Chú Giải Sách Ngũ Thư - LM Nguyễn Thế Thuần

Kinh thnh chuyn khoa-Ch gii ng th
CH GII - BNH LUN

NG TH
KHI NGUYN
(1:1-2:4a)
TRNH THUT TO THNH CA P
Mun thm nh cho nhm trnh thut, th phi nhn rng :

- D J(Y) hay P : c tin Israel l lng tin v Cu thot, la chn nh ta thy trong
tuyn tn Tl 26:5tt.
- Nh trnh thut To thnh : Uyn nguyn ca thnh s c ln mi tn khi
nguyn v tr Yahv Thin Cha ca Giao c vi Abraham v ti ni Sinai l Thin
Cha to ha vn vt. Con ng Thin Cha i t u vi v tr c vch ra cho
n vic ku gi Abraham v vic thnh lp cng on dn Cha. Israel ng trong thnh
s do Thin Cha chn nhn li d vng cho n to thnh, v t ng li chnh mi
trng hin ti ca mnh.
Kn 1:1-2:4a thuc truyn thng P. Ta s n s uyn bc ca hng t t (y
c vch r hn u ht). Nhng hng ny khng phi mt ngy m vit ra c : Kinh
nghim gio hun tng th h i trc, bi b, son i son li, nn trong ny khng
c g l c sao hay vy. Mi iu u suy ngh chn chn, cn nhc trc sau sao
cho minh bch. Khng th coi chng ny nh mt vn chng u tr, lum thum.
Chng ny tin vn mi s l nhng mnh ca c tin, tuy rng t ng l ra mt
khoa hc u tr : vy l nhng iu c quan h c bit n vn mng con ngi hin ti
l chng ta.
Cch dn bi :
1. Mi trng 3-13 2. S vt 14-31

Ngy Vic T Ngy Vic T
1 1 S sng, ti tm 4 5 Mt tri, trng, sao, nc
2 2 chia nc trn di 5 6 pha di sinh ra c, ri c
chim
3 a) t kh xut hin v 7 a) Dng ln th vt di
3 bin t
4 b) Dng ln cy ci 8 b) Dng ln ngi ta; c
cy : thc n cho ngi ta
v th vt.
s song song gia khong 1 v 2.

Cng thc dng t, khng thay i my (c l cng dng : D nh).
a/ Li nhp : Thin Cha phn.
b/ Lnh truyn : Nh vy hy c s sng
c/ Thi hnh lnh : Nh v c nh vy
Lm Yuse Nguyn Th Thun -Gio s Kinh Thnh-CSsR Page 1

d/ T cng vic : Thin Cha phn tch s sng ra khi ti tm

e/ Li chc lnh hay t tn : v Thin Cha chc lnh, Thin Cha gi
f/ Li ca ngi : V Thin Cha thy l tt lnh
g/ Kt lun : c mt chiu v mt sng
Cu ny : o l cn bn l Thin Cha bi nh hon ton t do ca Ngi

dng ln tri t : Ngha l chnh Thin Cha bi to thnh m lm cho mi s, khng
tr vt no, c c t (hu ht) tr i.
Trong tt c Tiu , gia nhng nc c mt nn vn minh c knh, ch c mt mnh
nc Israel b nh t khc mi kiu thn thoi v khi nguyn cho cc thn, cng nh
cho v tr.
Ting : Khi nguyn, ban u, hu ht : in principio :

Khi im ca mt thi gian. (Khng c g khc trc, - v cng khng bao hm g qu
su xa : Basilius, Augustinus : in principio: Ngi Hai Thin Cha).
Mo : c tc gi ly cu 1 lm tin , ph l cu 5 (khi Thin Cha th) khng xui
vi kiu vn y, ng khc ph hn ci uy nghi ca cu th nht ny.
Deus (Elohim) :
Theo t cch Thin Cha ca c v tr.
Creavit : Hipri: Bara, Arp: xy ct, Phnikia:ngi nn c, ngi tc tng, chm.
Hipri : Ting dnh ring v cng vic ca Thin Cha : Thi th khng vt liu, lm xut
hin cch l lng iu khng c (t ting khng ni n creatio ex mihilo/ To dng t
h khng nng rt kt lun c coi 2M 7:28).
Caelum et terram/ Tri v t:
Thnh ng ch vn vt, tt c mi s.
Cu 1: Qu quyt to thnh vn vt. Cc cu sau : Cch t chc.
Cu 2: Cu ny ni n trng thi hn mang ca t. Din t c th o l to thnh,

khng th khng ni n hn mang. Tc gi cp n vn bng kiu suy tng thng
thng thi .
Terra : Ngi xa khng th coi t l trung tm mi s l phn chnh.
Inanis et vacua /Trng khng mng qunh:
Dch hai ting thu wabhu : Khi im ca cng vic t chc th c trng thi trng
rng (v hnh v dng).
Tenebrae/ Ti tm :
Trong trng thi nh th, tt nhin ch c ti tm, s sng cha c.
Abyssus (Hipri:Tehm)/Vc thm :
Ln nc su khng y (t ra l theo kiu ni qu ng).
Spiritus Dei : (Ruah elohim / Kh thn) :
Khng phi Thnh thn ca Thin Cha nhng l gi. Khng phi : cung phong
(G.Heinisch Von Rad) thi nh bo. Khng kh (cn thit cho sinh vt sau ny, kh ca
Thin Cha : v Thin Cha l ng lm ra s sng Ez 37:9t; Yb 7:3).
Ferebatur (Hipri: mrahepheth /l l) cn tranh lun v ngha :
- Theo ting Syrie : p, ph (c tc gi mun m ch n truyn k Phnikia v qu
trng nguyn thy).
Lm Yuse Nguyn Th Thun-Gio s Kinh Thnh-CSsR Page 2

- Nhng phi theo ngha nh trong Tl 32:11; Yr 23:9 (Ugarit cng th) : Bay ln
(Hipri mun thi : i i li li, ch ny ch khc, run ly by). Nh th khng phi
gi cun thi, lm ni sng ln.
- Chung chung cu 2 : T hn mang s thy mt ln nc mt m, bt nh, trong
t cha thnh hnh, khng nhn r ra c. Cc yu t ca v tr sn. Tc gi
khng ni thng hn mang th thin nh th l cng vic ca Thin Cha. Cu 1
d m ch l c hn mang cng khng c trc khi Thin Cha tra tay vo
vic.
By gi t hn mang : Thin Cha ln lt cho xut hin cc iu ngi ta hin thy
trong tri t.
Cu 3-5 : Ngy th nht.

Dixit /Phn: Mt kiu ni theo ngi ta n gin hn c : mun ca Thin Cha.
Ph hp vi tin tng Tiu v ngha v hiu lc ca Li ni (Quan nim m thut :
li ph ch. Nhng trong Israel : quan nim c ty luyn mi iu d oan ri).
Quan nim to thnh bng Li : Duy tr s phn bit trit gia Thin Cha to ha v
to vt. Khng c cht g v thuyt lu xut (emanatisme) : Lin lc c nht thng
gia Thin Cha v th to : Li.
S sng :
Yu t n thun, cao siu nht : cc iu ny :
- S sng c ch c coi nh thn - Lin lc cht ch vi thn linh.
- S sng phi hin ra trc tin - Khng s sng khng lm vic c.
- S sng tch khi mt tri Nh mt cht cha trong kho.
Et facta est lux / V nh sng c.
Hiu lc tuyt i trc tip c din t bng lp li y nguyn tng ting.
Li tn thng: Li thm nh cng vic, c ch ngh s ng trc trc-tc va
mnh.
Nhng nn nh Tt (tb) : t nhn p, m l nhn n m hp vi mc ch, ch li,
ng nh phi c (phi c cho c trt t v tr).
Divisit lucem a tenebris / tch nh sng vi ti tm :
Hin tnh v tr sng ti pha trn mt ci g nh nhem. Thin Cha phn tch t
cng gii gia i ng.
Nn ch c nh sng c li tn dng thi.
Appellavit/ Gi :
Tn : din t ra c bn tnh s vt v tc dng ca n.
t tn : To dng hay xc nh s phn, vn mng ca s vt.
c quyn ca mt tn ch (Kn 2:19t; 35:10; 2Vua 24:17; 2Ks 36:4).
Thin Cha t tn ngy m : tc l phn nh s thay i nhau gia c hai.
Factumque est vespere et mane, dies unus/
V c mt bui chiu v c mt bui mai, ngy th nht.
R rng ngy 24 gi!
Unus thay cho th nht, (kiu ni Hipri).
Cu 6-8. Ngy th hai : dng ln bu tri.

iu nn l firmamentum/ Vm (dch ting raqia, t nguyn : nn bng ba, tn
rng ra) : ch vm tri xanh theo nh mt ta ngng ln thy c. Quan nim bnh dn :

bu tri xanh : mt ci g cng chng nc pha trn. Nh th raqia y n phn

chia nc ca i dng s thy thnh nc trn (ma xung t ) v nc pha
di (nhng mch nc dy ln lm thnh sng ngi).
: fecit / lm:
Hnh nh di tch v i ng xa ca trnh thut to thnh (xa : lm, sau mi : phn).
Lm : V tr trc tip bi tay Thin Cha Phn : s khc bit v cng gia Thin Cha
to thnh v cc th to.
Cu 9-10. Ngy th ba I : Bin v t lin.

C khi snh ly c phn tch cht cng ra khi cht nc. Nh th c Bin v t.
Tc gi qua nim t nh mt ci mm ni trn mt bin s thy, xung quanh bin bao
vy. Pha trn vm tri c va nc (Bin trn cao : v th nn tri xanh), t ma ri
xung ci mm t ni gia Bin, v trn Bin.
Locus/ch, ni :
Cc tc gi thng i thnh mt khi (masse) : (Hipri: maqm thnh miqweh).
Cu 11-13. Ngy th 3 II : Cy ci.

Lnh Thin Cha khng ban thng cho cy ci, nhng cho t (quan nim theo nh
thng tnh thy c : Cy ci t t mc ln).
Hnh nh tc gi chia ba loi tho mc : C l ci cc t dng mc trong sa mc Rau
la c ht thy r rng Cy c qu.
Quan nim : Hnh nh cn di li quan nim rt cu tro v t l m. y s sng
ca cy ci trc thuc v t : T t mc ln, ri li tn t trong t Nhng trn ht :
Li Thin Cha.
Cu 14-19. Ngy th t : Mt tri, mt trng, tinh t.

tnh cch chng thn thoi ca kiu ni :
- Khng t tn (Shamash, Sin : Tn mt tri, mt trng cng l tn cc v thn thi
danh trong Tiu ) (Ur, Haran : c n th trng).
- Ting thng n (h b ngi thn). Tc dng : Ti t phc v nhn trn! Gi
nhim v chia ngy m trc kia Thin Cha lm ri lm du phn thi bui
(ma)
- Soi sng.
Cn tinh t : hnh nh tc gi khng bit cho cng tc g i vi loi ngi.
(coi Tl 4:19; Yr 10:2; Yb 31:26t; Ez 8:16t; 2Vua 23:11t; Ys 47:13 v vic th tinh t).
Cu 20-23. Ngy th nm : Th vt di nc, trn kh.

- Trnh thut i t nhng khu vc xa tm sc con ngi : Bin c, tri cao.
- Dng li ting bara, vi s sng c mt ci g l lng mi m xut hin (quan nim
Dothi : cy ci khng c s sng ).
- Khng ni n tn c (c khi v dn chng c th ln ln vi Dagan - thn ca
Philitin (c : dag). Nhng ni n Tanninim : tc l qui vt di nc : thung
lung, ri n nhng vt nh b nht.
- Qu quyt thn hc : Tuyt nhin khng c mt ci g ngoi quyn nng to thnh
ca Thin Cha. V mi s u tt p c.
Chng c Thin Cha chc lnh : Sn lc ca chng u do s chc lnh c.

Cu 24-25. Ngy th su I : Th vt trn t.

tng t vi ngy th ba : Lnh cho t pht sinh ra th vt.
Quan nim dn thng : th vt ch sng lin vi t, cht th tr v t li. Nhng c.25
Thin Cha cng can thip.
Sau tc gi phn loi th vt : Th vt (bhemah) tc nh gia sc Cn trng (ht cc
vt nh phi b trn t) mnh th (th rng).
Theo loi ca chng : tc gi quan nim chng c to dng ln nh chnh mt tc gi
cn ng thy.
Cu 26-28. Ngy th su II : Dng ln ngi ta.

Li Thin Cha : Khng phi l mt lnh, nhng l li kt thc mt quyt nh.
Vn : vn lun lun chng mc, nhng long trng khc thng.
Faciamus / Ta hy lm = Chng ta hy lm: S nhiu bn bc :
Ti sao li s nhiu ? (Vn rt tranh lun).
- Ba ngi! Khng th vin chng c trong mch lc.
- Di tch a thn! Cng v cn c trong mch lc.
- Triu thn ca Thin Cha gm c cc thin thn (triu Th : 1Vua 22,19t; Yb 1; Ys
6) c th da trn ca vnh 8 (c nhiu ng chm vi on ny).
- S nhiu : Kiu ni uy nghi (ni Thin Cha : sung mn v nng lc).
Hominem / Ngi:
Aam mt ting ch loi ch nhm (c th hiu nh nhn loi, loi ngi, ngi ta).
Ad imaginem (nostram) et similitudinem nostram.
Theo hnh nh(Chng)Ta v nh ha nh ca (Chng) Ta
Vn kh gii ch xc.
T ting : Imago (selem) : nh, tng tc hnh (th d tng thn). C khi ch ngha nh
theo ngha yu (i chi hnh vi nh).
Similitudo (Hipri : dmuth) : ngha tru tng hn tng t, tng chiu vi.
Coi nh c khi : nh ci g ha li 2Vua 16,10)
Mo kh khn : v prposition dng khc nhau. Nhng chung chung ta nhn c rng
ad imaginem nostram secundum similitudinem nostram phn th hai hn ch t cch
hnh nh i (loi tr s ngang bng vi mu).
Kh khn l vn : Ging v ci g?
- Aam c nhc ln gii siu nhin, ging Thin Cha v v tnh siu nhin : qu
ng khi bnh lun hn v ting dng.
- Ging v thn xc (nhiu tc gi) : Da vo 5:3; 9:6. H da vo chng mnh :
Ting dng, xut x thuc P nh 5:3.
Quan nim chung Tiu .
- Nhng cng nn nh : Cu c khng h ni r v tnh thing ling ca Thin
Cha tht, nhng li cho ta thy lun lun : Thin Cha vt qu ngi ta ngn
trng, thot khi mi cht vt v thn xc, cm ch tc hnh Thin Cha ng
khc li lun lun cho thy Thin Cha l mt nhn vt : c bn v, hiu bit, nh
ot...)
- Nn nhiu tc gi khc (nh Bible de Jrus) : Ging v thn xc nh s chng
tng tng m khng loi tr ging v bn tnh chung chung c bit ca con
ngi.

- Ging theo tnh cch hot ng /dynamique ?
Chng ta thy ngay sau : Thin Cha ban cng tc cho loi ngi.
Et praesit /Lm ch - Tr (ting Hipri Radah : Qun cai nh ch, nhng trc tin, dm
ln trn, ch p) cu 28 cn thm ting : Subjicere/ Lm b ch.
Hipri : kabash cng ngha tng t : Dm chn ln trn : a v cao c ca ngi ta (v
l hnh nh Thin Cha) l c quyn thng tr trn c to thnh ca Thin Cha Nh
ngi ta, th to vt ngoi lin lc vi Thin Cha th pht xut bi Thin Cha, li cn
c lin lc mi : hng v cng Thin Cha.
Cu 27 : tnh cch long trng : Cu c ba v bin ngu. ng t bara/ Lm
c lp li n ba ln.
Masculum et feminam creavit eos /L Nam l N, Ngi dng nn chng.
Tc gi khng ni v ngi ta nh ni v th vt l c dng ln theo loi ca
chng. S phn chia nam n l thuc to thnh ca Thin Cha.
Eos/ h : trnh hiu theo truyn k : ngi u tin i nam i n.
Hnh nh Thin Cha khng ch ni ngi nam m thi, m c ni ngi n. V nu
mun nhn mnh hn vo tng ca P, th phi ni nim nhn loi ch hon b khi
c c hai - nam v n.
Cu 28 : C hai c chc lnh (ch c mt cp)

Nh c nng lc sinh sn thm ng.
Ni ngi ta, mi s u hng v Thin Cha : Do lai, bn tnh, chc v nht nht
u hng v Thin Cha, lin lc vi Thin Cha.
Cu 29-30. Loi ngi c ly rau c m n.

Sau Hng thy (9:3), ngi ta mi c lnh git loi vt m n tht. Hin lc ny : ngi
ta v th vt u ch n rau c. Nh th thi u ht ca nhn loi cha thy mu
ra: S thi bnh, iu ha c vn vt. y l chng ch ca P. V cnh a ng, v nh
vy P cng ng vi J.
Cu 31 : Chng ch cui cng ca Thin Cha trn c cng vic ca Ngi :

Valde bona/ Tt lnh qu i:
Nn , ting hn hoan trong mt trnh thut rt chng mc, mc du c chng kin
bao nhiu xo trn, v khn n : Do bi tay Thin Cha khng c mt s d no pht
xut c.
2:1-4a. Ngy th by.

Exercitus / C ng (Vg ornatus/ Trang sc) :
Ting trc tin ch o binh ri cc o binh trn tri : tinh t (ri thin thn) : y p
dng chung cho mi vt tri t.
Requievit / Ngi ngh :
C tnh cch mt kiu ni nh nhn to bo tng phn vi s d dt ca trnh thut t
trc n by gi. Nh vy l c dn vo tng quan trng ca 2:3 tuy trnh thut
khng ni thng n. Ngy li c Thin Cha chc lnh (lm cho ngy gy
phc lc) v tc thnh (tc l dnh ring vo vic phng s Ngi).

Cha phi l thit lp ngy Hu l, ra lut v Hu l (phi ch thi Ms : Xh 31:12-

17; 35:1-3). Nhng l, mt cch t lin lc c tnh cch tin trng, in hnh, ct vch ra
tnh cch thng thing ca lut Hu l.
Ngy th by khng ni n chiu : Nh th s ngh ngi ca Thin Cha c ko di i
i.
4a. Istae sunt generationes caeli et terrae, quando creata sunt /

Th l s tch tri t, khi chng c dng nn
Kiu ni : istas generations / y l s tch : Kiu c bit ca P. Trong P, cng thc
nn khun t gii hn cho cc on khi nguyn v cm chng bc tin ca trnh
thut.
Hipri : Tledoth ch nhng i ngi (c th), cc i tip nhau m lm thnh dng
ging, tng tch (gia ph) 10:0; 11:27; 25:12; 36:1-9. Ting thnh c ngha nh trnh
thut lch s trong 6:9; 25:19; 37:2.
y: C hai ngha iu khng dng c theo ngha ch xc. Nh th phi hiu rng
ra.
XT V VN CHNG
Nhiu kiu ni c sc ca Elohim/ Thin Cha, creare/To dng (bara/lm), species/

Xut hin (min), pulullare/ Nc nhung nhc (Vg producant aquae../ Nc sn
sinh ra20t) b, hnh nh, s tng t, c v ci, crescite et multiplicamini, ad
vescendum, istae generationes : nhng ting trong ting Hipri khng thy din li
trong trnh thut th hai, tuy tng c nhiu iu tng ng. Cc ting dng cch
ring v thi kh mun.
Nhng c sc hn l kiu hnh vn khng c g khu gi tng tng. Khng so snh,

khng dng nhiu kiu ni theo ngi ta.
Nhng ci kho p y : S uy nghi long trng.
Kiu ni ca mt thy dy, khng ngi lp li cc ting dng.
Chng ta n s phn chia rt cn ci :
Khc ny thuc hng ngi bit dng quyn, xc nh, sp t : T t.
TRNH THUT TO THNH I

VI SNG TH LUN TIU
NHNG SNG TH LUN TIU .

a) Aicp (coi Sources Orientales I 17-78) ANET 129.
b) Canaan (Phnikia) (Sources Orientales I 175ss ANET 129).
c) Sumer-Akkad : ng hn c (Sources Orientales I 93-ANET 37sq).
Enuma Elish Sources Orientales I 115ss ANET 60sq.

Khi lc :
Sng th lun Aicp :
C nhiu hnh thc, chung chung u nhn c trng thi hn mang s thy (Nc):
(Noun).

- Hermopolis : Thn Ra (mt tri) xut t ci trng s thy.

- Memphis : Vai tr chnh l Atum (mt bin thn ca thn Ptah).
(mt phn c tnh cch : Tr tu v li ni).
Sng th lun Phnikia :

Hn mang s thy m ti v bn ly c kh c che trn. Do xut hin mt ci trng.
Ngi n th nht mang tn Baau.
Sng th lun Enuma Elish :

i dng s thy gm c hai nguyn y : Apsu (nc ngt) Tiamat (nc mn) thm:
Nummu (li ni, tr tu: c l ch kh m). T hn mang, ny sinh tng cp thn. Cc
thn sinh sau hn xc, ln t cc thn cu tro. Apsu khng chu c, b trut ngi v
git i. Tiamat tuyn chin, to nn 11 tn ph t : Mng x v thung lung. i th l
Marduk - c vai tr chnh trong bi ca.
Chin tranh: Tiamat b m cht. Marduk x thn n lm hai - na lm tri, na lm

t; ri phn chia cc chm sao, tinh t, nh vic tun hon cho mt tri mt trng.
Marduk mi nh dng ln l u en cung phng ch thn bng cch cho em git
mt thn ngy tc l Kingu - i tng cc o binh ca Tiamat - v ly mu thn m
dng ln ngi ta. T cc thn c n th di t, v vic sng bi c ct t. Sau
cng Maruk t chc ch thn. Cc thn xy dng mng Maruk n th Esagil ti
Babylon. Ri sau l li ca tng 50 tc hiu ca Maruk.
SO SNH : Kn 1 vi cc Sng-th-lun.
Trng thi hn mang. Bhu : Baau (?). Trng s thy khng xut hin.
Hn mang Enuma Elish (nc ngt, nc mn, sng m).
Khi nguyn : Tehm (c l cng gm nc sng, nc bin, my m).
Ti tm (chung vi Phnikia).
Tanninim (thung lung, mng x trong Enuma Elish?)
Kn 1:5 8 10 t tn (Enuma Elish) khi s bng : Khi trn cao tri cha c tn... Atum
(Memphis) Mumu (Babylon) : Thn li ni.
Maruk chng t quyn lc mnh bng mt li ph ch (nhng khng dng trong vic
to thnh).
Tri t lm thnh bi s phn tch cc yu t ca hn mang.
S sng hnh nh c ring bit trong Enuma Elish. Kn 1:3 ni r.
Tinh t c dng ln phn nh thi gian. Kn 1 cn ni r hn.
Enuma Elish : m c trao ph cho mt trng Kn 1,16 18.
Enuma Elish : Dng ln ngi ta l chp nh, mt vic l lng.

Maruk by t mnh bn bc vi ch thn Faciamus. Ngi ta c dng ln bi
mu mt v thn. Imago-Similitudo (Mu : l s sng).
Ngi ta c dng ln cung phng ch thn (Enuma Elish).
Kn 1 : ngi ta lm ch vn vt nhng Kn 2:3 ng n vic th phng.
l nhng im ging nhau.

Nhng im khc nhau.

Vi im tiu tit : Tinh t ni n sau ht khng tc dng. Cn trong Enuma Elish :
trc ht nhiu nt thn thoi.
Enuma Elish : Dng ln ngi ta s nhiu. Kn 1 : Mt cp.
Enuma Elish : Di (7 bi gch) : Ct l ca ngi Maruk, thn ca Babylon (tc l bin
chnh cho nn b ch Babylon). Nhng v phng din o l : khc nhau tri vc.
Cc sng th lun : Thn thoi v a thn gi thit mt hn mang c trc, ng nht

vi nhng thn linh s thy. To thnh va l sng th, va l vic sinh sn ra cc
thn. To thnh bng mt chin tranh. Ngi ta c dng ln b khuyt vo s
bt lc ca ch thn, cung dng nhng thn thng trn.
By gi hy coi xem : Dung nhan Thin Cha c nht ngoi v tr, trn c v tr
tuyt nhin khng c g trc Ngi, v ngoi nh ca Ngi S ton nng ca
Ngi : lm mi s c trong li ni. Din t s khn ngoan v quyn lc v b bn :
khng mt s cng li no c c trc li quyn nng .
Coi tc gi gng trnh mi m ch c th gi n a thn. a v ca ngi ta mt cp

lm mi u cho c nhn loi : Tnh cch i ng c cn bn. V ngay c ni ting
Elohim : Thin Cha l ch c vn vt ch c thi gian, cc vic ca Ngi cm
chng cho cc ngy, Ngi l ch lch s.
THNH VNH 8.
Loi vn : Ca ngi.
Chia phn :
Cu 2: M
Cu 3: Chuyn (rt kh ct ngha).
Cu 4-9 Phn chnh : 4 Vinh quang Thin Cha trn tri cao.
5-9 a v cao qu ca Ngi ta.
Cu 10 Ly li 2a : nh ip khc.
Hon cnh :
C l nhn dp mt l c hnh ban m
Ngi ta xng ln Thnh vnh chia nhiu phn i p nhau. L ban m: coi Tv 134-1;
Ys 30:29; 1Ks 9:33. Thnh vnh 8 khng r l thnh phn l , hay l mt bi th ha
li theo tinh thn l .
Thi bui :
C th Tv 8 da trn Kn1 v nh th th thuc vo thi Bat !
Gii thch
Domine Dominus noster/ Yahv Cha chng ti : (Yahwah Dominus noster).
Dominus noster : Kiu ni v nh vua (1Vua 1:11 43 47). V Yahv : Tv 97:5 Cha t
ca Israel l Cha c to thnh. Thnh vnh ca ngi uy quyn ca Thin Cha Israel, Ngi
l Cha mi th to.

Nomen / Danh: Tn thay mt cho chnh vt. Nhng Tn Thin Cha (Yahv) trc tin
l mc khi lch s cho Israel : Thnh vnh ngm nhn nhng t cch ca Thin Cha nh
bit c nh mc khi v nhn thy Danh ca Cha Israel cao c trn hon v.
Hon v nh trong Kn 1 gm c t v tri.
Cu 2b : Rt kh gii :
Chnh vn bn xin khng cho uy nghi ca Cha... khng c ngha trong mch lc. Cc
bn dch u sa cch ny cch khc. Vg : elevata est /(dch theo LXX) Psalterium mi:
extulisti (theo nhiu tc gi khc da trn Syriac v Targum).
Bible de Jrusalem :Phng on sa m (tnh : tunnh). Tournay (RB 66 (1959) 112
qui est redite.
Cu 3: Kh t thu ngha tin khi. Cc tc gi u phng on ngha.

Chung c 2 im ng :
- Gia to thnh Thin Cha li c th ch ca Ngi. Cc bi ca ngi to thnh coi
l ci ph ha iu (Tv 104:35), chng s b tiu dit (Tv 97:3t)
- Tv 8 : phng k chm dt tnh cnh : Li ca ngi ni ming tr b th. C l
m ch n trong ban ca nhc c dng c tr em. Nhng ngha : Thin Cha lm
nhng k cng ca Ngi bng nhng phng k khng ng gi g trc mt
ngi ta, mc khi quyn nng Ngi cch t r hn.
Cu 4: Nhm mn tri m.
Kiu ni ; Kn 1:17. Tinh t, tri cao : vic ngn tay Thin Cha : Thin Cha nh th
im ch trn cng vic Ngi lm. Nhng ct yu ca chim ngm l i n a v
ngi ta.
Cu 5: Vch ra cch b ng cch i x ca Thin Cha vi ngi ta.

