Good agricultural practices manual for onions

Bruising during harvest or handling. Based on the findings regarding the current situation, the identified bottlenecks and opportunities, some key
strategic intervention areas and respective actions have been formulated. Food safety and sustainable practices are maintained by knowing when to
apply, how much to apply, and keeping record of the amount of chemicals that have already been applied. For vegetables and open field crops,
open field nurseries, crops germination, frost mitigation, cooling fruit orchards and roof dust cleaning. Bulbs exposed to sunlight produce
chlorophyll and result in greening of bulbs. Netafim also manufactures and distributes crop management technologies, including monitoring and
control systems, dosing systems, and crop management software. Primary tillage by mould board plough or disc plough and secondary tillage by
disc harrows, tyned harrows or rotavator to achieve proper tilth. Analyse possible processing options examples in other countries, market demand,
. Furthermore, there are reports on substantial post-harvest losses. During harvest, there are necessary precautions that can prevent
contamination. Irrigation system Drip version: Given the decrease in the gap between onion demand and supply in Ethiopia, as well as the current
quality of Ethiopian onion, Agro-BIG will still focus on addressing the domestic market prior to seeking to reach export markets Djibouti and
Sudanese markets could be an exception. The BMPs may change as additional proven research becomes available. Strategic intervention areas
Actions 1. Strengthen link between producers and markets, between different actors in the VC. Daily crop water requirement: Although these
could not yet be quantified in detail, mere observations and conversations with key people in the sector confirm this finding. Exposure of bulbs to
direct sunlight during high temperatures. For row crop irrigation. Good Agricultural Practices pp. Strengthen services in onion Value Chain
Facilitate the improvement of supply of services e. Best Management Practices BMPs are the best recommended agronomic practices for growing
a specified crop. Proper use of facilities should be enforced. Weed control Managing weeds is critical for successful onion production. Although
women play an important role in onion production and retail marketing, they are hardly involved in any decision making, except probably at
household level. As no staggering is practiced, and all the produce is put on the market in a relative short period of time, the price drops
considerably at that period of the year. Water contacting produce should be monitored to prevent pathogen contamination and foodborne illnesses.
Optimum leaf nutrient levels at bulb enlargement stage in young mature leaf are as follows: Where water quality cannot be controlled, it is best to
minimize contamination risks by identifying and diverting sources for contamination dangers e. Temperate, tropical and subtropical; cool season
crop Day length: These should include the whole chain from improved inputs, certified seed varieties, production and post-harvest technologies, to
processing technologies etc. Products Innovative, integrated products designed to achieve maximum growth using fewer resources. There are
indications that the potential for the onion VC in Ethiopia in general and in Amhara Region in particular are good, and in practice this still has to be
realised. Spacing Inter row spacing: However on the longer term, export promotion should be considered.

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The same applies for the supporting services: Strengthen services in onion Value Chain Facilitate the improvement of supply of services e. Given
the decrease in the gap between onion demand and supply in Ethiopia, as well as the current quality of Ethiopian onion, Agro-BIG will still focus
on addressing the domestic market prior to seeking to reach export markets Djibouti and Sudanese markets could be an exception. The available
quantities are limited and often not in time. Introduce location based onion quality control mechanisms Facilitate the development of location based
onion quality control mechanisms with emphasis on seed quality; Promote quality and standard based pricing of onion. Netafim is the world leader
in drip irrigation systems and agricultural projects. Many of the actors in the Value Chain have heard about VC but are not yet fully familiarized
with the concept. Although women play an important role in onion production and retail marketing, they are hardly involved in any decision making,
except probably at household level. Destroy the hard pan, if any, using either chisel plough or a subsoiler. Analyse possible processing options
examples in other countries, market demand, . During harvest, there are necessary precautions that can prevent contamination. Another issue
for the farmers are the labour constraints in peak periods, e. For row crop irrigation. Food safety begins with proper growing practices. Integrated
weed control program involving crop rotation, manual weeding, stale seedbed, soil fumigation, soil solarization, maintenance of optimum plant
population, mechanical intercultivation and herbicide chemical applications. If an employee is sick, he or she should not handle produce or be near
other employees; the risk of infecting others and spreading disease to food supply is high Food Safety Initiative Staff- Food and Drug
Administration, As no staggering is practiced, and all the produce is put on the market in a relative short period of time, the price drops
considerably at that period of the year. Harvesting is done by pulling the bulbs. Strategic intervention areas and possible actions Based on the
findings regarding the current situation, the identified bottlenecks and opportunities, some key strategic intervention areas and respective actions
have been formulated. Food safety and sustainable practices are maintained by knowing when to apply, how much to apply, and keeping record of
the amount of chemicals that have already been applied. This is quite logic but needs and will get due attention of the project. Bulbs continue to
grow even after the foliage has fallen down. Strengthen link between producers and markets, between different actors in the VC. The seed supply
is still dominated by small informal supplier. Spacing Inter row spacing: Irrigation scheduling at 10 to 20 centibars using tensiometers installed at
20cm soil depth maximizes total, marketable and colossal bulb yield of onion. Workers should be taught proper hygiene when returning from
restrooms, and employers should make functioning restroom and hand-washing facilities with potable water available Daeschel, Other areas of
food safety during the growing process include correct use of pesticides, insecticides, fertilizers, and other necessary chemicals. H7 bacteria in
sprinkled irrigation water harbored decreasing counts of the bacteria over a period of several weeks; by harvest time, E. Monitor economic
threshold levels and take up appropriate plant protection measures. Survival of Escherichia coli O These practices are based on research and
experience and apply to onions under the specified agro-ecological conditions. The recommended BMPs are not the only way to grow onions but
are the best way determined by Netafim. A recent study showed that onions inoculated early in the growing season with high levels of Escherichia
 coli Although these could not yet be quantified in detail, mere observations and conversations with key people in the sector confirm this finding.

