 3-0 I 5-4 7-8 10-3 I 12-9
58 o 41-40 43-4 45-4 o 47-4 o 49-4 o 51-5 o 53-7 55-9 o 58-1 I 0-4 I 2-7 5-1 7-5 I 9-9
59 o 39-70 41-6 43-5 o 45-4 o 47-4 o 49-4 o 51-4 53-5 o 55-7 o 57-9 I o-i 2-3 4-6 I 7-0
60 o 38-00 39-8 41-6 o 43-5 o 45-3 o 47-3 o 49-3 51-3 o 53-3 o 55-4 o 57-5 o 59-7 1-9 I 4-1

28 I 26-7 30-7 I I 34-8 I 39-0 I 43-2 I 47-6 I 52-0 56-5 2 i-i 5-8 10-5 15-3 20-2 2 25-2
29 I 24-1 27-9 I I 31-9 I 33-9 I 40-1 I 44-3 I 48-6 52-9 I 574 1-9 6-5 11-2 16-0 2 20-8
30 I ai-5I 25-3 I 29-1 I 33-0 I 37-0 I 41-1 I 45-3 49-5 I 53-8 58-2 2-7 7-3 11-9 2 16-6
31 I 19-0I 22-7 I 26-4 I 30-2 I 34-1 I 38-1 I 42-1 46-2 I 50-4 54-7,1 59-0 3-5 8-0 2 12-5
32 I 16-61 20-2 I 23-8 I 27-5 I 31-3 I 35-1 I 39-1 43-1 I 47-1 I 51-3 I 55-5 59-8 4-2 2 8-6

34 I 12*21 15-5 I 18-9 I 22-4 I 26-0 I 29-6 I 33-3 37-1 I 40-9 I 44-8i 48-8 52-9 I 57-0 2 1-2
36 I 8-o'i ii-i I 14-3 I 17-6 I 21-0 I 24-4 I 27-9 31-5 I 35 I I 38-81 42-6 464 I 50-3 I 54-3
38 I 4-ili 70 I lO-I I I3"2 I 16-4 I 19-6 I 22-9 26-3 I 29-7 I 33-21 36-7 40-4 I 44-0 I 47-8
40 I o*4Ji 3-2 I 6-1 I 9-0 I 12-0 I I5-I I 18-2 21-4 I 24-6 I 27-91 31-3 34-7 I 38-2 I 41-7
42 56-90 59-6 I 2-3 I 5-1 I 7-9 I 10-8 I 13-7 16-7 I J9-7 I 22-81 25-9 29-2 I 32-4 I 35-8
I

44 o 53-60 56-1 o 58-7 I 1-3 I 4-0 I 6-7 I 9-5 12-3 I 15-2 i8"i|i 21-1 24-2 I 27-3 I 30-4
46 50-50 52-9 o 55-3 o 57-8 I 0-3 I 2-8 I 5-5 8-1 I 10-8 i3-6!i 16-4 I 19-3 I 22-2 I 25-2
48 o 47-60 49-8 o 52-0 o 54-4 o 56-7 o 59-1 I 1-6 4-1 I 6-7 9-31 12-01 14-7 I 17-4 I 20-2
50 o 44-70 46-8 o 48-9 5I-I o 53-3 o 55-6 o 57-9 0-3 I 27 5-21 7-71 10-2 I 12-8 I 15-5
52 o 42-00 43-9 o 45'9|o 48-0 o 50-I o 52-2 o 54-4 56-6 o 58-9 1-2 3-61 6-0 I 8-4 I 10-9

TRUE BEARING OR AZIMUTH OF -Jf ALTAIR.

m. m. m. m. in. m. m. m. m. m. m.
Lat.|- I I
12 j 16 20 24 I 28 32 40 44 I 48 52 56 60 70 80
AZIMUTHS.
34
36
38
40

45
50
60

22
24
26

30
35
40
50
60
20 TABLE XV.
REDUCTION TO THE MERIDIAN FOR HOUR-ANOLES FROM UPPER MERIDIAN.
X- a ANDROMEDA.
Lat
 TABLE XV. 321

BEDUCnON TO THE MERIDIAN AND AZmUTH TABLE FOR HOUR-ANGLES

FROM UPPER MERIDIAN.
322 TABLE XV.
REDUCnON TO THE MERIDIAN FOR HOUR-ANGLES FROM UPPER MERIDIAN.
X- ANTARES.

Lat.
 TABLE XV. 323
REDUCTION TO THE MERIDIAN AND AZIMUTH TABLE FOR HOUR-ANGLES
FROM UPPER MERIDIAN.
X- ANTARES.
T ^j 1 m. 1 m. 1 m. 1 m. I m. i m. |

^^^| 44 45 48 47 48
43 1 1 1 1 1 1
324 TABLE XV.
REDUCTION TO THE MERIDIAN TABLE FOR HOUR-ANOLES FROM UPPER MERIDIAN.
^ ARCTURUS.
Lat.
 TABLE XV. 325

REDUCTION TO THE flIERIDIAN AND AZOniTH TABLE FOR HOUR-ANGLES

FROM UPPER BKERmiAN.
X- ARCTURUS.
m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m.
Lat. 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55
43 44 56

N. REDUCTIONS.
e
44 36-0 40-4 44-8 49-4 54-0 58-7 3-5 8-4 13-4 2 18-4 2 235 28-7 34-0 39-4
45 3I-I 35-3 39-5 43-91 48-3 52-8 57-3 2-0 6-7 2 11-5 2 i6-4 21-4 26-5 31-6
46 26-6 30-6 34-6 38-71 42-9 47-2 51-6 56-0 0-5 2 5 2 9-8 14-5 19-3 24-2
47 22-3 26-1 30-0 33-91 37-9 42-0 46-1 50-4 54-7 I 59-1 2 3-5 8-0 12-6 17-3
48 i8-3 21-9 25-6 29-3 33-1 37-0 41-0 45-0 49-1 I 53-3 I 57-6 1-9 6-3 10-7

49 14-5 i8-o 21-5 25-0 28-7 32-4 36-2 40-0 43-9 I 47-9 I 52-0 56-1 0-3 4-6
50 iO'9 14-2 17-5 2I-0 24-4 28-0 31-6 35-3 39-0 I 42- I 46-7 50-6 54-6 58-7
51 7-6 10-7 13-9 I7-I 20-4 23-8 27-2 30-8 34-3 I 38-0 I 41-7 45-4 49-3 53-2
52 4-4 7-3 10-4 13-5 i6-6 19-8 23-1 26-5 29-9 I 33-4 I 36-9 40-5 44-2 47-9
53 1-3 4-1 7-0 lO-O 13-0 i6-i 19-2 22-4 25-7 I 29-0 32-4 35-8 39-3 42-8
54 58-4 IT 3-9 6-7 9-6 12-5 15-5 18-6 21-7 I 24" 28-1 31-3 34-7 38-0
55 55-6 58-2 0-9 3-5 6-3 9-1 12-0 14-9 17-8 I 20-8 23-9 27-0 30-2 33-5
56 53-0 55-5 58-0 0-5 3-2 5-8 8-5 11-3 14-2 I 17-0 20-0 23-0 26-0 29-1
57 50-5 52-8 55-2 57-7 0-2 2-7 5-3 8-0 10-7 I 13-4 16-2 19-0 21-9 24-9
58 48-1 503 52-6 54-9 57-3 59-7 2-2 4-7 7-3 I 9-9 12-6 15-3 i8-i 20'9
59 45-7 47-9 50-0 52-3I0 54-5 56-8 59-2 1-6 4-1 I 6-6 9-1 11-7 14-3 17-0
60 43-5 45-6 47-6 49-70 51-9 54-1 56-3 58-6 i-o I 3-4 5-8 8-2 IO-7 13-3

s.
14 37-6 42-1 46-6 51-3 56-1 a 0-9 5-8 10-9 i6-o 2 21-2 2 26-5 2 31-9 2 37-4 -> 42-9
15 34-8 39-1 43-6 48-1 52-8 I 5/5 2-3 7-2 12-2 2 17-3 2 22-4 2 27-7 33-0 2 38-4
16 32-1 36-4 40-7 45-1 49-6 I 54-2 589 3-7 8-5 2 13-5 2 l8-'? 2 28-8 2 34-1
17 29-6 33-7 37-9 42-2 466 I 51-I 55-7 0-3 50 2 9-9 14-8 2 19-7 2 24-8 2 29-9
18 27-2 31-2 35-3 39-5 43-8 I 48-1 52-6 57-1 1-7 2 6-4 2 II-2 2 16-0 2 20-9 2 26-0
19 24-8 28-8 32-8 36-8 41-0 I 45-2 49-6 I 54-0 58-5 3-1 7.7 12-5 2 17-3 22-2
20 22-6 26-4 30-3 34-3 38-3 I 42-5 46-71 51-0 55-4 59-9 4-4 9-0 2 13-7 i8-5
21 20-4 24-2 28-0 31-8 35-8 I 39-8 44-0 I 48-2 52-4 56-8 1-2 5-7 2 10-3 15-0
22 i8-4 22-0 25-7 29-5 33-3 I 37-3 41-3 I 45-4 49-6 53-8 58-1 2-5 2 7-0 "5
24 14-4 17-9 21-4 25-0 28-7 I 32-4 36-3 I 40-2 44-1 48-2 52-3 56-5 0-7 5-1
26 10-8 I4-I 17-4 20'9 24-4 I 27-9 31-6 I 35-3 39-0 42-8 46-7 50-7 54-8 58-9
28 7-4 IO-5 13-7 i6'9 20-3 I 237 27-2 30-7 34-3 38-0 41-7 45-5 49-4 53-3
30 4-1 7-1 I0'2 13-3 16-4 I 19-7 23-0 26-4 29-8 33-3 36-9 40-5 44-2 48-0
32 i-i 3-9 6-8 9-8 12-8 I 15-9 19-1 22-3 25-6 28-9 32-3 35-8 39-3 42-9
34 58-2 0-9 3-7 6-5 9-4 I 12-3 15-3 18-4 21-5 24-7 28-0 31-3 34-6 38-1
36 55-4 58-0 0-7 3-3 6-1 I 8-9 11-8 14-7 17-7 20-7 23-8 27-0 30-2 33-4
38 52-8 55-2 57-8 0-3 3-0 I 5-6 8-4 II-2 14-0 16-9 19-9 22-9 25-9 29-0

40 50-3 52-6 55-0 57-5|i o-o I 2-5 5-1 7-8 10-5 13-3 16-1 18-9 21-9 24-8
42 47-8 50-I 52-4 54-710 57-1 o 59-5 2-0 4-5 7-1 9-8 12-4 15-2 17-9 20-8
44 45-5 47-6 49-8 52-00 54-3 o 56-61 59-0 1-4 3-9 6-4 8-9 II-5 14-2 168
46 43-2 45-3 47-3 49-40 51-6 o 53-80 56-1 58-4 0-7 3-1 5-5 8-0 10-5 130
48 41-0 43-0 +4-9 46-9!o 49-0 o 51-10 53-2 55-4 57-6 59-9 2-2 4-51 6-9 93
50 38-9 40-7'o 42-6 44-5'o 46-4 o 48-40 50-4 52-5 54-6 56-7 58-9 3-4 5-7

TRUE BEARING OR AZIMUTH OF -^ ARCTURUS.

- m. m.
Lat.|
8 I 12 I
16 I 20 I
24 I 28 I 32 40 I 44 I 48 I 52 56 I 60 I
70 I
80

N. AZIMUTHS.
65

55
50
47
45

S.
6
8
10
12
14
16
20
25
30
40
50
55
326 TABLE XV.
REDUCTION TO THE MERIDIAN FOR HOUR-ANGLES FROM UPPER MERIDIAN.
^ j8 ARGUS.
m. m. I m. m. m. m. m. m.
Lat.
12 16 I 20 22 24 26 28 80 32 84 I 36 I 88 I 40 42 44

N.
 TABLE XV. 327

REDTTCnON TO THE MERIDIAN FOR HOUR-ANGLES FROM UPPER MERIDIAN.

-)( fi ARGUS.
m. m.
76 77 78 I
79 80 I 81 82 I 83 84 I 85 I 86 I 87 I
88 I
89 90
REDUCTIONS.
e
328 TABLE XV.
REDUCTION TO THE MERIDIAN AND AZIMUTH TABLE NEAR THE MERIDIAN
BELOW THE POLE.
-X- /3 ARGUS.
Lat.|
 TABLE XV. 329
REDUCnON TO THE BIERIDIAN TABLE FOR HOUR-ANGLES FROM MERmiAN
BELOW THE POLE.
^ p ARGUS.
I HOUR.
Lat. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m.
16 17 18 19 20 21 22 I 23 24 25 I 26 27 28 29 30 31

S. REDUCTIONS.
O ,
24 60-4
26 59-6
28 58-8
30 58-0
32 57-1

34 56-3
36 55-4
38 54-6
40 53-7
42 52-8

44 51-8
46 50-9
48 49-9
50 48-8
52 47-7
330 TABLE XV.
REDUCTION TO THE MERIDIAN TABLE FOR HOUR-ANGLES FROM UPPER MERIDIAN.
^s t ARGUS AND S CRUCIS.
r ,. 1 m. 1
m. 1 m.
Lat.|
4 1 8 1 12
 TABLE XV. 331
REDUCTION TO THE MERIDIAN TABLE FOR HOUR-ANGLES PROM UPPER MERIDIAN.
X-s * ARGUS AND & CRUCIS.
m. m. m. m. m. m. m,
61 62 I 63 64 65 66 67 68 I
69 70 71 72 7S 74 75
REDUCTIONS.
332 TABLE XV.
REDUCTION TO THE BIERIDIAN AND AZIMUTH TABLE NEAR THE MERIDIAN
BELOW THE POLE.
)fs t ARGUS AND CRUCIS.
Lat.
 TABLE XV. 333
REDUCTION TO THE MERIDIAN TABLE FOR HOTTR-ANOLES FROM MERIDIAN
BELOW THE POLE.
^s e ARGUS AND $ CRUCIS.
I HOUR.
Lat. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m.
m. m. I
I