Thin Cha chiu c n con ngi (ting dng nhn n tnh cch mong manh, bt lc) :
memor es/ Nh n, visitas (curas)/bn tm Con ngi chm nghm gia bao la tri t
li l k c sng m mt cch khng th tng tng c.
Cu 6-7: iu ghi su ngay trong vic to thnh ra con ngi :

- c dng ln theo kiu Elohim (vt thin thai, thin thn).
- Vinh quang xn ln nh triu thin.
- Thng tr c vn vt.
Trong mi s c by t ra dung mo Elohim ni con ngi.
Cu 8-9: Kim im lnh vc con ngi c thng tr.

Ta thy r : Tv 8 trong mt vng t tng nh Kn 1.
Cu 10: ip khc : t tng ca Thnh vnh ch trng cch ring n t.
Thm nh o l
Tv 8 nh th ni n s cao c ca Thin Cha to thnh, v a v cao c ca ngi ta :
s Thin Cha mc khi mnh trong v tr c ni n trc lm bt ni ln ci b
nhim v tnh cch k diu ca s mng ngi ta : Suy t cch b ng ngc nhin v con

ngi, trong s th ly bit n : V tr v Con ngi c quyn nng Thin Cha bao
quanh. S thu hiu c c thc trong bin c mc khi cu ri, trong Yahv
gp g Israel nh dominus noster (Trong mc khi mi nhn ra ch thc nhng s cao
trng ca Thin Cha trong thin nhin).
Tv 8 cng nh Kn 1, khng ch n s sa a ca ngi ta khng phi l nhm n
mt Hong kim thi i no, nhng trong tnh trng hin ti, tc gi vn nhn ra c
mt ci g tuyt i vng chi do bi Thin Cha thit nh (Rm 11:29 n ban, Li
gi, Thin Cha khng h hi tic). Mt khi Yahv t Tn, Danh ca Ngi, mt khi
ngi ta ca tng Ngi, c nh dominus noster, mt khi Ngi nh n, lo lng ving
thm, th s l lng ca vn mng con ngi khng cn b ti li che khut, v ngi ta
s b ng m nhn ra a v mnh l thuc gii Thin Cha. Hr 2:6-9 p dng mi s
cho Cha Kit, ng khng lm ngi. Trong s ving thm cng tn , thc s mi
s mi sng t.
THNH VNH 104
Cng thuc loi Ca ngi nh Tv 8.

Ch : cng cuc to thnh ca Yahv.
B cc 1-4 : To dng nhng vt trn cao.
5-9 : Thng nc hn mang, t nn cho t.
10-18 : Cng dng ca nc :
10-12 : Nc pha di : khe sui.
13-18 : Nc trn cao : ma.
19-24 : m v ngy.
25-26 : Bin
27-30 : Mi s sng u ty thuc vo Yahv.
31-35 : Li tn tng kt thc.
Cu 1. Bt u ging Tv 103.
C l mt cng thc c trong truyn thng. l mt li cm thn khi ng trc
nhng k cng ca Thin Cha.
Thi s nhn ngm Yahv trong y phc hong vng ca Ngi. Majestas Decor/Ngi
mc oai phong lm lit : C th em v nh vua hay cc thn.
Cu 2. Ngi rng ngi nh sng : l o chong ca Ngi.

Kn 1 : S sng l cng vic th nht ca Thin Cha.
Sau l cc tng tri : Thay v raqia (firmamentum/ Vm), chng ta c y ci mn
tri. Nhng cng dng hnh nh cng ging nhau : Chia nc trn v nc di.
Cu 3. Exstruxisti super aquas conclavia tua /

Trn nc, Ngi xy ct lu gc ca Ngi:
Exstruxisti : chnh ngha l t x.
Cn conclavia : Mun t cc tng tri nh mt th nh sn. Ting conclave - chnh l l
thin, hay lu cao dng trn mt ci mi nh bng phng Tiu .
(Tv 29:10 - Dominus super diluvium sedit /Yahv ng tr trn hng thy).

Cu 4. Ri n cc hin tng trn tri :

My (gi) st : mi s u sn sng Yahv s dng nh Ngi.
Cu 5-9. Thi s quay nhn vic to dng t :

S l l t da trn mt ci g rt mong manh (Yb 26:7; 38:6). Tc gi dng li thn
thoi v chin tranh hn mang (tehm) : Bin s thy ph c t nh o. Nc trn
nh ni. Yahv qut bo (sm st) : Hn mang s thy tht kinh ln mt; lnh Thin
Cha theo sau, cc ngun nc nho ln m chy theo cc thung lng vo ni Yahv
ch. t ni ln. Thin Cha t gii hn cho bin.
Cu 10-12. Nc pha di phun ln lm mch cho s sng ca th vt chim tri.

li ca tng n hu l nc ni trn gian.
Cu 13-18. By gi cng dng nc pha trn :

Ma (v nc pha di khng thm tha vo u cho ma mng). T nhng kho nc
tri cao, Thin Cha ti mt t. Nh th vt v ngi ta c sng. Tc gi ca ht :
C, bnh, ru, du. Ri chuyn qua cc rng cy v nhng vt rng ni : chim chc
(c) cng nhng th vt ni cao (linh, chiu).
Cu 19-24. Yahv l Cha c Ngy v m.

S tun hon ca v tr. Tc dng mt trng, mt tri. Ngy bt u vi chiu t, nn tc
gi bt u vi ti : mt tri v phng ngh, Thin Cha ko ti tm ra khi kho m ph
ln vn vt. Cc mnh th hot ng. Ri mt tri mc, th vt lui v hang. Ngi ta lm
vic.
Kt thc : Bng mt li cm thn, ca tng s khn ngoan ca Thin Cha. 19-24 ng
chm cch ring vi Bi ca Mt tri ca Akh-en-Aton (ANET 370-371). Nhng ng
chm khng th ngu nhin. Tv 104 ly hng bi ca (nhng khng r trc tip
hay gin tip).
Cu 25-26. Bin. Thuyn b (da trn bi ca Akh-en-Aton).

Leviathan : Di tch thn thoi : nhng nay khng linh thing g c: tr gii tr ca Yahv.
Cu 27-30. Vn vt u ty thuc vo Yahv tn ti.

Tc gi nhn n mnh lc ca ruah. Thin Cha rt ln kh sng, th khng cn g phn
bit sinh vt vi t na. Nhng Thin Cha cng c th sai n cho. Mi ln kh l mt
sc sng mi. Mt t nh lun lun i mi.
Cu 30 : Khng phi mt vic qu kh, nhng l hot ng hin ti ca Thin Cha.
Cu 31-35. Li ca tng kt thc.

Trc ht chc Vinh quang Thin Cha tn ti (c l m ch n s sng c.2). Chc vui
sng hnh phc ca Thin Cha trong cng vic ca Ngi (s vnh tn vn vt da
trn s vui sng ca Yahv). Cu 32 ni qua uy quyn Thin Cha (ng t, ni la).
Khn xin cho mnh c c tng Thin Cha sut i.
Xin lm sao bin khi to thnh ca Thin Cha, ci chng tai gai mt l nhng k v
o.

Ch : To thnh, mt bin c lun lun ti din : Thin Cha hot ng lun. Cu

cui cng c mong mt v tr mi trong khng cn v o.
Gii t tng : ng nh Kn 1 (nhng tc gi khng t vic dng ln chim chc,
th vt, ngi ta : nhng gi thit chung thi).
V th thi bui : kh xc nh l trc hay sau Kn 1.
DNG LN LOI NGI - SA NG

( Kn 2:4b - 3:24)
Cu 4b-7. Kiu trnh thut c truyn ln n trng thi s thy bng cch khu tr nhng
iu kin ng c (coi : u Enuma Elish).
y : nhn gii vng Palestine : Bn sa mc v vng canh th :
Virgultum agri /Bi cy ng rung:
Tiu biu cho bn sa mc (cy ci mc trong vng ).
Herba regionis /C l ng rung:
Rau v c cn phi c nhiu nc hn (vng canh th).
Quang cnh : vng Palestine vo cui h, trc khi ma thu n.
Homo non erat / Cha c ngi:
Tc gi nhm n ngi lm rung (nh th nhn gii tc gi khng cn l du mc na :
Gi thit mt Israel sng lu ri trong vng canh th).
Fons ascendebat /Con nc t t y ln:
Ting Hipri ed (ch cn dng trong Yb 37:27) hiu nhiu cch : my m, ln nc. m
ch n ln nc s thy nht di lng t.
Chung :
Cnh ca Y(J) st vi ngi ta hn. Nc l yu t cn thit cho s sng. Nhn gii :
nhng g lm khung cnh cho sinh hot mt ngi ti Palestine : vn, th vt, v (P :
quang cnh bao la hn uyn bc nc l yu t nghch phi dp i mi c th t to
thnh).
Formavit... / Nn hnh
cng vic nn c ca th gm
Limo terrae/ Bi ly t t ai :
Trnh thut xy quanh ch : Aam Adamah. - Gi thit c nc Thin Cha
nhi t (kiu to hnh Aicp cng c : ANEP 569, thn Khnum nn Amenhotep III).
ADAM / Ngi:
Tc gi dng mt ting ch loi, khng phi tn ring.
- T nguyn : khng chc (NRT 76-1954) 1051 k cc gii thch)
- tc gi : t lin lc vi adamah (ly t t, s tr v t, sinh sng lin kt vi
t, kh v t).
Spiraculum vitae/Thnh mng sng:
Quan nim thng thng v kh th ct thit cho s sng. y mt ln kh c bit do t
Thin Cha (th vo mi) - mt quyn nng sinh sng thuc quyn ring Thin Cha ban
cho chu ly trong th xc (nh ci tng)
.
Cu 8: Vn a ng
paradisum / trng vn (NRT 76,920 : gan v paradeisos)

Bat : pairidaeza: tng vng (bao quanh tha vn).

Voluptatis/Diu quang :
Chnh phi tn ring Eden (ting : akkad Edenu /cnh ng Xa c nhiu ni
mang tn : Bit Adini... tc gi : ng mt thnh a (Thin Cha hin din, Krubim
canh gi)... v m hiu theo mt ting Hipri Eden khc khoi lc, sung sng (coi Ys
51:3; Ez 28:13; 31:9). Vn diu quang l qu m Thin Cha va dng ln ban
cho ngi ta.
Vn : u a principio chnh phi ex oriente.
Cu 9: Vn c nhng cy c qu (Ez 31:8-9 v Kn 3:7).

Lignum vitae/ Cy s sng (NRT 76,926-932 : Cy ci theo thn thoi Tiu )
n th c trng sinh bt t.
Lignum scientiae boni et mali / Cy bit s tt xu :
Kh xc nh hn c. Cy cho bit s lnh s d mt s bit cm ngi ta khng c
c n qu cy , ngi ta chim ot c s bit nh th ngi ta nn ging
nhng Elihim bit lnh bit d.
iu ct yu : Bit lnh bit d. T ting : Hai ting lnh d ch tt c ni dung ca
s bit Khi hai ting i chi li hp mt l tnh cch ton din. Bit - khng
thun l nh kiu Hylp, nhng bit cch thc hin, v nh th gii giang v iu g,
khn kho, lnh ngh. Nh th bit lnh bit d l ti nng siu phm, m ci siu phm
trong th gii Tiu ny thng l hiu v nhng ph php, m thut. i vi cc tin
tri : M thut mi kiu l mt quyn nng trm ca Thin Cha, nghch vi thnh
Ngi. Tc gi t ti trm quyn php Thin Cha vo ngay ngun gc nhn loi.
Cu 10-14. Bn con sng (NRT 76,921-925).

Din t cch hiu v tr ca thi tc gi. Mi sng u chu ly nc t mt kho cha
trn cao.
Hai sng Tigra v Phrat th r. Nu hai sng thc c, th hnh nh hai sng kia
cng c tc gi nghe bit n. Nhiu ngi mun hiu Pishon vi sng Indus.
(Hironym : sng Hng h v Ghihn vi sng Nil), khi t ng qut qua pha Nam,
vng quanh Kush (Ethiopia), ri chy ln pha Bc. ng vi quan nim thi xa Chu
Phi v Chu lin kt vi nhau mi tn pha Nam bin , nh mt i lc cha bit
n (cf. Lemaire-Baldi, Atlas biblique 34-35).
Nhng v vn : th hnh nh my cu t sng y c vit sau.
Cu 9 lin vi cu 15, tip tc cnh a ng.
Cu 15: L tng ca tc gi :
Khng phi l nhn h nhng vic ca mt nng gia thi bnh, trong mt tha vn.
Quan nim tc gi khng hoang ng nh quan nim vn a ng ca ta. Tha vn
khng phi ca ring : Aam phi lm lng, trng nom!
Cu 16-17/ n hu v gii cm
ex omni ligno.../ Mi cy tri
S phong ph ca Thin Cha (nh cha sn sc con) ban cho Aam.
Tr c mt cy sinh bit lnh bit d :
- Mt - i vi c vn (Thin Cha qu rng ri, ngi ta vn khng ly lm !)

- Nh th : Gii cm khng c tnh cch p ch nhng vn t ngi ta trc s

quyt nh v tnh cch nghim trng ca s vng phc.
Ti sao c lnh ? Cc tc gi Kinh Thnh ngh sao : coi Yb 9:12; Dan 4:32b Ch c
con rn mi khi u tranh lun! (gi thit : Ngi ra lnh c n , hy thn trng ko b
la v khi ngi ta qun mnh va t khng m ra, bi lng nhn lnh ca Thin
Cha).
Xc tn Thin Cha tuyt i tt lnh : Tc gi gi-thit lnh ra ch v lng Thin Cha
yu mn, mu ch cho ngi ta Tri li thi m thut (v mt th m thut khc :
o c Bit phi!).
So vi cc thn thoi cc dn : Hy v -ngha ca s sng trng a ng, l ni
Vng phc, ch khng trong khoi lc tha h.
Morte morieris / Tt s cht: so vi 3:19.

De ligno scientiae.../ Cy bit :
Li l phi hn thuc nh tc gi ct ngha trc cho c gi. Khng theo v thc tm
l, chng vy cn g phi con rn ct ngha ln na.
Boni et mali/ S Tt v S Xu
L kiu ni ch ton din mt ci g (t ng tng t coi : (nu chi : tuyt khng
c...) : Kn 24:50; 31:24 29; Ds 24:13; Tl 1:39; 2S 13:22; 14:17; 19:36; 1Vua 3:9).
Cu 18: Mt s lo lng chu o ca Thin Cha : Sao cho ngi ta khi b l loi.
Adjutorium simile sibi /Tr gip ng i vi n:
(chnh ting : sicut coram Eo, tng xng vi) ch : s tr gip nhng ng loi. S tr
gip trc tin c ni th vt xung quanh ngi ta nhng khng tng xng.
Vn cng v ngi ta th vt v c ngi lm bn cng v ngi ta trong mt mch
lc nh th : lnh cm trn kia cng bi lng thng ngi ta (loi ra mt iu c hi cho
ngi ta, tuy ngi ta khng bit).
Cu 19-20: Mt khc n s mc mc nhng ngha su thm.

Formatis... cunctis animantibus/ Nn mi th d th:
Do lai cng bi t nh ngi ta nhng khng c th hi (coi Kn 1:24t).
Ut videret quid vocaret ea/ Xem n gi lm sao
Quyn chi phi trn vn vt mt th to dng th hai (to dng cho trt t xung quanh
con ngi): mt th xc nh bn tnh vn vt (ni tinh thn ca con ngi m ting ni
l du ch v trong sinh hot thc hin). t tn : Quyn qun cai thng tr Tc dng
trong trnh thut : hon li vic kt thc li ha adjutorium simile sibi mt v tr
mi (th vt) phong ph v rt ch li nhng s c c ca con ngi cng tng thm :
duyt ht cc th vt , Aam vn cha thy mt adjutorium simile sibi : Thin Cha
cn dnh mt ci bt ng, vt qu cc s l .
Cu 21-23/ Immisit... soporem /Ging xunggic t m :

Gic ng y su n mt mi thc. Thin Cha lm trong kn n khng mt phm
no thy c vic ca Ngi (coi Kh 15:12 : Abraham khi kt giao c vi Thin Cha
Xh 33:18-33 : Ms xin thy mt Thin Cha).
Tulit unam de costis ejus/ Rt ly mt xng sn ca n

Thin Cha lm nh mt bc s m x! c l l di tch mt suy-nguyn-lun ti sao

sn ngi ta pha di li khng xng na. Nhng tc gi J khng cn ngh n.
Addifiicavit /Xy thnh: Xy ct.
Adduxit eam ad Adam /Ngi dn n vi ngi:
Thin Cha nh th ngi lm mi trong cuc hn nhn tin khi ny, v chng kin cho
l ci.
Dixitque Adam / ngi ni:
Ngay Aam nhn nhn ra adjutorium simile sibi v tht ln li ca i tnh tin khi!
Haec vocabitur virago/ Nng s i danh l n b :
t tn tc l gi thit s thu nhn thm thy bn trong, em vo sinh hot ni ti tinh
thn trc khi tht ra tn ni li ni. Tc gi li dng hai ting ISH-ISSHAH.(n ng-
n b)
Nn n s phn khi c bit ca Aam (ri so vi 3,12) c truyn phi so snh
vi 2S 13,1-22 : tnh dc Amnon : tc l mt trang ng thi.
Cu 24: Li ny : Khng phi l li ca Aam.

Li bnh ch ca tc gi, kt thc v vch nh ca tc gi. Mc ch ca trnh thut l
g ? Tr li cho nhng cu hi v s kin mun thu : ci hng chiu ca nam n vi
nhau. Ti sao c i tnh, mnh hn mi mi lin lc rut tht. Ti sao s gn b keo sn
khng ngui du cho n khi thnh mt xc tht (ni con ci)? Nu cu hi nh th v
tr li nh cu kt ny, th phi ni; tc gi khng t mt iu xa xm trong d vng nh
l iu thng, v thm nh iu di nh sng Thin Cha giao c
.
Cu 25/ Ni vi trc v sau (3:7). Suy ngh v s thn thng xu h.
SERPENS (NRT 76 (1954) 934-948).
Th rn thi xa : Rn l v thn di t, c quyn php bi khoa v m thut, c th
gy thng tch nhng cng c th cha lnh, tng bi vic sinh sn, hay s ph nhiu.
Ti Canaan, khai qut nhiu chng ch, cch ring ti Beisan (chnh ting Beisan : Beth-
shear, hay Beth-shan : n th (nh) ca Sahan, hay Shahan tc l mt n thn rn, c l
ng nht vi Anat v Astart ( th tm thy th d ANEP, hnh 585 590).
Rn ng trong Cu c: Ds 21:4-9; 2Vua 18:1-5 : zkya trit h con rn ng ti
Yrusalem (gi l Nehushtan). Kng 16:5-15 c gii thch mt cch o c. Nhng do lai
kiu th chc l nhim y d oan ca cc o th sn lc ti Canaan v thn rn.
Nu bi cnh v con rn l s d oan ca o th sn lc, biu hin ni thn rn (cng
nhng thn c lin quan vi sn lc : Astart, Dumu-zi-absu/Tamuz/Aonis), th ta thy
c vic trnh din con rn trong Kn 3 ny c tnh cch bi xch. H b v thn tranh
th vi Yahv v dnh cho n vai tr con rn b chc d v ai cng gm ght.
Nn n kiu khn kho d d ca con rn! (Khn!).

Cu hi ca n c v bng qu, khng ng n iu n mun i n n cho s
ngy th ca ngi n t nhin ngh n.
Cur / Hn (khng ng ng l : Estne verum quod/ khng phi l s tht / )
praecepit... ut non comederetis de omni lignt / Thin Cha phnkhng c n
cy no, n c nghe bit lnh Thin Cha. Nhng n lm qu ng i khng c n
qu no. Th mi c ch ! Nhng iu qu ng bt ngi n phi ln ting nh
chnh : Mt dp cho ngi n c l mt ln v khng y ny lng tm, v c cm tng

mnh phng v hn na bnh vc danh d ca Thin Cha na. Nhng ngay li

nhm n vic lm tn thng s n s vng phc.
Cu 2-3 : Nn : Tm l ca mt lp trng lung lay trong nhng li ca ngi n :

nh chnh li con rn kh ng (nhng khc vi 2:16 omini!) ne comederemus / Khng
c n et ne tangeremus / V khng c r n !
Khng h c iu trong lnh.
Tm l : H thc v mt tm tnh bt mn (v s nng th nn phi i qu lnh truyn
c gi mnh vi s thm thung ca mnh!)
Cu 4-5: Con rn khng hi m l qu quyt trng trn

Mt bc ln trong s quyn d cm chc n vo c n ca Thin Cha, bit
Thin Cha hn l ngi n vi s tin cy vng phc ca mnh (ngm hiu : Phi chi b
khng cn qu ngy th, ni g cng tin nh th!) : Mun ko ngi n ra khi lp
trng vng phc, hy khch quan m xt xem no! (mt lp trng nh th trung
lp, sng sut m cn nhc).
Scit ent/ Thin Cha bit :
Gi thit Thin Cha c nhng n . V n ra l l. n thuc mt quan nim thng
thng trong cc tn gio thi xa cc thn rt t him. Thin Cha cng v t him,
khng mun cho ngi ta bng mnh nn mi ra lnh cm ny khc (mt cm d thng
xuyn : Ngi ta mun hiu Thin Cha theo quan nim mnh c v Thin Cha, hn
l tin vo li ca Ngi).
Scientes bonum et malum : Mo c th hiu hai cch :
- Eritis sicut dii ?Cc ngi s nh cc v thn (qui sunt scientes...c ph cc
kin thc) : Nhn vo nh cc thn
- Eritis sicut dii, et eritis scientes / Cc ngi s nh cc v thn v s c bit:
Nhn vo tri thc. Mi ting va hnh nh r lm nhng ng khc ht sc mp
m.
- Elohim : c th hiu v Thin Cha nhng hnh nh phi hiu thc s s nhiu:
nhng vt thn linh.
- Scientes/ Bit: Bit cng kiu m hng v s snh si, kh nng.
- Bonum et malum (trn kia ct ngha) : Rt bao la. V chnh ci bao la l dng
quyn d : Huyn b, b ng cho ngi n mun hiu ng no cng c ty
sc tng tng : Nhng kh nng e chng c m rng v b bn, vt hn
c nhng gii hn kim ch do lnh truyn ca Thin Cha. Sa ng khng phi
sa vo ci g ti, thp hn nhn loi. Cm d em n ci cao qu ni con ngi :
Th ti m ngi Hilp gi l hybris.
Nh vy con rn khng ni di, m cng khng ni tht. S d d mun thnh cng
phi trong s t nh na tht na di, nu b dn v mt pha th c th quay li :
y ! Ti c ni th u, nhng...
Con rn cng khng thc gic vi v. Ch kch thch ci g c sn ni ngi ta : N
chp ly c ch rn nt (ci th nng). Nhng vic quyt nh vn hon ton t do.
Nh th tc gi t sao cho ta nhn thy l dp bn ngoi nhng vn chnh vic v
ti : pht xut t con ngi. Chng no hay chng ny.
Cu 6: m o xong. Tc gi khng cn ti con rn na.

By gi ch cn c ngi n di cy. Lm thinh! Nhng tm l tc gi mun m ch :

Thuyt ca con rn ang la vang in c inh tai trong u ngi n - v ci ti tnh ca
tc gi l t tt c trong mt ci nhn.
Tc gi trnh by mt cnh cm d cm nhng li linh hot. Ngi n suy gm di gc
cy. Quyt nh di ngang qua tm tnh nhng tm tnh khng t ni pha ch quan m
l ni i vt :
Bonum ad vescendum, pulchrum oculis aspectuq delectabile.../
n phi ngon, nhn sng, ng qu thc.
Ngha i t gic quan th thin nht (ngon ming) n thm m ri n khu vc tinh
thn cao siu hn c (coi 1Yn 2:16).
Tulit... (coi 3:3 ne tangermus/ ng s!) et comedit/ ly...v n.
Tc gi khng l cht cm tnh (tc ti, khin trch...). Ri :
Dedit viro suo, (cum ea) qui comedit/ B trao cho chng( bn b),ng n :
B d d xong, ngi n li thnh ngi d d.
NGI N tip xc trc tin vi rn.

- Tn : ch c 3:20 v 4:1 mi thy ni n tn Eva (Hawwah) (cu 20 : thy r c
l ph thm trong mch lc hin ti). Hawwah - t nguyn bnh dn mater
cunctorum viventium/ B l m cc sinh linh.
Nhng t nguyn khoa hc cn l c thuyt (coi NRT 76(1954) 1045), v khng quan h
cho ngha trnh thut. T nguyn bnh dn kia mi quan h mi cc k sng.
Vy ngi n ni chuyn vi rn, theo t cch ngi m.
- Trong Cu c (v chung chung v nhn chng hc) : Ph n d thin v nhng
huyn b, d oan. V cch ring c vai tr ring trong vic sng bi sn lc (Ez
8:14t; Is 17:10; Yr 44:15-19) (th Anat n thn lun c Rn lm biu hiu). V
nhng khch quen ca Epidaure (thn Askle pios : thn rn) cng l ph n trng
c c con hay con yn lnh (NRT 76 1046-1047).
Nh th vic th rn c lin lc r rng vi thai nghn, sinh .
- Vy ng trc hin tng thc lon v tn gio , thi ca tc gi l cn nhc
di nh sng ca c tin Yavt.
Cu 7. Et aperti sunt oculi/ V mt m ra

ng nh cu 3:5! Nhng mi o tng tan ra c h m mt nhng h khng thnh
ra thn linh g c.
Cumque cognovissent se esse nudos/Chng bit l chng trn trung . So vi 2:25!
Trn trung m khng xu h : Va t trng thi thin nhin d sng va t s v ti,
mt s tin cy gia ngi vi ngi khng s hi, khng khinh r.
Xu h v trn trung : m ch trc tin n s xc ng gic quan ngoi mun v
iu : s hn lon trong con ngi : ngi ta khng hon ton lm ch c mnh
na: Mt s rn v ngay ni bn lnh con ngi s xu h l du ch cho s o ln
trt t .
Ngi ta khng th ch ng c trc tip bng tinh thn v ch nn ngi ta phi dng
phng k bn ngoi o xng chm chc hu qu
(coi Dubarle, le pch originel de lEcrit. 64s ngha s xu h v trn trung khng
ch v nn dm dc).

Cu 8: Ti nn ti thc bi s gp g Thin Cha.

