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Stresses On Inclined Sections: P4 Stress and Strain Dr. A.B. Zavatsky
Stresses On Inclined Sections: P4 Stress and Strain Dr. A.B. Zavatsky
Zavatsky
MT07
Lecture 4
Stresses on Inclined Sections
1
Shear stress
Shear stress acts tangential to the surface of a material.
Top view
Side view
d
t
d
P t
3
P Forces applied to the bolt by the plates
P
These forces must be balanced by a shear force in the bolt.
4
Bolts in Double shear
P
P/2 P/2
V (P / 2)
= =
A ( d 2 / 4 )
P P/2 P/2
5
Example of bearing stress and shear stress
(based on Example 1-5, page 36, Gere, 6th ed. 2004)
(Gere 2004)
(a) bearing stress between strut and pin
P
= = 125 MPa
2(t d pin )
P/2 S P/2
(b) shear stress in pin
(Gere 2004)
pin
P/2 G G P/2
( P / 2)
= = 79.6 MPa
( d pin / 4)
2
7
(c) bearing stress between pin and gussets
P
= = 83.3 MPa
2 (tG d pin )
(Gere 2004)
(d) bearing stress between anchor bolts
and base plate
P cos
= = 79.8 MPa
4 (t B d bolt )
( P cos / 4)
= = 84.7 MPa
( d bolt / 4)
2
8
These are examples of direct shear -- the shear stresses
are a result of the direct action of a shear force trying to cut
through the material.
X-section
M
V
max = 3V / 2A
Shear force diagram
b 1
3
a
c
4
Forces Vertical direction: 1 (bc) = 3 (bc)
Horizontal direction: 2 (ac) = 4 (ac)
So 1 = 3 and 2 = 4
10
2 (ac)
3 (bc) b
1 (bc)
4 (ac)
Moments about [ 1 (bc) ] (a) = [ 2 (ac) ] (b)
about [ 3 (bc) ] (a) = [ 4 (ac) ] (b)
So 1 = 2 and 3 = 4
11
Shear strain
Shear stresses have no tendency to elongate or shorten;
instead they produce a change in shape.
/2
/2
12
Hookes Law in shear
=G
G is the shear modulus of elasticity (or modulus of rigidity).
Units are N / m2 = Pa.
It can be shown that the elastic constants E and G are related by:
E
G=
2 (1+ )
13
Normal and shear stresses on inclined sections
P P
Because the stresses are the same throughout the entire bar, the
stresses on the sections are uniformly distributed.
Inclined Normal
P section
P section
14
2D view of the normal section
(but dont forget the thickness perpendicular to the page)
P x x = P / A
Area A
P P
15
Specify the orientation of the inclined section pq by the angle
between the x axis and the normal to the plane.
p n
y
P x m P
q
Normal section = 0 Left face = 180
Top face = 90 Bottom face = 270 or -90
y N
P x P
V
Force N P cos P
= = = = cos 2
Area Area A / cos A
x
= x cos 2 = (1+ cos 2 )
2
Force V P sin P
= = = = sin cos
Area Area A / cos A
x
= x sin cos = (sin 2 )
2
17
Sign convention
Normal stresses positive for tension.
y
Shear stresses positive when they
x tend to produce counterclockwise
rotation of the material.
18
Plot and versus .
= x at = 0 This is max.
= x/2 at = 45
= 0 at = 90 No normal stresses on sections cut
parallel to the longitudinal axis.
= 0 at = 0, 90
= max = x/2 at = -/+ 45 |max| = |x/2|
19
Example of stresses on inclined sections
(based on Example 2-11, page 114, Gere, 6th ed. 2004)
(Gere 2004)
21
Values of x based on allowable stresses in the glued joint:
y p
(P/A)
x
= -50
q = 40
x
=
x
(1 + cos 2 ) = (sin 2 )
2 2
2 2
x = x =
1 + cos 2 sin 2
2(5.2) 2(3.4)
x = x =
1 + cos 2(50) sin 2(50)
x = 12.6 MPa x = 6.9 MPa
22
Smallest x = -6.9 MPa (shearing of glue joint)
b = P / x
(36 103 )
b=
(6.9 106 )
b = 0.0722 m
b = 72.2 mm
(Gere 2004)
23
Introduction to stress elements
Stress elements are a useful way to represent stresses acting at some
point on a body. Isolate a small element and show stresses acting on all
faces. Dimensions are infinitesimal, but are drawn to a large scale.
y
P x x = P / A
Area A
y y
x x = P/A x x = P/A
x x
24
Maximum stresses on a bar in tension
P P
a b
x x = max = P / A
a
No shear stresses
25
P P
a b
x/2
Angle
= 45
= 45 x/2 -x/2
= 135 x/2 x/2
max = x/2 = -45 x/2 x/2
= 225 x/2 -x/2
x/2
b
In case b ( = 45), the normal stresses on all four faces are the
same, and all four shear stresses have equal and maximum
magnitude.
26
If the bar is loaded in compression, x will have a negative value
and stresses will be in the opposite directions.
x/2
x x = -P / A
|max| = |x/2|
a x/2
b
27
Examples
Mild steel loaded in tension. Visible slip bands (Lders bands) appear
on the sides of the bar at approximately 45 to the axis of loading when
the yield stress is reached. These indicate that the material is failing in
shear along planes of maximum shear stress (cup-and-cone failure).