16 17 18 19 20 I 21 22 23 24 25 I 26 27-1 28 29 30 31

REDUCTIONS.
o
334 TABLE XV.
BEDUCTION TO THE MERIDIAN TABLE FOR HOUR-ANGLES FROM UPPER MERIDIAN.
 1 1

TABLE XV. 335

REDUCTION TO THE BIERIDIAN AND AZIMXJTH TABLE FOR HOUR-ANGLES

FROM UPPER MERIDIAN.
X- BETELGUESE.
m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m.
Lat. 51 52 53 54 55
43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 56
REDUCTIONS.
38 30*6 34-81 39-0 43-3 47-7 52-2 56-8 1-5 2 6-2 2 ll-I 2 16-0 21-0 26-02 31-2
27-0 30-91 35-0 39-2 47-8 52-2 56-7 2 1-2 2 5-9I2 IO-6 15-4 20-3 2 25-2
39 43-4
40 23-5 27-31 31-3 35-3 39-3 43-5 47-7 52-1 56-5 2 0-9|2 5-5 lO-l 14-82 19-6
41 20-2 2391 27-7 31-5 35-4 39-5 43-5 47-7 51-9 I 56-22 0-6 5-1 9-6 2 14-2
42 171 20-6 I 24-2 27-9 31-7 35-6 39-5 1 43-5 47-6 I 5i-7!i 56-0 0-3 4-6 9-0

43 I4-I i7-5ii2I-0 24-5 28-2 31-9 35-7 39-5 43-5 I 47-5,1 51-5 55-6 59-8 4
44 II-2 i4-5:i17-8 21-3 24-8 28-4 32-0 35-7 39-5 I 43-4'i 47-3 51-2 55-3 59-4
45 8-3 11-51 14-7 18-0 21-4 24-9 28-4 32-1 35-7 1 39-4 1 43-2 47-0 50-9 54-9
46 5-8 8-91 I2*0 15-2 18-4 21-7 25-1 28-6 32-1 I 35-6.1 39-3 43-0 46-7 50-5
47 3-3 6-31 9-3 12-3 15-4 i8-6 21-9 25-2j 28-6 1 32-01 35-5 39-1 42-7 46-4

48 0-9 1 3-7-1 6-6 9-6 12-6 15-6 i8-8 22-0 25-2 I 28-5,1 31-9 35-31 38-8 42-4
49 58-61 1-3 4-1 6-9 9-8 12-8 15-8 i8-8| 22-0 1 25-2.1 28-4 31-7 35-1 38-5
50 56-30 58-91 1-6 4-3 7-1 10-0 12-9 15-8 18-9 1 21-91 25-0 28-2 31-5 34-8
51 54-20 56-710 59-2 1-9 4-6 7-3 lo-i 12-9 15-8 1 i8-8ii 21-8 24-9 28-0 31
52 52-10 54-5;o 57-0 59-5 2-1 4-7 7-4 10-1 12-9 1 I5-8JI 18-7 21-6 24-6 27-7

53 50-00 52-40 54-7 57-2 59-7 2-2 4-8 7-4 10-1 1 15-6
i2-8ii 18-5 21-4 24-3
54 48-10 50-30 52-6 55-0 57-3 o 59-8 2-3 4-8 7-4 1 lO-O 1 12-7 15-4 l8-2 21-0
55 46-2 o 48-30 50-5 528 55-1 o 57-4 59-8 2-3 4-7 I 7-31 9-8 12-5 I5-I 17-8
56 44-3 o 46-40 48-5 o 50-7 52-9 o 55-2 57-4 59-8 2-2 1 4-6 7-1 9-6 12-2 14-8
57 42-6 o 44-60 46-6 o 48-7 50-8 o 52-9 55-1 57-4 59-7 1 2-OI 4-4 6-81 9-31 11-8

S.
23 46-1 50-9 I 55-9 09 6-1 2 11-4 16-7 22-1 2 27-7 33' 39-0 44-9 2 50-8:2 56-7
24 42-5 47-1 I 51-9 56-8 1-8 2 6-9 12-0 17-3 2 22-6 28' 33-6 39-2 2 44-92 50-7
25 39-0 43-5 I 48-2 52-9 57-7 2 2-6 7-6 12-7 2 17-9 23' 28-6 34-0 2 39-5 2 45-1
26 35-7' 40-1 I 44-6 49-2 53-8 1 58-6 3-4|2 8-4 2 13-4 i8' 29-0 2 34-42 39-8
23-7J2
27 32-6 36-8 I 41-2 45-6 50-1 I 54-8 59-5j2 4-2 2 9-1 14' 2 19-112 24-2 2 29-4 2 34-7
I

28 29-6 33-7 I 37-9 42-2 466 I 51 55-6.2 0-3 2 5-0 9' 14-7;2 19-7 2 24-72 29-8
29 26-7 30-7 I 34-8 39-0 43-2 I 47-6 52-o;i 56-5 2 1-1 5' IO-5J2 15-3 2 20-2 2 25-2
30 24-0 27-9 I 31-8 35-9 40-0 1 44-2 48-5;i 52-9 I 57-3 I- 6-4!2 ii-i 2 15-9 2 20-7
31 21-4 25-1 I 29-0 32-9 36-9 1 41-0 45-iii 49-4 I 53-7 1 58' 2-612 7-1 2 11-72 16-4
32 18-9 22-5 I 26-2|l 30-0 33-9 I 37-9 41-9,1 46-0 1 50-2 I 54' 58-8:2 3-2 2 y-j 2 12-3
33 16-4 20-0 I 23-61 27-31 31-1 I 34-9 38-8'i 42-8 1 46-9 1 51-0 55-2'i 59-52 3-92 8-3
34 I4-I 17-6 I 2I-I I 24-6 1 28-3 I 32-0 35-8:1 39-7 I 43-7 I 47-7 51-81 55-92 0-2 2 4-5
35 II-9 15-2 I i8-6i 22-1 1 25-6 1 29-3 33-01 36-7 1 40-6 I 44-5 48-41 52-51 56-62 0-8
36 9-7 13-0 I 16-31 19-6 1 23-1 1 26-6 30-2 1 33-8 1 37-6 1 41-4 45-21 49-1 I 53-1 I 57-2
37 7-6 10-8 I 14-01 17-3 I 20-6 1 24-0 27-5;i 3I-I I 34-7 I 38-3 42-1 I 45-91 49-8 1 53-7
38 5-6 8-7 I 11-81 15-0 I 18-2 I 21-5 24-9,1 28-4 1 31-9 I 35-4 39-1,1 42-81 46-5 1 50-4
40 1-8 4-6 I 7-6;i 10-6 1 13-6 1 i6-8 20-0 I 23-2 I 26-5 1 29-9 I 33-31 36-81 40-41 44-0
42 58-1 0-9 I 3-61 6-51 9-3 I 12-3 i5-3'i 18-4 I 21-5 I 24-71 27-91 31-21 34-5 I 37-9
44 54-7 57-3 o 59-9;i 2-6>l 5-3 I 8-1 10-9 1 13-8 1 i6-7 1 19-7 1 22-81 25-91 29-0 1 32-2
46 51-5 53-9 o 56-3|o 58-9|i 4-0
1-4 1 6-71 9-4 X 12-2 1 15-01 17-91 20-8 1 23-81 26-8
48 o 48 4 50-7 o 53-00 55-3:057-8 1 0-2 2-7;i 5-3 7-9 1 10-5 1 13-31 i6-o 1 18-8 1 21-7
50 45-5 47-6 o 49-80 52-00 54-2 o 56-6 58-9;! i-3|i 3-8 I 6-3 I 8-8i 11-4 1 14-0 1 16-7

TRUE BEARING OR AZIMUTH OF -X- BETELGUESE.

Lat.
m. m. m. m. m.
8 I 12 16 20 24 28 I 32 40 I 44 48 52 I
56 60 70 80
AZIMUTHS.
30 2-6
32 2-4
34 2-2
36 2-1

40 1-8
45 1-6
50 1-5
60 1-2

S.
20 2-2
22 2-0
24 1-9
26 1-8

30 1-6
35 1-5
45 1-3
55 1-1
386 TABLE XV.
REDT7CnON TO THE MERIDIAN TABLE FOR HOUR-ANGLES FROM UPPER MERIDIAN.
-X- CANOPUS.
T
L^t-I
1 m. 1 m. 1 m. 1

4 1 8 1 12 1
 TABLE XV. 337
REDTTCnON TO THE MERIDIAN AND AZIMUTH TABLE FOR HOUR-ANGLES
FROM UPPER MERIDIAN.
^ CANOPUS.
^ 1 m.
338 TABLE XV.
REDUCTION TO THE MERIDIAN AND AZIMUTH TABLE NEAR THE MERIDIAN
BELOW THE POLE.
5f CANOPUS.
Lat.|
 TABLE XV. 339
REDUCTION TO THE MERIDIAN TABLE FOR HOUR-ANGLES FROM MERIDIAN
BELOW THE POLE.
^ CANOPUS.
Lat.
340 TABLE XV.
REDUCTION TO THE MERIDIAN AND AZIMUTH TABLE NEAR THE MERIDIAN
BELOW THE POLE.
X- CANOPUS.

Lat.
 TABLE XV. 341
REDUCTION TO THE MERIDIAN AND AZIMUTH TABLE NEAR THE MERIDIAN
BELOW THE POLE.
-X- CANOPUS.

Lat.
342 TABLE XV.
REDUCTION TO THE MERIDIAN TABLE FOR HOUR-ANGLES FROM UPPER MERIDIAN.
^ CAPELLA.
 TABLE XV. 343

BEDUCnON TO THE MERIDIAN AND AZIMUTH TABLE FOR HOUR-ANGLES

FROM UPPER MERIDIAN.
^ CAPELLA.
. 1 vn 1
344 TABLE XV.
REDUCTION TO THE BIERIDIAN AND AZIMUTH TABLE NEAR THE MERIDIAN
BELOW THE POLE.
-X- CAPELLA.
Lat.
 TABLE XV. 346
REDUCTION TO THE MERIDIAN TABLE FOR HOUR-ANGLES FROM MERIDIAN
BELOW THE POLE.
X- CAPELLA.

Lat.
346 TABLE XV.
REDUCTION TO THE MERIDIAN AND AZIMUTH TABLE NEAR THE MERIDIAN
BELOW THE POLE.
^ CAPELLA.
Lat.
 TABLE XV. 347
BEDTTCmON TO THE MERIDIAN AND AZIMUTH TABLE NEAR THE MERIDIAN
BELOW THE POLE.
^ CAPELLA.
2 HOURS.
Lat. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m.
I

31 32 33 34 35 I 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 I 44 45
REDUCTIONS.
44 360-7 365-3 370-0 374-7 379-4 384-1 388-9 393-7 398-5 403-4 408-2 4I3-I
45 354-9 359-5 364-1 368-7 373-3 378-0 382-7 387-4 392-2 396-9 401-7
46 349-1 353-6 358-1 362-7 367-2 371-8 376-5 381-1 3858 390-5 395-2
47 343-3 347-7 352-1 356-6 361-1 365-6 370-2 374-7 379-3 384-0 388-6
48 337-4 341-8 346-1 350-5 354-9 359-4 363-9 368-4 372-9 377-4 382-0
49 331-5 335-8 340-1 344-4 348-8 353-1 357-5 361-9 366-4 370-9 375-4
50 325-6 329-8 334-0 338-2 342-5 346-8 351-1 355-5 359-9 364-3 368-7
51 319-6 323-7 327-9 332-0 336-2 340-5 344-7 349-0 353-3 357-6 361-9
52 313-6 317-6 321-7 325-8 329-9 334-1 338-2 342-4 346-6 350-9 355-1
53 307-5 3II-5 315-5 319-5 323-5 327-6 331-7 335-8 340-0 344-1 348-3
54 301 4 305-3 309-2 313-1 317-1 321-1 325-1 329-2 333-2 337-3 341-4
55 295' 2 299-0 302-9 306-7 310-6 314-5 318-5 322-4 326-4 330-4 334-4
56 289' o 292-7 296-5 300-3 304-1 307-9 311-8 315-6 319-5 323-5 327-4
57 282' 7 286-4 290-0 293-7 297-5 301-2 305-0 308-8 312-6 316-4 320-3
58 276' 3 279-9 283-5 287-1 290-8 294-5 298-1 301-8 305-6 309-3 313-1
59 269' 9 273-4 276-9 280-5 284-0 287-6 291-2 294-8 298-5 302-1 305-8
60 263' 4 266-8 270-2 273-7 277-2 280-7 284-2 287-7 291-3 294-9 298-5
61 256' 260-1 263-5 266-9 270-3 273-7 277-1 280-6 284-0 287-5 291-0
62 250- 253-4 256-7 259-9 263-2 266-6 269-9 273-3 276-7 280-1 283-5
63 243' 246-5 249-7 252-9 256-1 259-4 262-6 265-9 269-2 272-5 275-8
64 236' 239-6 242-7 245-8 248-9 252-1 255-2 258-4 261-6 264-8 268-1
348 TABLE XV.

BEDUCnON TO THE MERIDIAN TABLE FOR HOUR-ANOLES FROM UPPER MERIDIAN.

X- a CENTAURI.
m. m. m. m. m. m.
Lat.j
4 8 12 16 20 22 I 24 I 26 28 SO 84 I 86 40 I 42 I 44

N. REDUCTIONS.

24 0-2 0-9 2-1 3-8 5-9 7-1 8-5
20 0-2 I'O 2-2 3-9 6-1 7-4
i6 0-3 I-O 2-3 4-1 6-4 7-7

12 0-3 2-4 4-2 6-6 8-0

8 0-3. I'l 2-5 4-4 6-8 8-3
4 0-3 2-6 4-6 7-1 8-6

S.
0-3 1-2 2-7 4-7 7-4 8-9
0-3 X'2 2-8 4-9 7-7 9-3
0-3 1-3 2-9 5-2 8-0 9.7
0-3 1-3 3-0 5-4 8-4 10-2

i6 0-4 1-4 3-2 5-6 8-8 10-7

20 0-4 1-5 3-4 6-0 9-3 II'2
22 0-4 1-5 3-4 6-1 9-6 II-6
24 0-4 1-6 3-6 6-3 9-9 II-9

26 0-4 1-6 3-7 6-5 10-2 12-3

28 0-4 1-7 3-8 6-8 IO-5 12-8
30 0-4 1-8 3-9 7-0 10-9 13-3
32 0-5 4-1 7-3 1 1-4 13-8

34 0-5 1-9 4-3 7-6 II-9 14-4

36 0-5 2-0 4-5 8-0 12-5
38 0-5 2-1 4-8 8-5 13-2 i6'0
40 0-6 2-3 5-1 9-0 14*0 17-0
 TABLE XV. 349
REDUCnON TO THE MERIDIAN AND AZIMUTH TABLE FOR HOUR-ANOLES
FROM UPPER MERIDIAN.
^ a CENTAURI.
m. m. m. m. m.
Lat.|
61 62 63 64 65 T 67 69 70 71 72 i 73 74

N.
350 TABLE XV.
REDUCTION TO THE lUERIDIAN AND AZMUTH TABLE NEAR THE MERmiAN
BELOW THE POLE.
5f a CENTAURI.

Lat.
 TABLE XV. 351
REOUCmON TO THE MERIDIAN TABLE FOR HOUR-ANGLES FROM MERIDIAN
BELOW THE POLE.
^ a CENTAURI.
Lat
352 TABLE XV.
BEDXTCnON TO THE MERIDIAN TABLE FOR HOUR-ANGLES FROM UPPER MERIDIAN.