Vocem Domini Dei deambulantis. Chng nghe ting bc Yahv Thin Cha.
Ting y khng phi ging ni, nhng ting ng (coi Yb 4:12tt v nhng cch din t
s hin din ca Thin Cha). Sao Aam nhn c nh th? Tc gi hnh nh gi thit
s i li thn mt gia Thin Cha v ngi ta khi v ti. Nhng khng ni r ! (Nh tt
c cnh v ti chi t r trong c.2:25 m thi, cn mi iu khc bi tng phn vi sau
m on c Nn s d dt ca tc gi!)
Ad auram post meridiem/ Gi hiu hiu thi chiu hm
Mt kiu chia thi gian bnh dn (De Vaux, Institutions ... I, 277) da trn kh hu
Yrusalem (ma h, gi nh t bin bc thi li 4 hay 5 gi chiu th n vng
Yrusalem).
Abscondit se/ Khut mt ! Rt ma mai! Sicut dii/ Nh cc v thn!
Tan tnh c ci phn khi mun nn mt thn linh. V ngu mui i np sau cy ci
khut khi ng sciens bonum et malum (m Adam-Eva coi l l tng ng t
cho k c!)
Nhng tc gi m ch g?
C phi ch lng tm ti li m thi khng? Mt kinh nghim ca cc k lnh trong Cu
c, thi ca nhng k tip xc vi siu nhin : Thi ca nhng k c c n,
c Thin Cha n v mt nh yu thng ngi ta m kinh s, cm thy s
nh ca mnh, th h ph phc xung, chm mt li (Kn 32:31; Xh 3:6; 19:21;
33:20-23; Tl 4:33; 5:23; 18:16; Thp 6:22; 13:22; 1Vua 19:13; Ys 6:4 Ez 1:28). Nh
th nh tc gi khng phi t mt lng tm ti li qun qui lo u, m i t hi v
ngha ca vic s hi trc mt Thin Cha ca nhng ngi thnh thin nht gia con
ci loi ngi.
- Xu h : S rn v trong lin lc gia ngi vi ngi, bo cho s rn v ni y
thc hu con ngi.
- S s hi trc mt Thin Cha : Du ch s rn v trong lin lc vi chnh Thin
Cha to ha. l thn phn hin sinh ca con ngi m tc gi c kinh nghim
ni chnh mnh cng nh ni ngi ng loi.
Cu 9-13: Cuc tra vn.

Tm l ca ngi ta trc s tra hi : Tm cch lut trch nhim. li cho k khc:
Mulier, quam dedisti mihi sociam /Ngi n b m Ngi t bn ti:
- 1. Gn nh mt li trch Thin Cha (nh chnh Ngi l cn nguyn ti li).
- 2. So vi 2:23 : S rn nt trong x hi loi ngi. Ti ng phm vi nhau khng lm
ngi ta hp nht tri li lm cho ngi ta ra c c.
Khng tra hi con rn.
Cu 14-15: Chc d con rn

- Phi hiu tng ch theo ngha en trc : Cc du ch trc tin em v con rn vt
cht. V nh th hnh nh truyn u tin c tnh cch suy-nguyn-lun v tnh cch
loi rn.
- Nhng bi cnh tn gio ca Yavt l thn rn! Nh th c tnh cch ch nho th
quy sn lc ca dn chng.

Li chc d tin khi ca Sch thnh l chc d con rn : N l vt ng khinh, ng

ght hn ht gia cc vt. Hnh nh thn rn c tc nh con Rng c chn ng,
chu ly s th bi ca cc tn n. Nhng t nay n phi b qup xung t, bng st t,
n t (quan nim dn chng thi ), ch khng phi n bnh ngt m cc tn n st
sng dng cho.
Thay v chu ly s mng mnh do t Thin Cha tuyt i tt lnh, ngi ta mun
cm chc s mng v ni ging ca mnh bi nhng vic d oan m thn rn, con vt
ng nhm tm , l tng trng biu hiu.
Cu 15: Mnh danh l Protevangelium.

Nhng kiu gii thch thin thi coi l LA NOUVELLE EVE III, 91-99 :
Gense III,15. Exgse contemporaine. H. Cazelles.
RB 1954, 321-348, La femme et son lignage dans Gen III, 14-15 (B.Rigaux)
H.Cazelles : Tot yu cng vic tra cu Kn 3:15 :
La premire tape de la recherche consistera toujours analyser les mots du texte et
leurs paralllismes.
La seconde tape doit prciser le mouvement du texte. O est sa pointe? Dans la lutte ou
dans la victoire? Y-a-t-il triomphe ou non, esprance ou non, messianisme ou non? Pour
dterminer ce mouvement du texte et son orientation, il faut procder mthodiquement :
1/ Il faut tenir compte de la place de Gen 3:15 dans le rcit Yahviste.
Il faut tenir compte de ce quil prcde le don de son nom Eve et prciser la porte de
ce nom. Il ne faut pas oublier que quelques versets plus loin nous avons le rcit de Cain
et dAbel. Gen 4:1 est trs important sur la maternit dEve. Elle est mre et mre avec
Dieu...
2/ Il faut tudier ensuite la ligne gnrale du document Yahviste. Comme on la souvent
fait remarquer cest une histoire du salut et de salut messianique. Il faudra comparer
notre texte la prophtie de Jacob et la vaticination de Balaam. Littrairement, on
observera qua dans ces trois cas il y a des indices que le verset messianique a t
surajout un texte plus ancien. Nest-ce pas l le fait de lauteur Yahviste, un trait
littraire important, gros de sens doctrinal. Importance donne par le Yahviste
lhritier royal de Juda, importance du rle messianique de la femme dans loeuvre du
Yaviste...
3/ ... Proccupation de lpoque au point de vue de la doctrine monarchique... Problme
de la succession (22 7-20). Hritier lgitime (les cas Isaac-Ismael Jacob-Esau Jua-et
ses frres). Rle de la mre du roi joint (ghebirah) et des mres comme Rebcca, Rachel...
Khng th rt ring cu 15 ra. V nh vy Eva khng th loi mt bn c, ch hiu

v m ca c Msia. Eva mang ly hnh pht ca mi ngi n trong thn phn lm v
v lm m. ( l tnh cch suy-nguyn-lun).
Trong mch lc t tng ca tc gi Yavit : Chc t tng i xa hn suy-nguyn-lun

thng : Eva cng l tin trng, i din cho m ca nhng k k tha avt sau ny,
v c c Msia (quan nim th no ta phi n 2S 7 v li tin tri Nathan).
Ngha ch v M c Msia : t ngha, hay sensus plenior/ ngha y hn? (tranh

lun).

Cu 15: T mt cuc chin u cam go.

Khng c thng trn trc tip y ca mt trong hai i th.
Conteret-insidiaberis : shuph. Ngha khng c chc. Chi ch : gia shuph
(conterere) v shaaph (dm ng, quan st...). Nhng t cuc i ch lin l. Mt chin
tranh tht vng, nhng phi coi chng lun. Khng tht vng v th ca hai bn khc
nhau. Nht l ngi ta khng b chc d.
Cu 16: Hnh pht trn ngi nam :

Li chc d trn t mi trng hot ng ca ngi ta. t vi ngi ta c lin i
(aam-aamah). Lin i cng nh lin i ngi vi ngi, cng b rn v : mt s
xa l v chng i, ngi ta phi vt v mi ch ng c nhng tr ngi thin nhin.
Li hnh pht v k sinh nhai. Hnh nh m ch n 2 kiu sinh hot gp thy ti
Palestine : 17 19ab sinh hot ca nh. 18 19c : sinh hot ca du mc. Chung vi nhau :
hai kiu sinh hot cho thy ci cam go ca thn phn con ngi.
Trong vn : Ngi ta cng lm vic. Lm vic khng phi l chc d. Nhng l cch
lm vic t by gi : vt v m hiu qu chng ra g.
Donec revertaris...Cho n lc ngi v li.
Ri thn phn lun lun di s e da ca Cht. So vi 2:17, cu 3:19. C tc gi ly
lm kh khn : Li da hnh nh gi thit va n th cht lin. Cn li hnh pht: s phn
hay cht ca con ngi.
Nhng k thc : in quocumque die c ngha nh khi n chc hn ngi phi cht. V
li tc gi c nh tm duyn do ci cht nh tng chng kin trong i mnh.
Cht, chp nh cho bc ha v thn phn au n ca ngi ta.
Cu 20 : Cu ny xt v mch lc lc gy lng cng sau li hnh pht.

D hiu hn nu gi thit Eva c con! Nhng trong mch lc hin ti li ny cha
ng lng tin tng vo tng lai!
Cu 21: Thin Cha ban o da th vt cho t tin.

So vi 3:7 hnh nh trng nhau. Nu xt v suy-nguyn-lun o-xng th trng lp.
Nhng tc gi? C th Thin Cha y chun s nt na ngi ta phi c i vi nhau.
o da th tuy l th s hn c nhng cng cn hn an l v ! Th th tc gi mun din
qua s tin trin v vn ha? Nhng c th tc gi cho thy Thin Cha chun b con
ngi trn con ng khn kh ngoi a ng.
Cu 22: Phi so vi 3:5 Eritis sicut dii (Elohim)/Cc ngi s nh cc v thn :

Khi thy c 3:5 c tnh cch mp m. V chc rng i vi c tin Yavt, mt cu
nh 3:22 c tnh cch phm thng nu Elohim ch ni v Thin Cha c nht. Vy ci
bit Aam c bi n qu cm khng lm cho Aam nn ging Thin Cha m l nn
ging mt trong nhng thn hu cn Thin Cha. Li va l mt s t nhn : Ngi ta
ra khi lin lc ty thuc, b vng phc c t lp theo mnh, khng cn hiu
bit mnh nh th to. Li cng ma mai : Nhng cao vng ca ngi ta cui cng
t n ci g?
Cu 23-24: Emisit de paradiso.../ Xua ra khi vn

Ngi ta b trc xut khi a ng. V Thin Cha t ngi canh gi vn.

Cherubim : t nguyn : ting Akkad Karubu, Karibu (ngi cu nguyn; ng t :

Krbu : cu nguyn, chc lnh, cng mt ting nh Hipri : Barak). Karibu trc tin :
K m o, tn hu, ngi n cu nguyn ni n th ri c l ch nhng v thn nh
lm mi gii gia tn hu v cc v thn ti cao. V thc s trong cc v thn mi gii
c shedu v lamasu (b tt, cnh phng hong, mt ngi) chu hu ni ca cc n
th v cung in (ANEP 646 647).
Mt nt ch vn cy c tnh cch khu vc thnh, vn ca cc Elohim (Vn
coi Ez 28:11-19) (NRT 76 (1954) 1066).
Flammeum gladium versatile/ Gm ha ho chp chp :
Biu tng cho chp (thn thin li c biu tng bng chp) (ANEP 651) (NRT
76 1067).
Vic trc xut khi vn xa cy s sng : Din li hnh pht phi cht. Di hnh pht
: cn ng mt s thng xt ca Thin Cha! Sng i i trong c cc ca thn
phn con ngi chc khng phi l iu ng c mong V Thin Cha cm ng ti
cy s sng tc l Ngi ban mt n hu.
VI IU BNH LUN
1) Trnh thut c ng chm vi nhiu nt thn thoi ca Lng-h-a (to thnh, ni
hay vn ca cc thn, cy s sng, nc s sng, Krubim). Nhng so vi Ez 28:11-19,
ta thy Y(J) n gin hn nhiu. Y(J) c tm l st vi ngi ta hn. ung dung dng
nhiu nt thn thoi nhng mt cch c , v lm ch cc nt din t iu mnh
mun.
2) V trnh thut : nhiu tc gi cn mun phn nhiu (t l hai) vn kin. C th c,
nhng thc s nhng nt khng ph tnh cch duy nht v tng ca tc gi. Cng
vic ch gii l hiu bit tng ca tc gi trong trnh thut hin ti nh mt ci g duy
nht. Nhng chi tit ca truyn thng tc gi chu ly c tnh cch suy-nguyn-lun thc.
Nhng khi cc iu nn thnh phn ca mt ton th th chng phi ty thuc tng
chnh ca tc gi.
3) tng chnh ty vo v tr tc gi ng xt s vt. V tr l ngay hin ti ca
tc gi, ch khng phi ci qu kh xa xm a ng. Chng ta thy tc gi trnh mi
tng tng suy lun trn d vng . Tc gi n nhng hin tng hin ti: s thn
thung s hi, nhng chng mt v lng cng trong sinh hot, n ng n b, ri
nht l ci cht. Tnh trng so vi c tn Yavt. Thin Cha to thnh l ng tuyt
i tt lnh bt phi kt lun : Ti c t u.
KAIN V ABEL.
Kn 4:1-16 :
Cu 1-2: Trnh din hai nhn vt s ni trong truyn.

Kain : m ch t nguyn trong possedi / tu c(qanah : to dng, tu c) hominem/
mt n ng (cng l : dng ting cho mt a b mi sinh). Li hn hoan ca ngi
m hnh din vi a con, m li l con trai (ti t ca mt ngi nam, m li thnh m
ca ngi nam!)
Abel : t nguyn khng r
(ting Assur : Ablu /con) Hipri : hebel hi th, mong manh, s h khng (m ch n
s mng ca Abel!)

Hai anh em hai ngh nghip, nhn loi phn cng nhng t cng km thm s chia r.
Cu 3-5: T l ca 2 anh em.

Mi ngi ty ni ca ci do ngh nghip. Ngh nghip nh th dn n s th d gia
sng bi.
De adipibus / M bo:
l phn ti ho! (Khi t l phi t ht dng ln).
Ti sao Thin Cha chiu nhn ca l ca Abel? Tm hn chn thnh hn?
Hy sinh mu tt lnh hn? Chung i sng du mc (bn du mc)? Ti sao ngi ta
bit Thin Cha chiu nhn hay khng? V la t tri xung thiu ca l? (Lv 9:24; 1V
18:38) hay nh mt du no xy ra khi t l?
Nn : trnh thut gi thit phn ngh nghip, tng tri v l t !
Iratusque est Kain vehementer et concidit vultus ejus/
Kain tc ti lm v n sm mt xung : Bo cn ging t sp n!
Cu 6-7: Li Thin Cha cnh co.

Ku gi lng tri ca Kain. Gi thit : s t do trong cm d. Li ny cho php kt lun :
Tm trng ca Kain khi dng l khng c hon ho. gi thit : Thin Cha khng
nhn l vt nhng cng b Kain.
Cu 7 ti ngha. Ting dng ging 3:16b. Ti c coi nh con rn hay th qu trnh
chc nhp vo nh hm hi ngi ta (Babylon ; c qu Rabisu). Trong mch lc : T
chc cm d, ngi ta c th thng c.
Cu 8-10: Kt thc n mng.

Vn bn : khng c li b tc cho dixit/ ni : cc bn dch u thm : egrediamur
foras /Ta hy ra ng i (c th mai mt trong vn bn Hipri, nhng c th ngi ta b
tc vo sau r ngha, trn cu). Ti git ngi th nht trong Kinh thnh.
Ait dominus.../ Yahv phn :
Ti va phm, Thin Cha lin c ngay v tra hi. S tra hi ca Thin Cha l mt
dp ngi ta hi tnh, vn l mt du ch thng xt.
Nescio, num custos fratris mei/Ti khng bit! Ti c phi l ngi canh gi em ti ?
Hai tin t cha mnh. Cn Kain li ni di v bn ct (ng n cng vic Abel : chn
chin rt ti gi th hy gi mnh).
Quid fecisti/ Ngi lm g :
Ch s kinh khng trc ti c : Kinh hong trc tm tnh ca Kain.
Vox sanguinis/ Ting mu:
Thy vi i c. Nhng mu ku on thu tri. Mu v s sng i vi nhau. Tc l :
ngi ta ph mu ra (Yb 16:18; Ys 26:21; Ez 24:7t) tng c th bt ming ku
on.
: Nu ch c 2 anh em th ra ng lm g, trn thot ai? S kinh hong khi thy mu
ra mt cm tnh thuc h thc i vi mt lng tin rt trng thnh v Thin Cha,
ng bnh vc, ph h mi s sng.
Cu 11-12: Hnh pht.

t m ung mu t s bo on cho mu ra tt t chi mi hoa qu cho k st
nhn. Hnh pht nng hn 3:17tt.

t khng nui, Kain phi chy i ni khc kim tm ca nui thn. Quan nim t
nh th l quan nim ngi vng canh th khu vc gn Thin Cha : kh d th
phng c v c chc lnh. Nh th tc gi y khng coi sa mc nh mt ci g l
tng!
Cu 13-14: n y Kain mi tnh ng, nhng l mt li tht vng.

Major est iniquitas mea / Ti v ti ln qu lm sao mang ni:
Ch hnh pht v ti hn l chnh ti.
Sng a facie tua absconder/ Khut khi nhan Ngi
tc l mt s sng khng c Thin Cha h ph na. Thin Cha bung tay, th mi
ngi c th b tru dit :
omnis qui invenerit me, occidet me/C ai bt gp ti tt s git ti:
Ai cng c th bo on cho ngi cht.
Nhng ai git Kain, nu trong thin h ngoi Aam v Eva th ch c mt mnh Kain?
Cu 15-16: Thin Cha khng b Kain.

Ban cho n mt du ch s che ch ca Ngi. V Kain n trong x NOD ( u
khng th bit, nhng phi hn mt kiu chi ch ca tc gi : c.12 profugus : nad).
NGHA :
Nhn chng hc : Israel quen bit lm mt nhm b con l dn Knt, danh t l Kain,
th avt vn cn sng du mc, b con vi m Rekabit (2Vua 10,15tt; Yr 35; 1Ks 2:55)
tr li i sng du mc trit . ng l h cng phi nh c vi Israel (Ds 10:29tt). C
nhng nhm trong h c mang du hiu : Xm ni mnh (du mc trong sa mc c du
wasm). Nhng iu c sc l nhm Knt cng th Yahv nh Israel (c nhiu tc gi
nhn l Israel chu nh hng ca nhm Knt trong vic sng bi Yahv).
Theo do lai, truyn thuc thi tc gi Y(J), ni n danh t ca nhm Knt (Thp 1:16;
4:11; 1S 15:6). Tc gi bo dn tch khi khung cnh lch s m em t vo thi s
thy ca loi ngi, v cho truyn mt ngha mun thu : Ngi ta dy lon cng
Thin Cha ri th t nay phi chu nhng hu qu ca s mt lin lc cn bn : Cu
ch gia anh em, ti c, git ngi. S d thng tr t nay, v s cht vo trn gian.
iu chng ta nhn thy r ni truyn Kain-Abel truyn t do lai l mt iu v
truyn trong Y(J) li l mt iu. T do lai, tc gi thu thp nhiu truyn khc bit
y, khng dnh lu g vi nhau. Nhng khi tc gi t trong mt khung kh chung, tc
gi t cho mt ngha m chng ta phi cn nhc.
iu phi p dng ngay cho chng v dng di Kain :
DNG DI KAIN
4:17-26.
Cu 17-22 : Con ci Kain.

Di tch truyn xa. Tc gi khng dung ha hon ton theo mnh :
- Kain khng cn l ngi phiu lu trong sa mc, m li ngi khi xng sinh hot
th thnh (Knt cng c thnh : 1S 30,29).
- V ca Kain c ni n nh th c gi bit ri.

- Cc ngh nghip ca nhm du mc pht xut t dng di Kain th th lt Hng

thy git sch ch tr gia nh N khng th dung ha c. Nhng nh ca
tc gi : vch ra tin trin vn ha nhn loi.
- Sinh hot thnh th : t chc tp th.
- Vn ha v m thut pht xut.
Cc ngh nghip thuc nhm du mc ( bn Samc) : H hnh ngh rong gia canh th
v sa mc. H rt ngho nn, nhng c l c knh n nh c thn linh (thn bn
mnh ca nhm) h ph cch ring v c l mang du hiu g cho ngi ta bit iu .
TN :
Henoch (Hank) xy ct, cung hin nh ca (v th nhiu tc gi ra c thuyt ch t
ca aedificavit / Ta nh l Henoch khng phi Kain).
Irad : c tc gi hiu theo ting arada (rp) : Ngi chy trn, sc mnh - Hay ng
nht vi Eridu (thnh Babylon) hay Arad (thnh Negheb Thp 1:16).
Mehuyael (LXX Maiel Maouiel Maleleel?) TM : c c Mehyyyel.
Metushael ; ngi ta so vi Mutu-sh-ilu /ngi ca Thin Cha.
Lamek? tushael ; ngi ta so vi Mutu-sh-ilu (ngi ca Thin Cha) Lamek? Yabal
(chn dt : bi th ng y l t t cho mc t) Yubal (ybel : sng chin c : dng
lm t v, nhc kh tin khi). Tubal (cn gp trong Kn 10:2, thuc nhm Yaphet, Ez
27:13, thuc hng ngi bun bn ng Assur bit c mt dn Tabal min Taurus,
c ting v m kim kh).
Nn thy c cc tn, hoc thuc v nhng di tch a d, nhn chng hc thi xa
hoc mang tn v ngh nghip.
Cu 23-24: Mt bi ca rt cu tro ca tng vic bo on : c trc tc gi.

Trong Y(J) : Mt tri ca bc tin vn ha, mt s bt nhn n cc , v mt s t
cao t c bi i sng tp th m cng c th bnh trng : Lamek khng nh
lng vi s h ph Thin Cha ban cho Kain, nhng t mnh lo thanh ton ly cho mnh
nhng vic bo on, mt cch khng cn bit n chng mc no na.
Lch s din tin ca ti theo Y :

Sa ng, st nhn, bo on t mnh (mt quyn ca Thin Cha).
Sinh hot nhn loi cng ngy cng o ln, ngi vi ngi cng chia r.
Cu 25-26: Con ci ca Seth.

Y ch cn mt di tch (on th 5 n sau ct bt phn ca Y i).
Seth : C l m ch n nhm dn Sutu, nhm du mc thuc dng ging Aram, xut
hin trong vng canh th vo li thin nin k th hai : c chng ch trong vn kin
Aicp v Lng h a. Seth nh th l danh t cho nhm .
Th phng Yahv :
Theo Y, vic th phng ln n thi s thy nhn loi.
i vi Israel : tn Yav ch c do mc khi cho Ms. Nhng theo Y : vic sng bi
Yahv c trc Ms nhiu. iu ny khin nhiu tc gi coi Knt l dn sng bi
Yahv trc Israel. (Nhng nn nh : vn cn l c thuyt).

S CC T TIN T ADAM N NO..

5:1-32.
Vn kin : Tip tc trnh thut Kn 1:1-2:4a ca P.

nh : Chia thi bui ca v tr v nhn loi nhn thi gian di ngha thn hc
ca thnh s.
Cng vi Kn11. Chng ta c ht cc t ph t Aam n Abraham : 10 v trc v 10 v

sau lt Hng thy. Kiu chia thy c l c tnh cch h thng.
V s nm : TM LXX v bn Samarie : u khc nhau.
Cc con s c l c ngha tng trng, nhng cha bit c l g.
So snh :
Kn 4:17-22 Kn 4:25-26 Kn 5:1-32 (P) W.B. 444 WB.62
Aam Aam Aam Alulim (Eridu) Alulim
8sar (Subaru) 18/4
Seth Seth Alagar (-)20
Enosh Enosh Alagar (Eridu) Kidunnushakinki
Qayin Qaynn (LXX) 10 n(-)
Hank Mahalalel Enmeenluanna Ukku (Larsa)6
Ird (Gairad) Yered 12- Dumuzi 8
Mehuyel Hank Enmeengalanna Enmeenluanna 6
8 Ensibsianna 10
Metushael (sala) Metushalah Dumuzy 10
Lemek Ensibsianna 8 Enmeduranna 20
Yabal-Yubal- Lemek Enmenendurann
Tubal No (Sem a 5/5 Sukurlam 8
Ham) Ubaradudu 5/1 Ziusuddu
Yaphet
S ca P v s ca Y
Nhiu tn y ht nh nhau c tn tng t v ngha c tn khc hnh thc. Chung
chung Y v P : ng v tn. Th t c khc. Trong Y s nm khng quan trng, ngc
li vi P.
Kt lun: hoc l 2 truyn thng hoc l (v c l hn) P x dng Y v t tin thay
i t nhiu
.
S ca P vi NB444 WB62
(Phi thm s ca Berossos: s u sar: 3600 nm; s sau Nr: 600 nm) (NB WB: Weld
Blundel, ngi i th chi ph mua cc vn kin ).
P v WB :
Dy ni gia to thnh v Hng thy. Nhn vt cui cng ng thi vi Hng thy.
Mi ngi. S nm cc nhn vt rt cao (P gi l c chng mc hn). WB 444, bn vua
cui tui bt dn. ng l t ph th 7 ca P v vua th by ca WB444.

Theo mt vn kin khc : Vua y cng c tn l Enmeduranki (Cha ca li sm ca

Dur-an-ki (tc l mt ziggurat ti Nippur, ngha : dy ni tri t) gi chc t t, chuyn
bi ton, t t ca cc t t bi ton, c thn Anu, Bel, Ea sng m, c Shamash,
Adad mc khi cho nhng b nhim. Vua Sippar (thnh th mt tri Shamash).
Vai tr ca Enmeduranki ct ngha c t chi tit ca dung mo Hnc : Theo Kn

4:17-22 Hnc l ngi th ba. Kn5 ng c Kn 4:25t ri o ngc nhiu ngi
trong s ca Y em Hnc n ch th by : v ting Hnc (Hank) cn c th c
ngha l ngi khn ngoan (cng nh Enmeduranki) l t t ca bi khoa. Ri thm
chi tit 365 nm - nh th tui ca t ph c lin lc vi s chn ca nm mt tri,
ng t ph l ngi khai sng dng lch : Mt iu c khai thc trong cc ngy
th thi sau. Nhng nh s nm P cho vai tr Enmeduranki c r hn (ng c
Shamash thn mt tri mc khi) trong dung mo Hnc.
Nhng Hnc cn mc ly t chi tit ca vua th 10 ca WB62 Zi-ud-sud-du (Zi-ud-su-

dra) tc l theo ting Akkad. Utnapish-tim, tc l ngi sng thi Hng thy : Vua ny
c cc thn em i (Kn 5:24) vo chn trng sinh bt t. Nhng truyn thng
Dothi v No qu vng, P khng th thay i, nn dn c c tnh cho Hnc
na. Li cng l mt iu m cc ngy th s khai thc trit v nhng mc khi ca
Hnc.
Vy, lp trng ca Khi Nguyn 5 l th ny :

- Ly li nhng tn trong s ca Y v cc t ph.Truyn thng Y vng trong dn.
- Nhng t do thay i th t cc tn di nh hng ca Babylon. Mt nh hng
trc tip: Tc gi suy ngh trn vn kin Babylon v s dng nh phng k
din t thn hc ca hng t t Yavt. P s dng: S 10 tn cng tui ca cc v
c bt dn dn i.
nh thn hc :
- Cc th h k tip nhau din ra thi gian tin lun, lch s lun lun hng v
tng lai. Tuy P ch ni n mt ngi con, nhng sau li tip v t ph cn
sinh nhiu con trai con gi : Nh th cc th h nhn loi u lin kt vi nhau.
Nhng tch bit mt dng di i thng n Abraham. Tc gi ng n s tin
nh dn Cha chn c t to thnh, v Thin Cha thy chung nh nht
trong nh ca Ngi qua mi th h. Vy o l va l ph cp (mi ngi
trong thin h u do mt cp tin khi: T hi huynh ) nhng mt trt cho
thy t dn dn thin triu ca Israel.
- Cc con s gim dn dn t n tui bnh thng ca nhn loi ni cc t ph
sau Hng thy. Chng ta bit Israel gi lu tng thng-pht trn trn gian
lnh th sng lu sung sng (Tl 4:40; 5:30; 6:2; 11:9; Cng 4:10; 5:16; 6:3 18;
12:25 28; 19:13; 22:7). Vn t li trong Yob v cc Tv 49 73. P khng thut sa
ng u tin. ng khc cn gi quan nim sng lu lin h vi c. By gi nm
bt dn : Nhn loi cng lu cng sa a, s d cng lan trn. Nhng gia cnh
sa a , Hnc c em i : H rng mt hy vng cho nhng k i vi Thin
Cha.

