SETTING

OF
REL 511

PEEGT, 19-23 June 2005

Presentation by Fidel Rios, SwedPower

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 REL 511 - ZM function: Settings

Setting of all line parameters, such as positive-sequence resistance and reactance

as well as zero-sequence resistance and reactance, together with expected fault
resistance for phase-to-phase and phase-to-earth faults, are independent for each
zone.

The operating characteristic is thus automatically adjusted to the line characteristic

angle, if the simplified operating has not been specially requested.

The earth-return compensation factor for earth-fault measurement is calculated

automatically by the terminal itself.

The distance protection function blocks are independent of each other for each
zone. Each function block comprises a number of different functional inputs and
outputs, which are freely configurable to different external functions, logic gates,
timers and binary inputs and outputs.

This makes it possible to influence the operation of the complete measuring zone or
only its tripping function by the operation of fuse-failure function, power swing
detection function, etc.

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 REL 511 - ZM function: Settings

Independent settings
Reactive reach
Resistive reach
Earth return compensation

Setting parameters for phase-to-phase measurement:

X1PP R1PP
RFPP

Setting parameters for phase-to-earth measurement:

X1PE R1PE
X0PE R0PE
RFPE

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 REL 511 - ZM function: Secondary values
The secondary impedance, Zsec, seen by the relay is the ratio
between the secondary voltage Vsec and the secondary current Isec:

Vsec
Z sec =
I sec
Through the CT and VT transformation ratios, the secondary quantities
can be expressed in terms of the primary quantities:

I prim I prim
= CTr I sec =
I sec CTr
Vprim Vprim
= VTr Vsec =
Vsec VTr
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REL 511 - ZM function: Secondary values
By substituting Isec and Vsec in the expression of the secondary
impedance Zsec:
Vprim

Z sec =
Vsec
= VTr CTr Vprim
=
I sec I prim VTr I prim

CTr
Vprim/Iprim is the expression for the primary impedance Zprim and
the ratio CTr/VTr is the Impedance Transformation Ratio Kimp:

CTr Vprim
Z sec = = K imp Z prim
VTr I prim
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REL 511 - ZM function: Primary Line Data

Line Voltage: Ur = 230 kV

Frequency: f = 50 Hz

Line Data: Z1 = R1 + jX1

Z0 = R0 + jX0

CT ratio: CTr
VT ratio: VTr

Maximum Load on line: PMAX = 1200 MW

Minimum Load Factor: cosmin = 0.9
Minimum Bus Voltage Umin = 0.95 Ur

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 REL 511 - Description: What is Measured. ZMPh-Ph

Phase-to-Phase Loops

The impedance calculated by the phase-to-phase loops is

a complex number calculated according to the formula:

E ph1 E ph 2
Zm =
I ph1 I ph 2

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 REL 511 - What is Measured. ZMPh-Ph

Case of Ph-Ph faults:

Z1 + R f + Z1
II1
Z1 Iph1 I ph 2 = I ph1
1

Eph1

Eph1-Eph2 Rf
Eph2 Z1
E ph1 E ph 2 E ph1 Eph2
Zm = Zm =
I ph1 I ph 2 2 I ph1
I2

2 Z1 + R f Rf
Zm = = Z1 +
2 2
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 REL 511 - What is Measured. ZMPh-Ph
The result is the so called Ohm/Phase
Impedance.
This impedance belongs to phase 1
I1 Z1

Rf
Zm = Z1 +
Eph1

Rf
2
Eph2
Z1

I2

This impedance belongs to phase 2

Ohm/phase quantities help to remember how the relay measures.
It can be underlined that ZM measures the ohm/phase value of the fault
resistance but the fault resistance is set in ohm/loop values.
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 REL 511 - What is Measured. ZMPh-Ph
When should we trip? (SETTINGS FOR ZONE n)
0 Fault Resistance (R f ) RFPP
0 Line Impedance (Z1 ) R1PP + j X 1PP
Z1
II1
1
Rf
Eph1 Zm = Z1 +
Rf 2
Eph2 Z1

I2
Once it is understood how the relay measures the impedance, it is necessary to
enter correct setting values to limit the trip zone.
Information about positive sequence impedance of the line must be entered:
R1PP and X1PP (both ohm/phase)
And information about the fault resistance must be entered:
RFPP (ohm/loop) BOOSTING YOUR ENERGY
REL 511 - ZM: Operating characteristic for PP loops
Im

j X1PP

RFPP
+j0
2
R1PP + j X1PP

X1PP
= arctan
R1PP

Re
RFPP RFPP
R1PP +
2 2

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 REL 511 - ZM: Operating characteristic for PP loops

Trip characteristic for ZM for PP loops

There is a directional function that limits the zone to see the faults in either
forward or reverse direction.