X- o CRUCIS.

m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m.
Lat. 36 40 42 44
8 12 16 I 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34

REDUCTIONS.
24 0'2 0-9 2-0 3-5 5-5 6-7 7.9 9-3
20 0-2 0-9 2'0 3-6 5-7 6-9 8-2
i6 0-2 0-9 2-1 3-8 5-9 7-1 8-5

0-2 I'O 2-2 3-9 6-1 7-4

0'2 1*0 2-3 40 6-3 7-6 9-1
0-3 i-o 2-3 4-2 6-5 7-9 9-4

0-3 2-4 4-3 6-8 8-2 9.7

0-3 I I 2-5 4-5 7-0 8-5 lO'I
0-3 I'2 2-6 4-7 7-3 8-8 IO-5
03 1-2 2-7 4-9 7-6 9-2 10-9
0-3 1-3 2-9 5-1 7.9 9-6 II-4
0-3 1-3 3-0 5-3 8-3 lO'I I2'0
24 0-3 1-4 3-2 5-6 8-8 io*6 I2'6
26 0-4 1-4 3-3 5-8 9-0 iO'9 13-0
28 0-4 1-5 3-4 6-0 9-3 II-3 13-4
30 0-4 1-5 3-5 6-2 9-6 II-6 13-8

32 0-4 1-6 3-6 6-4 lO'O I2'0 14-3

34 0-4 1-7 3-7 6-6 I0'4 12-5 14-9
36 0-4 1-7 3-9 6-9 10-8 I3-I 15-5
38 0-4 1-8 4-1 7-2 II-3 13-7 16-3
40 0-5 1-9 4-3 7-6 II-9 14-4 17-1
42 0-5 2'0 4-5 8-1 12*6 15-2 i8-i
 TABLE XV. 353
REDXTCnON TO THE MERIDIAN AND AZIMUTH TABLE FOR HOUR-ANGLES
FROM UPPER MERIDIAN.
354 TABLE XV.
REDUCTION TO THE MERIDIAN AND AZIMUTH TABLE NEAR THE MERIDIAN
BELOW THE POLE.
X- CRUCIS.
Lat.
 TABLE XV. 355
REDUCTION TO THE MERIDIAN TABLE FOR HOUR-ANGLES FROM MERIDIAN
BELOW THE POLE.
-X- a CRUCIS.
I HOUR.
Lat. m. m. m. m. m. m.
16 I 17 I
18 I 19 I 20 21 22 23 24 I
25 26 27 29 30 31

REDUCTIONS.
28
356 TABLE XV.

REOUCnON TO THE MERIDIAN TABLE FOR HOUR-ANGLES FROM UPPER MERIDIAN.

)f a CYGNI.
m.
Lat.
8 12 I 16 I
20 24 I 26 28 I
30 I 82 I 34 I 36 I 38 I 40 I 42 I 44

N. REDUCTIONS.
o
20 0-8
i8
i6
14
12
lO
8
6
4

S.
4
8
12
i6
20
24
28
32
36
40
 TABLE XV. 357

REDUCTION TO THE MERIDIAN AND AZIMUTH TABLE FOR HOUR-ANGLES

FROM UPPER MERIDIAN.
-X- a CYGNI.
m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m.
Lat 63 64 65 66 67 68 70 71 72 7a 74
I 61 62

N. REDUCTIONS.
358 TABLE XV.
REDUCTION TO THE MERIDIAN AND AZIMUTH TABLE NEAR THE MERIDIAN
BELOW THE POLE.
^ a CYGNI.

Lat.
 TABLE XV. 359

REDUCTION TO THE MERIDIAN TABLE FOR HOUR-ANGLES FROM MERIDIAN

BELOW THE POLE.
-)f a CYGNI.
I HOUR.
m. m. I
m. m. I m. m. m.
16 I
17 I 18 19 20 I 21 22 23 I
24 25 26 27 I 28 29 80 81
REDUCTIONS.
46
360 TABLE XV.

REDUCTION TO THE MERIDIAN TABLE FOR H0T7R-ANGLES FROM UPPER MERIDIAN.

X- a VRSJE MA J ORIS (DUBHE).

T X 1
 TABLE XV. 361
REDTTCnON TO THE MERIDIAN AND AZIMUTH TABLE FOR HOUR-ANOLES
FROM UPPER MERIDIAN.
362 TABLE XV.
REDUCTION TO THE MERIDIAN AND AZIMUTH TABLE NEAR THE MERIDIAN
BELOW THE POLE.
-X- a VRSM MAJORIS (DUBHE).
Lat.
 1

TABLE XV. 363

REDUCTION TO THE BCERIDIAN TABLE FOR HOUR-ANGLES FROM MERIDIAN
BELOW THE POLE.
^ a VRSM MAJORIS (DUBHE).
I HOUR.
Lat. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m.
16 17 18 19 20 I 21 22 23 24 25 I 27 28 29 I
30 81

N.

30 75-8
32 74-4
34 73-0
36 71-5
38 70-1

40 68-6
43 67-2
44 65-6
46 64-
48 62-5

50 60-9
52 59-2
54 57-5
56 55-7
58 53-8
364 TABLE XV.
REDUCTION TO THE MERIDIAN TABLE FOR HOUR-ANOLES FROM UPPER MERIDIAN.
X- FOMALHAUT.
m. m. m. m. m.
Lat. I I

2 4 10 12 I 14 I 16 I
18 I 20 I
21 I
22 24 I 25 26
REDUCTIONS.
,
O'l 0-3 0'6 I'O
o-i 0'3 0-7 1-2
O'l 0-3 0'7 1-3
O-I 0-4 O'S 1-5
O-I 0-4 0'9 1-6

o*i 0'4 I'O i'8

O'l 0-5 I'l 2-0
O'l 0-6 1-2 2-2
O'l 0'6 1-3 2'4
0'2 0'7 1-5 2-6

0'2 0-7 i'6 2-8

0'2 0'7 1-6 2-9
0-2 0'7 i'7 3-1
0'2 0-8 1-8 3-2
0-2 0'8 1-9 3-4

0'2 0'9 2-0 3-6

0'2 0'9 2-1 3-8
0'.2 I'O 2-3 4-1
0'3 2-5 4-4
0'3 2-6 4'6
0-3 I'2 2-7 4'8
0'3 1-2 2-8 5-0
0'3 1-3 2-9 5-2
 TABLE XV. 365
REDUCTION TO THE MERIDIAN AND AZIMUTH TABLE FOR HOUR-ANGLES
FROM UPPER MERIDIAN.
X- FOMALHAUT.
1 m 1
m. 1 m. 1
m. 1 m. 1 m. m. i m. |
m. 1 m. i m. | m. i m. I m.
^^^1 48 1 44 1 45 1 46 1 47 1 48 49 1 50 i
51 > 52 1 58 1 54 ! 55 1 56
366 TABLE XV.
REDUCTION TO THE BSERIDIAN TABLE FOR HOUR-ANGLES FROM UPPER MERmiAN.
^ a PAVONIS.
m.
Lat.
12 16 I 20 I
22 I 24 I 26 I 28 80 I 82 I 84 I 86 I
38 | 40 42 I
44

N.
 TABLE XV. 367

REDUCTION TO THE BIERIDIAN AND AZIMUTH TABLE FOR HOUR-ANGLES

FROM UPPER MERIDIAN.
}f PAVONIS.
. 1 m.
368 TABLE XV.
REDUCTION TO THE MERIDIAN AND AZIMUTH TABLE NEAR THE MERIDIAN
BELOW THE POLE.
^ a PAVONIS.
m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. I
m.
Lat. 4 8 12 I 16 80 24 26 28 I 30 32 34 36 38 40 I

48 i 44

38
42
46

50
54
58
60
 TABLE XV. 369
REDUCTION TO THE MERIDIAN TABLE NEAR THE MERIDIAN BELOW THE POLE.
^ a PAVONIS.
HOUR.
Lat m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m.
16 17 18 19 I
20 I 21 22 23 24 25 27 28 29 80 81
REDUCTIONS.
82-7 84-9 87-1
8i-8 83-9
8o-8 82-9
79-8 8i-9
78-9 8o-9

77-9 79-9
76-9 78-9
75-9 77-9
74-9 76-9
73-9 75-9
72-9 74-8
71*9 73-8
70-9 72-7
69-8 71-7
68-8 70-6
67-7 69-5
66-7 68-4
65-6 67-3
64-5 66-2
370 TABLE XV.
REDUCTION TO THE MERIDIAN TABLE FOR HOUR-ANGLES FROM UPPER MERIDIAN.
-X- g PERSEI (MIRFAK).
m. m. m. m. fm. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. I

Lat. I I

4 8 12 16 20 I 23 1 24 28 80 32 36 I
38 40 I 42 I
44
REDUCTIONS.
,
86
34
22
20
l8

i6
14

12
i6

20
24
28
32
36
 TABLE XV. 371
REDUCTION TO THE MERIDIAN TABLE FOR HOUR-ANOLES FROM UPPER MERIDIAN.
-X- g PERSEI (MIRFAK).
m. m. m. ra. m. m. m. m.
Lat.| 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
61 62 71 72 73 74
REDUCTIONS.
/

2 47-1 52-3 57-6 2-9 8-3 13-8 19-4 25-0

2 42-7 47-8 52-9 58-1 3-4 8-8 14-2 19-6
2 38-5 43-5 48-5 53-6 58-8 4-0 9-3 14-7
2 34-6 39-4 44-4 49-4 54-4 59-5 4-7 lO-O
2 30-9 35-7 40-5 45-4 50-3 55-33 0-4 5-6

2 27-4 32-1 36-8 4i'6 46-5 51-42 56-3 1-4

2 24*1 28-7 33-3 38-0 42-8 47-62 52-5 57-4
2 21'0 25-5 30-0 34-6 39-3 44-02 48-8 53-7
2 l8-I 22-5 26-9 31-4 36-0 40-72 45-4 50-1
2 15-3 19-6 23-9 28-4 32-9 37-4I2 42-0 46-7

I2'6 16-8 21' 25-52 29-9 34-4|2 38-9 43-5

lO'O 14-2 i8-4 22-7 27-0 31-42 35-9 40-4
7-6 II-7 15-8 20-0 2 24-3 28-62 33-0 37-4
5-3 9-3 13-4 17-5 2 21-7 25-9 2 30-2 34-6
3-1 7-0 ii'o 2 I5-I 2 19-2 23-4 2 27-6 31-9

0-9 4-8 8-7 I2'7 i6-8 20-9 25 29-3

58-8 2-7 6-6 10-5 14-5 18-5 22-6 26-8
55-0 58-7 2-4 6-3 lO-I 14-0 18-0 22-1
51-4 55-0 58-6 2-3 6-1 9-9 13-7 17-6
48-0 51-5 55-0 58-6 2-3 6-0 9-7 13-5
44-8 48-2 51-7 55-2 58-7 2-3 5-9 9-7

41-8 43-11 48-5 51-9 55-3 I 58-8|2 2-4 6-0

39-0 42-2 45-5 48-8 52-1 I 55-6 59-0 2-5
36-3 1^9-5 42-6 45-9 49-1 I 52-5 55-8 59-2
33-8 I 36-8 39-9 43-1 46-2 I 49-5 52-8 56-1
31-31 34-3 37-3 40-4 43-5 I 46-6 49-8 I 53-1

29-0 31-9 I 34-8 37-8 40-8 I 43-9 47-0 50-2

26-7 29-5 I 32-4 35-3 38-3 I 41-3 44-3 47-4
24-5 27-3 I 30-1 32-9 35-8 I 38-8 41-7 44-7
22-4 25-1 I 27-8 30-6 33-4 I 36-3 39-2 42-1
20*4 23-0 I 25-7 28-4 3I-I I 33-9 36-7 39-6

18-4 20'9 I 23-5 26-2 28-9 I 31-6: 34-4 37-2

16-4 i8-9 I 21-5 24-0 26-7 I 29-3 32-0 34-8
14-5 I7-0 I 19-4 21-9 24-5 I 27-ij 29-7 32-4
12-6 I5-0 I 17-4 19-9 22-4 I 24-9 27-5 30-1
IO-8 I 13-11 15-5 17-9 20-3 I 22-8 25-3 27-8

9-0 11-31 13-6 15-9 l8-2 20-7 23-1 25-6

7-2 9-4 I 11-6 13-9 l6-2 18-6 20-9 23-4
5-4 7-6li 9-7 II-9 14-2 16-5 18-8 21-1
3-6 5-71 7-8 lO-O 12-2 14-4 16-7 19-0
372 TABLE XV.
REDUCTION TO TEDE MERIDIAN AND AZIMUTH TABLE NEAR THE MERIDIAN
BELOW THE POLE.
X- a PERSEI (MIRFAK).