CON TRAI THIN CHA V CON GI LOI NGI.

Kn 6:1-4
(coi XA. Clamer Gense 175-178 : v nhng cch gii thch).
Cumque coepissent homines multiplicari / Khi loi ngi bt u nn ng o:

Li qu trng. Khng lin lc vi Kn 5. M cng khng bit n dng di Kain hay
Seth. Khc ny do mt truyn tng ring bit. V thc s mang tnh cch thn thoi hn
ht cc truyn tng Y dng.
Filii Dei/ Con trai Thin Cha :
(tranh lun nhiu : LXX (aggeloi), sch Hnc, Phil, Josephus, cc Gio ph cho n
th k th t : thin thn.)
Nhng vi Julius Africanus (th k 3), khi xng gii thch gi c l thuc truyn
thng : Dng di Seth (v cc gio ph i n mt quan nim v bn tnh hon ton
thing ling ca thin thn).
Nhng : beney haelohim : Yb 1:6; 2:1; 38:7; Tv 29:1; 89:7 ri li i chiu vi filiae
hominum khng th khng ngh n nhng vt thin thai no. Filius : Khng ni n
s sinh sn m l s thng chia gii ca Thin Cha (nh filii prophetarum / Con ci
Tin tri!)
Quod essent pulchrae /ng ai:
Dch th khng hon ton ng : Tb trong ting Hipri khng ch sc p cho bng s
thch nghi (y : thch nghi cho vic hn nhn).
V ngay khi ti xut hin, th Thin Cha can thip (coi n Adam, Kain).
Non permanebit spiritus meus..Kh thing ca Ta s khng c lu tn.
Ting Hipri Yn - ngha khng c r ngi ta hiu hoc l theo ting rp (Dna
: b ging xung, hupiliari) hay phi hn theo ting Akkad (dananu : cng trng,
thng tr Ting Hipri c ng t dun). Bi vic kt hn l k , sc lc sinh sng tr
nn siu phm. Thin Cha can thip t gii hn cho s kiu cng qu mc : 120 tui.
Nhng : tng khng xui my. Trn ni v mt ging ngi siu phm. y li
ni n hnh pht chung cho c loi ngi.
Gigantes autem erant.../C nhng siu nhn trn t.
Khng xui vi cu 3 : ng l phi theo sau cu 2, kt qu ca nhng vic hn nhn k
qui kia l ni trn gian c nhng ngi khng l, nhng anh hng ci th.
Vy tc gi m ch n nhng truyn k bnh dn v Nephilim (Ds 13:33; Tl 2:20t;
3:11; Am 2:9; Ez 32:21 27; Ba 3:26-28) ( tng gi ln nhng di tch c thch cn thy
c) : Nhng ngi khng l c ct ngha tng tch h bi nhng hn nhn k
qui vi nhng thin thn.
Nhng tc gi Y khng cn ch trng n truyn k , nn lin lc gia cc chi tit t
dung mo cc ngi khng l :
- Khng ni r rng cc k l con ci ca nhng phi hp k qui kia.
- Ruah : C l trong truyn k th ch sinh lc lm thnh ngi siu phm th nay
tc gi coi l ruah Yaweh sinh kh Thin Cha ban cho mi vt sng (ni chung
v nhn loi, ch khng ch ring cho cc ngi khng l)
- Vic gim tui th khng phi l di tch thn linh nh ghen hng ngi siu phm
na m l hnh pht.
Vy phi thm nh tit truyn ny nh mt giai on t s h ht ca nhn loi cng
ngy cng gia tng n cc v cho thy ti sao li c Hng thy.

HNG THY
M TRUYN HNG THY
Kn 6:5-8.
Nhng cu ny quan trng : Chnh thm nh ca tc gi (Xt v mt thn hng : quan
trng hn ht cc truyn trn v l li ch dn ta hiu nh ca tc gi trong cc
trnh thut).
Videns... quod multa malitia / Thy s d ca loi ngi ra nhiu:
S bnh trng ca ti.
Et cuncta cogitatio cordis.../ Suy tnh chng c nn ra c g :
S su thm nht ca con ngi (cm tnh, tr hiu, lng mun) u mang du ti.
i chiu li tc gi cho thy Lng ca Thin Cha.
Paenituit... tactus dolore cordis intrinsecus /Hi tic..au phin trong lng Ngi:
Mt kiu t rt to bo! Ni lng Thin Cha : Phin su, xao xuyn, hu nh tht vng
v nhn loi.
nh : S qui g ca ti li trong to thnh ca Thin Cha (coi Tv 104:35). Tc gi
trnh by tm tnh ca Thin Cha mt cch to bo nh th cho thy quyt nh :
delebo/ Xa sch - l mt iu cc chng , rt tri nghch vi khuynh hng ca lng
Thin Cha.
LT HNG THY
Kn 6:5-9:17
Phn tch ngang qua cng thy nhiu iu lng cng gia cc cu, khng th dung ha li
lm mt c (s th vt 6:19t/7:15t cch lt xy ra 7:4 12 8:2b / 7:11 8:2a; cui lt :
8:5 8:9; No bit ht lt : 8:6-12 13b / 8:14-16 thi gian lt : 7:4 12 8:3a 6-7 8 10-12... /
7:24 8:2a 3b 8:13...).
Bi th nn c hai truyn Lt Hng thy :
- P : 6:9-22; 7:6 11 13-16a 18-21 24; 8:1 2a 3b 4 5 13a 15-19; 9:1-17 28t.
- Y : 6:5-8; 7:1-5 7-10 12 16b 17b 22t 8:2b 3a 6-12 13b 20-22.
P c ly lm khung chung cho c truyn nn di hn Y.
HNG THY THEO Y (NRT 77(1955) 590-596)

Chng ta ni qua li nhp Kn 6:5-8.
Gia nhng li nhp v lnh dy No vo tu : Chc u tin phi c li dy phi
ng tu.
7:1-5 : Lnh vo tu :
By gi Y mi vch ra mc ch ca tu. Nh th ta phi kt lun, theo Y : No ng
tu m khng bit mc ch. ng vng li cch m qung theo lnh Yahv. Lm
mt iu kin : ng mt ci tu khng l trn cn - Mt th thch ca lng tin
(nn so vi lnh cho Abraham : Kn 14:4tt).
Te enim vidi justum/ Ta thy ngi l ngi c ngha trc nhan Ta :
Li nn y gi tr sau th thch (Hr 11:7).
Cu 2 : Cc th vt c chia lm 2 loi sch v nh. 7 cp v 1 cp.
Cu 3 : Hnh nh c ph ch thm vo kiu ca P.
Cu 4 : Lt xy ra bi ma (40 ngy m) (so vi kiu P cu11).

Hnh nh sau tc gi cui cng v mun u trnh thut Y vi P nn thay i v tn

rng trnh thut Y vi ti liu ca P (cch ring cc cu 8-9). Cn th t ca Y hnh nh
th ny 10 7 16b 12 17 22t.
ng : et inclusit eum Dominus deforis / S lo lng k cng ca Yahv i vi ti
trung ca Ngi (c ch t n s m y ngha).
8:2b 3a 6b 8-12 13b 20 : Cui lt Hng thy.

Mt cnh rt t nh cho ta thy s hi hp lo s trng i ca nhng ngi trong tu :
Th chim. Ngh hng hi c thi dng chim th a bn. Chi tit ch s khn ngoan ca
No. Mun lng c nn xt : Tu ng bt bng, bn ngoi ra sao khng ai bit
c. Khng th m ca : nc a vo th khn. R nc : nhng nu cn ma? Ca s :
nhng ch thy tri. Con chim th ra : snh ngh hng hi.
Cu 7 : Trng vi vic ca chim, cu 8-12. Nn hnh nh chi tit t lp c thm

vo (nhng l mt chi tit ca Hng thy Lng-h-a). Vn bn : Syrie LXX ging nh
Vg thng : egrediebatur et non revertebatur./Th ra ngoi v khng tr v (Nhng
Vg nhun chnh : khng c non nh TM).
Cu 8-12: Th chim cu :
Ln u v hiu. Nhng nn cu 9 : T con chim v cch rt u ym.
Ln th hai : Hnh nh cng tht vng : n tr v li! Nhng ny! (gi t m v hi
hp) : v mt tia hi vng mt l cy Du ni m n.
Ln th ba, chim khng tr v na. Nh th t c ri!
Cu 13b: No m nc tu,
ad spexit viditque/ngc nhin nhn thy (dch sai) :
ad spexit et ecce/ Ngc nhin ngm nhn!)
Tc gi dng ting et ecce/ ch s ngc nhin mng r. Hy tng tng No ngoi
u ln trn nc tu, mt ro quanh t pha mt cch mng r.
Cu 20 :Aedificavit autem Noe.../ No xy mt t n .

Vic tin khi ca mt th gii mi dng bn th. V No dng ca l ton thiu.
Cu 21-22: Mt cch t nh, Y kt thc trnh thut mt kiu nh nhp :

Ni lng Yahv : S suy ngh v quyt nh trong lng Yahv v cng li i chiu vi
lng ngi ta.
Odoratusque Dominus.../ Yahv ngi
Trong Cu c khng cn u ni n vic Yahv ngi hng thm ca l t.
Nequaquam ultra maledicam / Ta s khng cn ra c:
mt s thay i trng thi :
- Khng xit cht vi l t nh nguyn nhn (Thin Cha hon ton t do).
- Nhng cng c lin lc l t l du ch vic loi ngi nhn bit ti li mnh v
cm thy cn thit phi lm ha li cng Thin Cha.
- Nhng ng hn : Cng mt l do ko Hng thy xung li tr nn l do
khng c Hng thy na cogitatio. Cordis in malum / Lng chng ch nn ra s
d.

Khng phi l Thin Cha dng dng vi ti! Nhng Y mun nhn vo iu ny t nay
khng cn c Hng thy na.
iu ct yu trong truyn l li kt ny : Chnh nh mt li ha ca Thin Cha m tc
gi coi cng vic to thnh c nn vng chi, v hon ton xng hp vi quan nim
Thin Cha to thnh, tin vn mi s l Thin Cha cu thot.
Cu 22 : V tr tun hon theo nm theo ma t nay vng chi.

Tc gi t iu m ta gi l nh lut thin nhin. Bn ma p i c nn vng
chi, bt di bt dch khng cn phi s mt Hng thy na, m iu , tt c da trn
n hu v s nhn th bt chp ti li ni Thin Cha.
HNG THY THEO P

(NRT 77 (1955) 582-590 Lambert).
6:9-12 : No v nhn loi.
Trng thi ti li ca loi ngi c kt trong ting Hms (hung c) (Vg iniquitas) :
tim quyn ca Yahv trn k khc mt cch t tin.
13-31 : Nhng li ch gio ca Elohim cho No :

Bo hnh pht dy phi ng tu ri mi ni n Hng thy v cng dng ca tu.
Cu 13 : finis universae carnis/Gi khnh tn ca mi xc phm :

Ch mt s thnh lnh bin mt ton din ca mt trt t, mt giai on ca lch s. Mi
xc tht: ngi ta v th vt (thin nhin ty vo s phn nhn loi).
Cu 14: Kiu ng tu : nhiu ch khng r ngha :

lignis laevigatis: g gopher (Akkad : giparru mt th cy bi b hay Hilap : kupristis
(cypressus) trc b : ngi phnikia dng ng thuyn, cn Aicp dng ng quan
ti).
Mansiunculas/ phng, bung :
Hipri : qinnim t (nh t chim). De Vaux : phng on : qnim sy).
Arca : ting ch dng li trong Xh 2:3 5 : ci thng ch Ms trn sng, nn hnh nh
hnh th tin khi ca tu No l mt ci thng trn, an bng sy, mt th nh vn
cn dng trn sng Tigra.
Cu 15: Kch thc ca tu 300 x 50 x 30 xch (1 xch : 0m40 hay thi Ez 0m52 : 156m
26m 15m6).
Cu 16: /Ca s: sohar mt ting hapax.

Et in cubito consummabis summitatem ejus/
V mt xch ngi lm cong n pphias bn trn :
Rt kh ct ngha (Vg hiu shar l ca s, nn cu ny hiu : ca s di cnh trn mt
xch). Nu shar : nc, th c tc gi hiu mi ca nc chnh chnh chng mt xch
cao. Khng th r ngha! Tu c 3 tng.
Cu 17-21 : Bo Hng thy

Diluvium/ Hng thy :

Hipri mabbul dng ring cho lt Hng thy. Nhng t ting th mabbul ch mt yu t
ca v tr i dng trn tri. i dng s do nhng ca s trn tri m o xung
(7,11).
Ponamque foedus meum tecum./ Nhng vi ngi, Ta lp mt giao c ca Ta
iu ct yu ca P l giao c. Mi ting u nhm n s t do quyt nh ca
Thin Cha giao c ca Ta : Mt n hu ca Thin Cha.
Cng nh Y : iu ct yu khng phi l c Hng thy cho bng l t nay khng cn
phi s mt th Hng thy nh th, bi v Thin Cha ha. Ri : P k cc th vt. K
t m theo khoa hc ca thi . Tr ra c m thi!
7:6 11 : nin biu rnh mch ca P -. 600 nm : mt nr ca Babylon.

Fontes abyssi cataractae caeli / Cc mch nc ca ung mang-Ca t v tng tri:
Nn nh li quan nim v tr ca P trong Kn 1 (Thin Cha chn vo khi nc s
thy ci bu tri (raqia) ra nc trn nc di). Ngy Hng thy nc trn xung
nh nhng rubbth (th ca vm c chn mt co: ngi rp gi l mucharabieh).
Nc pha di vt ln do cc khe h. Mt th hn mang c din ra li trong v tr.
(NB : kiu lt ca Y : ma; tng xng vi kiu to thnh kh Kn 2).
13-16a T vic thi hnh lnh ca Thin Cha

(mt kiu hnh vn thng thng ca nhng ng vn chng xa).
18-21 24 : Din tin ca Hng thy :

- Nng bng tu ln trn n nhng ni rt cao.
- Vt qu nhng ni cao nht 15 xch sau ny ta s thy ti sao P ni n 15 xch
. Tt nh ca lt t thu 150 ngy (tc l 5 thng 30 ngy).
8:1-2a 3b 4-5 13a 14. Hng thy rt lui.

Recordatus autem Deus No/ Thin Cha nh n No:
Mt kiu ni theo ngi ta. Th thch n : Thin Cha hnh nh b l hay dng dng.
Khi Thin Cha can thip, ngi ta ni Thin Cha ngh, nh n (Xh 2:24; 6:5). Mt
hnh nh to bo y t s hon ton t do ca Thin Cha trong nh thng oi
ca Ngi. V ng ; tt c nh cu gip ban n cho v tr sau lt Hng thy cho
n tn th da trn vic Thin Cha nh n.
Requievitque arca mense septimo super montes Armeniae./
Thng by ngy mi by thng y, tu u li trn ni non x (Armenie) Ararat
Nn n l lun ton hc ca P :
Tu cao 30 xch ni trn nc tt nhin phi l mt na trn, mt na di : Nh vy
di nc 15 xch Nc dng ln ph cc ni cao nht 15 xch Nn tu i lt c
c cc ni rt cao. Khi ni cao nht b ngp 15 xch th c 150 ngy. Tu c th ln ni
. Nc va rt mt t l vo 17 (27) thng 7 (sau ny ta s xt n lch P gi thit
y) th tu lin da ngay trn ni.
Ni rt cao l ni vng Ararat (Vg Armenis Vn kin Assur gi l Urartu gia con
sng Araxes v cc h Van, Urmia c chm cao 5198m)
13a 14 : Ht lt.
Mt k nguyn mi c nh du bng nin biu r rng.

15t: Thin Cha bo ht lt truyn lnh ra khi tu (so vi Y : th chim).
18t: Mi vt ra khi tu - nh th mt kiu duyt binh mt cch th t.

Lnh sinh si ny n nh Kn 1:22 28.
Mt v tr mi : Phi t di lnh truyn ca Thin Cha.
9:1-17. Giao c vi No.

Khc ny ct l thm nh tnh trng hin ti ca mt nhn loi sa ng di nh sng
ca mc khi trong Giao c. Khng phi l vic thi xa, nhng l vic mun thu
trong mt nhn loi m ta thy c mt yu t ph ri : S ti.
9:1 - Trt t mi cng nh trt t tin khi xy dng trn mt chc lnh ca Thin Cha.
Kn 1:28. l ngun sn lc. Lnh truyn i vi n hu. Nhn loi sa a c sinh si ny
n cng khng phi t c.
2-4: Lin lc gia th vt v ngi ta.

Trng thi s thy n y l xong, s thi bnh bng lai ht ri. Ngi ta cai tr th vt
trong kinh s v git chc. Hn ch : Khng c n huyt. Quyn trn s sng ca
Thin Cha c tuyn xng ra bng king huyt. Gi thit mt lut nh Tl 12:16 24
15:23) nhng i ng ha cho c nhn loi : Mi khi ngi ta c git th vt ngi ta
phi bit rng lm th l ngi ta tra tay vo khu vc c bit ca Thin Cha.
Th l ht thi thi bnh din ra trong vic cm n tht.
5-6: Nhng quyn ca Thin Cha trn mng sng ngi ta l iu bt kh xm phm.
L do : khng phi v nhn o nhng v ngi ta l hnh nh Thin Cha.
Cu 6 : Mt phn quyt ca Lut thnh rt cu tro :

Tuyn b v lut huyt th v mt trt cng hn ch lut (coi Kn 4:23 Ds 35:31 phi
mu k st nhn, khng th ly tin chuc c : Quyn s hu ca Yahv khng th
i thnh vn kinh t c).
Hai mnh : Mng sng bt kh xm phm. Git ngi th phi cht.
y quyn cho ngi ta vic trng tr ti c .
Per hominem fundetur sanguis illius/Ai mu ngi, do ngi, mu n s phi ra

Mt cng thc trng b ng vn ch xc : Ai c thi hnh hnh pht. C th b con
ngi b git, hay l quyn hnh mt quc gia. Nhng d sao nhn c mt ngi i din
Thin Cha ch chnh Thin Cha khng t mnh can thip.
7: Vos autem / Vy cc ngi:

Loi ngi vo mt k nguyn mi c mt li chc lnh ging phc i theo. Du c
nhiu iu o ln, nhn loi phi bit Thin Cha khng b h mc k : Thin Cha vn
theo di h trong vic lan rng ra trn mt t.
8-17: Giao c No.

V du bo m cho Giao c .
Hnh vn : C nhiu iu trng nhau :

- Li giao c (9/11)
- Du Giao c (12/17), Thin Cha cm n ci cung v nh li (14/16).
Giao c vi Abraham, hay ti Sinai : Mt ngui, hay mt dn c ku gi vo mt

s hp ng v i phi ng thun. Cn y : mt li ha v iu kin ca Thin Cha.
Du ca Giao c cng khng cn phi c s ng tnh ng thun ca pha to vt. Nh
du bn ngoi t hin ra nh nhn t ca Thin Cha, nhn loi lun lun ng u
vi nhng mi e da thin nhin c vng d rng Thin Cha nh lng chu ng
ci thi hin ti ny v bo m cho s vng chi ca trt t vn c.
Nh th : C mt s suy-nguyn-lun v s vnh tn ca thin nhin v trt t hin hnh

trong tri t, s chc lnh ca Thin Cha bn b trong mt v tr thy r s hung c v
h n ca loi ngi. iu ch hiu c do nh Thin Cha nhn chu : nhng
trt t thin nhin bo m cho mt v tr trong khi n thi n bui Thin Cha
s thi hnh cng cuc cu thot ca Ngi. Thin nhin vng chi l hng v cng cuc
cu thot lch s.
Du Giao c : Ci cung (ci n) :

Thin Cha nh th mt tng cm cung bn tn (sm st, chp lo). Khi Ngi khng
bn tn na, Ngi t cung n ca Ngi xung - khi ngi ta thy ci cung ca Ngi
hin trn mn tri.
ng khc theo khoa bi ton, ngi Assur-Babylon, th cu vng c coi nh ct
tng. C th rng P nhn ly quan nim cu vng nh th lm du cho Giao c, v
cu vng c coi nh tng trng cho thin ca thn linh.
BNH LUN:
Trnh thut Hng thy ta va phn tch mang nhng c tnh ca P : T cn k (tu, th
vt phi cu). Nhng ng khc kiu din t khng c c th (No cng chnh so vi
Y: S th thch; nhn loi h ht; tu ch c tng tng c thi : Trong khng th
sng c.
ng n thi biu (coi A. Jaubert, Le date de la Scne, 33-34) : C l P y theo
dng lch. Nhng c vi im kh : Hnh nh c thm t chi tit dung ha dng
lch vi m lch. Chung chung P : Lt phi ko di hn mt nm. Cn Y : 40+40+(3x7) =
101 ngy.
Tnh cch gng p gi to ca trnh thut qu r : Th d nc lt rt i cng mt
thi gian nh xung (nu tnh ra) th nc phi rt lui gp i thi gian mi phi :
Nhng P mun ht lt vo u nm 601. ng khc khng r P t u nm vo ma
xun hay ma thu? Ri nn nh bi ton ca P v kch thc ca tu v nc lt...
THN HC:
Vy phi ch n thn hc ca P. Y cng nh P u coi Hng thy nh mt phn xt
ca Thin Cha trn ti li. Phn xt ng u Thnh s nh mt li c gi tr mun
i v s thnh n ca Thin Cha trn ti. Phng nga s hiu ngm v mc khi n hu
n sau : nh cu ri ca Thin Cha l mt php l tuyt i cho mt nhn loi bt
xng.
Theo P. Hng thy lm gin on lch s tn gio ca nhn loi:

1. Ti li ca loi ngi lm h hng cng trnh m ho ca Thin Cha. Mt nhim

cc mi s bt u. Nhng khng th coi ti li nh khng c c. Tiu chun
ph phn ti li ca nhn loi trc Hng thy l lut thin nhin (Lun l hn
nghi tit: o l ca cc tin tri v cc hin nhn, Ezekiel cng ng mt t tng nh
P).
2. S ti tt nhin ko n s phn xt ca Thin Cha. Trong trnh thut P : Thin Cha
sp t dn dt ht mi s. V tr ti li i n cng tn ca n. Phn xt cng l khi
im mt thi mi, nhng thi mi y khng phi l thi l tng trong tng lai ca
cc tin tri : Thi mi l thi nhn ni chu ng ca Thin Cha trc ti li.
Thi l tng l hon ton mai mt ri. Nhng cng c s st : No (dung mo
khng g c sc, nhng) bn l ni hai k nguyn, lm chng ch cho lng thng xt
ca Thin Cha, bo trc nhng n hu sau ny.
3. Khi so vi Y, chng ta thy Hng thy ca P c tnh cch hon ton ph cp, mt tai
ha cho c nhn loi (lt 1 nm, hn mang s thy din li loi ht thy nhng g l
nghi tit thuc mt thi sau).
4. Quan nim Giao c - chu ly nhng ty luyn ca cc tin tri - Mt n hu hon
ton bi sng kin Thin Cha, tuyt i t lp, khng cn s y chun ca ngi ta :
Giao c, mt n hu n trc ca Thin Cha. ng khc c nhn loi c xy
dng trn mt Giao c c trc giao c vi Israel (d l vi t ph Abraham hay l
Israel ti Sinai) : Giao c nn cch din t lin lc ca c nhn loi vi Thin Cha.
Mt Thin Cha, mt k cu ri, mt tn gio s thy, b ngang qua nhng i hi
nghi tit, ch ch vo iu ct yu : nhng iu cn bn ca lun l.
5. Trong k nguyn mi, nhn loi vn cn c nhng chc lnh tin khi, nhng mi
lin lc i mi gia vn vt v ngi ta bi nhng yu t gy nn chnh Hng
thy : hung c. By gi c mt s hung c c Thin Cha nhn ni chu ng n
tht th vt v vic bo th, nhng vic mu ngi ta phi theo lun hn ch :
Ngi ta c thi hnh vic bo tr li st nhn, nhng nh ngi i din ca Thin
Cha m thi : v quyn trn sinh mng l quyn ring ca Thin Cha.
6. Du Giao c No : Cu Vng : ch s vng chi ca trt t thin nhin. S vng chi
biu hiu cho s vng chi ca Giao c. iu hon ton da trn s trung tn
ca Thin Cha, trong li ha v iu kin ca Ngi. Giao c vnh tn (berith
lam) c b-tc cho Israel bi giao c vi Abraham, Giao c Sinai, ch
khng phi l b hy b i. Nh th Giao c No (s vng chi ca trt t thin nhin
do bi Thin Cha ha v iu kin trong s nhn ni chu ng mt nhn loi ti li)
nn cn c cho s khong i Tn gio mc khi cho nhn loi trong thi cnh
chung ca k cu ri.
HNG THY
TRONG VN CHNG LNG H
Ting Sumer : KRAMER S.N.L (histoire commence Sumer 201-206).
ANET 43-44 NRT 77 (1955) 702. Parrot : Cah. darch I,25.
Ting Akkad : Bi gch 11 ca bi ca Gilgamesh.
NRT 77,695-699 PARROT (I): 17-22 ANET 93-97
Trnh thut ca Berossos : NRT 77,703-707.
PARROT A. Dluge et Arche de No, (Cah. dArch/bibl.1) 28-30.
Trnh thut ca Abydenos NRT 77,703-707.

So snh trnh thut Kinh Thnh v trnh thut ngoi Kinh Thnh :
- Trnh thut Kinh thnh vt hn cc trnh thut khc ngn trng v t tng thn
hc : Hiu Hng thy theo quan nim c thn lun l rt vng chi.
- Nhng xt v lin lc vn chng : Gia hai bn c nhiu iu ging nhau (tn ca
ngi c cu : Zi-ud-sud-ra (Sumer), Um-napishtim-ruqu (akkad) : Thi s
sng ko di. Hilp cng phin m : Xisouthros, Xisithros, Sisithros C l gc
ca ting No (Noah) cng ngha (t nguyn theo ting thiopia : nakha
(longum esse/Di ra, longiorem fieri, in longum se producere protrahi/ c ko
di ra) Noah nh th ngha l c ko di (v ngy s sng).
Urartu : Ararat Ci nhin m ni, trnh thut Hng thy khng th pht xut t mt
vng ni non nh ti Palestine.
C HC : NRT 77:712-715, Parrot 35-42.

Khai qut ti cc thnh Ur (mt lp ph sa dy 3.70-2.70). Kish (0.30), Ninive, Uruk...
Nh th ti Lng h a, ngi ta gp nhiu trn lt rt tai hi. Trong thi tin s nh
vy hnh nh xy ra mt trn lt tai hi, lm cho ngi ta kinh hong xc ng n i
n tr nn ti cho mt truyn thng vn chng - cng xa v thi gian th cng
c thu dt, phng i hn (th d : thi ma : i t 3 ngy, 6 ngy, 7 ngy 7 m, 40
ngy, 150 ngy hay kch thc tu, i t mt ci thng (guffah) trn, cho n tu
No.
LI CHC D V CHC LNH CA NO (Y)

Kn 9:18-29
Truyn ni No vi S cc dn tc. Nhng khng c kt cu cht ch vi trc v sau.

