CONVERSION FACTORS FROM ENGLISH TO SI UNITS

Length: 1 ft 5 0.3048 m Stress: 1 lb>ft 2 5 47.88 N>m2

1 ft 5 30.48 cm 1 lb>ft 2 5 0.04788 kN>m2
1 ft 5 304.8 mm 1 U.S. ton>ft 2 5 95.76 kN>m2
1 in. 5 0.0254 m 1 kip>ft 2 5 47.88 kN>m2
1 in. 5 2.54 cm 1 lb>in2 5 6.895 kN>m2
1 in. 5 25.4 mm
Unit weight: 1 lb>ft 3 5 0.1572 kN>m3
2 24 2
Area: 1 ft 5 929.03 3 10 m 1 lb>in3 5 271.43 kN>m3
1 ft 2 5 929.03 cm2
1 ft 2 5 929.03 3 102 mm2 Moment: 1 lb-ft 5 1.3558 N # m
1 in2 5 6.452 3 1024 m2 1 lb-in. 5 0.11298 N # m
1 in2 5 6.452 cm2 Energy: 1 ft-lb 5 1.3558 J
1 in2 5 645.16 mm2
Moment of 1 in4 5 0.4162 3 106 mm4
Volume: 1 ft 3 5 28.317 3 1023 m3 inertia: 1 in4 5 0.4162 3 1026 m4
1 ft 3 5 28.317 3 103 cm3
1 in3 5 16.387 3 1026 m3 Section 1 in3 5 0.16387 3 105 mm3
1 in3 5 16.387 cm3 modulus: 1 in3 5 0.16387 3 1024 m3

Force: 1 lb 5 4.448 N Hydraulic 1 ft>min 5 0.3048 m>min

1 lb 5 4.448 3 1023 kN conductivity: 1 ft>min 5 30.48 cm>min
1 lb 5 0.4536 kgf 1 ft>min 5 304.8 mm>min
1 kip 5 4.448 kN 1 ft>sec 5 0.3048 m>sec
1 U.S. ton 5 8.896 kN 1 ft>sec 5 304.8 mm>sec
1 lb 5 0.4536 3 1023 metric ton 1 in.>min 5 0.0254 m>min
1 lb>ft 5 14.593 N>m 1 in.>sec 5 2.54 cm>sec
1 in.>sec 5 25.4 mm>sec
Coefficient of 1 in2>sec 5 6.452 cm2>sec
consolidation: 1 in2>sec 5 20.346 3 103 m2>yr
1 ft 2>sec 5 929.03 cm2>sec
Principles of
Foundation Engineering, SI
Seventh Edition

BRAJA M. DAS

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Principles of Foundation Engineering, SI
Seventh Edition
Author Braja M. Das
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Christopher M. Shortt
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To our granddaughter, Elizabeth Madison
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Contents

Preface xvii

1 Geotechnical Properties of Soil 1

1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Grain-Size Distribution 2
1.3 Size Limits for Soils 5
1.4 WeightVolume Relationships 5
1.5 Relative Density 10
1.6 Atterberg Limits 15
1.7 Liquidity Index 16
1.8 Activity 17
1.9 Soil Classification Systems 17
1.10 Hydraulic Conductivity of Soil 25
1.11 Steady-State Seepage 28
1.12 Effective Stress 30
1.13 Consolidation 32
1.14 Calculation of Primary Consolidation Settlement 37
1.15 Time Rate of Consolidation 38
1.16 Degree of Consolidation Under Ramp Loading 44
1.17 Shear Strength 47
1.18 Unconfined Compression Test 52
1.19 Comments on Friction Angle, fr 54
1.20 Correlations for Undrained Shear Strength, Cu 57
1.21 Sensitivity 57
Problems 58
References 62

vii
viii Contents

2 Natural Soil Deposits and Subsoil Exploration 64

2.1 Introduction 64
Natural Soil Deposits 64
2.2 Soil Origin 64
2.3 Residual Soil 66
2.4 Gravity Transported Soil 67
2.5 Alluvial Deposits 68
2.6 Lacustrine Deposits 70
2.7 Glacial Deposits 70
2.8 Aeolian Soil Deposits 71
2.9 Organic Soil 73
2.10 Some Local Terms for Soils 73
Subsurface Exploration 74
2.11 Purpose of Subsurface Exploration 74
2.12 Subsurface Exploration Program 74
2.13 Exploratory Borings in the Field 77
2.14 Procedures for Sampling Soil 81
2.15 Split-Spoon Sampling 81
2.16 Sampling with a Scraper Bucket 89
2.17 Sampling with a Thin-Walled Tube 90
2.18 Sampling with a Piston Sampler 92
2.19 Observation of Water Tables 92
2.20 Vane Shear Test 94
2.21 Cone Penetration Test 98
2.22 Pressuremeter Test (PMT) 107
2.23 Dilatometer Test 110
2.24 Coring of Rocks 113
2.25 Preparation of Boring Logs 117
2.26 Geophysical Exploration 118
2.27 Subsoil Exploration Report 126
Problems 126
References 130

3 Shallow Foundations: Ultimate Bearing Capacity 133

3.1 Introduction 133
3.2 General Concept 133
3.3 Terzaghis Bearing Capacity Theory 136
3.4 Factor of Safety 140