Lat.l
 TABLE XV. 373
REDUCTION TO THE UERIDIAN TABLE FOR HOUR-ANGLES FROM MERIDIAN
BELOW THE POLE.
374 TABLE XV.
REDUCTION TO THE MERIDIAN TABLE FOR H0UR-AN6LES FROM UPPER MERIDIAN.
-X- POLLUX.
T ot 1 m. m. m. 1 m. m. 1

"^1
1 1

2 14 16 18 10 1
 TABLE XV. 375
REDUCTION TO THE MERIDIAN AND AZIMUTH TABLE FOR HOUR-ANGLES
FROM UPPER MERIDIAN.
376 TABLE XV.
REDUCTION TO THE IklERIDIAN TABLE FOR HOUR-ANGLES FROM UPPER MERmiAN.
^ PROCYON.
Lat.|
 1

TABLE XV. 377

REDUCTION TO THE MERIDIAN AND AZIMUTH TABLE FOR HOUR-ANGLES

FROM UPPER MERIDIAN.
-X- PROCYON,

m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m.
Lat. 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56
43
REDUCTIONS.
26'2 I 30-2 38-4 42-6 46-9 51-2 55-7 0-3 2 4-9 9-6 2 14-4 19-2 24-2
38 I 34-2JI
22-9 I 26-7 30-61 34-6 38-7 42-8 47-0 51-3 55-7 2 O-I 4-7 9-3 14-0 18-7
39 I
23-4 27-21 31-0 34-9 38-9 43-0 47-1 51-3 I 55-6 0-0 4-4 8-9 13-5
40 I 19-7 I
20-3 23-9 I 27-6 31-3 35-2 39-1 43-1 47-2 I 51-3 55-5 59-8 4-2 8-6
41 I i6-7 I
13-8 I 17-2 20-71 24-3 27-9 31-6 35-4 39-3 43-2 I 47-2 51-2 55-4 59-6 3-9
42 I

I ii-i I 14-4 I 17-7 21-2 I 24-7 28-2 31-9 35-6 39-4 43-2
I I 47-1 51 55-2 59-3
43
I 8-4 I ii'6 I 14-8 18-2 21-5 25-0 28-5 32-1 35-7 I 39-4 43-2 I 47-0 5I-0 54-9
44
I 5-9 I 9'0 I 12-1 15-3 18-5 21-8 25-2 28-7 32-2 I 35-8 39-4 I 43-1 46-9 50-7
45
46 I 3-5 I 6'4 I 9-4 12-5 15-6 i8-8 22-1 25-4 28-8 I 32-3 35-8 39-4 I 43-01 46-7
I'l I 3-9 I 6-8 9-8 12-8 15-9 I9-I 22-3 25-5 I 28-9 32-3 I 35-7 I 39-2 I 42-8
47 I

48 o 58-9 I 1-6 I 4-41 7-2 lo-i I3-I 16-2 19-2 22-4

I I 25-6 28-9 I 32-2 35-6 I 39-0
o 56-7 o 59-3 I 2-0 4-7 7-6 10-4 13-3 16-3 19-4 I 22-5 25-6 I 28-8 32-1 I 35-4
49
50 o 54-6 o 57-1 o 59-7 2-3 5-1 7-8 10-6 13-5 16-4 I 19-4 22-5 I 25-6 I 28-7 I 31-9
51 o 52-5 o 55-0 o 57-5 o-o 2-6 5-3 8-0 10-8 13-6 I i6-5 19-4 I 22-4 25-4 I 28-5
52 o 50-6 o 52-9 o 55-3 57-8 I 0-3 2-8 5-5 8-1 I 10-8 1 13-6 16-4 I 19-3 22-2 I 25-2

o 48-60 50-90 53*2 o 55-6 58-0 0-5 3-0 5-6 8-2 I 10-9 13-6 I i6-3 19-2 I 22-0
53
o 46-8;o 49-00 5i-2|0 53-5 55-8 58-2 0-6 3-1 5-6 I 8-2 IO-8 I 13-4 16-2 I i8-9
54
56 o 43-2 o 45-3|o 47-30 49-4 51-6 53-8 56-0 o 58-3 0-7 I 3-0 5-5 I 7-9 I 10-4 I 13-0
58 o 39-9 o 4I-8JO 4370 45-6 47-6 49-6 51-7 o 53-8 56-0 o 58-2 0-4 I 2-7 5-OjI 7-4
60 o 36-7 o 38-40 40-20 42-0 43-8 45-7 47-6 o 49-5 51-5 o 53-5 55-6 o 57-7 o 59-8 I 2-0

S.
27 37-6 I 42-1 46-6 I 51-3 56-1 0-9 5-8 2 10-9 16-0 2 21-2 26-5 31-9
2 2 37-4 2 42-9
28 34'3 I 38-61 43-0 I 47-6 52-2 56-9 1-62 6-5 11-5 2 16-5 21-6 26-9
2 2 32-22 37-6
29 3I-I I 35-31 39-6 I 44-0 48-4 53-0 57-62 2-3 7-1 2 12-0 i7'0 22-0
2 2 27-2 2 32-4
30 28-1 I 32-21 36-3 I 40-6 44-9 49-3 53-81 58-3 3-0 2 T1 12-6 17-5
2 2 22-4 2 27-5
31 25-3 I 29-2!i 33-2 I 37-3 41-5 45-7 50-11 54-5 59-0 2 3-6 8-3 2 13-0 2 17-9 2 22

32 22-5 I 26-3 I 30-2 I 34-2 38-2 42-4 46-6'i 50-9 55-2 I 59-7 2 4-2 2 13-5 2 18-3
19-91 23-51 27-3 I 31-2 35-1 39-1 43-2 47-3 51-6 I 55-9 2 0-3 2 4-8 9-3 2 13-9
33
17-3 I 20-91 24-6 I 28-3 32-1 36-0 39-9 44-0 48-1 I 52-2 I 56-5 2 0-9 5-3 2 9-8
34
14-91 18-41 21-9 I 25-5 29-2 33-0 36-8 40-7 44-7 I 48-8 I 52-9 57-1 1-4 2 5-8
35
36 12-61 i5-9ii I9'4 I 22-9 26-4 30-1 33-8 37-6 41-5 I 45-4 I 49-41 53-5 57-7 2 1-9

37 I 10-311 13-61 16-9 I 20-3 23-8 27-3 I 30-9 34-6 38-4 I 42-2 46-1 50-0 54-1 I 58-2
38 I 8-1 I 11-31 14-5 I 17-8 21-2 24-6 I 28-1 31-7 35-3 I 39-1 42-8 46-7 50-6 I 54-6
39 I 6-01 9-11 I2-2jI 15-4 18-7 22-0 I 25-4 28-9 32-4 I 36-0 39-7 43-4 47-2 I 51-1
40 I 4-01 7-01 10-01 I3-I 16-3 19-5 22-81 26-2 29-6 I 33-1 36-6 40-3 43-9 47-7
42 I o-i I 2-91 5-8!i 8-7 11-7 14-7 i7-8'i 21-0 24-2 I 27-5 30-8 34-2 I 37-71 41-2
I
]

44 o 56-50 59-11 1-8 4-5 7-3 10-2 13-iji 16-1 19-1 22-2 25-4
I 28-6 I 31-9 35-2
46 o 53'00 55-50 58-0 0-6 3-2 5-9 8-71 11-5 14-3 17-21 20-2 23-2 I 26-3 29-4
48 o 49-8,0 52-10 54-5'iO 56-9 59-4 1-9 4-51 7-1 9-8 I2-5;I 15-3 I8-I I 21-0 24-0
50 o 46-7JO 48-80 51-10 53-30 55-7 58-0 0-51 2-9 5-4 8-oii 10-6 13-3 I 16-0 18-8
52 o 43-70 45-70 47-80 49-90 52-1 54-4 o 56-60 58-9 1-3 3-7I1 6-2 8-7 I 11-2 13-8

TRUE BEARING OR AZIMUTH OF -X- PROCYON.

m. m. I m. m. m. m.
Lat.|^- 8 12 I
16 20 24 28 82 36 40 44 48 I
52 56 60 i 70 I 80
I I

AZIMUTHS.
30 2-4 4-8 7-2 9-5 11-8 14-1 16-4 i8-6 20-8 23-0 25-0 27-1 29-1 31-0
32 2-2 4-4 6-7 8-8 ii-i 13-2 15-3 17-4 19-5 21-5 23-5 25-4 27-3 29-2
34 2-1 4-2 6-2 8-3 10-3 12-4 14-4 16-3 18-3 20-2 22-1 23-9 25-8 27-5
36 2-0 3-9 5-9 7-8 9-7 11-6 13-5 15-4 17-3 I9-I 20-9 22-7 24-4 26-1

40 1-8 3-5 5-3 7-0 8-7 10-5 12-2 13-9 15-6 17-2 18-9 20-5 22-1
I

45 1-6 3-1 4-7 6-2 7-8 9-3 10-9 i

12-4 13-9 15-4 16-9 18-4 19-9
50 1-4 2-8 4-3 5-7 7-1 8-5 9-9 11-3 12-7 I4-I 15-4 16-8 18-2
60 1-2 2-4 3-7 4-9 6-1 7-3 8-5 9-8 II-O 12-2 13-4 14-6 15-8

8.
20 2-3 4-6 6-9 9-2 11-5 13-7 15-9 18-0 20-1 22-2 24-2 26-1 28-0
22 2-2 4-3 6-5 8-6 10-7 12-8 14-8 \
16-9 i8-8 20-8 22-7 24-6 26-4
24 2-0 4-0 6-1 8-1 lo-o 12-0 14-0 I 15-9 17-8 19-6 21-4 23-2 25-0
26 1-9 3-8 5-7 7-6 9-5 11-3 13-2 15-0 i6-8 18-6 20-3 22-0 23-7

30 1-7 3-4 5-1 6-8 8-5 10-2 11-9 i

13-6 15-2 16-8 18-4 20-0 21-5
35 1-5 3-1 4-6 6-1 7-6 9-2 10-7 12-2 13-6 15-I i6-6 18-0 19-5
45 1-3 2-6 3-9 5-2 6-4 T1 9-0 10-3 II-5 12-8 14-1 15-3 16-6
55 i-i 2-3 3-4 4-5 5-7 6-9 8-0 9-1 IO-3 II-4 12-5 13-7 14-8
378 TABLE XV.
REDUCTION TO THE MERIDIAN TABLE FOR HOUR-ANGLES FROM UPPER MERIDIAN.
X- REGULUS.
m. m. m. m. m. m. m.
Lat.| 14 16
6 8 10 12 18 20 21 23 I 24 ' 25
N. REDUCTIONS.
40 0-2 0'8 i'9 3-4 5-3 7'6 iO'3 13-4 17'0 21'0 23''!

42 0'2 0-7 i'7 3-0 4'8 6-9 9-4 I2'2 15-5 i9'i
44 0'2 0'7 1-6 2'8 4-4 6'3 8'6 II'2 I4'i 17-4
46 0-2 0'6 1-4 2-5 4'0 5-8 7-8 IO'2 12'9 i6'0
48 O'l 0'6 1-3 2-3 3-7 5-3 7'2 9-4 ii'9 i4'6
50 0*I 0'5 I'2 2'I 3-3 4-8 6'6 8-6 iO'9 13-4

52 O'l 0'5 I'l 2'0 3-1 4-4 6-0 7-9 lO'O 12'3
54 O'l 0'4 I'O i'8 2'8 4-1 5-5 7-2 9-1 ii'3
56 O'l 0'4 0-9 i'6 2-6 3-7 5-1 6-6 8-4 10-3
58 O'l 0'4 0'8 1-5 2'4 3-4 4-6 6-1 T1 9-5
60 O'l 0'3 0'8 1-4 2'2 3-1 4'2 5-5 7-0 8'6

s.
15 0'3 I'l 2'4 4-3 6'7 9-7 I3-I 17-1 21'6 26'7
16 0'2 I'O 2'3 4-1 6-4 9-3 12-6 i6'5 20'8 25-7
18 0'2 0'9 2'I 3-8 6-0 8-6 ii'7 15-3 i9'4 23-9
20 0-2 0'9 2'0 3-6 5-6 8'i II'O 14-3 i8'i 22'3
22 0'2 0'8 I'9 3-3 5-2 7-5 iO'3 13-4 i6'9 20'9

24 0'2 0'8 i'8 3-1 4-9 7'i 9-6 I2'6 15-9 I9'6
26 0'2 0'7 i'6 2'9 4'6 6'6 9-0 ii'8 14-9 i8'4
28 0'2 0'7 1-5 2-8 4*3 6'3 8-5 ii'i I4'i I7'4
30 0'2 0'6 1-5 2'6 4-1 5-9 8'0 iO'5 13-3 i6'4
32 O'l 0'6 1-4 2'5 3-9 5-6 7'6 9-9 I2'5 15-5

35 O'l 0'6 1-3 2'3 3-5 5-1 7-0 9'i "5 I4'2
40 O'l 0'5 I'l 2-0 3-1 4-4 6'0 7.9 lO'O I2'3
50 O'l 0'4 0'8 1-5 2'3 3-3 4-5 5-9 7-5 9-3
60 O'l 0'3 0'6 I'l i'7 2-4 3-3 4-3 5-4 6'7
 1 1

TABLE XV. 379

REDUCTION TO THE MERIDIAN AND AZIMUTH TABLE FOR H0UR-ANGLB6

FROM UPPER MERIDIAN.
^ REGULUS.
m. m. m. m. m. m. m.
48 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 58 54 55 56
REDUCTIONS.
40 1 34*8 39-2 I 43-6 48-1 52-7 I 57-4 2-1 7-0 II-9 16-9 22-0 27-2 32-5 37-8
41 I 30-6 34-8 I 39-0 43-3 47-7 I 52-2 56-8 1-4 6-2 ii-o 15-9 20-8 25-9 31-0
42 I 26-6 30-6 I 34-7 38-8 43-0 I 47-3 51-7 56-2 0-7 5-3 lO-O 14-8 19-6 24-6
43 I 22'9 26-7 I 30-6 34-5 38-6 I 42-7 46-9 51-2 55-6 0-0 4-5 9-1 13-7 18-5
I 19-3 23-0 I 26-7 30-5 34-4 I 38-3 42-4 46-5 50-7 54-9 59-2 3-6 8-1 12-6
44
45 I i6-o 19-5 I 23-0 26-7 30-4 I 34-2 I 38-1 42-0 46-0 50-1 54-2 58-5 2-8 7-1
46 I I2-7JI i6i I 19-5 23*0 26-6 I 30-2 I 33-9 37-7 41-6 45-5 49-5 53-5 57-7 1-9
47 I 9-7 12-9 I i6-2 19-6 23-0 I 26-5 I 30-0 33-7 37-4 4I-I 44-9 48-8 52-8 56-8
48 I 6-8 9-9 I 13-0 i6-2 19-5 I 22-9 26-3 29-8 33-3 36-9 40-6 44'3 48-1 52-0
49 I 4'0 7-0 I lO'O I3-I i6-2 I 19-41 22-7 26-1 29-5 32-9 36-5 40-0 43-7 I 47-4
50 I 1-3 4-2 I 7-1 lO'I I3-I I i6-i I 19-3 22-5 25-8 29-1 I 32-5 I 35-9 39-4 I 43 -o
51 o 58-8 1-5 I 4-3 7-1 lO'O I 13-01 16-0 I9-I 22-2 25-4 I 28-71 32-0 35-3 I 38-8
52 o 56-3 58-9 I 1-6 4-3 7-1 I lo-o I 12-9 15-8 18-8 21-9 I 25-01 28-2 31-4 I 34-7
53 o 54-0 56-5 o 59-0 1-6 4-3 I 7-0 9 126 15-5 i8-5 I 21-5 I 24-5 I 27-6 30-8
o 51-/' 54-1 o 56-6 59-1 1-6 I 4'2 6-9 9-6 12-4 15-2 I 18-1 I 21-0 24-0 I 27-0
54
55 o 49-5 51-8 o 54-2 56-6 59-0 I 1-5 4-1 6-7 9-4 12 14-8 I 17-6
I 20-5 23-4
56 o 47-4 49-6 o 51-9 54*2 56-5 o 58-9 1-4 3-9 6-4 9-0 11-6 I 14-3
I I7-I 19-8
5? o 45-4 47-5 o 49-6 51-8 54-1 o 56-4 58-7 i-i 3-6 6-1 I 8-6 I II-2 13-8 16-5
58 43-4 45-4 o 47-5 49-6 51-8 o 54-0 56-2 58-5 0-8 3-2 I 5-6 I 8-1 10*6 13-2
60 o 39-7 41-5 o 43-4 45-3 47-3 o 49-3 51-4 53-5 55-6 57-8 I O'O 1 2-3 4-6 I 6-9