Cch ring 20-27 hnh nh do mt truyn tng t lp no c em kt li sau. Mt
on chuyn hng : trc bn n thn phn con ngi y chuyn sang nhn loi
trong cc dn tc.
18-19: Trc ht k 3 ngi con ca No : nh 10:1 ?

nh rt bao qut. Nhng truyn khng cn tnh cch i ng nh th khung cnh l
vng Palestine gia nhng nhm ngi gc Sem, Yaphet, Canaan.
Porro Cham ipse est pater Chanaan/ Kham, cha ca Canaan :
Son gi cui cng mun u truyn. Ni vi trc cng khng xui my : 3 ngi con
No c gia nh. y! nh cn nh chung vi cha. Nh th l trc lt? Khng th
Canaan b chc d li c cu.
Xt v vn chng : Nh ta thy c r rng : truyn tng Y s dng rt phc tp.
20-23: C nhiu hng trong cc cu ny :

- Truyn khm ph ra ru nho, sc lm say sa ca n.
- Lin lc adam-adamah (iu quan trng trong trnh thut Kn 2-3).
Nhng ct yu y : Hai thi tri nghch nhau gia cc con ci No. Khuynh hng
dm dt ca Canaan (Kham?)
Cy nho : i vi Israel l cy qu nht (Tv 10:15). C vn nho, hng qu trong
thanh bnh di bng ca n l hnh phc tuyt nh (Kn 49:11t; 1V 5:5; 2V 18:31; Hs
2:17; Mi 4:4; Am 9:13).

25: Maledictus Chanaan.../Canaan , tht chc d.

B chc d, nn Canaan b ri vo a v n l hn h. Vi thi Deborah, s suy vong
ca ngi Canaan trc nc tin ca Israel thy r, ri n thi avt-Salmon th
thnh s thc. Ti sao nh th? Ngi ta thy nguyn nhn l s phng ng ca
ngi Canaan (Lv 18:24tt) : Israel rt nhm gm v thc lon tnh dc ca dn Canaan.
iu c bo trc (suy-nguyn-lun) ni c ch ca danh t.
26: Benedictus Dominus Deus Sem/ Chc tng Yahv Thin Cha ca Sem.
ng khng chc phc trc tip. iu Sem c c hn ngi khc - khng phi v
mt ti c g ring theo kiu nhn loi nhng l v phn ca Sem l chnh Yahv. Sem
y chnh l Israel ch khng phi ai khc. Nhng v d vng phi dng mt tn trng
hn.
27: Dilatet Deus Yaphet / Xin Thin Cha pht gia (khuch trng) Yaphet
(m khong trng ra trc mt ai! Pathah).
Chc chn c chi ch yaphth Yahweh Yephet.
Yephet l ai? Theo li sm : Mt dn ng chm cht ch vi Israel, ln ln vi
Israel ( trong tri!) v cng vi Israel h Canaan. Nh th Yaphet y c mt
ngha hp hn l Kn 10.
- C ngi ngh n nhng dn Tiu thi xa (Hyksos!) c nhng nhm ngi tch
ra lm thnh nhng qu tc trong cc thnh (Hittit? Nhng Kn 10:18 h thuc
Kham).
- Nn c l l m ch n nhm Philitin. V qu thc, Israel khng chim c c
vng Kanaan l mt vn gay go cho lng tin, nn c nhiu cch hiu v li
ha c t lm mt cng dn khc (Thp 2:20 3:2 v theo l tng cng gii
Yua bao c t duyn hi Ys 15:11). Yahv khng phi tnh sai vic Ngi nh.
V vic Philitin chim t vi Israel c coi nh mt iu Thin Cha nh:
l ca li sm do ming No trn cc con ca ng.
Bi th truyn ny cng c phn tng t vi truyn Kain.
28-29: C tnh cch ca P.
BNG K CC DN TC
(Kn. 10)
Tnh cch su tp truyn thng l ra trong t chi tit : Tn trng c trong nhng chi
nhnh khc nhau (Saba, Havila c.7/28-29; 21/22; Ludim/Lud 13:22 tnh cch giai thoi
ca t chi tit gia mt s k. Vy nn ngi ta chia ra cho :
P : 1a 2-5 6-7 20 22-23 31 32
Y : 1b 8 13-19 21 24-30
Phi t nhn chung rng : y l s cc dn, nhng lin lc dn chng c thc hay gi
to c biu din ra bng nhng lin lc cha con. Nhng cc chng tc, cc dn k y
khng theo ng lin lc chng tc nh khoa hc v nhn chng hay v ngn ng. Cc
lin lc y l lin lc chnh tr, lin lc lch s do m cc dn c tip xc vi
nhau gn hay xa.
Lin lc lch s theo bng k ca P th nn v trnh t lch s ny :

Trong thin nin k II, vng Tiu c lin can vi Israel thy hai quc quan trng
nht l Aicp v Hattu.
Aicp c uy th thnh nht, xa rng nht l di thi Tutmosis III (1520-1448) (17 cuc
vin chinh). Sau quyn Aicp trn Syrie-Palestine b suy gim phn no, nhng vn
cn c thc trn Kanaan n th k 11.
Bi th nhm Kham c Kush (Nubia, Ethiopia) Put (vng Somali) Canaan...
Cn vng Tiu : Nc Hittit (Hattu) sng lp t 1900, i thnh vo li 1390; cui th
k 14 bt u ng vi Aicp (trn Kadesh ti b sng Oronta 1295), ri hai bn
ging ha.
Nhng cui th k 13 (li 1200) b xm lng t bin Ege vo tiu dit mt. Trong ln
sng xm lc c dn bin trn mi cho n Aicp, nhng b cc Pharah Merneptah
(-1227) v Ramses III (-1192) chn li v nhng ngi lu li duyn hi Palestine c
gi l Philitin.
Trong s cc dn, vng quc Hattu c rt nhiu dn hn tp chim c, mnh danh
chung l nhm Yaphet.
Nhm dn th ba: Cc dn Sem. Mt nhm rt quan trng thi xa. Vo li nm -3.000
cnh tranh quyn th trong vng Lng h a. Nhng i vi a th khu vc nh
hng ca Aicp v Hattu, th nhm ny l mt lc lng mi. Nhm ny c nhiu t di
dn. t cui thi xa l Aram. Nhng trong s ca P : Cc dn u coi nh ng
hng c.
(NB. Chi tit coi Pirot-Clamer Ia (Gense, do A.Clamer).
TOT YU :
Vn kin c tnh cch gio hun v uyn bc.
Rt c sc : Khng dn no xung quanh (m li l nhng dn rt kinh doanh v chnh tr,
nh Aicp, Lng h a; v kinh t nh Phnikia) li c mt s tng t i ng nh
th.
Vn kin c vit vo thi no : Chng th k 7.
NGHA THN HC :
Mt s t nhn v hiu lc ca chc lnh Thin Cha : Mt li ca ngi v mnh lc to
thnh ca Thin Cha trn nhn loi (Cv 17:26).
S cc dn c cu to do mt lch s rt phin phc. Tuy th di con mt c tin
n vn l cng cuc to thnh ca Thin Cha. Nn iu : Tc gi khng ph
nhn nhng cng trnh ca loi ngi nhng con mt ca c tin l ngang qua cc
nguyn nhn thng tnh lnh hi ly cng vic Thin Cha.
c tin lm cho Israel c mt tinh thn i ng l lng v mt trt cng lm cho
Israel c vt qu ci lng i quc cht hp. Du theo o l mc khi, Israel c vai tr
ct yu (Ez 5:5), v tng b cc dn mnh xung quanh lm cho iu ng nhng khi
k cc dn, khng c du ch him khch no cng khng lit mnh vo hng no th
gi gia cc dn. ng Israel khng c tn trong s C cch gin tip ni mt tn
rt v v Arparshad! Tinh thn ra khi hn no thn thoi t tn.
Kn 10:1b 8-19 21 24-30 (Y)

C mt giai thoi v dung mo Nimrod.
Dung mo da trn nhn vt no xa, rt kh nhn. c thuyt :

- Gilgamesh (sn bn rt ti tnh, qu ti Uruk (erek 10,10) nhng tn : ln vi thn

Ninurta (Ninib)
- Amenophis III (1411-1375) c tn l Neb-ma-re, Th t Amarna : Nimmuria. Mt
Pharah thin x (nhng lm sao ng li lm vua Babylon).
THP BABEL
Kn 11:1-9
PARROT.A. (Cahiers dArchologie biblique 2) : La Tour de Babel.
RUTTEN (Marguerite) Babylon (Que sais-je 292) 81-88.
Truyn da trn mt truyn tng cu tro t lp. c thay i chi tit t nhiu
u li c vi cc truyn thng khc.
Nhng tuy th cn nhiu iu khng xui vi mch lc hin ti : Kn10 cho ta thy cc
dn tc phn chia thnh nhiu dn ri.
on ny cn cho chng ta thy nhn loi vn cn l mt nhm ngi m thi, v ch
c mt ting ni. Bi tc gi khng nhm vo nhng chi tit, m nhm n tng
chung xng vi ton th lch s s thi.
1-4: Cu 1-2 mang r rt nhng cu m u ca mt truyn t lp

(cch ring khng lin lc vi s cc dn Kn 10).
H di c v t lp vi nhau n mt ng bng.
Mt iu ng : Nhm vi quan st lch s. Nh nhng vn chuyn di dn ln m
vn minh mi cu to. C t lp mi c mt vn ha bnh trng.
Hai ng lc ca vn minh l bo m cho nhm mnh v lu danh vn i. Kiu xy
ct : mang r tnh cch Lng h a : H khng c , nn h nung gch v thay v h,
h c lch thanh.
C l Y ma mai i cht nhng vt liu mong manh nh th l tt c nhng g nhn
loi c th sung vo cng trnh v i ca h.
nh thu tn tri : Mt kiu ni cao vi vi.
Nhng cng l chi tit vch ti ca ngi ta (hybris!Ngo mn Nh Sicut dii/ nh cc
v thn!)
5-7: Ni v Thin Cha nh th ngi ta!

Tc gi ni th mt cch ngy ng nhng so vi quan nim v Thin Cha tc gi
thng c, th phi hiu v tnh cch ma mai (ci khng l ngt tri ca ngi ta vn xa
Thin Cha vi vi, nn mun thy Ngi phi i xung!)
Cu 6 : Thin Cha thy r ng li ca con ngi.

Ci Hybris d pht sinh trong i sng tp th. C ch ca Thin Cha, v pha dn
ngoi, nn n s ghen tung ca cc thn! Nhng trong Y? S h ht ca ngi ta
th no cng c sa a thm mi, Thin Cha khi pht mt cch kinh hong hn th
Ngi phng nga trc.
Cu 7 : n kiu ni s nhiu! Triu ca Thin Cha? (1V 22:19t; Yb 1:6).
8-9: Ting ni hn lon Ngi ta khng hiu nhau na.

Nn phi phn tn i. Trnh t xt theo khoa hc th ngc li, ngi ta i tm k sinh

nhai, cng xa cch nhau th ting ni i dn (Nn xt nhng th d mi trong nhng th
k ny : ting Anh ca ngi M v ngi Anh; ting Php ca ngi Canada v ngi
Php du thi nay lun lun cn tip xc vi nhau th m cn thay i, hung chi l
thi xa khng c giao thng!)
BNH LUN
Xt v hnh thc vn chng : C tc gi cho l c hai ti tng t :
- Xy thp ( c danh) : 2 4b 5 6b 8a 9b
- Xy thnh ( t lp) : 1 3a 4ac 6a 7 8b 9a.
Nhng phn tch khng hn l chc chn. Nhiu tc gi vn ch trng l ch c mt
truyn. V nu nh bi cnh l Babylon, th thp v thnh khng phi l song song
m l nht khi.
Ni dung ca tng :
Ct ngha Ti sao c nhiu dn, nhiu ting ni? V ct ngha ti sao li c tn l
Babel? - l kiu ct ngha suy-nguyn-lun bnh dn.
Bi cnh lch s :
Babylon kinh thi danh, m cng l kinh cho ngi t ching. Mt trung tm
quyn bnh v nh hng vn ha lan xa rng trong cc dn lng ging. Nhng khng
phi l quc tin khi.
Nhng mun quan nim Babylon nh thy y : Phi l mt ni xa ch nghe n v
Babylon, v ting n va n gin ha (ch trng vo ci thp cao ngt tri) va
thu dt v nhng cng trnh ngh thut ca thnh.
i vi ngi xa ziggurat ca Babylon c coi nh mt k cng ca th gii
(Heroote I 178tt). Ting Babylon l Etemenanki (nh ca nn mng tri t). Mc ch:
C tnh cch tn gio ni giao tip gia thn linh tri cao v l u en h gii l
a im trung gian l ca ca ch thn (bab-ilni, bab-ili : babel) (so vi Kn
28:11-19 : ca tri).
Trong trnh thut Y :

Khng ct l bn n Babylon v ziggurat kia na.
Truyn phi thm nh mt t cch nh truyn Kain (tuy c cn c lch s : mt s kin
ng thi, mt c th thy, hay t l tai nghe n i) nhng c em vo thi xa
xm ca nhng bui u tin ca nhn loi lm nh tin trng siu lch s cho vn mng
con ngi tp th, c tnh cch i ng mun thu : By t ra mt kha cnh oi om
ca con ngi ti li, trong n lc tin n danh vng, n hp qun cng tc vi nhau,
n khuch trng nng lc ngi ta thng li dy ln chng li Thin Cha Bi
hnh pht lin theo ngay chnh trong n lc . H ri vo hn lon, lm h khng cn
hiu c nhau na.
Truyn cng l mt on lch s vn ha (Babylon c coi nh khi im ca vn ha
nhn loi) nhng di phng din lin lc vi Thin Cha. Trong s ngy
nghch cng Thin Cha c din by ra v ca Thin Cha ging xung. So vi Kn
10, s cc dn, cng l lch s. Lch s c coi di s chc lnh ca Thin Cha
sc to thnh ca Thin Cha din by ra trong s sinh si ny n ra cc dn tc. Cn

y, cc dn tc th d hn lon cng l mt kha cnh ca lch s v iu ny khng

phi do nh Thin Cha, nhng l n ca Thin Cha trn ngy nghch ca ngi ta.
n cu chuc n l cu vn con ngi khi s ngy nghch i vi Thin Cha, v mt
trt cng phi tiu dit s chia r trong nhn loi. V th Cng v cho thy nh th ton-
th nhn loi quy qun cc Tng trong ngy Hin xung nghe Tin mng :
audivimus eos loquentes nostris linguis magnalia Dei / Ta u nghe h dng tin ca
ta m cao ra nhng vic ln lao ca Thin Cha. (Cv 2:11)
Chp nh ca lch s s thy l mt n ca Thin Cha : Nhn loi b phn tn tan

hoang. Nhng nh chng ta thy, cng vi lch s ca s ti bnh trng (Aam,
Kain, qui hn, hng thy, Babel) th lun lun c mt lch s khc na km chn ngay
bn : Nhng c ch nhn th thng xt ca Thin Cha (Aam khng cht, Eva m cc
k sng, Kain mang du h ph, li Thin Cha bo m trt t thin nhin), th sau
Babel c li chc lnh cho Abraham!

THIN TRIU
ABRAHAM
THIN TRIU ABRAHAM
Kn 12:1-3.
Mun hi ra o l cht cha trong cc cu ny, phi cn nhc :

- Tng phn gia Kn 11 v cu 12:1 : mun dn ng o v mt mnh Abraham.
- Trnh thut khng dn c gi n li Yahv ni vy.
- Cu khi s ngay bng li Yahv : Tt c hot ng trong thnh s l do sng kin
ca Thin Cha, do Thin Cha iu khin.
- Li Thin Cha n trc nht vi s i hi ct t vi mi giy lin lc t
nhin : Thin Cha k t m nhng iu phi t b. Thin Cha bit r s kh khn
ca s t b : Abraham phi t b mi s v ph thch cho vic Thin Cha dn
dt m thi.
- ch ca hnh trnh ch mang mt t cch Thin Cha s tr cho bit.
Thnh s da trn Li Thin Cha can thip thi th bng s nh Thin Cha chim
ot (coi Ds 23:9; Lv 25:23; Tv 39:13 : v s phn Israel).
2-3 : Li ha.
Ting ct yu l Chc lnh (cch ny cch khc nhc li 5 ln). S chc lnh trong
Cu c nhn nhiu vo s thnh vng vt cht, nht l c c con ci ng o. Li
ha v dng di l yu t chnh ca li ha cho t ph (13:16; 15:3; 17:5t; 18:18; 22:17;
26:4 24; 28:14; 35:11).
Magnificabo nomen tuum/ Cho danh ngi nn ln lao :
C ngm ngm m ch n Thp Babel, chnh Thin Cha s cho ban Abraham iu m
ngi ta c sc ot ly m khng thnh.
Nhng li ha cho Abraham c ngha khng ch cho Abraham v dng di ng. Cu
ri v n pht t nay Thin Cha em ghp vo chnh trong lch s, trong lp trng
ca ngi ta i vi cng vic Thin Cha mun thi hnh. Nhng t tng cu ri (chc
lnh) t c t tng n pht. iu Thin Cha tra tay lm by gi l ngun mch cho mt
s chc lnh i ng.
Erisque (benedictio)... in te benedicentur universae cognationes terrae :
Ta s chc lnhmi th tc trn trn s ly ngi m cu chc cho nhau
Tranh lun v cch hiu :
a) Cc bn dch xa : Mun dn c chc lnh trong Abraham (Cv 3:25; Ga 2:8). Cc
tc gi xa.
b) Nhiu tc gi hin ti dch nh B.J (par toi se bniront toutes les nations de la terre).
Abraham c phc n i ngi ta ly vo cng thc. C hai kiu u c th, nhng b)
c phn ng mo hn : Za 8:13. Nhng phi nh rng nhng li ny c tnh cch
phc ha chng trnh cu ri, Thin Cha y k ca Ngi vo lch s, nhng
ngi c vai tr trong l mi gii chc lnh cho mi dn trn t, bao la cng
nh s cc dn v phc trn thn (coi Ys 2:2-4; 19:24).
Li ha nhm ngay n cng tn ca lch s cu ri, nhng khng vch ra thc s s xy
ra lm sao : Mi s lun lun di s iu khin ca Thin Cha.

HNH TRNH CA ABRAHAM

Kn 12:4-9.
Egressus est/ Bin khi (ng l et abit/ V ra i).

Mt ting n s, ngm cm m i! Nhng y ngha : mt gng vng phc v iu
kin trc li ha. Nhng ngi xa mi nhn nh c ngha y : ra khi nhm
ca mnh i vi mt ngi du mc, chng khc g l mt n cht!
Abraham ngang qua Sikem, Bethel, i xung min Nam (Negheb).
Kn 12:1-9 : chung chung khng c g c th r rng. Khng da trn mt truyn thng
no nht nh. Nhng cu ny phi ni l do tay tc gi vit lm mt on giao tip gia
S-thi-s v Thnh s. Phc ha ra ng li ca thnh s trong nh ca Thin Cha.
LI HA V GIAO C
(Kn 15).
BNH LUN VN CHNG

Mt on thiu lin tc (c.5 gi thit m ti, c.12 mi hong hn, c.17 lc chp ti, c.6
lng tin l lng ca Abraham, nhng c.8 sao li cn mun c du g bo m, c.2 / 7).
Chung chung ngi ta nhn c 2 ngun vn. Nhng phn chia cho mi ngun vn (Y v
E y) nhng cu no, th khng th dt khot c. Ngi ta mun ko v Y : 1-6 9
10 12 17 18a. E : 11 13-16. Cn thuc son gi 7-8 18b-21.
Factus est sermo Domini /Ny Li Yahv phn :

Mt kiu mc khi tin tri. Tc gi y thuc nhm ngi quen thuc vi truyn thng
tin tri, v mun coi mc khi cho Abraham nh mt mc khi tin tri (20:7). Mc khi
lm trong th kin (Ds 24:4 16).
2-5:Abraham khng ngh lc m tin, hu nh khng cn trng cy g na.

Cu 2b khng th dch c. Nn cu 3 b tc cho c ngha.
Ego vadam absque liberis/ Ti v hu ra i :
ting i rt kh! C th hiu ra i : cht ? C tc gi coi trnh thut ny nh cn ti
Lng h a v nh th song song vi 12:1-3, v nh vy vn nn ca Abraham d hiu.
5: Ra ngoi tri : Sao trn tri l hnh nh cho thy s ng c ca dng di sau ny.
Nhng k thc 5 chng khc g 1b v ni dung. Mt bn qu quyt trng v mt bn
dng hnh nh nhng cng l mt qu quyt trng na thi. l ci nghch l.
6: Credidit/ tin :
Nhng trong khi c gi ngong ngng mt ci g c th, th tc gi b qut trnh thut
sang mt li qu quyt ni c l hon ton thn hc, ch khng t bin c na. Lng
tin coi bn ngoi th ch l ngm cm, thinh lng nghe li v chim ngm.
Cu ny rt quan trng trong o l thnh Phaol (Rm 4:3 Ga 3:6).
Tin : t mnh mt cch kin vng ni Yahv. y tc l mt vic tn th, hng ng,
thng cm vo k ca Thin Cha trong lch s.
Reputatum est illi./ Tin vo s y
Hipri : Hasab) : Lv 7:18; 17:4; Ds 18:27 :

Ni n mt phn v t t, theo t tch mt ngi c Thin Cha y quyn, h thm

nh l vt ca tn hu em n. Nhng cng thc tuyn b gi tr chiu theo gii lut
c rt nhiu trong cc vn kin t t s nh gi c thng tri cho tn hu (Lv
13:17 23 28 37 44 46).
Justitia / Cng chnh (sdqh) :
y khng phi l qui lut, tiu chun tuyt i l tng, ngi ta phi nhm n.
l t cch ca mt ngi cng chnh, mt ngi c x ng theo lin lc phi c
vi ngi khc, lm trn cc i hi m lin lc kia ra cho ngi ta.
Lin lc hp ng c th hon ton nhn loi. Nhng quan trng cho thn hc Cu
c l s cng chnh c em vo lin lc Giao c vi Thin Cha. Thin Cha
cng chnh khi Ngi x s theo Giao c Ngi lp (justitia salvifica/Gi cng
chnh). Ngi ta cng chnh khi ngi ta ng p theo nhng khon k trong lin lc
hp ng Thin Cha thit nh. Vic tuyn b cng chnh c lin lc mt thit
vi cc iu rn ca Thin Cha (coi Ez 18:5tt).
Trong cu ny : Vic tuyn b cng chnh khng nm trong khun kh l bi, nghi tit,
cng khng do mt ngi vin chc theo nghi tit. Vic tuyn b l cng chnh c
chuyn vo lin lc ch thn gia Thin Cha v Abraham. Vic tuyn b li khng
c cn c ni vic lm no, d l l t hay s vng phc ca Abraham, nhng l mt
li qu quyt rng : Lng tin t Abraham vo lin lc phi c i vi Thin Cha.
Thin Cha t ra k Ngi mun thc thi trong lch s, lm cho Abraham nn mt
dn ng c : Abraham t mnh cch kin vng ni d nh ca Thin Cha -
ngha l Abraham coi iu nh mt iu phi nhn ly cch nghim chnh - v
dn c s mng mnh vo nh ca Thin Cha.
Nh th cu 6 ny l mt li kt thc trnh thut thin triu Abraham.
7-8: C tnh cch mt khi im mi, nhng son gi cui c sa i tip tc c

vi nhng iu ni trn.
9-12: ng trc s nghi ngi ca Abraham, Thin Cha khng ban li gii thch, nhng
Ngi hnh ng.
Vic dn nghi l Giao c ny da trn hnh thc kt giao ca ngi xa
(coi Clamar, Gense, ad loc).
Mnh cm s xung : i vi ngi xa l im d.
C l m ch n nhng cuc phiu lu rng r nhiu nm trc khi Israel c nh c
ni t Thin Cha ha.
Gic ng k l ca Abraham (coi Kn 2:21) mi cm gic ngh ring nh mai mt c,
nhng l ngi ta hon ton b ng cho mc khi ca Thin Cha.
13-16: T lu ngi ta thy nhng cu ny khng n khp vi mch lc.

Chc l nhng cu chm vo sau. V cc li t trn kia u hng v vic Thin Cha t
mnh ra trong cu 17. ng khc cc cu ny cng khng duy nht v kh lng dung
ha : 400 nm y vi 430 nm trong Xh 12,40 v 4 i trong cu 16 (v khi ni n
i khng thy ch no ni mt i l mt trm nm).

C l cc cu sau ny chng thm cho c thuyt : T tin ca Israel thuc t l hai t di

dn : mt t vo th k 18-17 v mt t mun thi hn vo thi Tel Amarna (th k
15-14) : 400 nm i vi t th nht (t ca Abraham), 4 i ph hp vi t th hai
(cng thy trong Xh 6:16t v tng tch Ms).
17: Thin Cha hin din mt cch rt c th. Mt hnh thc rt cu tro.
C l c m ch n Ni La trong Xut hnh khi Israel n Sinai.
Nghi tit c hnh khng c mt li ni. Ngi ta hon ton th ng.
18-21: Nhng li ct ngha bin c. Yahv bo m nhng g. Khong t Cha ha y

em vo thi khuch trng rng hn c ca Israel : Thi avt Salmn.
19-21: Phi coi l ph ch sau.

Tot yu li ht thy tn cc dn nghe bit c ti Canaan.
GIAO C VI ABRAHAM (P)

Kn 17 (P) Giao c v ct b
1. Ch vi P mi k nin biu rnh rt (12:4 16:3 16 21:5 23:1 25:7 20)

El Shadday (Mt danh hiu cu tro chit Thin Cha):
Thin Cha t trnh din (15:7 28:3 35:11 46:3 Xh 3:6 6:2 29).
Danh hiu ny P dng ch Thin Cha ca T ph (28:3 35:4 48:3 Xh 6:3).
Ngha : Cn m ti.
1) Shd (nm : , sm st) : Yahv nh th thn thin li, ha-dim-sn.
2) Shadu (ting Akkad : ni; h gi : En-lil, Amurru : l Shadu rabu : ni ln :
thi sn) (c l : s to ln, vng chi) Gi li ni non vng Haran, hay Syrie-Palestine.
t ngt Thin Cha ra yu sch :

Ambula coram me/ Hy i trc mt Ta :
so vi 5:22 6:9 cum Deo/ i rp vi Thin Cha.
Thin Cha mc khi, tc l chim hu c i sng, t lc c Thin Cha ng li vi
mnh nh ngi ta b li vo mt gii sinh hot mi : Trc mt Thin Cha hin t
ra cho mnh.
Esto perfectus / cho trn lnh (tanim) :
Khng hn l trn lnh v lun l, nhng i ngi ta phi ch thnh trn nim vi
Thin Cha (Tl 18,13). l iu kin dn Giao c :
Ponam faedus meum / Ta s ban giao c gia Ta vi ngi (kiu ni n Giao c)
Li ha : C con ci, dng di.
Nn so vi Y (Kn 15:9tt : nghi tit c truyn).
P khng dng nghi tit, Giao c kt thc ngay trong li Thin Cha ni vi Abraham.
Abraham sp mnh xung th ly, t n.
Cu 4-5 : Lp li ha v Thin Cha i tn : Abram thnh Abraham.

- Ting Lng h a : Abaamrama, Abarama : c th hiu hy yu mn cha, hay
n ln ni cha n (ngi thuc con dng chu ging) (R. de Vaux, RB 1846, 323).
Cha ti (v thn) l ln lao (Von Rad).