Good Agricultural Practices | Food Technology & Processing

Destroy the hard pan, if any, using either chisel plough or a subsoiler. Although women play an important role in onion production and retail
marketing, they are hardly involved in any decision making, except probably at household level. One of the main constraints, mentioned by farmers
and other actors alike, is the difficulty of getting quality seeds. One factor that contributes to these losses is the lack of application of good
agricultural practices for whatever good or bad reasons. Onion has become a product consumed by most of the Ethiopian households. Facilitate
the improvement of supply of services e. Irrigation system Drip version: Sustainable Onion Production N. Optimum leaf nutrient levels at bulb
enlargement stage in young mature leaf are as follows: Public-private partnerships in onion processing Analyse possible processing options
examples in other countries, market demand, . Where water quality cannot be controlled, it is best to minimize contamination risks by identifying
and diverting sources for contamination dangers e. Survival of Escherichia coli O H7 in soil and on carrots and onions grown in fields treated with
contaminated manure composts or irrigation water. This means that their knowledge and experience is not being used to the benefit of the
development of the chain. Temperate, tropical and subtropical; cool season crop Day length: The available good agricultural practices manual
for onions are limited and often not in time. Spacing Inter row spacing: The BMPs may change as additional proven research becomes available.
However on the longer term, export promotion should be considered. Water contacting produce should be monitored to prevent pathogen
contamination and foodborne illnesses. Totes and crates used to carry onions should be sanitized to eliminate possible pathogens and bacterial
growth. For vegetables and open field crops, open field nurseries, crops germination, frost mitigation, cooling fruit orchards and roof dust good
agricultural practices manual for onions. Weed control Managing weeds is critical for successful onion production. Strategic intervention areas
and possible actions Based on the findings regarding the current situation, the identified bottlenecks and opportunities, some key strategic
intervention areas and respective actions have been formulated. Furthermore, there are reports on substantial post-harvest losses. Other factors
are that there are limited storage facilities, no proper packaging for the onions during transport resulting in mechanical damage which reduces
considerably the storage life and no processing facilities. Planting, Growing, and Harvesting Food safety begins with proper growing practices.
However, it is important to note that even low counts of harmful bacteria can cause sickness. Harvesting is done by pulling the bulbs. Maturity
symptoms include yellowing of leaves and dry at the top; bulbs turn red and attain their optimum varietal size. Primary tillage by mould board
plough or disc plough and secondary tillage by disc harrows, tyned harrows or good agricultural practices manual for onions to achieve proper
tilth. In any case, and this at all levels involved, from the farmer up to the bureaus at Regional good agricultural practices manual for onions,
the marketing aspects are still receiving little attention when compared to attention for production. H7 bacteria in sprinkled irrigation water
harbored decreasing counts of the bacteria over a period of several weeks; by harvest time, Good agricultural practices manual for onions.
The recommended BMPs are not the only way to grow onions but are the best way determined by Netafim. The seed supply is still dominated by
small informal supplier. Bruising during harvest or handling. Good agricultural practices manual for onions link between producers and
markets, between different actors in the VC. Another issue for the farmers are the labour constraints in peak periods, e. At present the local
production is not sufficient to satisfy the national demand and at certain periods of the year onions are imported mainly from neighbouring countries.