4I-I 45-8 50-5 55-3 0'2 5-2 10-4 15-6 20-9 26-2 31-7 2 37-3 2 42-9 48-7
38-0 42-4 47-0 51-7 56-5 1-4 6-3 II-4 16-5 21-7 27-0 2 32-4 37-9 43-5
34-9 39-3 43-7 48-3 52-9 57-6 2-4 7-3 12-3 17-4 22-6 2 27-8 2 33-1 38-6
32-0 36-3 40-6 45-0 49-5 54-1 58-7 3-5 8-4 13-3 18-3 2 23-4 2 28-6 33-9
29-3 33-4 37-6 41-8 46-2 50-7 55-2 59-8 4-6 9-3 14-2 2 19-2 2 24-2 29-3
26-6 30-6 34-7 38-8 43-1 47-4 51-8 56-3 0-9 5-6 10-3 2 15-1 2 20-0 25-0
24-1 27-9 31-9 36-0 40- 44-3 48-6 52-9 57-4 1-9 6-5 2 II-2 2 16-0 20-8
21-6 25-4 29*2 33-2 37-2 41-3 45-5 49-7 54-0 58-5 2-9 2 7-5 2 12-1 16-9
19-3 22'9 26-7 30-5 34-4. 38-4 42-5 46-6 50-8 I 55-1 I 59-5 2 3-9 2 8-4 13-0
14-9 i8-3 21-9 25-5 29-2 32-9 36-8 40-7 44-7 I 48-8 I 52-9 I 57-1 2 1-4 5-7
IO-7 14*0 17-4 20-8 24-3 27-9 31-5 35-2 39-0 42-8I I 46-7 I 50-7 I 54-8 58-9
I
6-9 10*0 13-2 i6'4 19-7 23-1 26-6 30-1 33-7 I 37-3 I 41-0 I 44-8 I 48-6 52-5
I
3-3 6-2 9-2 12-3 15-4 i8-6 21-9 25-2 28-6 I 32-1 I 35-6 I 39-2 I 42-8 46-5
I
59-9 2-7 5-5 8-4 II-4 14-4 17-5 20-7 23-9 I 27*2 I 30-5 I 33-9 I 3^3 I 40-9
56-6^ 59-3 2-0 4-7 7-6 10-4 13-4 16-3 19-4 1 22-5 I 257 I 28-9 I 32-1 I 35-5

53-6' 56-1 58-6 1-3 3-9 6-6 9-4 12-2 I5-I I I 2I-I I 24-1 I 27'2 I 30-4
I
50-7 53-0'
(
55-5 57-9 0-4 3-0 5 8-3 ii-i I 13-8 I 16-7 I 19-6 I 22-5 I 25-5
47-9 50-I 52-4 54-7 57-1 59-6 2-0 4-6 7-2 I 9-8 I 12-5 I 15*2 I 18-0 I 20-8
45-2;o 47-3 49-5 51-7 53-9 56-2 58-6 i-o 3-4 I 5-9 I 8-4 I II-O I I3"6 I 16-3
42-6:0 44-6;o 46-6 o 48 7 50-9 53-0 55-2 57-5 59-8 I 2-2 I 4-5 I 7-0 I 9-5 I 12-0

TRUE BEARING OR AZIMUTH OF ^ REGULUS.

m. m. m. m. m. m. I m. m. m.
Lat.| ^-
I

8 12 16 I 20 24 28 I 82 I
36 40 44 I 48 52 56 I
60 70 80

N. AZIMUTHS.
40 2-0
42 1-9
44 1-8
46 1-7

50 1-5
55 1-4
60 1-3

s.
15 2-3
16 2-2
18 2-1
20 1-9

25 1-7
30 1-5
35 1-4
40 1-3

45 1-2
50 I-I
60 1-0
380 TABLE XV.
REDUCTION TO THE MERIDIAN TABLE FOR HOUR-ANGLES FROM UPPER MERIDIAN.
X- RIGEL.
Lat 1 ^
 TABLE XV. 381
BEDUCnON TO THE MERIDIAN TABLE FOB HOUR-ANGLES FROM UPPER MERIDIAN.
^ RIGEL.
T * ni-
382 TABLE XV.
REDUCTION TO THE MERIDIAN TABLE FOR HOUR-ANGLES FROM UPPER MERIDIAN.
 1 1

TABLE XV. 383

REDUCTION TO THE MERIDIAN AND AZIMUTH TABLE FOR HOUR-ANGLES
FROM UPPER MERIDIAN.
X- SIRIUS.
m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m.
Lat.l
43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56
N. REDUCTIONS.
o
20 29-6 33-7 37-9!i 42-2 46-6 5I-II 55-6 2 0-2 5*0 2 9- 14-7 19-72 24-7; 2 29-9
21 27-1 31 35-2:i 39-4 43-6 48-01 52-4 I 56-9 1-5 2 6' ii-o 15-82 20-7i2 25-8
22 24-6 28-6 32-5ji 36-6 40-8 I 45-OI 49-3 I 53-7 58-2 2 2' 7-4 12-1 2 i6-9i2 21-8
23 22-3 26-1 30'0;I 34-0 38-0 I 42-1 46-3 I 50-6 55-0 I 59' 4-0 8-6 2 I3-2|2 i8-o
24 20-I 23-8 27-61 31-4 35-4 I 39-41 43-5 I 47-7 51-9 I 56' 0-7 5-22 9-7i2 14-4

26 15-9 19-4 23-0 I 26-6 I 30-4 I 34-2 1 38-1 I 42-0 46-1 50-2 54-4 58-7 2 3-0^2 7-4
28 II-9 15-3 18-711 22-2 1 25-7 I 29-4 I 33-0 I 36-8 40-7 44-6 48-6 52-6 I 56-72 0-9
30 8-3 II-5 I4-7JI i8-o 21-4 I 24-8 I 28-3 I 31-9 35-6 39-3 43-1 46-9 I 50-81 54-8
32 4-8 7-8 10-9 I I4-I 17-3 I 20-6 I 23-9 I 27-3 30-8 34-3 37-9 41-6 I 45-31 49-1
34 1-6 4-5 7-4:1 10-4 13-4 I i6-5 I 19-7 I 23-c 26-3 29-6 33-1 36-6 I 40-iji 43-7
36 58-5 I'2 4"o'i 6-9 9-8 I 12-71 15-8 I 18-8 22-0 25-2 28-5 31-8 I 35-1 38-6

38 55-6 58-2 o-8!i 3-5 6-3 9-II 12-0 14-9 I 17-9 2I-0|l 24-1 27-2 I 30-4;i 33-7
40 52-8 55-3 57-81 0-3 3-0 5-6 I II-2
8-4 I 14-0 i6-9;i 19-9 22-9 I 25-91 29-0
42 50-I 52-5 54-8;o 57-3 59-8 2-31 7-6
4-9 I IO-3 i3-o!i 15-9 i8-7 I 21-6 I 24-6
44 47-6 49-8 52-0|0 54-4 56-7 59-21 1-6 I
4-1 6-7 9-3ii 12-0 14-7 I i7-5ii 20-3
46 45 47-2 49-30 51-5 53-8 o 5 6-1 o 58-4 I 0-8 3-3 5-7 I 8-3 10-8 I I3-5;I i6-l
42-7 44-7 o 46-70 48-8 51-0 o 53-10 55-3 o 57-6 59-9 2-3 I 4-7 7-1 I 9-6;i 12-1

50 o 40-4 42-3 o 44-2|0 46-2 48-2 o 50-3|0 52-4 o 54-5 56-7 58-9 I 1-2 I 3-5 5-81 8-3
52 o 38-1 39-9 o 4i'8.o 43'6 45-5 o 47-50 49-5 o 51-5 53-5 55-7 o 57-81 0-0 2-21 4-5
54 o 36'0 37-6 39-40 41 42-9 o 44'8o 46-6 o 48-5 50-5 52-5 o 54-5 o 56-6jO 58-71 0-8
56 o 33-8 35-4 o 37-00 38-7 40-4 o 42-i|o 43-9 o 45-7 47-5 49-40 51-3 o 53-2;o 55-2 o 57-
60 o 29-7 3I-I 32-50 34-0 35-4 o 37-o;o 38-5 o 40-1 41-7 43-3|0 45-0 46-70 48-40 50-2
65 o 24-7 25-8 o 27-00 28-2 29-5 o 30-7,0 32-0 o 33-3 34-7 36-0,0 37-4 o 38*80 40-30 41-8

s.
40 47-7 52-6 57-6l2 2-6 7-8 13-012 18-3 23-8 29-3 2 34-9|2 40-6 2 46-42 52-2 2 58-3
41 42-4 47-0 51-71 56-6 1-5 6-52 11-6 16-7 22-0 2 27-42 32-9 2 38-42 44-0 2 49-7
42 37-3 41-8 46-31 50-9 55-6 0-42 5-2 10-2 15-2 2 20-4 2 25-6 2 30-9
43 32-6 36-9 41-2 I 45-6 50-1 54-6li 59-3 4-0 8-8 2 13-7 2 18-7,2 23-8
44 28-2 32-3 36-41 40-6 44-9 49-2 I 53-7 58-2 2-8 2 7-5 2 I2-3I2 17-1
45 24-1 28-0 3i-9;i 35-9 40-0 44-2'i 48-4 52-7 57-1 2 1-62 6-22 10-8

46 20-2 23-9 27-6 31-5 35-4 I 39-4 I 43-4 47-6 51-8 56-1
47 16.5 20'0 23-6 27-3 31-0 I 34-8 I 38-7 42-7 46-7
48 I3'0 i6*4 19-8 23-3 26-9 I 30-5 I 34-3 38-0 41-9
49 9-7 12-9 i6-2 19-6 23-0 I 26-5 I 30-0 33-6 37-3
50 6-6 9-6 12-8 i6'0 19-3 I 22-6 I 26-0 29-4 33-0
51 3-6 6-5 9-5 12-6 15-7 I 18-9 I 22-1 25-4 28-8

52 0-7 3-5 1 6-4 9-3 I 12-3 I 15-41 i8-5 I 21-6 I 24-9

53 58-0 0-7 3-4 6-2 9-1 I I2-OI I5'0 I i8-0|i 21-1
54 55-4 o 58-0 0-6 3-3 6-0 I 8-8i 11-6 I i4-5;i 17-5
55 52-9 55-4 57-9 0-4 3-0 I 5-7ii 8-4 I II-2 I 14-0
56 50-5 52-8. 55-2 57-7 0-2 I 2-71 5-3 I 8-01 10-7
384 TABLE XV.

REDUCTION TO THE MERIDIAN TABLE FOR HOUR-ANGLES FROM UPPER MERIDIAN.

"
-Jf SIRIUS.

T . . 1 m. 1 m. 1 m. m.
^"1 57 1 68 1 69 60
 TABLE XV. 385
REDUCTION TO THE MERIDIAN TABLE FOR HOUR-ANGLES FROM UPPER MERIDIAN.
^ SPICA.
m. m. m. m. m. I m. m. m. m.
Lat. I
16 18 20 21 22 28 24 25 26
6 8 10 12 I
14 I
I

N. REDUCTIONS.
o
386 TABLE XV.
REDUCTION TO THE MERIDIAN AND AZIMUTH TABLE FOR HOUR-ANaLES
FROM UPPER MERIDIAN.
 TABLE XV. 387

REDUCTION TO THE MERIDIAN TABLE FOR HOUR-ANGLES FROM UPPER MERIDIAN.

X- SPICA.

Lat.|
388 TABLE XV.
REDUCTION TO THE BIERIDIAN TABLE FOR HOUR-ANGLES FROM UPPER MERmiAN.
-X- a TRIANGULI AUSTRALIS.
T -^ 1 m. 1 m. 1 m. 1 m. 1 m. 1 m. i m. m. 1 m. 1 m. i m. 1 m. i

^^^ 4 8 12 16 20 22 24 26 28 80 32
1 1 1 1
1 1
1 1 1 1 1 84 1
 1

TABLE XV. 389

REDUCnON TO THE MERIDIAN AND AZIMUTH TABLE FOR HOUR-ANQLES

FROM UPPER MERIDIAN.
^ a TRIANGULI AUSTRALIS.
m.
61 62 63 I
64 I
65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75

N. REDUCTIONS.
/ (

i6 42-1 43-4 44-8 46-3 47-7 49-2

42-6 44-0 45-4 46-9 48-3
12 43-2 44-6 46-0 47-5 49-0
43-7 45-1 46-6 48-1 49-6
44-3 45-7 47-2 48-7 50-2

44-8 46-3 47-8 49-3 150-8

45-4 46-9 48-4 50-0 51-5
46-0 47-5 49-0 50-6 522
46-6 "'"
49-7 51-3 52-9

47-2 50-4 52-0 53-6

47-9 49-5 51-1 52-7 54-3
5 50-1 51-8 53-4 55-0
49-2 50-8 52-5 54-1 55-8

49-9 51-6 53-2 54-9 56-6

50-7 52-3 54-0 55-7 57-5
51-5 53-2 54-9 56-6 58-3
52-3 54-0 55-7 57-5 59-3
53-1 54-9 56-6 58-4 6o-2

54-0 55-8 57-6 59-4 6i-2

22 55-0 56-8 58-6 6o*4 .
62-3
24 56-0 57-8 59-7 6i-6 63-5
26 57-1 59-0 6o-8 62-8 64-7
28 58-3 6o-2 62-1 64-0 66'0

30 59-5 6i-5 63-4 65-4 67-4

32 6o-9 62*9 64-9 66-9 69-0
34 62-4 64-4 66-5 68-6 70-7
36 64-1 66-1 68-3 70-4 72-5
37 65-0 67-1 69-2 71-4 73-5
38 65-9 68-0 70-2 72-4 74-6

39 66-9 69'i 71-3 73-5 75-7

40 67-9 70- 72-4 74-6 76-9
41 69-1 71-3 73-6 75-9 78-2
42 70-3 72-5 74-8 77-1 79-5
43 71-5 73-8 76-2 78-5 8o-9
44 72-9 75-2 77-6 8o-o 82-5

45 74-3 76-7 79-2 8i-6 84-1

46 75-9 78-4 8o-8 83-3 85-9
47 77-6 8o-i 82-6 85-2 87-8
48 79-5 82-0 84-6 87-2 89-8
49 8i-5 84-1 86-7 89-4 92-0
50 83-7 86-3 89-0 91-7 94-5
390 TABLE XV.
REDUCTION TO THE MERIDIAN AND AZIMUTH TABLE NEAR THE MERIDIAN
BELOW THE POLE.
 TABLE XV. 391

REDUCTION TO THE MERIDIAN TABLE NEAR THE MERIDIAN BELOW THE POLE.
^ TRIANGULI AUSTRALIS.
1 HOUR.
Lat. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m.
16 17 1 18 19 20 21 22 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 81

s.