- T nguyn bnh dn y Ab hmn/cha m ng : lin kt vi Abraham li ha

c con chu ng o, nhiu dn tc.
Cu 6 : Regesque ex te egredientur/Xut pht t ngi dn dn v vua cha :

i vi nhiu dn tc : Khng phi ch Israel v Yua m thi.
Khng phi l Ismael, Eom, nhm Ktura (25,1tt) : h sng ngoi Giao c Cu 16 :
li ha ng con ng chu ny cng ni v Sara na.
Vy nhn gii ca P y c tnh cch cnh chung v hn : nhm n tng gio (hi vng
cu ri lan rng bn ngoi Israel na : 17:16 28:3 cng nh Y : 12:3).
7-8: Thm tnh cch vnh vin ca giao c.

Ha t Canaan, P cng phn bit gia li ha v s ng nghim : v cc t ph vn l
ngi ng c (Kn 21:23; 28:4; 35:27).
Eroque Deus eorum/ Ng hu Ta l Thin Cha ca ngi v dng ging sau ngi :
l mt phn ca cng thc giao c t Hs tr i (Hs 2:25; Yr 31:33; Ez 36:28; Tl
26:17t; 29:12; Yr 7:23; 11:4; 24:7...).
DU GIAO C - 9-14.
Thin Cha t quyn Ngi ban li ha, v cng ra iu kin phi gi.
y ch c mt iu phi gi : Ct b.
Tc l rt cu tro, gp thy ni nhiu dn c thi, v hin ti na. u tin l mt l
nghi truyn th i vi hn nhn v sinh hot b lc. Israel cng bit rt sm (coi Xh
4:24-26 Ys 5:2-3 : dng c bng ).
Giai on trong dn Israel : u tin khng r. Nhng khng quan trng bao nhiu v
ngha tn gio. Th k 11-10 : Mt cch phn bit Israel vi ngi Philitin (khng c
tc ct b). n thi Israel tht th, dn Assur khng c tc ct b v cc dn chim ng
Israel chung chung cng th. Nn vic ct b c coi l mt hnh din cho ngi Dothi
Yua (Lv 26:41; Tl 10:16; Yr 4:4p 9:25; Ez 44:7) v ni cc tin tri Yremia, Ezekiel
c mt ngha thing ling hn.
Trong thi i y, gia nhng dn khng c tc ct b, hon cnh khng cho php c
thnh l bi, t t, php ct b nn mt cch tuyn xng v mc khi cu thot ca Thin
Cha, mt du mnh lnh nhn ly mc khi.
Nh th tm quan trng ca ct b trong Kn 17 ny phi thuc thi lu y hay sau
lu y.
15-22: Thm mt li ha :
C th ha cc li ha trn Sara s c mt con. Khc ny song song vi Kn 18:1-16
(Sara, li Thin Cha ni n b li ha b s sinh con ting ci (y Abraham, Kn
18 ca Sara) li hi hoi nghi thi hn nm ti).
Ci : t lin lc vi tn Yishq (chnh t nguyn : Yshaq El (arrideat Deus/ Cha
mm ci vi, propitius sit Deus/ Thin Cha thng xt) : ti dng nhiu ln :
18:12; 21:6 9 (E). Nhng 17:7 l k d hn c. Khng bit phi ct ngha lm sao : i
lin vi vic th ly nn khng l l hon ton hoi nghi i vi cu sau, th khng l li
l vui mng tin chc! (Yh 8:56 th hiu s vui mng ca ng!)
23-27: i lin vi 1-15 : cho thy lng hon ton vng phc ca Abraham.

L T YSAAK
Kn 22:1-19
Trnh thut chung chung ca E (c t chi tit ng c rng Y bit truyn thng ny hay
l do mt tay son gi thm v sa cha). Truyn khng lin lc cht ch vi on trc.
Ch on c rng, nay Ysaak l mt tr ln ri (bit t l phi c g, vc ci).
Cu 1: Mun lng c tm quan trng ca cu ny, th ng ly tm l m suy ngh

loi i tnh cch nan gii ca cu ny : mt b n :
Tentavit/ Th thch :
Tc gi t ngay t u iu ny mt cuc th thch : Mt i hi m Thin Cha
khng mun cho thnh s. c gi phi nh th lun. ng khc, c gi phi t mnh
vo a v Abraham : Khng bit l th thch nhng inh ninh mnh vi mnh l mt
iu ht sc nghim trng.
S nghim trng l v ng th thch l chnh Thin Cha, Thin Cha Israel, ch
khng phi mt v thn k quc no ca dn ngoi.
Trc cc iu - tc gi trnh hn mt s hi hp trc bin c rn mnh. Trng tm
ca trnh thut l cch x th ca Abraham (Ysaak).
Cu 2: Lnh Thin Cha thc l mt iu khng th hiu c i vi Abraham :

T l Ysaak. Th ngha l tiu dit c tng lai ca mnh i ri (nh 12:1 l tiu dit qu
kh i). Ysaak - ngi con sinh ra sau bao nhiu nm ch i mm ging c nht
Abraham thnh mt dn ng o nh Thin Cha ha : Sau khi mi con ci khc
ra khi nh Abraham. Thin Cha dng nh thch th m k ra c tnh ca t l :
Filius tuus, unigenitus quem diligis./Con ngi, con mt ngi-ngi yu du
T l cch no : in holocaustum : phi thiu sch!
X Moriyah (Vg in terram visionis).

2Ks 3:1 Ni n i n th Yrusalem. Nhng da vo vic thin thn hin ra cho
avt, ch khng da trn truyn ny. V khi ni mt x, th phi c tn dn mi phi.
Nn nhiu tc gi da theo bn Syrie m c l x dn Amori ri mt tc gi mun thi
em Moriyah ca 2Ks 3:1 vit vo y.
Cu 3 : Thay v t tm tnh ca Abraham, tc gi cho thy Abraham thc hnh lnh

chu ly ban ti lm sao : Dy sm, thng la, gi y t v Ysaak, ch ci v ra i. c
gi t hi ly nhng ngh, tm tnh ca Abraham (quem diligis!)
Cu 4: Ba ngy ng!
D nhin khng phi l mt vic bng bt chc lt! Chn mi, lng khng chn suy ngh,
nhng mt lun hng n ni Thin Cha dy!
Cu 5: Gi t ti t, hn lc gp li.
D nh ch c th mt mnh vi con. Bao nhiu tm tnh:Abraham bit, ti t khng
bit!
Cu 6-8: Qung ng cui cng.

Tm tnh khng t nhng gin tip - nhng vt nguy him Abraham t mnh mang
ly ko lm con b hi!
V cch hnh vn : Trc v sau li cha con m o, tc gi dng cng mt li : s hiu
qunh gia 2 cha con (ti t khi ny cn lm khuy lng). Trc m o - ng phi i
n mt qung ng xa - Ysaak mi hi cha. Mt s thinh lng nng xung! Sau
m o, s thinh lng cng thm nng.
Li m o : Ngn nhng khng th no ti tnh hn c. Li ca Abraham (bit!) vi
con khng bit : mun n nang con.
Tc gi : hai ngha : c mt s tht m Abraham ni n m khng bit : gn t n gii
quyt nhng li bung th mt v mi ngi eo ui ngh mnh : thinh lng ko
di mi cho n khi Thin Cha can thip!
Cu 9-14: Mi c ch ca Abraham
Khch quan, hon ton v t : Xc thc mt cch khng khip cho n khi cm dao
ln! Nhng ngay Thin Cha can thip! Nn ting long trng
cognovi quod times Deum/Ta bit ngi l ngi knh s Thin Cha ,
v nhng kiu dng ting v Thin Cha :
angelus Domini/ Thn s Yahv
Phn t tri. Con chin c git thay th! V c.14 : Xa l ct truyn v vic kin lp
mt ni t t, nay ch cn cu ct ngha m chnh tn ch li bin mt.
Trnh thut cu tro chm dt vi cu 14.
Cu 15-19: Thm sau :

Ni truyn ny vi ch Li ha l ct truyn s tch Abraham. Ting dng kh l
i vi cc trnh thut xa.
BNH LUN :
Trnh thut cu tro c th l mt s tch v mt ni t t no v nhn dp hp l ha vic
ly hy sinh th vt thay th cho vic t st hi nhi, con tr, hay nhn mng (c trong dn
Israel bi nh hng cc dn ngoi o). Ngha ca tc gi : khng cn ch trng n
ca truyn c na; ng khc, tc gi ngha mng lung.
Chc chn da ngay vo cu 1 : Truyn l mt s th thch trit v s vng phc v
lng tin ca Abraham. ng khc truyn cng ch trng n l vt l Ysaak: Mt ci g
ng kinh s hn l vic t st mt tr con : Thin Cha lm nghch vi li ha! n hu
nhng khng l g!

TH LUT TH
HNH TH HIN TI
I. DIN T CA MS - 1:1-11:32
Gm c 2 din t :
1/ 1:6-4:40 Lp cc Thm phn, thi Kadesh, chim Kanaan.
Kt thc : cn dn gi lut l Ms s truyn cho Israel.
2/ 4:4-11:32 Thp gii, iu rn yu mn, n hu nhng khng ca Yav
Tuyt i on giao vi Canaan. Nhc li bin c Sinai.
Kt thc : Cn dn vng phc, nhng chc lnh v v chc d.
II. B LUT TH LUT - 12:1-26:19

12:16 (17) : Nhng qui ch nghi l
16:18-21:8 : Nhng qui ch quc gia.
21:9-26:15 : Nhng lut l...
III. ON 27 : nhng li chc d gi l ti Sikem
IV. ON 28 : Nhng li chc lnh v chc d
V. ON 29-30 : Din t cui cng.
VI. ON 31-34 : Nhng on phc tp nhiu vn kin an kt vi nhau.
on 31 : c l lut, Yshue thay th Ms.
on 32 : Bi ca v Israel (la chn, ng nghch, lu y, gii thot).
on 33 : Nhng li chc lnh ca Ms.
on 34 : Ms cht.
Th lut c son ra nh chnh Ms ni vi dn (kiu ni th dng ngi th hai s

nhiu, hay s mt) ch khng nh cc b lut khc (th d cc lut t t) : chnh Yahv
ni ra cho Ms, ri Ms chuyn li xung cho dn hay cho Aharn.
Th d : 12-26 l phn cu tro hn c ca Th lut.
LUT THA N
15:1-11.
Cu 1 : Mt gii lut rt cu tro.

Khng th tranh lun g v lut c. Nhng lut phi c gii thch v p dng
cho ngi nghe hin thi.
Cu 3-11: R rng l gii thch v khuyn rn.
kch thch bng nhng li ha, bt k nghe phi m lng ra lnh nhn ly lut.
Nh th l Ging v lut. Cn cu 2 : R rng c tnh cch p dng lut mt cch c
thm quyn. Khng cn chnh l li ging.
Vy Th lut gm c nhng Lut cu tro v nhng li gii thch mun thi :
15:19/20-23 14:22/23-27 : Cu u mi khc l Lut cu tro, cc cu sau l gii thch.
Lut cu tro c th theo hnh thc quyt on (16:19 16:21-22 17:1 22:5ab 9a 10
11 23:1a 2 3a 4a 8ab) hay di iu kin nhng nu so vi nhng lut ch khc trong
Ng th th thy c rng Th lut khng cn c tnh cch b lut, m l li ging trn

L lut : Th d 15:12-18 so vi Xh 21:2-11. Hay l i thnh li ni thng vi ngi

nghe cng chm t cu thuc kiu ging bi : 21:22t 22:6t 8 23:22-24 25t 25:10-12 19
(tuy th c nhng lut c ly li y nguyn khng thay i 21:15-17 18-22 22:13-29
24:1-4 25:1-3 5-10).
Ri c nhng khon thuc truyn thng c thi c trnh by li theo hnh thc ging
dy m p dng cho hin ti (21:1-9 26:1-11 20:1-9).
Nh th Th lut s dng rt nhiu truyn thng (lut l, tc l ni ta n a phng,
nhng lut tp qun ca Thnh chin). So vi Lut Giao c, ta thy c Th lut s
dng tt c mt cch ng ng t do v chen vo nhng li khuyn khch ging dy.
Trong cc tc l c truyn , ngi ta cch ring n nhng lut v chin tranh
trong Th lut :
- C nhng lut v chin tranh (20:1-9 10-18 19-20 21:10-14 23:10-14 24:5 25,17-
19). Cc lut c tnh cch rt cu tro (d sao cng phi nh c ti Canaan),
nhng Th lut gii thch li, lm cho c nhn o hn.
- Tl 1-11 : c tnh cch mun thi hn l 12-26. Nhng cng khng nht khi. Chung
chung cc on ny l nhng cng thc phng v dng trong ngy i l c dnh
dng vi L lut. Chung chung l nhng bi ging (khuyn khch) ri kt thc bng
nhng li chc lnh hay chc d : 7:1-11/12-15 11:1-12/13-21 10:12-22 8:1-20
11:22-25/26-28.
- Ri chm vo l tng Thnh chin ca Th lut : 7:16-26 9:1-6. L tng thm
nhun c trc tc : 6:18 7:1t 11:23tt 12:29 19:1 20:16t.
Nh vy Th lut c hai mt : Mt ng n r vo truyn thng rt cu tro ca Israel,
nhng li chu ly li rao ging ca cc tin tri v lng yu mn Thin Cha. ng
khc li l mt thn hc suy lun (cch ring v NOMEN : gn nh mt hypostasis) v
c khuynh hng chung L lut, tn gio quay v sch.
DO LAI CA TH LUT TH
Phn tch ta thy c Th lut th cn gi li nhiu ti liu v phng v c thi, nhng

c trnh by theo kiu ging thuyt. ng khc Th lut th chan cha kh khi Thnh
chin c thi.
ng khc phn tch Tl 12:2-28 chng ta thy l lut tp trung t t cng khng hon
ton duy nht khng th mt thi. Lut tp trung t t phi sau Xh 20:24-26 : Tc l
lut ta cn thp p dng cho n thi tin tri Elya v Elisa.
Cc yu t dn n mt thi sau khi Samarie b Assur chim c.
Vy ta c l m t vic khi s son tc Th lut th vo triu Ezkya (715-687/6).
Nm 721, Samarie tht th, Assur chim c Israel pha Bc. Bi Akhaz cng hin t
u, nn Yua vn sng st. Nhng k thc, tnh trng Yua n lc kit nhc (Trn
gic Syrie-Ephraim v triu cng). Yua lun lun b e da thn tnh. Cng vi tnh
cnh vt cht cng qun , Ezkya li thy nh hng ngoi o, c th Assur cng
ngy cng thm khc lit.
Nhng thi cng l thi rao ging ca cc tin tri Ysaya v Mika. Li l cc ngi
thy c ng nghim ni Israel pha Bc. Nhng k thnh knh Yahv tnh ng.

Li thm mt tro lu di dn : nhng k thnh tn vi Yahv pha Bc lui v pha

Nam c trung thnh vi Giao c. Nhng ngi c l thuc nhm t t pha Bc
v nhng k thuc gii s t chu nh hng cc tin tri.
V mt vn chng ta c chng ch v mt khu vc : Cng 25:1 cho thy cc k lc ca

Ezkya su tp li nhng li ca hin nhn xa.
Ri v mt chn hng quc gia phng Yua : Chng ta bit c rng li 701, khi
Sennakrib vy hm Yrusalem, th o binh ca Ezkya lm k o ng ra hng
(ANET, 288). Trong mt nc ra kit qu nh Yua, tt khng cn c th gy dng li
mt o binh kiu na (lnh thu, c xe c v nga). Ch cn mt cch lt hn s
ngho nn kinh t gy to li mt binh lc mi m khng tn km bao nhiu, tc l li
dng nhng ti nguyn nhn lc trong x, ngha l dn trong nc c sc cm kh gii
c gi u qun (E. Junge). Nh th l mt t chc cu tro trng binh trong Giao
hiu, b b qun bi vng quyn, s dng o binh nh ngh, nay c thit lp li.
Cng vi vic ci t binh b , l tng Thnh chin xa cng c phc hi : Mt iu
rt ph hp vi bu kh i quc trong Th lut th.
Xt chung cc phng din , ta thy c Th lut th thuc mt thi phc hng trong
khun kh ca cc truyn thng Giao hiu xa. L tng khng ly thi thnh vng
avt (trong Th lut th, a v nh vua khng c uy th bao nhiu, khng ni n
truyn thng Giao c vi avt), nhng l ni Giao hiu nh thy trnh by trong
Yshue 24 (tc l truyn thng pha Bc). Truyn thng Giao hiu mi c th hun c
li mt Israel, v c hi vng thng nht li mi hai b tc di quyn ca dng h
avt. Giao hiu mi-hai-h thi xa c gi l am Yahweh (populus Domini /
Dn Yahv Thp 5:11; 2:2; 2S 1:12) tc l dn binh mi khi c gi ra trn.
V k thc vai tr ca dn (am hres) khi s vi vic lt Athalya (2V 11:13-18a)
cng ngy cng quan trng n ln t c nhng lc lng chnh tr ca triu nh (2V
21:24; 23:33t).
Pht ngn nhn ca nhm ny tc l hng Lvt. H l nhng ngi duy tr truyn thng,
ging dy cho dn, tt nhin h snh si v L lut cng vn chng thnh cng thn
hc. ng khc hng t t Lvt gi mt vai tr quan trng trong thnh chin - nhng k
phc v Hm bia - tc l c-trn ca Israel.
MC CH CA TH LUT TH
Th lut th c trnh by nh chnh li Ms t t dn Israel ti cnh ng Moab,

trc khi ngang qua sng Yoran m vo t Cha ha.
Nhng nhng lut l ra cho dn th thy, Israel ca Th lut th rt khc xa Israel di
quyn iu khin ca Ms. Israel ny quen bit t Canaan vi nhng cm d v tn
gio, c vua cng nhng c quan hnh chnh; v kinh t khng cn sng i du mc na,
nhng sng trong kinh t tin t, vi nhng hu qu nguy hi ca ng tin; Israel ny
bit n cc tin tri, v c tin tri gi na.
V l vn : Mt Israel nh th ngang qua c mt lch s ti li nh th m li cn

c th l Dn ca Yahv na sao? Th lut th tr li : Chnh cho dn m n ku gi

v li ha cu thot li c rao ging cho. My th k ng nghch, ti li, nh th

c xa nha i, v Israel tr li di chn v sng lp o, Yahv tuyn b li li cu
thot : Hodie factus es populus Domini Dei tui/ Hm nay, ngi c tr nn dn
ca Yahv Thin Cha ca ngi (27:9). Mi khu vc sinh hot Israel phi c t li
di trt t mi ny.
Mt Thin Cha, mt ni th phng, mt dn Thin Cha chn. Nht thit bi tr hn

hp tn gio vi Canaan. l c mt chng trnh thit lp c tin thun khit vo
Yahv trong sinh hot nng nghip ti Canaan.
c la chn, tc cng thy ngay n cu thot t rng. l mt n hu hon ton

nhng khng ca Yahv, ch khng phi bi ngi ta c gng n lc m c.
Th lut th khng din o l chung lun nh thy trong cc tin tri. Tuy th, Th lut
th khng phi l khng c mang theo mt mi hy vng : Israel y gi thit l cn phi
ngng ch t Thin Cha ha. Israel mi thi vn cn ngng ch li ha cu thot ca
Yahv c thc hin cho mnh; trong hon cnh hin thc thi tc gi : Israel phi lm
sao m li trong t Thin Cha ha. Tc gi nhm trc mt ci tng lai rt gn mt
bn, hu nh hin ti : Vic chim t Canaan l l tng hnh phc, v l thc ti
khng c hng mt (11:23t; 13:18; 28:12t) s an ton (an c lc nghip) ca mt
tiu-nng-gia, ni khong t ca mnh di bng cy nho cy v (16:20; 17:20; 22:7).
NH HNG CA TH LUT TH
Assur suy i yu th nn dp cho Yua c c hi chnh n li quyn bnh. Ysya ln

ngi c gng loi tr i nhng kiu sng bi Assur. Nm 622, b lut Th lut th
c khm ph ra trong n th, nn cn c cho mt cuc ci cch tn gio trit
(2V 22-23).
Chnh tr tn gio khai mc mt phong tro vit s mi trong dn : Th lut s quan.
Th lut th mt khi nn lut nc, th cc truyn thng Giao hiu ca Israel pha Bc
cng c nhp tch vo Yrusalem. Cng vic tng hp bt u vo triu Ezkya
c ly li v c hon thnh : Hu qu l c mt vn chng thn hc lch s rt bao
qut. Mt ng, chnh b lut lm u mi cho vic ti din Giao c c b tc bng
nhng din t khuyn khch lm khung kh v vch ra ngha. Ri nhng ti liu
lch s c thu thp t trc ny c su tp v t chc li mt cch c phng
php.
Chung chung cng vic bao trm cc sch trong Qui in k t Khi nguyn cho n
sch cc Vua (nhng cha phi l hnh thc hin ti). Nhng b tc theo Th lut s
quan ha him trong Khi nguyn, Xut hnh, Dn s th; tri li phn cui hnh Ms
c ni lin vi Th lut th; sch Yshu c b tc thm khc nhiu; sch Thm
phn c mt ngha su hn do on 2, vch ra thuyt chnh; cc sch Samuel v cc
Vua, do nhiu ti liu th, don li cc bin c t thi chin tranh Philitin n vic
canh tn Giao c vo triu Ysya.
Phng php vit s ca Th lut s quan thng l k vn kin st bn nhau, ch khng

loi ha vi nhau, cc vn kin c duy tr c khi n c t ng na. Tuy th nhng

thuyt thn hc chnh ca Th lut s quan ngm ngm di theo mi bin c : o l

Giao c c thy ngay trong s kin. o l l o l ca cc din t khuyn thin
ca Th lut th. l mt li ging c th ct gi ln trong lng ngi ta lng yu mn
Yahv, c gi Giao c v vng phc cc lut ca Ngi, c an c lc nghip trong
t Thin Cha ha. Nhng mt khi truyn thng Th lut th nhp tch vo
Yrusalem, th cng c xc tch hn : Quan nim v hy vng dn tc c i qu l
tng th k 8 ni mt ngi nh tin tri Hs. L tng nay cng mc ly hi vng v
Msia bi dng h avt (Mt iu rt r rt trong sch cc Vua) : T nay Th lut s
xy trn hai yu t : L lut Giao c (bi v Israel lun tht trung : th l duyn do
cho n pht, v tn ph) v Tin mng : Li ha cho avt (2S 7), v lin kt vi n
th Yrusalem.
Cuc ci cch ca Ysya cha thnh s th Ysya cht. Nhng phong tro Th lut s
vn tn ti trong cc nhm ngi c v trc kia. H tip tc ci tinh thn Giao c
, v h b tc thm, suy ngh li lm cn c cho cc cuc phc hng sau ny. V th
chnh Th lut th cng nh sch cc Vua c b tc thm trong cc t trc tc sau :
Chm vo nhng khc gi thit Ysya cht, v Yrusalem b ph, dn b lu y
(Tl 4:25-31; 32:19tt. Cc on 1-4, mt phn .28, 31...). Cng vic dng nh c
tip tc cho n thi phc hng vo cui th k 6.
Th lut s trnh by k thc l lch s ca li to thnh ca Yahv : Li Thin Cha

hot ng lm sao trong lch s. V l qu quyt ng ly lm l : Yu t quyt nh
cho Israel khng phi l nhng iu thng lm ng c cho lch s, cng khng phi l
nhng vn bao la lch s vn c nhng l ni t nguyn tc cn bn do thn hc v o
l tin tri v Li Thin Cha. Ch c li cho hin tng lch s c c lin tc v xc
tin, ch c li hp mt li cc hin tng l t ring bit lm thnh mt ton th
coram Deo : Lch s trong Cu c l mt trnh t lch s do li ca Yahv gy to nn,
li lun lun can thip trong phn xt v cu ri, v lun lun hng n thnh tu.

QUC GIA
V
VNG QUYN
1. HNH THC QUC GIA
1.1 CANAAN :
Mt nhm tiu quc (Ys 12:9-24:31 vua, mi mt phn Canaan). Thi Tel-Amarna
cng th. Kiu t chc ln n u thin nin k II (vn kin tr o). Tiu quc : mt
thnh (c tng ly) vi mt lnh th xung quanh. Trong c vua (thi Hyksos, Amarna :
thng l mt ngi thuc dng ging khc Canaan) quyn da trn mt o qun (m
ni dn thnh, cng lnh thu) nguyn tc : tha k. Dn Philitin cng tng t nh th,
nhng h lin minh vi nhau (Ys 13:3; Thp 3:3; 1S 5:8).
1.2 AICP - LNG H A :

Nhng quc khng l T chc rt cht ch bao gm nhng lnh vc xa rng b
chinh phc. Tinh thn quc gia khng c bao nhiu quyn lc da trn mt o binh
nh ngh, b tc thm lnh thu v chi i cc nc ch hu phi cp. Quyn bnh tp
trung trong tay vua thay i theo quyn k tha.
1.3 SYRYE-PALESTINE - cui thin nin k II :

Nhng chnh th qun ch dn tc : Em, Moab, Ammon, Aram. Lnh vc : t ai dn
tc chim . Phng th : Khng phi o binh nh ngh, nhng l dn quc ng binh
(khi nc nh lm nguy : ng binh ht ht thy inh trng). Chnh th - vng quyn,
nhng khng nht thit theo nguyn tc tha k (Kn 36:31-39 : hnh nh l tuyn c)
nhng cng hng n k tha.
1.4 ISRAEL :
Xt theo trn ny, mu vng quyn Israel theo l cc nc xung quanh : Vng quc
(1S 8:5) dn tc, ch khng phi kiu Canaan. Mu Aicp quc, vt hin di thi
avt Salmon. Nc mang tn dn Nguyn tc triu i k tha khng c nhn
ngay lp tc.
Cch lp quc ca Israel hon ton tng t nhng nhm b con cng thuc t di dn
Aram t gia thin nin k II.
2. T CHC TIN KHI KHI VA NH C :
Giao hiu 12-h. Mt hin tng chung cho cc dn cha c t chc cht ch (Kn
22:20-24 : nhm Aram Kn 25:12-16 : nhm Ismael Kn 36:10-14 : nhm Esau) di
quyn lnh o ca nhng ngi c thn hng (cc thm phn ln) quyn Giao hiu
c l trong tay nhng shphetim nh (Thp 10:1-5; 12:8-15).
3. THIT LP VNG QUYN : SAUL
Vn kin : 2 truyn thng ph vng : 1S 9-10:16 ; 11:1-11 15; 13:1

Bi vng : Is 8:1-22; 10:18-25; 12:1tt; 15:1tt.
Dp : Cuc h ca dn Philitin.
Saul c tnh cch mt lnh o thn hng (mt ngid / th lnh, thm phn).
4. DAVID-SALOMON : MT VUA HAI NC.
Nc c thit lp khng cn theo kiu cu tro lnh o thn hng, nhng da tt c

trn ti cn v tham vng ca avt.
Cch t chc nc ca David :

Phi n tnh cch bit lp ca hai khi (thc s l hai nc) : Yua v Israel. Yua
t xa c mt ng li ring khc cc b tc Israel (Thp 1:3-19 chinh phc t ai
ring Thp 1:21 29 35 c lp v cc thnh Canaan, Yrusalem, Gaban, Gazer, Ayyalon
Thp 5 khng ni n Yua...). Mi bn xc du ring avid lm vua mnh (Yua 2S
2:4, Israel 2S 5:3). Bi th nn avid l vua trn tt c Israel v Yua (2S 5:4t). Di
triu Salmon cng vy.
5. ISRAEL V YUDA :
Salmon cht, quc avid tan r. Yua - Israel li bit lp. Nhng quan nim vng
quyn hai bn li khc : Israel thy li tnh cch thn hng ca cc k lnh o (do tin tri
ch nh). Quyn k tha khng c hon ton thu nhn. Tri li Yua : Quyn k tha
thnh nguyn tc, v c y chun vi li tin tri Nathan (2S 7:8-16).
6. CNG ON SAU LU Y :
Cc qui ch chnh tr bin mt vi lu y. X Yu t nay lun lun phi l thuc ngoi

bang. Quan nim nc khng cn na. Vi quyn t lp v tn gio, cc quc ng
thun cho, ngi Dothi tr nn mt cng on tn gio, tun theo lut tn gio ca
mnh, do cc t t hng dn. l mt ch thn quyn Quan nim xa c
sng li : Israel ch c Thin Cha lm vua (Xh 15:18; Ds 23:21... Ys 41:21; Tv 47 93
96-99). Cn vic iu khin cc a phng th h sng li cc tp qun xa (vi b lc
Mispaht), di quyn k lo (zeqenim), i din cho dn trc cc k cm quyn (Er
5:9; 6:7).
ng ly lm l, cc t chc nh mt nc khng n su vo tm no dn chng.
Lu y v, h sng li mt cch rt t nhin kiu sinh hot trc vng quyn. ng
khc cc b lut u nhm v sinh hot b lc v thnh th ring . D ph vng - nht
l hng quan nim Msia dng h avt - hay bc vng, quan nim chnh ca Israel l
Thn quyn (Israel : dn ca Yahv). ng trc quan nim : Vng quyn chnh th
l ph tng.
NH VUA
1. LN NGI.
Israel, quan nim lnh o thn hng tt nhin nhn vo vic Thin Cha la chn.
Nhng Yua, ngay vic k tha cng gi thit vic Thin Cha la chn na : Vic la
chn tin khi trn dng di avid Ri vic la chn mi mt ngi k v (cch r rt

ni Salmon 1V 2:15; 1Ks 28:5). Mi ln phong vng l mt ln lp li giao c vi

nh avt v mt s tha nhn ca Yahv.
V li cng l quan nim chung Tiu thi xa (cc thn n, nh, ch

trc, cho du l mt nc theo nguyn tc k tha nh Assur). Nhng ngi k v
khng nht thit l trng nam. Ti nc Hattu, c lut t trng nam nhng ti cc
nc Aram vng Syrie th khng th. Aicp, Assur - l thng con c k v cha. Nh vua
ch nh ngay khi cn sng, v cho thng chia quyn cai tr.
Yua - coi n Salmon (Anya l anh), Yakhaz (2V 23:31 36 : tuy c Yyaqim l
anh). Nhng c l phi hiu l nhiu nh con u lng cht ri (Amnon l con c
cng nh Ykhanan con c ca Ysya 1Ks 3:15). ng khc, thm rc ri l nh vua c
nhiu v.
Con c th ng tr cng cha, nht l vua cha gi, hay bnh tt (n Salmon, v Ytam
thay Ozya b phung hi 2V 15,5). Con gi khng c quyn k tha.
2. TN PHONG :
Vn kin : 1V 1:32-48; 2V 11:12-20.
L nghi : Chia lm 2 hi, ti n th v ni hong cung.
2.1 Ti n th :
2V 11:12tt kh r. Nhng 1V 1:38 Salmon c tn phong ti Gihn (mt sui nc
nhng 1V 1:39; 2S 6:17). avt t nh tm Khm Giao c .
2V 11:14 Yas ng ct tr, theo nghi thc. C l l b ca vua t gn ca n th
(2V 23:3 gn ct / 2Ks 34:31 ti ch mnh). 2V 11:14 / 2Ks 23:13 (gn ca vo), 2V
16:18 ci b c l cng l mt vi 2Ks 6:13 (c l hiu c theo kiu cc nc xung
quanh : bia Ras-Shamra v Aicp cho thy vua ng trn mt ci b trc tng thn).
2.2 Nhng du hiu ca vua.