Normal angles for directional lines are:

15 deg for the horizontal directional line
25 deg for the vertical directional line

It can also be seen that the characteristic involves fault resistance also to the
left of the line impedance. This is for example useful if the distance protection
shall operate as remote back-up protection for a transformer with small
resistance in relation the its reactance.

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REL 511 - ZM: Operating characteristic for PP loops
Ph-Ph Fault with zero resistance
Ph-Ph Fault with RFPP resistance
at the limit of our setting
at the limit of our setting

Im

j X1PP

Ph-Ph Fault with RFPP resistance

at beginning of the line

Ph-Ph Fault with zero resistance

at the beginning of the line

Re
RFPP
2 BOOSTING YOUR ENERGY
 REL 511 - What is Measured. ZMPh-Ph (3-phase faults)

What is Measured. ZMPh-Ph

The relay still measures the so called Ohm/Phase

Impedance.
Z1 Rf/2
II11

Rf
Zm = Z1 +
Eph1

Z1 Rf/2
2
I2
Eph2

Z1 Rf/2 V=0

Eph3 I3

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REL 511 - What is Measured. ZMPh-Ph (3-phase faults)

When should we trip? (SETTINGS FOR ZONE n)

Rf
0 FaultResistance ( ) RFPP
2
0 Line Impedance (Z1 ) R1PP + j X1PP

Z1 Rf/2
II11

Rf
Zm = Z1 +
Eph1

Z1 Rf/2
2
I2
Eph2

Z1 Rf/2 V=0

Eph3 I3

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 REL 511 - What is Measured. ZMPh-E

Phase-to-Earth Loops

The impedance calculated by the phase-to-earth loops is a

complex number calculated according to the formula:

E ph1 Z 0 Z1
Zm = KN =
I ph1 + K N 3I 0 3 Z1

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 REL 511 - What is Measured. ZMPh-E
Case of Ph-E faults:

Z1
II1
1

Eph1

Iph1 E ph1
Eph1
Z1

Rf Zm = = Z1 + R f + Z N
Eph2
I2

Z1
I ph1
Eph3 I3

ZN

By considering the equation:

Zm = Eph1 / Iph1
It can be seen that the function is measuring the loop impedance.
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 REL 511 - What is Measured. ZMPh-E
The results is the so called
Ohm/Loop Impedance.
How Much is this?
Z1
II1
1

Eph1

I2
Z1

Rf Z m = Z1 + R f + Z N
Eph2

Z1

Eph3 I3

ZN

Loop
Ohm/loop quantities help to remember how the relay measures. It can be
underlined that ZM measures the ohm/loop value of the fault resistance and the
fault resistance is set in ohm/loop values. Z1 is the positive sequence impedance
of the line. ZN is the earth return impedance.
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 REL 511 - How Much is ZN ?

Expression of ZN in terms of Z1 and Z0.

Z 0 = Z1 + 3 Z N
Z 0 Z1
ZN =
3

The earth-return impedance can be expressed in terms of positive- and zero-

sequence impedances of the line.

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 REL 511 - What is Measured. ZMPh-E
Different expressions of the measured impedance for PE loops

Z0 Z1
ZN =
Z1
3 Zm = Z1 + R f + Z N
II1
1

Z0 Z1
Eph1

Z1
Zm = Z1 + + Rf
Eph2
I2
Rf
3
2 Z1 + Z0
Zm = + Rf
Z1

Eph3 I3
3

Zm = Z1 (1 + K N ) + R f
ZN

Z Z
KN = 0 1
3 Z1
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 REL 511 - What is Measured. ZMPh-E

When should we trip? (SETTINGS FOR ZONE n)

0 Fault Resistance (R f ) RFPE
0 Line Impedance (Z1 ) R1PE + j X 1PE
0 Line Impedance (Z0 ) R 0 PE + j X 0 PE

Z1
II1
1

Eph1
2 Z1 + Z 0
Z1
Zm = + Rf
I2
Rf
3
Z 0 Z1
Eph2

Z m = Z1 + + Rf
Z1

Eph3 I3
3
ZN

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 REL 511 - What is Measured. ZMPh-E
When should we trip? (SETTINGS FOR ZONE n)
Once it is understood how the relay measures the impedance, it is necessary
to enter correct setting values to limit the trip zone.