24
392 TABLE XV.
REDUCTION TO THE MERIDIAN TABLE FOR HOUR-ANOLES FROM UPPER MERIDIAN.
}f * URS^ MAJORIS.
m. m. m. m. m. I m. m. m. m. m.
Lat. I I

4 8 12 I
16 I
20 I
23 I
24 26 28 I
80 32 84 I
86 I
88 I
40 I
42 44
N.
o
34 0-6
33
30
28
26

24
22
20
i8

i6
12

i6
20
24
28
 1

TABLE XV. 393

REDUCTION TO THE MERIDIAN AND AZIMUTH TABLE FOR HOUR-ANGLES
FROM UPPER MERIDL/VN.
^ URSiE MAJORIS.
.

m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m.
Lat. 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72
61 62 63 64 I
78 74 75 76
REDUCTIONS.
32 132-0 I36'2 140-4 144-7 149-0 153-4 157-8 162-3 166-9 I7I-5 176-1
31 128-9 132-9 137-1 141-3 145-5 149-8 154-1 158-5 163-0 167-5 172-0
30 125-9 129-9 133-9 138-0 142-2 146-4 150-7 I55-0 159-3 163-8 168-2
29 123-1 127-0 131-0 135-0 139-1 143-2 147-4 151-6 155-9 160-2 164-6
28 120-5 124-4 128-2 132-2 136-2 140-2 144-3 148-5 152-7

27 ii8-i I2I-8 125-6 129-5 133-4 137-4 141-4 145-5 149-6

26 115-7 II9-4 123-2 127-0 130-8 134-7 138-7 142-7
25 II3-5 ii7'i 120-8 124-6 128-4 132-2 136-1 140-0
24 111-4 115-0 II8-6 122-3 126-0 129-8 133-6 137-5
23 109-4 112-9 II6-5 120-1 123-8 127-5 131-2 I35-I

107-5 III'O 114-5 118-0 I2I-7 125-3 129-0 132-8

105-7 109-1 II2-6 116-1 119-6 123-2 126-9 130-5
104-0 107-3 II0-7 114-2 II7-7 121-2 124-8 128-4
102-3 105-6 109-0 112-4 II5-8 119-3 122-8 126-4
ioo*8 104-0 107-3 110-6 114-0 117-5 121-0 124-5

99-2 102-4 105-7 109-0 II2-3 II5-7 119-2 122-6

97-8 100-9 I04-I 107-4 II0-7 114-0 1 1 7-4 120-8

96-4 99-5 102-6 105-8 109-1 112-4 115-7 119-1

95-0 98-1 IOI-2 104-4 107-6 110-8 114-1 "7-5
92-4 95-4 98-5 101-5 104-7 I07-8 iii-i 114-3

90-0 92-9 95-9 98-9 I02-0 I05-I 108-2 111-4

87-7 90-6 93-5 96-4 99-4 102-4 105-5 108-6
85-6 88-4 91 94-1 97-0 lOO-O 102-9 106-0
83-6 86-3 89-1 91-9 94-7 97-6 IOO-5 103-5
81.7 84-3 87-0 89-8 92-6 95-4 98-2 lOI-I

79-8 82-4 85-1 87-8 90-5 93-2 96-0 98-9

78-1 8o-6 83-2 85-8 88-5 91-2 93-9 96-7
76-4 78-9 8i-4 84-0 86-6 89-2 91-9 94-7
74-8 77-2 79.7 82-2 84-8 87-4 90-0 92-7
73-2 75-6 78-0 80-5 83-0 85-5 90-7

71-7 74-0 76-4 78-8 8i-3 83-8 86-3 88-9

70-2 72-5 74-8 79-6 82-1 84-5 87-0
77-2J
68 71-0 73-3 75-6' 78-0 80-4 82-8 85-3
67-4 69-6 71-8 74- 1 76-4 78-7 81 83-5
66-0 68-1 70-3 72-6 74*8 77-1 79-5 8i-8

64-6 66-7 68-9 71-1' 73-3 75-6 77-8 80-1

63-3 65-4 67-5 69-6: 71-8 74-0 76-2 78-5
62-0 64-0 66-1 -2 70-3 72-5 74-7 76-9
60-7 62-7 64-7 66-7 68-8 70-9 73-1 75-3
59-4 61-3 63-3 65-3 67-4 69-4 71-6 73-7
394 TABLE XV.

REDUCTION TO THE MERIDIAN TABLE FOR HOUR-ANGLES FROM UPPER MERIDIAN.

^ URS^ MAJORIS.

La..| -
 TABLE XV. 395
REDUCTION TO THE MERIDIAN AND AZIMUTH TABLE NEAR THE MERIDIAN
BELOW THE POLE.
3f e URS^ MAJORIS.
- m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m.
Lat.
I 12 16 20 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 I 40 42 44
N. REDUCTIONS.
38

35
40
50
60
64
396 TABLE XV.
REDUCTION TO THE MERIDIAN AND AZIMUTH TABLE NEAR THE MERIDIAN
BELOW THE POLE.
Jf VRSM MAJORIS.
I HOUR.
Lat. m. m. m. m. I
m. m. m. m. m. m.
16 17 18 19 20 I 21 22 24 25 I 26 27 28 29 80
REDUCTIONS.
40 8o'o
41
42
43
44

45
46
47
48
49

50
51
52
53
54

55
56
57
58
59
60
 TABLE XV. 397
REDUCTION TO THE BIERIDIAN AND AZIMUTH TABLE NEAR THE MERIDIAN
BELOW THE POLE.
^ e URS^ MAJORIS.

Lat.
398 TABLE XV.
REDUCTION TO THE MERIDIAN TABLE FOR HOUR-ANGLES FROM UPPER MERIDIAN.
^ V VRSJE MAJORIS.
T ,+ III- - ^-
Lat.l1 4
1

8
\

1 12
1
 TABLE XV. 399
REDUCTION TO THE MERIDIAN AND AZIMUTH TABLE FOR HOUR-ANGLES
FROM UPPER MERIDIAN.
^ URSyE MAJORIS.
m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m.
Lat.
I
61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 78 74 75 76
N. REDUCTIONS.
26 i65'9
25
24
23
22

21
20
19
i8
17
i6

15
14
13
12

12
14
i6
i8
20
22

24
26
28
30
32
34
400 TABLE XV.

REDUCTION TO THE MERIDIAN TABLE FOR HOUR-ANGLES FROM UPPER MERIDIAN.

K- V VRSJE MAJORIS.
Cat
 TABLE XV. 401
REDUCTION TO THE MERIDIAN AND AZIMT7TH TABLE NEAR THE MERIDIAN
BELOW THE POLE.
402 TABLE XV.
REDUCTION TO THE MERIDIAN AND AZIMUTH TABLE NEAR THE MERIDIAN
BELOW THE POLE.
3f V VRSM MAJORIS.
I HOUR.
Lat. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m.
I

16 1 17 I 18 19 20 I
21 22 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
 1

TABLE XV. 403

REDUCTION TO THE MERIDIAN AND AZIMUTH TABLE NEAR THE MERIDIAN

BELOW THE POLE.
^ 7,VRSJE MAJORIS.
I HOUR.
Lat. m. m. m. m. m. m. m.
46 47 48 49 T 50 51 52 53 I
54 55 56 I 57 58 59 60

N.
REDUCTIONS.
O
i68- 171-8 175-0 178-2 i8i-4 184-7 i88-o 191-3 194-6 198-0 201-4 204-8 208-3 2II-8 215-3
44
i66- 169-2 172-3 175-5 178-7 i8i-9 185-1 188-4 191-7 195-0 198-3 201-7 205-1 208-5 212-0
45
i63' i66-6 169-6 172-7 175-9 179-0 182-2 185-4 188-7 191-9 195-2 198-6 201-9 205-3 208-7
46
i6o' 163-9 166-9 170-0 I73-I 176-2 179-3 182-5 185-7 188-9 192-1 195-4 198-7 202-0 205-4
47
I58' i6i-2 164-2 167-2 170-2 173-3 176-4 179-5 182-6 185-8 189-0 192-2 195-5 198-7 202-0

155-6 158-5 161-4 164-4 167-4 170-4 173-4 176-5 179-6 182-7 185-8 189-0 192-2 195-4 198-7
49
50 152-9 155-8 158-7 161-6 164-5 167-5 170-5 173-5 176-5 179-6 182-7 185-8 188-9 192-1 195-3
51 150-3 I53-I 155-9 158-8 i6i-6 164-6 167-5 170-4 173-4 176-4 179-5 182-5 185-6 188-7 191-9
52 147-5 150-3 153-1 155-9 158-7 i6i-6 164-5 167-4 170-3 173-3 176-2 179-3 182-3 185-3 188-4
144-8 147-5 150-3 I53-0 155-8 158-6 161-4 164-3 167-2 170-1 173-0 176-0 178-9 i8i-9 184-9
53

142-1 144-7 147-4 150-1 152-8 155-6 158-4 161-2 164-0 166-8 169-7 172-6 175-5 178-5 I8I-4
54 ;
;

139-3 141-9 144-5 147-2 149-8 152-6 155-3 158-0 160-8 163-6 166-4 169-2 172-1 175-0 177-9
55 ;

56 136-5 139-0 141-6 144-2 ! 146-8 149-5 152-1 154-8 157-6 160-3 163-1 165-8 168-6 171-5 j 174-3
' 151-6
57 133-6 136-1 138-7 141-2 143-8 146-4 149-0 154-3 157-0 159-7 162-4 165-1 167-9: 170-7
58 130-7 133-2 135-7 138-2 140-7 143-2 145-8 148-4 151-0 153-6 156-2 158-9 161-6 164-3 167-0

127-8 130-2 132-6 135-1 137-5 140-0 142-5 145-1 147-6 150-2 152-8 155-4 158-0 l6o-6 163-3
59
60 124-9 127-2 129-6 132-0 134-4 136-8 139-2 141-7 144-2 146-7 149-2 151-8 154-4 I57-0 159-6
61 121-9 124-2 126-5 128-8 131-2 133-5 135-9 138-3 140-8 143-2 145-7 148-2 150-7 153-2 155-7
62 118-9 121-1 123-3 125-6 127-9 130-2 132-5 134-9 137-3 139-6 142-0 144-5 146-9 149-4 151-9
63 II5-8 118-0 1 20- 122-4 124-6 126-8 129-1 131-4 133-7 136-0 138-4 140-7 143-1 145-5 147-9
64 II2-7 114-8 116-9 119-0 121-2 123-4 125-6 127-8 130-1 132-3 134-6 136-9 139-3 141-6 144-0

2 HOURS.
Lat. m. m. m. m. I
m. m . m.
1 3 4 5 I 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 IS
REDUCTIONS.
44 218-8
45
46
47
48

49
50
51
52
53

54
55
56
57
58

59
60
61
62
63
64
404 TABLE XV.
SEDUCTION TO THE MERIDIAN TABLE FOB HOUB-ANOLES FROM UPPER MERIDIAN.
X- VEGA.
Lat.|
 TABLE XV. 405

REDUCTION TO THE MERIDIAN AND AZIMUTH TABLE FOR HOUR-ANGLES

FROM UPPER MERIDIAN.
-X- VEGA.
m. m. 1 m.
Lat.| 52 53 54 56
43 44 45 I 48 47 48 49 50 51 I 55

N.. REDUCTIONS.
O /

14
13
12
II
10

7
6
5

4
3
2
I

S.
I
2
3
4
5
6
8
lo
12
14
i6
i8
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
406 TABLE XV.
REDUCTION TO THE BIEBIDIAN TABLE FOR HOUR-ANGLES FROM UPPER MERmiAN.
^ VEGA.
Lat.|
 TABLE XV. 407
REDUCTION TO THE MERIDIAN AND AZIMUTH TABLE FOR HOUR-ANGLES
EROM UPPER MERIDIAN.
X- VEGA.
La..|
^
408 TABLE XV.
REDUCTION TO THE MERIDIAN AND AZXHUTH TABLE NEAR THE BIERIDIAN
BELOW THE POLE.
X- VEGA.
Lat.
 TABLE XV. 409
REDUCTION TO THE MERIDIAN AND AZIMUTH TABLE NEAR THE MERIDIAN
BELOW THE POLE.
^ VEGA.
Lat.
410 TABLE XV.
REDUCTION TO THE MERIDIAN AND AZIMUTH TABLE NEAR THE MERIDIAN
BELOW THE POLE.
 TABLE XV. 411

REDUCTION TO THE MERIDIAN AND AZIMUTH TABLE NEAR THE MERIDIAN

BELOW THE POLE.

X- VEGA.

Lat.
412 TABLE XVI.

CORRECTIONS OF ALTITUDE OF THE SUN AND STARS.

(Involving Dip, Refraction, 'a Semidiameter, and Parallax.)
Add the Cor. to the Alt. of the 's Lower Limb.