2V 11:12 : nzr v edt. Nzr tc l m min, hay triu thin (biu hiu chnh cho
quyn vua 2S 1:10; Yr 13:18; Ez 21:30t; Tv 89:40; 132:18). Edut : thng ngi ta chiu
theo 2S 1:10 m i thnh sadt (xuyn tay). Nhng phi gi li dut (thng dch l
testimonium Tv 89:40 t berit song song vi nzr Tv 2:6-7 ni n hq (decretum
/ Vn bng). Cc ting c th ng ngha ch nghi triu nh Aicp, tc l mt
vn bng trong c vit tc hiu tn phong ca Pharah, chng thc do lai thn linh, v
quyn chc ca nh vua.
C th l khi tn phong, vua Yua cng c trao tay mt vn bng tng t, chng thc
ngi c Thin Cha tha nhn lm con v ha cho ngi ton thng ch th (chiu theo
hq trong Tv 2,7-9), hay l nhc li giao c gia Thin Cha v dng di avt (2S
7:8-16; Tv 89,20-38; 132:11-12).
Aicp : i triu thin v trao ph vit ca Aicp thng v h.
Assur : Triu thin v ph vit t trn ci m trc v thn, ri mt t t i triu thin
v trao ph vit cho nh vua.
2.3 Xc du : 1V 1:39; 2V 11:12 :

C th ni ht thy cc vua Israel v Yua u c xc du.

NGHA :
Nghi tit tn gio km theo vic thn kh p xung (ngha l : ban cho mt n g)
nh th vua nn mt nhn vt c tc thnh, thng chia s thnh ca Yahv, bt kh
xm phm (1S 24:7 11; 26:9 11 23 : avid khng dm phm n Saul 2S 1:14 16 :
avid cho git k phm n Saul).
Do lai :
Khng ring cho Israel (Thp 9:8 15 gi thit c trc ti Canaan, 1V 19:15 Elya c
lnh xc du cho Hazael).
Ti Canaan : Mt th Amarna cho thy cc vua Syrie- Palestine chu xc du lm ch
hu Aicp. Hnh nh xc du l mt thi tc Aicp. Cc i thn Aicp cng c xc
du khi nhm chc. Nhng chnh Pharah th khng. Cc vua Lng h a cng khng.
Nhng cc vua Hattu c tn phong vi du thnh vng quyn v xng mnh l
Tabarna : Unctus/ Xc du. Tuy Kinh thnh c ni cc t t, cch ring thng t c
xc du nhng l thi lu y v (thng t hnh nh tha k mt c n thuc v nh
vua, v l th lnh dn tc).
2.4 Hoan h tn vng :

Thi kn loa, dn chng v tay reo Vivat rex (1V 1:34 39; 2V 11:12) : Khng phi dn
la chn, nhng ng nhn quyn ca vua (2S 11:11; 15:21 lin vi li th vi Yahv).
2.5 t ngi ngai (1V 1:46; 2V 11:19) :

Ngi ngai tc l bt u tr v. Ngai : 1V 10:18-20; tng trng : Kn 41:40; Tv 45:7;
2S 14:9; 1V 2:24; Ys 9:6.
2.6 Suy tn :
Cc i thn n lm l tng phc (1V 1:47) v nh vua ban quyn li.
3. HIU CA NH VUA
Aicp khi tn phong, ngi ta tuyn b 5 tn ca Pharah. Assur hnh nh khng c tc
l Nhng Babylon hnh nh li c i hiu (Teglat-Phalasar III c gi l Pulu, v
Salmanasar V l Ululai, khi 2 ng xng lm vua ti Babylon).
Israel pha Bc khng c chng ch i hiu.
Ti Yua hnh nh c :
2V 23:34 Elyaqim c Pharah i hiu thnh Yyaqim.
2V 24:17 Mattanya c vua Babylon i hiu thnh Skya.
Hai n ny ct ngha c nh kiu phong ch hu nhng sao li dng tn hon ton
theo kiu Yavit Nn c th l cc tn ch ngoi bang nh nhn thi tc ca Yua.
Yoakhaz (2V 23:30 31 34) c l l tn hiu ca Shallum (Yr 2:1; Is 3:15) Ozya (Ys 1:1;
6:1; 7:1; Hs 1:1; Am 1:1; Za 14:5; 2V 14-15:34) c l l hiu ca Azarya (1Ks 3:12).
Salmon c Nathan gi l Yeddya (c l l tn ring) (2S 12:24t) (c ngi mun
hiu avid l tn hiu, m tn ring l Elhann) (2S 21:19 cng l mt vi Baalhann
trong Kn 36:38t).
Ht cc chng ch y : ci nhin, nhng khng chc hn.

QUAN NIM VNG QUYN

Coi J. DE FRAINE, lAspect religieux de la royaut Isralite,
Position actuelle du problme 9-54.
Nn n cc quan nim : Sacral kingship (p.9)

Cc kiu gii thch : Quan nim m-thut (p.11...)
: Quan nim Hofstil (p.15...)
: Quan nim cult-pattern (p.27...)
1. VUA CU TINH.
Mt tng thng thng gia cc dn bn khai. Vua th hin cho hnh phc ca dn;
s thnh vng ca dn tc ty vo nh vua, vua mu cu thot cho dn tc.
Quan nim cn thy ti Aicp, cng nh Lng h a. Ti Israel : coi Tv 72. Cng
nh cc Thm phn xa l nhng v cu tinh (Thp 3:9 15) th vua cng gii phng khi
ch th (2S 19:10), l cu tinh (2V 13:5), v ngi ta ku xin cu gip (2V 6:26).
2. CHC NGHA T.
Aicp : Pharah c coi nh v thn, c gi l thn, thn ti ho, con ca R
(thn to ha), sinh thi l th ha ca Horus, v khi cht th ng nht vi Osiris.
Lng h a : Tnh cch thn linh ca nh vua c t chng ch vo nhng thi tin khi.
Nhng Babylon v Assur khng thy r. Nh vua vn l mt ngi phm.
Dn Hittit : Sinh thi vua khng phi l thn, nhng c phong thn sau khi cht.
Syrie-Palestine : Vn kin qu t. Khng cho php kt lun v tnh cch thn linh ca nh
vua. Cc th t Amarna ha theo Aicp m gi Pharah l thn ca ti. Bi ch Aram
khng nhn tnh cch thn linh ca nh vua.
Israel : C nhng li tng nnh (2S 14:17 20). C dng ting Elohim (Tv 45:7) nhng l
mt ting c th dng theo ngha rng (Thin thn Yb 1:6; Tv 29:1; 89,7 - Hnh Samuel
cht 1S 28:13 th lnh, Thm phn Tv 58:2; 82:1 6). Nhng nh vua c coi nh
ngha t ca Thin Cha (Tv 2:7; 110:3 - LXX) : Filius meus es tu/ Ngi l con Ta :
l mt cng thc lp t ca b lut Hammurabi (tng t nh nhng cng thc : 1S
18:21 (kn r) Tb 7:11 (kt hn) : nh th l ging nh 2S 7:14).
Lng tin vo Yahv khng th no nhn c vic thn ha cc vua.
3. VAI TR TRONG PHNG V.

Bi c xc du, v Thin Cha tha nhn lm ngha t, nh vua hnh nh c quyn v
t t. Cc vua Aicp, Assur, Phnikia u l t t.
Nh vua c quyn v vic sng bi : 2S 24:25 (avid dng bn th) 2S 7:2t (d nh xy
n th) 1V 5-8 (Salmon xy n th) 1V 12:26-33 (Yrbam t chc tn gio). Hng
t t cp trn : Cng chc ca nh vua. Nh vua c hnh nhng vic thuc hng t t : T
l (1S 13:9; 2S 6:13; 24:25; 1V 3:4 15; 8:5 62-64; 9,:5) (r rt hn c 2V 16:12-15; 1V
12:33). Ban chc lnh cho dn n th (2S 6:18; 1V 8:14; Ds 6:22-27 dnh cho t t).
avt mang y phc t t (1S 6:14). Ch sau lu y ngi ta mi ly lm l, v cho l
ti (2Ks 26:16-20).

Phi ct ngha cc chng ch mt cch t nh : nh vua khng ch thc l t t

nhng bi xc du, nh vua nn mt nhn vt thnh, c lin lc ring vi Yav, v trong
nhng dp trng th c th c nhng hnh vi thuc mt k cm u tn gio trong dn.
Tv 110:4 c th ct ngha : vua l t t, nhng theo mt cch ring nh mt vua c th :
theo cch nh Melkiseek.

TRUYN THNG P (L LUT)

LCH S CU RI THEO P.
I. SCH KHI NGUYN (Kn)

Kn 1-2:4a To thnh tri t. Ngi ta c dng ln theo hnh nh Thin Cha.
Kn 5 S sng Thin Cha ban c chuyn t i ny sang i n.
Kn 6:11 Tri t ra h nt bi ti, nhng dng ging vn tt lnh, c Hnc v No i
vi Thin Cha.
6-8. Hng thy. Tu nh th mt n th Thin Cha dy kch thc, cng nh
nh tm Ms phi dng sau ny.
9:1-17. Giao c th nht. Khon l : cm hi n s sng v n huyt.
10. Bng k cc dn tc : cn bn th duy nht c trong loi ngi.
11:10t : Dng ging Sem dn n Abraham.
17. Abraham c Thin Cha chn. Giao c th hai.
22:20-24. Dng di Nahor
23 Abraham tu hang Macpla, mt bo tn v tng lai.
25:7-10. Abraham cng c chn ct ti .
25:11-18. Ysaak v Ismael.
25:19-21; 26:34t; 27:46-28:9: Esau, Ismael-Esau ra khi tng tc thnh.
29:24 29 Yakob i Paddan-Aram v kt hn.
31:18b 3:18a 35:9-13 15 23-29 : Tr v bn Esau.
41:46 Ni qua v Yuse.
46:6-27 47:5 61 7-11 28 48:3-6 nh c bn Aicp.
49:29-33 50:2t : Yakob c chn ct ti Macpla.
II. SCH XUT HNH (Xh)

Xh 1:1-5; 2:23-25 B lm ti bn Aicp.
6:13-25 Ms v Aharn. 6:2-12 Yav mc khi.
6:26-7:13 Aharn phi ni v qung gy php l.
Ri chin u vi ph thy Aicp. Tai ng Aicp : P c 5 (theo Y)
nhng sa i (bi sinh mui, ung nht thay cho dch th vt) Tai
ng cui dn vo lut Paskha.
12:40t Israel ra khi Aicp nh i kiu;
14:22 Ngang qua bin gia hai tng nc.
16:6t Php l do Ms v Aharn.
19:1-2a Giao c th ba ti Sinai. Giao c t t v n th.
24:15-18a 25-31 Ms l trung gian.
35-40 Ms thc hin iu Thin Cha truyn.
III. SCH LVI (Lv)

Lv 8-10 : Ngi tha hng l Aharn v dng ging, c Lvt gip p.
IV. SCH DN S (Ds)

Ds 1-4 : H Lvi khng phi kim im nhn s.

9,15t : ng my l du ca Giao c mi ny.

10:1-13 : ng my lm du hiu cho vic di chuyn ca Israel.
13:3-17 26 14,1-9 26t : n sa mc Pharan, dn khng chu tin.
16-17:15 : Kor cnh tranh vi Aharn. Nhng (17:16-28) gy n hoa, Aharn
lm chng ch quyn chuyn cu ca ng.
20:1-11 Ms v Aharn cho dn c nc.
20:22-29 Aharn cht ti sa mc Sin, Elazar thay th.
22:1 : Israel n Mab, 25:1-18 Elazar v Pinhs gn gi dn khi s
quyn r ti Baal Peor.
26 : Kim im nhn s ln th hai.
31 : nh Maian Lut thnh chin.
33 : Ht thi phiu lu trong sa mc.
34 : Dn vic chinh phc v phn chia t thnh.
V. TH LUT TH (Tl)
Tl 4:41-43: Cch thnh th n.
32:48:52 : Ms ln ni Nb v (34 mt phn) cht ti .
Hnh nh yu lc thnh s ca P cn tip thm trong cc sch Yshue, Thm phn (19-
21 cch ring), Samuel (1S 2:26-36; 2S 20:23-26).
C TNH CA P
Hnh vn :
Lnh lng, cng
Khng m xa tnh cch nhn loi i ng, tm l,
Khng cht thi v mn m.
Vn ca P : bun t.
P - Mt vn kin mun thi :

V vn, v quan nim thn hc, mc ch thc tin (khng ct l vch ra vic Thin Cha
m thm dn dt nhn loi v t ph cng Israel nhng l cho thy vic xut hin
nhng qui ch nghi l sng bi trong lch s), tnh cch chinh phc tng gio. Ht cc
iu em ta vo thi Dothi bn ngoi Israel, hoc thi lu y, hay thi Bat
(khng th quyt nh l trc hay sau sc ch Kyr, Babylon hay Palestine.
P -Vn kin ca mt mi trng :

Mi trng t t tinh thn tn c, c no thn hc, quan tm n cc qui ch tn gio,
ging ni uy th. H l nhng ngi ca Trah (Yr 18:18; Ez 7:26). Trah theo mt
ngha rng ri bao la - khng ch l mt su tp lut, hay mt quyn dy in l - nhng
trc tin l mt trnh thut v cc k c, lm thnh gio iu ca Israel v cng vi lut
l, l nghi m iu hnh sinh hot Israel. Cc tin tri c vai tr cnh tnh, cn hng t t
i din cho qui ch vng chi, bo tn v pht trin iu mc khi lm cho dn
sng theo mc khi chu ly.
Loi vn ca lch s t t, nhng suy tng ca P c lin lc g vi lch s?

im o l ca thnh s theo P :
o c thn :
Tt c nhn loi c ku gi lnh ly chc lnh. Yu t cn bn ca lng o l trng
thi lun l, k ca Thin Cha din ra dn dn t n vic la chn mt dn.
Thin Cha :
i vi c nhn loi l Elohim. Sau Hng thy cng khng cn mt tn mi : No v
dng di vn l tt c nhn loi. Nhng xut hin mt phm tr tn gio c bit :
Giao c - phi hn, mt c nh km theo t im lun l coi nh ng hp vi lut t
nhin.
Vi Abraham :
Mi thy mt tn mi ca Thin Cha EL SHADDAY. Thc s vn cn l mt kiu gi
trng, nhng c thu li ch Elohim nh Thin Cha ring ca Abraham.
Cng vi tn mi, Giao c ring :
C tnh cch la chn, tch bit ring ra km theo mt tn gio ban thm vo o t
nhin ca thi No. Nhng giao c ch km theo mt gii rn c nht : Ct b.
Nhn gii ph cp khng b loi hn, cc dn khc c th nhp vo Giao c, nhng
cng phi lnh ly gii lut ct b kia.
Ri Thin Cha li mc khi mnh cho Ms, di tc hiu YAHWEH - mt tn ring,
loi b i El SHADDAY Mt Giao c cng c thit lp : Gi thit vic ban Torah :
mt tn gio thit nh ch khng cn l t nhin.
Trnh t ca thnh s theo P l th : Ba Giao c thu hp dn dn nhng gi thit ch

khng loi b hn giao c trc. Ba vng ng tm ! Ci to bo ca nh thn hc P l
dm p dng quan nim Giao c cho c thi No, ngha l bao gm c nhn loi v
ng khc ty luyn quan nim , loi b tnh cch giao ko song phng.
Nh th thnh s ca P c tnh cch mt tng hp gia tnh cch ph cp v tnh

cch c bit ca Israel, di nh sng ca lun l v mc khi.
Lin lc h thng thn hc vi lch s :
P b rng buc bi s lc c truyn thnh hnh trong nhng li tuyn tn, v nhng
trnh thut c (nht l Y y). Cc on vn thut sao, P nh lng chu ly, v
khng vit thay bng mt trnh thut mi ci chnh. Nh th P khng cn phi lm
vic mt s gia. Thi ca P l thi mt ngi ch thch, suy ngh trn iu vit,
ch khng phi trn s kin xy ra. V ngi ch thch ny nghin ngm vn kin l
ct tm gii quyt cho nhng vn suy tng phi gii quyt. Nhng vic nghin
ngm khng i n mt tng hp tru tng, m l mt trnh thut lch s trong
nh nhng li khi lc, nhng con s, nhng phng i, tc gi i c gi ngh n
gio hun mnh mun trnh by.
Phng php hnh vn l din gii chnh l loi vn s trng ca Dothi vo mt

thi mun hn : l loi vn MIDRASH.
Ni n P, thng ngi ta ngh n L lut. Nhng k thc, Lut khng phi ch P mi

c. l c mt kha cnh ca mc khi.

TORAH :
Thc s c ngha rng l gio hun, o l, ni c l ng ngha vi mc khi. Nhng
Torah cng ch mt quyt nh ban ra trong mt hon cnh, mt n ring bit no. Ri
ting nn mt danh t tp hp ch ton th nhng qui nh iu hnh lin lc ngi ta
vi Thin Cha, v ngi ta vi nhau. Sau cng, ting Torah c dng ch Ng th
v thc s ta khng thy mt b lut no na ngoi Ng th.
Cc b lut k c nh th ny :
1. THP GII (Xh 20:2-17; Tl 5:6-21).

Coi : STAMM J.J. Le Dcalogue la lumire des recherches contemporaines.
Hai vn bn khc nhau i iu, c hai ln n mt hnh thc tin khi ngn hn (gn
nh cc iu rn th nm, th su, by). Hnh thc ni c l ln n Ms.
2. LUT GIAO C (Xh 20:22-23:33).

Coi H. CAZELLES, Etudes sur le Code code de lAlliance.
Mt su tp phc tp, nhng phn ct t l Xh 21-22:16, gm nhng n quyt
(mishpatim) thuc dn lut v hnh lut. l b lut cho mt dn gm c ngi chn
nui v nng nghip. B lut ny c lin lc vi Tl 27:15-26 (nhng khon chc d), b
lut m Tl 27:11-14 ni phi tuyn b trn ni Ebal (hay Garizim) khi vo Canaan
v Ys 8:30-35 ni l Yshue thc hin (li m u ging Xh 20:24t). Nhng Ys 8
em v i hi Sikem Ys 24:25t.
Nh th Lut Giao c c th hiu c l chnh b lut ca Giao hiu cc b tc Israel
gi trc khi t chc thnh mt vng quc.
3. B lut TH LUT TH (Tl 12-26)
4. LUT THNH THIN (Lv 17-26) :

Mt su tp, trong c nhiu khon trng nhau. Nhng c vit nh mt ton th khi
u bng cc khon v t l (nh Th lut th), v kt thc bng nhng li chc lnh
chc d (cng nh Th lut th). Nhng b lut ny khc b lut Th lut th bi ch
trng cch ring n cc nghi tit v hng t t : im o l chi phi mi s l ni vo
s thnh thin ca Yav v ca dn Israel : l c im ca thn hc Yrusalem : t
thi Ysaya nhn n s thnh thin, tnh cch siu vit ca Yav. Yav l thnh, th
dn ca Ngi cng l dn thnh, v phi vng phc cc lut iu xng hp vi s thnh
thin ca Thin Cha, nhng lut iu do hng t t Aharn truyn dy cho dn.
Ezkiel chu nh hng Lut Thnh thin ny.
5. B lut T T (P chnh thc) : gm c nhiu su tp :

Lv 1-7 : Lut v cc l t.
Lv 8-10 : Nghi thc tn phong t t.
Lv 11-16 : Lut v s trong sch.
Ri nhng lut ri rc trong cc sch Xut hnh, Dn s th, t lin vi nhng bin c
trong sa mc.
Nhng lut ca Israel nh th c tnh cch thiu t chc phn tch ta thy c l cc
lut bin i vi hon cnh v thi bui v lin lc mt thit vi sinh hot tn gio
v dn s.

NHNG YU T NH HNG N VIC SON LUT.

Coi : DBS, V, 506-513 (Cazelles, Loi Isralite, III
Les facteurs qui ont influenc la rdaction des lois).
Mun hiu hon cnh phi bit Lut ni cc nc xung quanh :
Coi : R. De Vaux, Les Institutions de lA.T.I. p.223-225
(Les lois de lAncien Orient).
Lut ca vua Ur-nammu (S.N.Kramer, LHistoire commence Sumer, 89-93)
Lut ca Lipit-Ishtar, ANET, 159-161.
Lut thnh Eshnunna ANET, 161-163.
Danh ting hn c : B lut Hammurabi, ANET, 163-180.
Lut Assur ANET, 180-188
Lut Hattu ANET, 188-197.
TNH CCH RING CA LUT ISRAEL
1. LUT LIN LC MT THIT VI GIAO C.

Giao c gia Yahv v Israel kt thc bng mt hip c tt nhin khng phi l hai
ngi bng vai - Hip c c tnh cch mt hip c gia ch hu v tn ch. V thc s
cc b lut ca Israel coi c nh nhng khon ca hip c. Thp gii l t hip c
kt thc Giao c Sinai (Xh 24:12; 31:18; Tl 9:9). Lut Giao c kt thc giao c ti
Sikem (Ys 24:25t). Th lut th cng c coi nh nhng iu kin km theo vic ban
t thnh (Tl 12:1) kt thc bng nhng li chc lnh, chc d (Tl 28:69).
V thc s nhng tha hip, giao c xa gia tn ch v ch hu cng c vit tng

t nh vy (coi t hip c gia cc vua Hattu v ch hu, ANET, 203-206).
Bi so snh vi hip c, mt c tnh ca Lut ng c : Cc tha hip trc

tin nhc li c hi lch s dn n hip c. Cc b lut cng c dn vo bng vic
nhc li nhng s kin i trc (Xh 20:1; Tl 5:4t; Ys 24:2-13) : nhng li vn gn
thnh nhng din t din li c Thnh s trong Th lut.
Cc tha hip kt thc bng chc lnh chc d cho ngi gi hay khng gi hip c.
Th cc b lut chung chung cng kt thc bng nhng li chc lnh chc d, cch ring
sau cc b lut Th lut (Tl 28) v lut Thnh thin (Lv 26:3-41).
Cc tha hip c khc trn bia, hay ghi trn bi gch v c t trong n th, trc
mt Thn linh chng kin, th Thp gii c khc trn bia v t trong Khm Giao
c. Giao c Sikem c vit trong sch (Ys 24:26), hay khc trn (Ys 8:35), n
th ca Yahv gi chng th v Giao c (Ys 24:26t).
Tha hip ca cc vua Hattu i ch hu v dn ty thuc thnh thong phi c li. Tl

31:10-13 c truyn c li 7 nm mt ln (l nghi ti lp Giao c).
Nhng khc cc tha hip phm tc, l cc lut Israel t Israel ty thuc chnh Thin
Cha : Bao qut tt c mi khu vc sinh hot, thit nh chng nhng lin lc vi Thin
Cha v c ngi ta vi nhau na.