Information about positive sequence impedance of the line must be entered:

R1PE and X1PE (both ohm/phase)

Information about zero sequence impedance of the line must be entered:

R0PE and X0PE (both ohm/phase)

And information about the fault resistance must be entered:

RFPE (ohm/loop)

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ZM function: Operating characteristic for PE loops
Im
2 X1PE + X0PE
j
3

R0PE - R1PE X0PE - X1PE

+j RFPE + j 0
3 3
j X1PE

R1PE + j X1PE

2 X 1PE + X 0 PE

= arctan
2 R1PE + R0 PE

2R1PE + R0PE Re
RFPE + RFPE
3

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 ZM function: Operating characteristic for PE loops

Trip characteristic for ZM for PE loops

There is a directional function that limits the zone to see the faults in either
forward or reverse direction.

Normal angles for directional lines are:

15 deg for the horizontal directional line
25 deg for the vertical directional line

It can also be seen that the characteristic involves fault resistance also to the
left of the line impedance. This is for example useful if the distance protection
shall operate as remote back-up protection for a transformer with small
resistance in relation to its reactance.

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 ZM function: Operating characteristic for PE loops
Ph-E Fault with zero resistance Ph-E Fault with RFPE resistance
at the limit of our setting at the limit of our setting

Im
2 X1PE + X0PE
j
3

Ph-E Fault with RFPE resistance

at beginning of the line

Ph-E Fault with zero resistance

at the beginning of the line

Re
RFPE
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 ZM function: Settings and characteristic
Directional line X

Directional lines are used to (25o)

discriminate forward and
reverse directions.

The angles for the directional

lines are settable.
Default values are 25o and 15o
as indicated in the picture.
R

DO NOT CHANGE THE

DEFAULT SETTINGS UNLESS
TESTS Directional line
ON TRANSIENT NETWORK (15o)
SIMUTALOR
SUGGEST IT!

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 ZM function: Settings and characteristic
Directional line X

The zone can be set to

operate in forward direction

Directional line

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 ZM function: Settings and characteristic
X

The direction can be set

forward

The direction can be set reverse

R

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 ZM function: Settings and characteristic
X

The direction can be set

forward

The direction can be set reverse

R

The direction can be set

non-directional (ZM1-STND)

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 ZM function: Settings for PP loops

X1PP: Positive-sequence reactive reach

R1PP: Positive-sequence resistive reach
RFPP: Fault resistance

TRIP:
0 Fault Resistance (R f ) RFPP
0 Line Impedance (Z1 ) R1PP + j X 1PP

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ZM function: Operating characteristic for PP loops

Im

j X1PP Rf
Zm = Z1 +
2
RFPP
+j0
2
R1PP + j X1PP

X1PP
= arctan
R1PP



Re
RFPP RFPP
R1PP +
2 2

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 ZM1 function: Underreaching Zone 1 setting

PP loops:

The main requirement on Zone 1 reach setting is that it should

never overreach the line length.

Set Zone1 to 85% of the total line.

X 1PP = K imp (0.85 X 1 )

R1PP = K imp (0.85 R1 )

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 ZM1 function: Underreaching Zone 1 setting
PP loops:
The setting RFPP contains the secondary
information of the fault resistance Rf.

RFPP = K imp R f
It is recommended that RFPP 1.6 Zloadmin

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ZM1 function: Underreaching Zone 1 setting
PP loops:
REL 531 - PH-EARTH Characteristic

70.00
0.8 Rloadmin
60.00

50.00

40.00

Zloadmin
30.00

Im
20.00

10.00

0.00
-30.00 -20.00 -10.00 0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00 60.00

-10.00
PhiMAX
-20.00 ( cosphi min)

-30.00

Re Rloadmin
RFPP/2
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 ZM1 function: Underreaching Zone 1 setting

PP loops:
For Zone 1 it is also recommended not to exceed with the ratio
resistive reach / reactive reach in order to avoid overreaching of
the zone:

RFPP 3.0 X 1PP

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 ZM function: Settings for PE loops