Sun's
Obs.
 TABLE XVI. 413
CORRECTIONS OF ALTITUDE OF THE SXTN AND STARS. SUPPLEMENTARY TABLES
(Involving Dip, Refraction, 0's Semidiameter, and Parallax.)
FOR LOW ALTITUDES.
 DIAGRAMS WITH EXPLANATIONS
ILLUSTRATING THE

RULE OF THE ROAD FOR SAILING-SHIPS

BY

H. S. BLACKBURNE (Extra Master),

Principal Examiner of in New
Masters and Mates Zealand,

WITH WHICH ARE EMBODIED THE

"REGULATIONS FOR PREVENTING COLLISIONS AT SEA."

Published by J. D. Potter, 145 Minories, London, E.G., and by H. S. Blackburne,
Wellington, New Zealand.
PRICE, 2s. NEW ZEALAND, 2s. 3d.

EXTRACTS FROM LETTERS TO THE AUTHOR BY NAUTICAL EXPERTS.

From Captain E. W. Owens, Exaininer, Local Marine Board, London.
" I certainly have no objection to make, but much approval your work is concise, ;
clear, and,
from my point of view, correct."
R. W. Espinasse, Examiner to the Marine Board of Victoria, Australia.
From Captain
Letter to Editor of Nautical Magazine, published March 1904.
" Captain Blackburne is well known for diagrams with explanations * Illustrating the Rule of
the Road for Sailing-ships.' This booklet is worthy of praise as the clearest and most original
. . .

view of the subject yet made public."

NAUTICAL ASSESSORS AND TEACHERS OF NAVIGATION.
Captain A. Wood, N.A. and Teacher of Navigation.
" I think they will be very useful to candidates getting up the Rule of the Road. I especially
like your treatment of two vessels close-hauled on the same tack, Diagram I."

Captain Saml. Brooks, N.A.

" Your diagrams are excellent, and I think every oflScer in charge of a watch on board ship
should have a copy of your book for his own information."

Captain J. T. Castle, N.A.

" thought out, and you are to be congratulated on the simijle and efl&cient manner in
It is well
which its problems are presented. You may rest assured that its production will be of great service
to those who wish to study so important a subject as' that of knowing what means to adopt in order
to avoid a collision when meeting or crossing another sailing-vessel."

Captain G. Kenneth-Hore, N.A.

"
It seems to me that you have taken great pains to make a clear explanation of the ' weather
rule position, and, what is sometimes a very difficult question to determine, how a vessel is steering
'

when her green light is seen three points on the port bow of your own vessel, which at the same time
has the wind on her port beam, and what is to be done under these circumstances."

Captain Netherclift Jutsum, Principal of the Nautical Academy,

J.
61 Fitzhamon Embankment, Cardiff.
" Many thanks for your little book re Rule of the Road. I consider it is as near perfection
as any graphic method could be brought for illustrating this subject, and, although it is striking in
its simplicity, its conciseness bears the impress of very careful and painstaking consideration in
its production."

Captain Geo. Shields, Principal of Naval Academy, 40 Clyde Place.

" Allow me to
thank you for the copy of your book, which is perfection itself. I wish you every
success, and shall be pleased to recommend it to my pupils at all times."

Captain John Owen, Principal of the Nautical School, 48 London Square, Cardiff.
" thank you for your diagrams of the Rule of the Road for Sailing-ships. I think the illus-
I
trations are very good, and better than anything I have seen before on this most important subject."

REVIEWS FROM THE PRESS.

Shipping Gazette.
" There good reason to anticipate that appreciation of these diagrams will not be limited to
is
candidates for Board of Trade certificates, and we have no doubt that many officers at sea will find
them of valuable and very practical assistance."
The Shields Daily Gazette and Shipping Telegraph.
" Captain Blackburne, a well-known name in nautical circles, has just rendered a signal service
to his seafaring confreres. His diagrams with explanations illustrating the new Rule of the Road
are marked with simplicity and distinctness. His little and unpretentious work ought to be in the
hands of every master of a sailing-ship."
414


TABLES FOR
AZIMUTHS, GREAT-GIRGLE
AND
SAILING
REDUCTION TO THE MERIDIAN
WITH A
NEW AND IMPROVED SUMNER" METHOD,
LATITUDES
*'
90' N. to 90 S.
DECLINATIONS 90 N. to 90 S.
Azimuths through Tables A, B, and C (or separately through Table D), for all the Heavenly Bodies at any Time
the Body is above the Horizon ; and Great-circle Sailing-courses between any two Places on the Globe.

Also other Useful Navigational Tables, with Numerous Examples of Double Altitudes,
Equal Altitudes, Azimuths, etc.
By H. S. BLACKBURNE (Extra Master),
Principal Examiner of Masters and Mates in Ne-w Zealand, and Nautical Adviser to the Govertmient.
[Fourth Edition, 1916.] PRICE 6S.

BOOK OF "SUMNER" CHARTS. PRICE 28. 6cl.

A book containing examples of positions found by the improved "Sumner" method from ex-meridians, and
twenty-four plane blank " Sumner" charts on a convenient scale for facilitating the " Sumner" problem in connection
with Captain Blackburne's A, B, and C azimuth tables mentioned above.
Every single chart is available for any latitude through the aid of the above-mentioned tables, by which greater
"
accuracy of position is found, as well as a wider range for observation, than is given by the usually taught " Sumner
method.

MODERN UP-TO-DATE NAVIGATION.

POSITION-FINDING BY THE IMPROVED "SUMNER" METHOD
CONTRASTED WITH

THE NEW NAVIGATION (MARGQ SAINT-HILAIRE SYSTEM)

THE OLD "SUMNER" METHOD
TCXSETHER WITH

A FEW SPECIAL STAR REDUCTION AND AZIMUTH TABLES.

By H. S. BLACKBURNE.
PRICE Is. 6cl.

[The United Service Gazette, London, October 15th, 1914.J

"
The book contains some nautical tables of great value for ready position-finding
from observations of two stars out of the meridian. The book also contains several fully
. . .

worked-out examples sho^ving the use of the tables, with some well-executed diagrams
illustrating the problems the different methods of determining the ship's position by the
;

'
Old Sumner Method,' the Improved Sumner Method,' and the New Navigation Method
' '
'

are contrasted, and the author clearly exposes some of the fallcicious claims which have
been made by one or two recent writers for the so-called New Navigation or Marcq '
'
'

St. Hilaire system of deaUng with observations for position-finding."

'

Captain H. H. Edmonds, Teacher of Navigation, Sydney, writes :

" I thoroughly endorse all you say on the Marcq St. Hilaire method ; it is the truest
thing that has been written on the subject."

Captain T. L. Evans, F.R.G.S., Manager, Donald Steamship Company, Bristol, writes :

" I am
convinced that the book Modem Up-to-Date Navigation is one of the best
' '

auxiliaries to the navigator that I have yet perused. ... I must congratulate you on the
very excellent methods which you have pubUshed in your book."

Published by Marine Department, New Zealand Government, Wellington, New Zealand.

Sold in New Zealand at the Shipping Offices, and by Booksellers.
SoLB Agbnts in United Kingdom: James Brown & Son, 52-58 Darnlky Street, Glasgow.


EXTRACTS FROM PAPER REVIEWS

ON THE

TABLES FOR AZIMUTHS, GREAT-CIRCLE SAILING

AND

REDUCTION TO THE MERIDIAN.

[From the Lyitelton Times, 24th June 1905.]

" The author's new method of dealing with the Sumner problem is fully discussed,
' '

and his method compared and contrasted on pages 49, 75, 80, and 81 with the method
prescribed by the Board of Trade for candidates seeking a certificate. The simplicity,
availabiUty, and greater accuracy of this new method should shortly lead to the Board of
Trade prescribing it in their syllabus, instead of the older, more cumbrous, and less accurate
method, which has done service for so many years. In the second example of the contrasted
methods the older method shows an error of no less than 4 J' in latitude and 5' in
longitude. . . .

" Only a very few of the points of excellence contained in this work are noticed. It
should be in the hands of all having to do with the sea. Every phase of practical, up-to-
date navigational method is here clearly explained with a master touch, and the work forms
an invaluable addition to the literature of the sea."

[From the Auckland Star, 8th July 1905.]

" A
very valuable work for mariners has just been published by Captain Blackburne
entitled A, B, and C Azimuth Tables.' The azimuth tables are brief, yet compendious
'

enough for sun, moon, and stars under all ordinary circumstances, while the improved
Sumner's method is a valuable acquisition, and will certainly supersede the older and
longer method now in vogue. The examples of the various subjects dealt with are
beautifully worked out with a clearness, briefness, and accuracy that creates admiration ;

indeed, the book is replete with all that is required in working out those vital problems so
necessary in this present age of steam and speed for reliable and correct navigation i.e.,

the position of the vessel and the correct course to steer and confers a boon on the rising
generation of navigators that their predecessors never dreamt of."

[From the New Zealand Times, 8th July 1905-]

"Another feature of the work is Captain Blackburne's method of dealing with the
popular Sumner problem. This has been favourably commented upon in all reviews
' '

of the New Zealand Nautical Almanac,' in which the method first appeared.
'
Captain
Blackburne summarises the advantages of it over the method at present encouraged in
Board of Trade examinations, as follows (page vi): (i) Greater accuracy (2) fewer figures, ;

and consequently less time required for the work (3) one chart does for any navigable
;

latitude and (4) many observations which would be considered useless for the ordinary
;

" Sumner " give excellent results with even fewer figures by combining ex-meridian and
chronometer observations together, as illustrated in this book by various examples. The
book abounds with notes of great practical value to mariners."

[From the Syren and Shipping^ 23rd August 1905.]

" Captain Blackburne's labour-saving aids for navigators are known all over the world
by his brethren who keep themselves posted in up-to-date methods and this collection ;

of tables now published leaves nothing to desire by the navigator wishful of finding his
ship's geographical position, or the error of her compass, with the least possible chance of
error, and in the shortest possible interval of time, anywhere within the usual limits of
navigation. There is one point in connection with these tables which is deserving of the
close consideration of the Board of Trade. Although the practical seaman will almost
invariably use such data at sea, yet the Board compels the candidates for certificates to plod
along in a way which gives admittedly erroneous results under certain conditions. .

. .

That the Board of Trade should examine along one line that of antiquity and that

practical navigators should work along quite another line that of labour-saving tables
is surely ludicrous. The New Zealand Government requested the Board of Trade to allow
the use in the examination-room of tables Uke those of Captain Blackburne's, together
with improved methods of working, but the request has not been granted. sincerely We
trust that the Board of Trade will see fit to adopt modern methods by allowing the candi-
dates permission to use the A, B, C Azimuth Tables of Blackburne, or any similar labour-
saving work."
416
EXTRACTS FROM PAPER RRVIEWS-Gontinued.
[From the Nautical Magazine, September 1908.]

"In the new edition of his well-known A, B, C, and D Tables, Captain Blackburne
must surely have cut all existing records."

[From the Nautical Magazine, December 1908, on the latest edition.]

" Captain Blackburne is as indefatigable as ever in his efforts to hghten the labours of
those who go down to the sea in ships. Early in the present year he pubhshed an edition
of the A, B, and C Tables. They are now repubUshed, with an .appendix entitled Ex- '

meridian and Azimuth Inspection Tables.' The author seems here to have hit upon
. . .

a happy idea, for we have a maximum of information in a minimum of space and, as he ;

points out, once calculated, the reduction and azimuths will hold good for a long series
of years."

[From Syren and Shipping Illustrated, London, 4th November 1908.]

" We have only praise for the one-hundred-and-sixty-page volume of Tables for '

Azimuth, Great-circle Sailing, and Reduction to the Meridian,' by Captain H. S. Blackburne.

The tables are comprehensive, yet concise, and practical navigators will find that the 7s. 6d
spent on acquiring them is certain to save a lot of mistake-inviting figure-manipulation at
a critical moment. . More convenient in form or more utiUtarian in appUcation these
. .

tables could not be."

[From Shipping Illustrated, New York, 5th December 1908.]

" These tables, as set forth in the present edition, are the most complete and compre-
hensive Azimuth and Ex-meridian Tables for practical work yet published."

[From the Shipping World, 9th December 1908.]

" The new issue of his A, B, and C Tables for Azimuth, etc., which has reached us from
the New Zealand Government's Marine Department, through the High Commissioner, in
London, is undoubtedly the most complete and comprehensive volume on this subject
yet published."

[From the United Service Magazine, December 1908.]

" These tables now make it possible to determine the position of the ship more readily
at any time, and with less trouble than ever before."

[From the Mariner, 15th December 1908.]

" Sufficient
is it to say that the various navigation tables, rules and examples, including
a new and improved Sumner method, make the volume on all counts one of the most
' '

complete and authoritative that we know in nautical Uterature."

[The Press, Christchurch, 24th January 1912.]

VALUABLE NAUTICAL PUBLICATION.CAPTAIN BLACKBURNE'S
TABLES.
"The 'Tables for Azimuths, Great-circle Sailing, and Reduction to the Meridian,'
compiled by Captain H. S. Blackburne, Nautical Adviser to the New Zealand Govern-
ment, have been published in a third and much improved edition by the Marine Depart-
ment. This work, which is comprised in a compact and neatly bound volume, is published
at 6s., and is highly spoken of by navigators. . . .

"The most valuable addition to this new edition of Blackburne's tables is Table M,
on pages 150 and 151. The error of latitude to 4 seconds of error in the time is seen at a
glance from the table for any ex-meridian observation, and the same table is used for
facihtating the work of finding the latitude and longitude from a Sumner or double-altitude
observation, either from the ex-meridians or from one ex-meridian combined with a chrono-
meter observation. . . .

" The great beauty of these tables and the methods presented by Captain Blackburne
for position-finding from two observations is that the navigator need never concern himself
about either of the bodies being too near the meridian or the prime vertical, or too high in
altitude for a Sumner or double-altitude position, as even such well-known writers as the late
Captain Lecky would consider a bar to reliable results but he impresses on the navigator ;

that the only necessary condition of importance to ensure good results is that the two
observations should be sufficiently far apart in bearing to give a good cut."
. 417 27
EXTRACTS FROM LETTERS re THE A, B, and C
"AZIMUTH AND REDUCTION TABLES."
[From Captain Squire
Lecky, R.N.R.] T. S.
"I intend shortly to tackle a new
Wrinkles,' and will try to make it as
edition of '

perfect as possible. Now, I have so much admiration for your A and B tables that I

consider my book incomplete without them, etc. Neyland House, Neyland, R.S.O.,
Wales, 3rd November 1890."

