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S U M M A R Y O F T HE T R A N S F O RM A T IO N S

Area of the General Results Transformation

Transformations Symbol Type
Image = Invariant line Object Image Matrix

x- axis (a,b) (a,-b) 1 0

( )
0 1

1 0
y- axis (a,b) (-a,b) ( )
0 1
Area of the
Reflection M Isometric
Object
0 1
y=x (a,b) (b,a) ( )
1 0

0 1
y = -x (a,b) (-b,-a) ( )
1 0

90o clockwise 0 1
(a,b) (b,-a) ( )
about origin 1 0

90o
Area of the 0 1
Rotation R Isometric anti-clockwise (a,b) (-b,a) ( )
Object 1 0
about origin

1 0
180o about origin (a,b) (-a,-b) ( )
0 1

Area of the Translation

Translation T Isometric (a,b) (a+ ,b+ ) ( )
Object matrix ( )

Non- K2 Area of K 0
Enlargement E Scale factor K (a,b) (Ka,Kb) ( )
isometric the Object 0 K

Invariant line
m Area of 1 0
x-axis with (a,b) (a,mb) ( )
the Object 0
Non- stretch factor m
Stretch S
isometric Invariant line
n Area of 0
y-axis with (a,b) (na,b) ( )
the Object 0 1
stretch factor n
Invariant line
x-axis with shear (a,b) (a+mb,b) 1
( )
0 1
Non- Area of the factor m
Shear H
isometric Object Invariant line
1 0
x-axis with shear (a,b) (a,na+b) ( )
1
factor n

Nadeem Ahmad, Resource Academia, Ph. 0333-4404244. E-mail: ahmad.nadeem78@yahoo.com

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distance of the image from the centre of enlargement

Scale Factor of Enlargement = distance of the object from the centre of enlargement

OR
Length of either side of the image
Scale Factor of Enlargement = Length of the correspondingside of the object

In case of positive or negative scale factor of the enlargement, arrangement is as under:

Direction of the
Scale factor K Arrangement Size of Image
Image
0<K<1 Centre Image Object diminished Erect

K>1 Centre Object Image Enlarged Erect

-1 < K < 0 Image Centre Object diminished Inverted

K < -1 Image Centre Object Enlarged Inverted

distance of a point of image from the Invariant line AF

Stretch Factor =
distance of the corresponding point of object from the Invariant line
= where F is the foot of
AF
the perpendicular from A and A to the invariant line.

Stretch Factor Arrangements

The image will be on the same side of the invariant line as that of the object but its distance
0<K<1
from invariant line will be less than that of the object.
The image will be on the same side of the invariant line as that of the object but its distance
K>1
from invariant line will be more than that of the object.
The image will be on the opposite side of the invariant line as that of the object but its distance
-1 < K < 0
from invariant line will be less than that of the object.
The image will be on the opposite side of the invariant line as that of the object but its distance
K < -1
from invariant line will be more than that of the object.

distance moved by the object point AA

Shear Factor =
distance of the point from the Invariant line
= where F is the foot of the perpendicular from
AF
A or A to the invariant line.

Shear is the only non isometric transformation in which area remains same for all values of the shear factor.

Nadeem Ahmad, Resource Academia, Ph. 0333-4404244. E-mail: ahmad.nadeem78@yahoo.com

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MOVEMENT OF THE POINTS IN SHEAR :

The signs inside the parenthesis show the sign of the shear factor and the arrows show their respective
direction of movement.

(-) (+)

Horizontal Invariant Line

(+) (-)

(-) (+)

Vertical Invariant Line

(+) (-)

DIFFERENT TRANSFORMATIONS GIVING SAME RESULTS

Transformation I = Transformation II Matrix

Reflection in x-axis Stretch with x-axis as invariant line and stretch factor -1 1 0
= ( )
0 1
Reflection in y-axis Stretch with y-axis as invariant line and stretch factor -1 1 0
= ( )
0 1
A two way stretch with x-axis as invariant line and
180o rotation about the origin stretch factor -1 followed by a Stretch with y-axis as 1 0
= ( )
0 1
invariant line and stretch factor -1

Nadeem Ahmad, Resource Academia, Ph. 0333-4404244. E-mail: ahmad.nadeem78@yahoo.com


Enlargement with scale factor K
and origin as centre.
o clockwise/anticlockwise rotation
e.g. 90o c.w rotation
90o a.c.w rotation
Nadeem Ahmad, Resource Academia, Ph. 0333-4404244.
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A two way stretch with x-axis as invariant line and
K 0
= stretch factor K followed by a Stretch with y-axis as ( )
0 K
invariant line and stretch factor K.
= (360o o) anticlockwise/clockwise rotation
= 270o a.c.w. rotation
= 270o c.w. rotation
E-mail: ahmad.nadeem78@yahoo.com