X1PE: Positive-sequence reactive reach

R1PE: Positive-sequence resistive reach

X0PE: Zero-sequence reactive reach

R0PE: Zero-sequence resistive reach

RFPE: Fault resistance

TRIP: 0 Fault Resistance (R f ) RFPE

0 Line Impedance (Z1 ) R1PE + j X 1PE
0 Line Impedance (Z0 ) R0 PE + j X 0 PE

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 Characteristic of the phase-to-earth measuring loop

The phase-to-earth loop measuring impedance (Zloop) consists of a Z1 line operational

impedance, ZN earth return impedance, and the RFPE fault resistance.
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ZM function: Operating characteristic for PE loops

Im
2 X1PE + X0PE
j
3

R0PE - R1PE X0PE - X1PE

+j RFPE + j 0
3 3
j X1PE

R1PE + j X1PE

2 X 1PE + X 0 PE

= arctan
2 R1PE + R0 PE

2R1PE + R0PE Re
RFPE + RFPE
3

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 ZM1 function: Underreaching Zone 1 setting

PE loops:
The main requirement on Zone 1 reach setting is that
it should never overreach the line length.

Set zone1 to 85% of the total line.

X 1PE = K imp (0.85 X 1 )

R1PE = K imp (0.85 R1 )

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 ZM1 function: Underreaching Zone 1 setting

PE loops:

This is valid also for the earth-return path, i.e. for the
zero-sequence settings:

X 0 PE = K imp (0.85 X 0 )

R 0 PE = K imp (0.85 R0 )

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 ZM1 function: Underreaching Zone 1 setting
PE loops:
The setting RFPE contains the secondary
information of the fault resistance Rf.

RFPE = K imp R f
It is recommended that RFPE 0.8 Zloadmin

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ZM1 function: Underreaching Zone 1 setting
PE loops:
REL 531 - PH-EARTH Characteristic

70.00
0.8 Rloadmin
60.00

50.00

40.00

Zloadmin
30.00

Im
20.00

10.00

0.00
-30.00 -20.00 -10.00 0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00 60.00

-10.00
PhiMAX
-20.00 (cosphimin)

-30.00

Re Rloadmin
RFPE
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 ZM1 function: Underreaching Zone 1 setting

PE loops:

For zone 1 it is also recommended not to exceed with

the ratio resistive reach / reactive reach in order to
avoid overreaching of the zone:

RFPE 4.5 X 1PE

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ZM2 function: Overreaching Zone 2 setting

PP loops:
The main requirement on Zone 2 setting is that it should always
cover at least 120% of the complete line length (to avoid
underreaching) and it should (preferably) not be set longer than
80% Zone 1 of the next shortest line.

X 1PP = K imp (1.20 X 1 )

R1PP = K imp (1.20 R1 )

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 ZM2 function: Overreaching Zone 2 setting

PP loops:

The setting RFPP contains the secondary information of

the fault resistance Rf.

RFPP = K imp R f
It is recommended that RFPP 1.6 Zloadmin

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 ZM2 function: Overreaching Zone 2 setting

PE loops:
The main requirement on Zone 2 setting is that it should always
cover at least 120% of the complete line length (to avoid
underreaching) and it should (preferably) not be set longer than
80% zone1 of the next shortest line.

X 1PE = K imp (1.20 X 1 )

R1PE = K imp (1.20 R1 )

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 ZM2 function: Overreaching Zone 2 setting

PE loops:

This is valid also for the earth-return path, i.e. for the zero-
sequence settings:

X 0 PE = K imp (1.20 X 0 )

R 0 PE = K imp (1.20 R0 )

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 ZM function: Overreaching Zone 2 setting

PE loops:

The setting RFPE contains the secondary information of

the fault resistance Rf.

RFPE = K imp R f
It is recommended that RFPE 0.8 Zloadmin

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REL 511 Line Reference

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REL 511 Z General

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 Settings for ZM
Operation: Off/Non-Dir/Forward/Reverse

Operation PP: On/Off (Phase to Phase loop)

X1PP, R1PP: Positive seq. line

impedance setting (ohm/ph)

RFPP: Fault resistance (ohm/loop)

timer txPP: On/Off

txPP: Time delay (s)
Operation PE: On/Off (Phase to Eart loop)

X1PE, R1PE: Positive seq. line

impedance setting (ohm/ph)

X0PE, R1PE: Zero seq. line

impedance setting (ohm/ph)

RFPE: Fault resistance (ohm/loop)

timer txPE: On/Off

txPE: Time delay (s)

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REL 511 ZM1 (Zone 1)

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REL 511 PSD

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