[From Admiral William R. Lang, R.N.]

"
Your very simple and most useful azimuth tables will be a great boon to many
navigators. What labour you will save them by your splendid work. What a . . .

very useful book for navigators you have compiled Harrogate, 27th April 1903."
!

[From Lieutenant Alexander G. Wright, R.N.]

" I think it is a most excellent book indeed, and quite the best of its kind that I ever
came across. Your A and B tables are old friends of mine. I had the good fortune to
meet with them when I was on the China Station in 1897. H.M.S. Brilliant, Cruiser
Squadron, 21st June 1903-"

[From Captain T. S. Angus, Nautical Inspector, P. & O. S. N. Company.]

" Your latest A and B tables are certainly the most concise for practical work I have
seen. London, 14th September 1903."

[From Captain Thomas Liddle, s.s. Kurrachee.]

"I consider them the most complete and comprehensive azimuth tables published.
Having used them for over twenty years I can speak with confidence as to their utility
and accuracy, and have no hesitation in recommending them to navigators. The plane
charts for the use of the Sumner problem are available for any latitude, and are in
' '

themselves a boon to navigators. Hamburg, Germany, 25th September 1905."

[From Captain Robert W. Ferguson, Brisbane, Queensland, ist July 1906.]

"
You indeed deserve the gratitude of seamen for the pubhcation of these valuable
tables. I have long held that every other method should give place to this. Personally,
I have used Lecky's tables and the skeleton tables 27 A and B and 28 C of Norie for many
years, but I shall discard them in future for your excellent tables. I do not understand
why the Board of Trade continue the old cumbersome Sumner method in the examinations
in preference to the graphic methods of Pagel, Johnson, and yourself."

[From Captain Thomas Mincham, Teacher of Navigation, Auckland, New Zealand,

7th December 1908.]
" The A, B, C Azimuth Tables I have used from the start of their publication. I pre-
fer them to all others as more simple, and much easier to learn."

[From Mr W. H. Sweny, Chief Officer, P. & O. s.s. Moolton, Adelaide, 23rd January 1909.]
" I have now had your new edition of Azimuth and Reduction to the Meridian Tables
in use for one Australian voyage, using them almost daily for stellar observation. The results
obtained have been surprising, and so satisfactory that I have discarded all other books on
these problems."

[From Captain John Owen, Teacher of Navigation, Cardiff, 25th January 1909.]
Your method of solving the Time Azimuth problem by the A, B, C Tables is concise,
"
and easy of solution. If these tables were more generally known, I think seafarers would
use them in preference to Burdwood's or any other special tables employed at present."

[From Mr John Blencowe, late Second Officer, B.I. s.s. Shirala, Auckland,
New Zealand, 9th February 1909.]
" In Lyttelton I obtained a copy of your new Azimuth and Ex-meridian Tables, and on
showing them to my brother officers they were so taken with them that they all bought a
copy themselves. I think the tables are splendid, and for the sake of the profession will
do all I can to make them more widely known."

[From Mr S. C. Warner, Chief Officer, P. & O. s.s. Socoira, off Minikoi Island,
13th September 1910.]
I should hke to add my humble testimonial to the new A, B, C Book you have brought
"
out, and to tell you how much it is appreciated here on board. I certainly think it is the
very best book of navigation ever printed."
418
EXTRACTS FROM LRTTRRS Continued.
[From Captain George Burton, Instructor of Cadets, Ocean Training-Ship Port Jackson,
oflf Australia, 26th November 19 10.]
" I have shown your book to all our senior cadets, and advised them to procure copies.
The book is certainly altogether the most complete education in modern navigation yet
published."

[From Captain J. King Davis, commanding the Australasian Antarctic Expedition,

s.y. Aurora, Macquarie Island, i6th December 191 1.]
" We
have already several copies of the previous edition, as I use nothing else, and
have on my officers learning to use them, as they are the only suitable tables for
insisted
our work, and are much handier, in my opinion, for any latitude. I hope that they will
become very widely known, as I am sure you make matters much simpler than many of
the bulky and expensive tables which seem to be of much less value."

[From Mr H. Rochford Hughes, Navigating Ofl&cer, H.M. Cable Steamer Iris,

Auckland, 8th February 1912.]
" I have tried new navigation methods, and all the principal tables of the day, during
' '

my search for the shortest and most accurate methods, and have come to the conclusion
that for our work your tables and system generally are the best."

[From Commander Irving B. Miles, R.N., Officer in charge of Survey on Atlantic Coast
of the Dominion of Canada, Department of the Naval Service Hydrographic Survey,
Ottawa, i8th January 1912.]
" interested to know that on my recommendation the Department here
You may be
is providing ships with your latest edition of tables.
all I have still your third edition,' '

1886, which has been everywhere with me from New Zealand to Hudson Bay and Strait."

[From Commander Richard Hyde, R.N., Navigation School, Portsmouth, 12th April 1912.]
" I have just returned from a cruise with our gunboats the Dryad and Harrier, when
I used your tables exclusively for finding azimuths, and personally I prefer them to Burd-
wood or Weir's diagram."

[From Lieutenant Edward R. G. R. Evans, R.N., who Commanded the British Antarctic
Expedition R.Y.S. Terra Nova from England to Antarctic in 1910. Christchurch,
17th April 1912.]
" I shall endeavour to bring your tables into more general use in the Navy, as I consider
them facile princeps of their kind. Burdwood and Davis are so cumbersome. I think you
will be pleased to hear that on the southern journey I used your tables exclusively, and
worked out all magnetic variations and true bearings by means of them up to latitude 85'
and hence to 88 almost by exterpolation."

[From Captain L. B. Bennett Gillman, s.s. Matatua, London, 30th April 19 12.]

" Before leaving Wellington on our last homeward voyage I procured a 19 11 edition of
your tables for azimuth and reduction to the meridian. I think it is the cheapest and best
book on practical navigation ever offered to the seafaring community. Had the price been
two guineas instead of six shillings it would have been nearer the intrinsic value of the book.
The tables are absolutely the last word in modern and up-to-date navigation."

[From Lieutenant Harry Pennell, R.N., commanding the British Antarctic Expedition
R.Y.S. Terra Nova, Lyttelton, 3rd June 1912.]
" I have used your A, B, C and Ex-meridian Tables whenever the Terra Nova has
made a voyage south, and have found them invaluable. In parts of Ross Sea the variation
changes 1 for every four miles run at right angles to the hnes of equal variation, and the
large number of azimuths that it is necessary to take during the twenty-four hours would
mean a prohibitive amount of work if your all-embracing tables were not at hand."

[From Captain Thomas Liddle, 31 Argyle Square, Sunderland, 30th December 1912.]
" Your last 191 1 edition is undoubtedly the best book pubUshed for navigation, and
the cheapest."

From Lieut.-Col. W. A. Tilney, commanding 17th Lancers, Sialkot, India, 29th July 1913,
to Captain Blackbume.]
" Your tables have practically enabled us to revolutionise night marching, as you see
by the enclosed report."
419
 EXTRACTS FROM PRESS REVIEWS AND LETTERS
ON

TABLES OF CALCULATED HOUR-ANGLES

AND

ALTITUDE AZIMUTH TABLE, ETC.

[Extract from Shipping Illustrated, New York, U.S.A., April 3rd, 1915.]
" The main purpose of these tables is to make as easy as possible the problem of finding
the ship's position from combined altitudes of the sun, moon, or stars, and especially to
faciUtate the much-neglected practice of determining the ship's position from two or three
stars at twilight, a few minutes before sunrise, and a few minutes after sunset. By the
aid of the calculated star reduction and azimuth tables in this book a latitude and position
line can be obtained at any time when the stars are visible almost as easily as by meridian
altitude of a star. This method is the simplest yet brought forth for quickly and accurately
solving the problem of determining position from stellar observations out of the meridian,
or for determining latitude and position line from a single observation, which may be used
in connection with a sounding, or the bearing of some mountain peak or light."

[Extract from Shipping and Commerce, WeUington, N.Z., March nth, 1915.]
" This publication again shows the author's extraordinary faculty and grasp of the art
of condensation in appUed navigation. The tables comprise over a quarter of a million
tabulations of calculated hour-angles, azimuths, reductions, and variations for the hour
angles to i degree of latitude, altitude, and declination. The calculated reductions and
azimuths of 27 bright stars from one hour to three hours from the meridian, some of them
for hour-angles from the meridian below the Pole as well as above, have been made for the
actual declination of the stars for the year 1920. This does away with the need for any
interpolation for the declination, and these tables will be in this respect perfectly accurate
for many years. The tables have been computed to an extreme degree of accuracy, and are
especially helpful for determining the ship's position from combined altitude of the sun or
stars. By these tables the problem of finding the ship's position from two or three stellar
observations out of the meridian or for thejiumerous adaptations in conjunction with fixed
shore objects and soundings in obtaining a fix is copiously explained.
' '
The great advan-
tage of these tables for daylight or twilight observations is that the ready determination
of the altitude and azimuth from the table prevents the possibility of a wrong star being
taken, and an observation may be obtained by setting the approximate altitude to the
sextant before the star is visible to the naked eye."

[Extract from Evening Post, Wellington, N.Z., March 29th, 1915.]

" Nothing, it is understood, has ever before been published for so readily and accurately
finding the latitude by stellar observations, as the reduction to the meridian is taken out
at sight, for 27 of the brightest stars, for one hour on each side of the meridian, and up to
2 and 3 hours from the meridian below the Pole for all the brightest circumpolar stars.
The true bearings of these stars are also taken out more simply and accurately than by
any other tables, as the calculation has been made for the actual dechnation of the star,
thus saving the interpolation required with other azimuth tables. The bearings given of
the circumpolar stars supplement the omissions of Davis's Star Azimuth Tables, as no
bearings are given in these tables within 3 hours of the meridian below the Pole, when the
altitude is low and in the most suitable position for compass bearings.
" By combining observations from two stars within the limits of the Reduction and
Azimuth Tables, when about 30 from the meridian, the latitude and longitude may be
obtained in a very simple way. In this work Captain Blackburne has once again drawn
attention to the value of double altitude observations for a Sumner position in low
' '

latitudes, as well as in high, and in his remove the wrong impression which exists
effort to
among many ofl&cers in service in this direction he has given two or three
the merchant
convincing examples with altitudes not more than 2 from the zenith.
" The completeness and conciseness of the calculations, which greatly facilitate the
task of navigation, make the book very valuable to all mariners in responsible positions."
420


EXTRACTS FROM LETTERS RECEIVED re

* TABLES OF CALCULATED HOUR-ANGLES,"
Etc.

The late Commander Harry Pennell, R.N., H.M.S. Duke of Edinburgh, wrote :

" These hour-angle and azimuth tables reduce sights now to the minimum of work con-
^ceivable when they fall within its hmits."

Captain Herbert H. Edmonds, Teacher of Navigation, Sydney, writes " Received :

my copy of your book, with which I am greatly pleased. I have tested a few critical cases
and find results all that can be desired, both with hour-angle and azimuths. What a boon
"
to have all you want with a position-line in one act !

Commander Edward R. G. R. Evans, R.N., H.M.S. Viking, writes " Very many :

thanks for Tables of Calculated Hour- Angles, Star Reductions, and Azimuth Tables.'
'

Like all your works this is excellent, and simple enough for any navigator who will read
the explanation and work a few examples until he is familiar with their use then they
are a pleasure."

Lieut. E. B. Dalby, R.N.R., H.M.S. Carmania, writes " I have purchased a copy :

of your new book, and hasten to say how much I like it. The printing is good, the arrange-
ment could not be bettered, the explanations are copious, and the whole book a marvel of
cheapness. I have checked the hour-angles in Table i by working out quite a number
of sights in the usual way, and then working the same sights by this table. In no case
did I get a difference of over a second, and in most cases the error was under half a second.
The facility and accuracy with which the azimuth is obtained through the latitude variation
(with a little mental interpolation in some cases) is certainly remarkable. For your star
reduction and azimuth tables I have nothing but admiration. For stellar navigation
I know of nothing to equal these incomparable tables."

Captain Robert W. Ferguson, of Brisbane, Queensland, writes " The tables are :

magnificent, and the most singular part of them is the truly graphic Altitude Azimuth
Table No. IV, it being the best and most ingenious I have ever seen. These tables . . .

are of inestimable value to the science of navigation, and your methods supersede all others
in accuracy and brevity."

Captain Walter Lumsden, C.V.O., R.N., Director Royal Indian Marine, writes,
saying :

" I am obtaining copies of this publication for supply to Royal Indian Marine
seagoing vessels."

Captain John J. K. Konghan, commanding R.M.S. Sierra, writes :

" I use your books
in preference to all other books on navigation. They give me entire satisfaction. . . .

Your books are very popular with the Japanese. They know a good thing when they see it.
. . . Have read and used nearly all the new books on navigation. Your books are the
best I have seen up to this date. I intend to introduce it into the United States."

Later, Captain Konghan writes " Five copies of :

Calculated Hour- Angles and *
'

eight of the small books, Azimuths,' have been purchased by the officers of this steamer
'

for themselves and friends. I believe every voyage they purchase some."

Sub-Lieut. T. Konishi, of H.I.J.M S. Azuma, Japanese Navy, writes " I tried :

your new book, and found it very good very simple and very accurate.
I tried (i) by
logarithms (2) Ball's Altitude Table
; most used (3) The Newest Navigation, Altitude
. . .
;

and Azimuth Tables, by Lieut. Radler de Aquino, BraziUan Navy and your table I ;

think the best."

Sub-Lieut. Konishi took very high honours at the Naval College in Japan. His opinion,
therefore, is much valued.

Naval Instructor S. F. Card, B.A., R.N., Head of the Navigation Department, and
Lecturer in Navigation at the Royal Naval College, Greenwich, writes " Personally, I :

am a great admirer of your latest tables, and have brought it to the notice of the sixty
new Naval Instructors that I have been training here at the R.N. College. The Azimuth
Table I prefer to Burd wood's," etc.
Sir E. Lionel Fletcher, Manager Oceanic Steam Navigation Co., Ltd. (White
Star Line), writes " :
We
think it well to advise you that we have ordered 40 copies of
your new Navigation Table, for use by the commanders in this Company's service."

The P. & O.S.N. Company, the N.Z.S.S. Company, the White Star Line, and the
U.S.S. Company of New Zealand supply copies of the work to their steamers. The
New Zealand Government are also supplying each of H.M.N.Z. transport steamers
with a copy of the book.
421
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