2. L LUT THIN CHA

Cc lut khng ch l khon bt buc phi gi, m cn l gio hun ca Thin Cha. Bi
cc lut c km theo l do ti sao : C nhng l do ca lng tri thng tnh (Tl
22:24) nhng c nhng l do hon ton lun l (Xh 23:8) v nht l tn gio (Xh 20:5;
Lv 16tt; Xh 23,9...) : nh s thnh thin ca Yahv (Lut Thnh thin), vic gii phng
khi Aicp (Xh 23:9; Lc 19:36; Tl 5:15; 24:18).
Cng v lin lc trc tip vi tn gio - Lut Israel pht nng nhng ti nghch cng
Thin Cha (th quy, phm thng) nhng ti nghch vi tnh cch thnh thin ca dn
Thin Cha chn (dm dt vi th vt, k gian, lon lun). Nhng li c tnh cch nhn
o v nhng iu khc (thng tn n thn th, ch c n Tl 25:11t, lut Assur cng
pht nh th). Hnh trng : 40 n thi (Tl 25:3). Nhiu khon ct bnh vc ngi
tha bang, bn cng, b p bc, ga ba, m ci, ngay c k th ring (Xh 22:20-26; 23:4-
9; Tl 23:16 20; 24:1tt). Lut trng binh cng min chun i (Tl 20:5-8). Cng thc
cng rn ca Lut bo th vn cn gi nguyn (Xh 21:23-25; Lv 24:19t; Tl 19:21).
Nhng hnh nh khng cn c p dng trit (coi Xh 21:18-27 : hai lut khc lm
cho lut bo th gim hiu lc nhiu). Lut bo th ch phi p dng nghim nht trong
n st nhn thi, m l do li hon ton tn gio (Ds 35:31-34).
Ni chung: L lut Cu c lin lc mt thit vi Giao c. Giao c c 2 hiu qu :

To ln mt dn ca Thin Cha (Xh 19:5t), ban cho dn mt th l phi vng gi (Xh
24:7t). Lut tc l hin chng ca giao c, mc ch l lm cho Israel nn thc l dn
thnh nh Thin Cha mun.
M Giao c th ch c mt : Giao c Sinai do Ms lm trung gian. Nn lut, tuy c
thm, c i, cng ch c l Lut Ms, v tt c sinh mng Dn ca Thin Cha tt c
u da trn Giao c Sinai. Cu c nhn thy ni Ms mt dung mo thn ng, mt
tin tri, pht ngn nhn ca Thin Cha hn l mt ngi lnh o, mt ngi lm lut
theo kiu nhn loi. Nh th vai tr ca Ms khng ct l vit, son vn th, m l
vai tr lch s nh trung gian Giao c.
L LUT CU C :
Hay ch Lut c i chiu vi Lut mi gi ln t vn thn hc kh khn.

Coi : P.GRELOT, Sens chrtien de lA.T. Ch.4 : LA,T.considr comme loi, 167-247.
Xc nh ch L lut :
im cn bn l Lut c coi nh hin chng ca Giao c (bin c bin i mt
dn gia mun thin h nn dn ca Yahv).
Lut theo kiu phn chia c h thng ca thn hc c th chia lm :
- Lun l (nn n lin lc vi lut t nhin, v vn : lut t nhin c
Thin Cha y nhn bin thnh mt lut Thin Cha thit nh).
- T php (mt s ng cc khon trong Lut Cu c l t php dn s ca mt
nc : Dn lut v vn mt dn lut nh th c bin thnh mt Lut
Thin Cha thit nh, tr.182).
- Phng s (phc tp trong cc kiu, duy nht trong nh v tnh cch lut do Thin
Cha thit nh phi cn nhc lm sao khi Tn c bi b Lut ).

Tnh cch :
Do lai bi Thin Cha ca L lut, tuy rng cc yu t xt v bnh lun v so snh th
gm c yu t hon ton nhn loi, v bin i theo thi gian (tr.189-195).
Xt v vn : Vai tr ca L lut trong nh Cu ri :
1. Cc gii rn ca L lut c vai tr o luyn, dn ngi ta n cng Cha Kit.

Vn lun gay cn: Ch L lut v ch n sng
(P.Grelot, 201-209). (P. Demann, Moise et la Loi dans la pense de St Paul (Moise,
lhomme de lalliance, p.189-242).
2. Cc qui ch Cu c c tnh cch hnh bng i vi nhng thc ti Tn c. l tt
c vn ngha tng trng ca Cu c.
GIAI ON CUI CNG CA VIC SON VN KIN P.
Nhng iu quan tm thi :

V thn hc (cng on Israel), v lut php (thch ng cc b lut).
Hon cnh :
Nhng xung t xy ra gia cc k hi hng vi cc dn vn li trong vng. H cng
t coi l ngi thuc o Yahv m khng nhn mnh phi gi nhng yu sch ca
truyn thng ca hng t t hi hng, h ch gi nhng lut l xut hin trc hi lu
y.
S mng Ezra :
Hnh nh l phi hip hai khuynh hng ti Palestine. Triu nh Bat ng h v gip
phng tin duy tr mi ha ho gia cc dn thuc quc. Hnh thc cui cng
ca P do cng vic su tp cc lut l ny. V sau cng, vn kin P c ly lm
khun kh son li v ha hp ht cc truyn thng cu tro ca Israel.

N TH
DN SEM ( ni chung)
1. THNH A :
Mt khong ln nh ty ni xung quanh n th hay bn th (Hylp cng c, temenos).
Th d : n th Khafadjeh (mt v thnh bu dc 100x70th) ANEP, 754.
Cng vy : ti Ur (200x200m, ANEP, 748), Babylon (400x400) ANEP, 765.
n th Salmon : Tin nh (thi Hr : 300x500m) Xh 27,9-19.
Nh tm trong sa mc cng c quan nim nh vy (100x50 xch).
Sng bi ngoi tri, xa thnh th : V thnh c t gii hn bng cm tng chng (c
l Gilgal theo Ys 4:19t; 5:9t).
Thnh a c th rt rng : Mecca c mt harm i hng my gi, c th c mt qu ni :
Hermn (t nguyn ging nh harm, Sinai (Xh 19:12).
2. CH SNG BI : NI THNH
(rt khi khu vc trn tc) (Ez 42:20).
L do :
Tch dng knh thn linh nh mt th thu thp phn v t ai hay : gii hn chm
dt hot ng trn tc ni mt sc thing ca thn linh (trong n th) c lan ta n.
Yrusalem : Dn ngoi cm khng c vo tin nh Israel. V ni Cc Thnh : Phng
v cng khng c c hnh, tr ngy Kippur (Lv 16:15; Hr 9:7). Bi cng c quyn
t tc (1V 1:50,53; 2:28.31; Ys 20:1-6 : su thnh c quyn cho t tc do bi tnh
cch n th khi xa).
3. CHN NI SNG BI :
Xc nh bi mt s hin linh no ca v thn (thn hin, ch, hay c nhng hiu
lc phi thng no).
Thn linh bo hiu : Thp 6:24tt; 2S 2:16-25; Xh 20:24. (Lng h a : ngay vic mun
tu b n th cng phi c triu bo).
Thin nhin sng bi nhn thy s hin hin ca thn linh hay hot ng ca thn linh
ni :
- Sui nc (Panias, ngun sng Yoran Kadesh (En-Mishpat Kn 14:7), ging
nc (Baalat-Beer Ys 19:8; Lahai-Roi Kn 16:13t 24:62; Gihn 1V 1:33-40,
Beerseba Kn 21:31 26:23-25).
- Cy thnh (cy : biu hiu cho sn lc, thn sn lc) (Sng bi ni cy ci : Hs
4:13t; Ys 1:29; 57,5; Tl 12:2; 1V 14:23; 2V 16:4; 17,10; Thp 4:5; Kh 35:4/Ys
24:26 / Thp 9:6 / Kn 12:6 (cy si Sikem), Kn 13:18; 18:4 (Mamr).
- Chm ni (ni my t li, v lm cho c ma xung). Lng h a (cc thn sinh
trn ni, hay hi hp trn ni). Ras-Shamra: Ni Saphn (c in th ca Baal, ni
hi hp ca ch thn). in c Kinh thnh : Ys 14:13-15; Ez 28:14 16). Nhng ni
thnh phi c c th ha ni trn gian (Olympe Hilp. Djebel-el-Aqra :
Saphn ca Ugarit, Ni Casios thi La-Hi). Liban, Siryn (Hermn) - c coi nh
tn thn trong vn kin Httt. Tabor (Tl 33:19; Hs 5:1). Carmel (vn kin Aicp :
rsh qadosh Mi thnh) : 1V 18:20-48 (Elya Carmel).

Yahv chim lnh cc ni thnh :

Tv 29:6; 89:13. Nhng i vi Israel ch c hai ni thnh : Sinai (Xh 3:1; 4:27; 1V 19:8;
Tl 33:2). Sion (Tv 2:6; 3:5; 15:1; 43:3; 99:9; Ys 27:13; 56:7; 57:1), chnh l nh
Saphn Tv 48:2t (Ys 2:2-3 / Mi 4:1t : Sion s c nhc cao hn mi ni i) (Cng v
quan nim ni thnh m ny ra vic xy Ziggurat).
4. N TH :
Ting : Akkad Bitu /nh, Ekallu (Sumer : E-Kal/ nh ln, Ekurru (Sumer : E-KUR
/nh ca ni).
Ugaria : bt (nh), hkal : n, Ezekiel : Miqdash (ni thnh, thnh in).
Nh th ngi ta quan nim thn linh nh kiu vua : Vua c n, th thn cng c n
. Ha c nhiu kiu : Chung chung theo hnh ch nht, nhng Babylon, ca vo l
mt chiu ngn, cn Assur l chiu di. Syrie Palestine - trc thin nin k II -
ging nh kiu Assur ( chiu di), sau thin nin k II th t nh Babylon (chiu
ngn) (ANEP 739 733). Yrusalem s theo kiu ny (nh ti Teml Tainat).
5. CAO N :
Ting gi : Bamt (Vg excelsa)
T nguyn : lng, mnh con th, c th : ci chm, ch cao.
V tr :
Thng trn mt chm i, mt ch cao (1S 9:13t 19 25) Ez 20:28t; 2V 16:4; 17:9; 1V
11:7. Nhng cng c th gia thnh (1V 13:32; 2V 17:29) hay ca thnh (2V 23:8)
thung lng Yr 7:31 (Topher).
T chc :
C bn th (2V 21:3; 2Ks 4:2; Ez 6:6), nh ph thuc c im : Massbah - mt
tm dng ng, mt bia k nim - Kn 31:45; Xh 23:4), nhc li thn hin, du ch
thn c mt, ri biu hin cho chnh v thn (c o c hay khng) : Tng trng cho
thn nam.
Asherah (lun i vi massbah 1V 14:23; 2V 18:4; 23:13-14; 2Ks 14:2...) lm bng g,
c th l mt cy, tng trng cho thn n.
Lv 26:30; 2Ks 14:4; 34:4 7; Ez 6:4 6 cn thm hammnim (Vg dch mi ch mt kiu :
fanum, simulacrum/tng, delubrum/miu) : theo bi ch Nabat v Palmyre, ting
ch nhng hng n (coi ANEP 579 581, c l 575-583).
Bamt thng ngoi tri, nhng cng c th c xy ct in th, nh ca (1S 9:22; 1V
3:5; 13:31; 2V 17:29...)
Bamt cng c th l ni th cng ngi cht, Massbah c th l bia m ngi cht (2S
18:18; Kn 35:20). Ngi ta p ng trn t th m (Ys 7:26; 8:29; 2S 18:17) v c l
phi hiu Ys 53:9; Yb 27:15 theo ngha .
Trong dn Israel : Cc cao n trc tin khng b ln n (1S 9,12t : Samuel t l ti cao
n; 1V 3:4t : Salmon t l v c mng triu ti cao n Gaban). Dn Israel lai vng
cao n mi n cui thi vng quyn. Ezkya mun trit h (2V 18:4), nhng
Manass lp li (2V 21:3) v cao n tn ti mi n vic ci cch ca Ysya (2V 23).
Israel mun th knh Yahv ti cc ni . Nhng chung chung ti dn chng thng
c hnh nhng l bi hn tp, dng Massbah v Asherah ngay bn bn th ca Yahv,

cng nhp tch nhng kiu sng bi i phong bi tc, v m tn nhiu kiu. Cc tin tri
ln ting kch (Hs 10:8; Am 7,9; Yr 7:31). Sau cng ht thy cc bamt u b ln n,
v nn ng ngha vi n th ngoi o, hay t l bt hp php.
CC N TH CA ISRAEL
1. CC T PH
Dn Israel c t ni th knh nh do cc t ph thnh lp. Chng ch m xt thc h
c c iu l cc ni u bn ra vng canh th du mc lui ti v cc ni
khng danh ting g my thi sau.
Trnh thut thnh lp ng kiu chn ni thnh theo dn Sem: Ni c yu t thin nhin
lm cho ngh n s hin din ca Thin Cha (cy, chm i, mch nc), hay do Thin
Cha hin din.
Sikem (Kn 12:6t cy si Mr : c php thing g lm ngi ta xin qu xm), Kn 33:18-

20; 35:1-4 (ni Sikem vi Bethel : mt cuc hnh hng) Ys 24; Thp 9:6; 1V 12:1-19.
Nhng kiu son tc ca Th lut s gia mun lm lu m i vic tn ti lu i n
th Sikem v cc thi sau (Ys 24:26 vin khng gi l Massebah, v Thp 9:6 c l b
ting ) Tl 27 ni n Ebal-Garizim m b l i Sikem (nhng l ra Tl 11:26-32 : cy
si Mr).
Bthel : Abraham lp (Kn 12:8), nhng lin lc cch ring vi Yakb (Kn 28:10-22 mt
trnh thut sng lp n th : Bt-El domus Dei, Yacob dng Massbah, v xc du,
khn np thp phn Kn 35:1-9 14t cng lp li mt trnh thut sng lp, trng hp vi
Kn 28:18tt).
Cc vic Yacob lm din li mt nghi thc Israel sau ny vn tun gi (hnh hng 1S
10:3; thp phn Am 4:4). C l vic sng bi Yahv thay th mt v thn Canaan : El-
Bthel (El : ch t ch thn Canaan, Bthel : theo tn gio ca dn chng l mt tn thn
(vn kin Elphantine, v Am 5,4; Yr 48,13).
Mamr : Mt chi tit nh Kn 13:18. Nhng n th cn lu tn mi n thi

Byzanti (Sozomenos c thut ny hi ch hng nm).
Beerseba : c lin lc ring vi Yasaak (Kn 21 22:31 26:23-25). Nhng vic sng lp
c gn cho Abraham (Kn 21:33 : El-Olam tn mt v thn Canaan, nh Shamash-Olam
(bi ch Karatp), Elat-Olam (ghi ni mt ci ba tm c Arstal-Tash). Thi sau
ngi ta cn knh ving (Is 7:6-17; Am 5:5; 8:14).
Nh th truyn thng nhn c nhiu lin lc gia cc n th v cc t ph nhng

nhng i din thi sau ca o Yahv li ln n. C l ti nhng ni c kiu sng bi
c thi ca Canaan cn lu tn. V thc cc tn thn hnh nh cn gi li : El-Bthel (ti
Bthel), El-Olam (ti Beerseba); c l El-Shadday (ti Mamr), El-Berit (ti Sikem : Thp
9:46; 8:33) : cc tn khng phi ch nhng v thn a phng nh, nhng l th ha
cho v thn ti cao El Cc t ph theo giai on tin khi ca mc khi ch cn nhn ra
dung mo El nh Thin Cha c nht ca h v l ng ban cc li ha cho dng
ging h. Nhng thi sau, mc khi i hi mt s tinh ty hn, Yahv c cc c tnh
ca El ht thy, v vic sng knh Yahv ni nhng n th mi khc ln t hn cc n

th c thi nhng dn chng vn cn gi nhiu tc l lin kt vi cc n th c thi

.
2. TNG TAO PHNG - KHM GIAO C

Coi : R. de Vaux, Les Institutions de lA.T.II,122-133.
id Arche dAlliance et Tente de Runion (A la rencontre de Dieu, Memorial Albert
Gelin, 55-70).
Ting gi :
E: chl md (trng tao phng, nh tm gp g) (Xh 33:11; Ds 12:18) Nhn cch
ring vo vai tr Sm ngn (Xh 33:7).
P: cng dng chel-med (Xh 29:42t; 3:,36), nhng a dng hn ting Mishkan (ng
ngha vi nh lm tm, lu) (Ds 24:5) mt thut ng ca P - Nhn n cch c bit
ca Thin Cha di t, tuy Ngi ng trn tri) T : SHEKINAH
S hin din ca Yahv ni Trng tao phng
E : Xh 33:9; Ds 12:4-10 : Yahv n vi m my. C tnh cch ving thm hn l
lun.
P : Xh 40:34t; Ds 9:15-23 m my ph lun Mishkan, ra lnh cho dn v vic di
chuyn v v v tr tri (theo P th trong tri cn theo E th ngoi (Xh 33:7-11; Ds
11:24-30).
Hnh th :
E : khng c mt du ch no c.
P : Xh 26 36:8-38. Kiu t kh hiu. Chung chung P t vo mt thi Israel khng cn gi
k c r rt na, v P phng theo chnh n th Yrusalem m ha li, nhng ch
bng na n th thi.
So snh phong tc : Trng, nh tm l mt yu t ct yu ca sinh hot du mc, mt

trng thnh l iu thng tnh.
Utfa (merkab) : Mt th kiu hay cng theo hnh mt lu tri, theo cc b lc Bdouin
khi di chuyn, v c lc chin tranh. C khi ngi ta t l trc utfa (cho utfa hay
cho v thn c mt v hnh).
Mahmal : Mt lu vung vc trn lng lc dn cc ngi hnh hng i Mecca (t
Damas, hay Cairo).
Qubba : Thi cc b lc rp trc Islam. Mt trng thnh nh bng da nhum ,
ch nhng tng thn bng ca b lc (mt th thn ch bng : btyles), t trn
lng lc khi i kiu hay ra trn, c nhng thiu n lo canh gi. Trong tri, ngi ta t
qubba gn bn trng ca t trng, v n xin li sm.
Coi Xh 33:7 (hi sm) Xh 26:14 (bng da chin nhum ), Xh 38:8 (ph n gip vic).
Chng c hc : coi Memorial Albert Gelin,57 (cc ch 5). Vy t tin Israel trong thi
sa mc c mt n th em i c cng nh cc lu tri ca h. Trng thnh
bin mt mt khi Israel nh c.
KHM GIAO C :
Cc vn kin t mun nht n cu tro nht:

P. Xh 26:33 40:21 : Trng thnh che arn h-dut (tabernaculum testimonii - tc

l 2 tm bia chng ch (Lut Thin Cha ban : Xh 31:18; 25:16; 40:20; Ds 9:15; 17:22;
19:2). T trong Xh 25:10-22; 37:1-9 (g keo : acacia (shittim), 1.25x0.75 = 0.75m, c
n khing, krubim ging cnh).
Th lut : 10:1-5 (g keo, 2 bia ) 10:8 (Lvit khing) : gi l Khm giao c (arn
habberit) 9:9; Tl 31:9 26; Th lut cng c t bn.
E : Ds 10:33-36. Khm giao c dn Israel. Ds 14:44 Khm giao c khng i theo
Israel khi h xng nh Canaan tri lnh Ms.
P t theo kiu cn nh v khm Giao c ti n th Salmon (1V 8:6).

Th lut khng t, khng t lin lc vi Trng thnh.
Nhng E cu tro cho thy Khm nh mt th kiu ca Israel trong sa mc.
Ci kiu c lch s lu hn Trng : ti Gilgal (Ys 7:6), Thp 20:27 ti Bthel. Sikem
(Ys 8:33), Sil (1S 3:3), b mt ti Apheq (1S 4:3t 11; 5,:-7,1), ti Yrusalem (2S 6),
trong n th (1V 6:19; 8:1-9). C l bin hn nm 587 (Yr 3:16) so vi truyn tng 2M
2:4t).
ngha tn gio : 2 kiu

- Khm thnh ngai ca Thin Cha (1S 4-6; 2S 6; 1V 8) v c khi ra trn. Thi sau
lu y c l ch cn KAPPORET (Xh 25:17-22; 37:6-9) sau cng bin (thi Antikh
Epiphan), v ni cc thnh trng rng trong thi Hr (Josephus, Bell V,5,5).
- Khm giao c : hm ng L lut (Tl 10:1-5; Xh 40:20).
C l 2 tc dng c th dng ha c, theo kiu cc t hip c thng c t

di chn tng thn (th d th ca Ramss II ni v t hip c vi Hattusil : vua
Hattu t di chn thn Teshup, cn Ramss t di chn thn Ra.
Cn vn kh phc tp l : Lin lc gia Trng tao phng v Khm giao c :

- Cc truyn thng cu tro khng bao gi ni n c hai mt trt. Nhng : ci kiu
l khm giao c phi c g ph i. Xh 33:7-11 c l mun m ch n c hai. 1S
7:1; 2S 6:17 : ngi ta cng phi ct trng.
- Ch khc nhau : trng ngoi tri (Xh 33:7-11; Ds 11:26-30; 12:4). Khm giao
c gia tri (Ds 14:44) : Nhng ch gii khng chc. Vn kin ch ni n khi di
chuyn (Ds 10:33 21).
- Trng : ni c gia tri (Ds 14:44) : Nhng ch gii khng chc. Vn kin ch
ni n khi di chuyn (Ds 10:33 21).ban sm. Khm Giao c : ni Yahv hin
din. iu y cng c. Nhng nu ch xt v cc vn kin cu tro nht th 2 vic
khng mu thun : Tl 33:8-10 (cng tc th nht ca con ci Lvi l ban sm,
nhng mishpatim (judicia) v trt (leges). V ngi ta c th xin li sm ni
Khm Giao c (Thp 20:27t; 1S 3 Samuel c li Thin Cha trc khm Giao
c. Xh 25:22; Ds 7:89 : Thin Cha lnh t kapporet.
- Trng : ni Yahv n ving thm, ch khng phi l ni ca Yahv. Cn Khm
Giao c : ni hin din thng xuyn.
Vn kin khng nht thit i phi hiu nh th, cch ring Ds 10:33-36, cng c th
hiu v vic xin Yahv hin din trong khi di chuyn trong sa mc v Khm kia l du

ch s hin din . V li Tiu cn c nhng ngai trng, dn sn thn linh n

dp th ng n. Vy c l (ch kt lun c nh vy) Trng v Khm u ln n thi
Israel cn l du mc. Trng l ph Khm. Trng l ni gp g Yahv bi v c
cha Khm, ngai dn sn cho Yahv.
3. CC N TH TI PALESTINE T KHI ISRAEL CHIM T.
GILGAL :
coi Memorial J. Chaine :
F.M.Abel, Galgala est aussi le Dodcalithon, 29-34.
A.George, Les rcits de Gilgal en Josu (5,2-15) 169-186.
Studia Anselmiana, 109-113 (F.M.Abel, Lapparition du chef de larme de Yahveh
Josu. (Jos 5,13-15).
C l l mt n th Canaan c t trc. Thi Israel : mt n th quan trng (Ys

4:19; 7:6 : chung chung nhng bin c khi mi vo Palestine Ys 2-10 Thi Samuel v
Saul cng avt : 1S 7:16; 11:15; 13:7-15; 15:12-33; 2S 19:16 41). n th cn c
lai vng thi sau (Hs 4:15; Am 4:4; 5,5; 9:15; Thp 3:19 26).
SILO :
Trong thi Thm phn cho n Samuel, n th Giao hiu ng ti Silo. Gc tch khng
c r. Nhng sch Yshue cho thy Silo l mt ni cc b tc c hnh i hi, v triu
tp (Ys 18:1; 21,2; 22:9 12). Sch Thm phn cho thy ngi ta c hnh mt l hnh
hng (Thp 21:19.21, cng nh 1S 1:3). Ti c Nh ca Thin Cha tc l
xy mt n th. C l Silo Yahv mi c mang tn l Sabaot ng gia cc
Krubim (1S 1:3 4:4). Bi ngi ta t hi c khi trc kia c mt v thn
Canaan mang tn l Sabaot v c tc hnh c cc Krubim kiu i. Khi p dng tn
cho Yahv, th tc ch c ni n uy quyn v php tc Yahv trn mi s.
C l sau trn Aphek (1S 4:1-11), Silo b ph hy do cuc tn cng ca Philitin (Yr
7:12-14; 26:6 9).
MISPA VNG BENYAMIN :

Thp 20:1 3; 21:1 5 8; 1S 7:5-12 16; 1M 3:46-54. Yr 40t Hs 5:1 cho ta thy Mispa nhng
khng chc c phi l Mispa Benyamin khng, c th l Mispa ti Galaad.
Ti , nh vy, c mt in th quan trng. Nhng khai qut ti Tell en-Nasben ng
nht vi Mispa khng cho thy g quan trng nh mt th trn.
GABAON
(2S 21:1-14; 1V 3:4t) c l Ys 9:23 27. Nhiu ngi ng nht vi Neby-Samwil hin
ti v Mispa trong 1S 7 10.
OPHRA
Thp 6:11-24. Mt trnh thut sng lp n th. Song song vi mt truyn thng khc Thp
6:25-32. Nh th 2 truyn thng : Mt bn cho thy vic sng bi Yahv thay th m
thm kiu sng bi Baal, bn kia li p o bng v lc. Truyn thng th nht cu tro
hn. Cn truyn thng th hai di li thi chinh chin vi sng bi Baal. Coi thm Thp
8:22-27.
DAN
Ngun gc Thp 17-18. Mt truyn thng cu tro c hiu li nh vch ra tnh cch
bt hp php ca n th : n th quy, do mt hng t t lc o ch tr, xng vi
vic sng bi Yrbam ti lp sau ny (1V 12:29-30; 2V 10:29). C l n th b
ph khi Assur xm chim (Thp 18:31).
YRUSALEM
Mun hn ht cc n th Israel. Sng lp theo 2 giai on :
- em khm giao c v Yrusalem (2S 6, t lin vi Tv 24:7-10; 132).
- Vic dng bn th ni xy n th sau ny 2S 24:16-25; 1Ks 21:15-22,1. y c tnh
cch mt vic sng lp n th (thn hin : vic Malak Yahweh hin ra cho David
ni sn nh Arauna; tn th hnh phc: Ht tai ng; khai sng phng s : dng n
th).
Trc David, cc chng ch cho thy c di tch l mt ni sng bi ca Ybuzi v Canaan

trc kia : Tv 110:4; Kn 14:18-20 (coi RB 1951, 360-371, Abraham Jrusalem, par
L.H.Vincent). El-Elyn : Tn mt v thn Canaan (Philon thnh Byblos : trong hng ch
thn Canaan c Elioun gi l Hypsistos (ch cao), cha ca Ouranos (tri) v G (t) : so
vi Kn 14:19).
Nh vy c l Yahv thay El-Elyn, v ly c n th c (v t t).
V vic xy ct n th Yrusalem, ti to theo c hc :
VINCENT-STEVE, Jrusalem de lA.T.II-III, 373-431.
A.PARROT, Le Temple de Jrusalem, 5-44.
R.de VAUX, Les institutions de lA.T. II, 147-173.
SCH THNH :
n th Salmon : 1V 6-7: 2Ks 3-4.
n th Ezekiel :
Ez 40:1-44:9 (Tin tri mun c th ha nhng tng thn hc : S thnh thin, tinh
tuyn, tnh cch thing ling tc l nhng iu ch cht ca li rao ging ca ngi).
n th sau lu y :
Cc chi tit ri rc trong cc sch Ezra (4:24-5:2) Haggai (1:1-2,9) Zacarya (4:7-
10)...1Macab (1:21-24tt).
O L V N TH
tng ct yu :
n th l ni Thin Cha hin din.
iu din ra trong ng my cht y n th khi t Khm Giao c vo (1V
8:10) tc l chi tit c dng cho c trng Tao phng trong sa mc (Xh 33:9;
40,34t; Ds 12:4-10) Coi li cung hin ca Salmon 1V 8:13. S u ti ca Debir (thm
cung : ni Cc thnh) nhc li ng my (1V 8:12). Bi Yahv hin din nn mi c
t t v sng bi (coi tng ni c ch ca Ezkya 2V19:4).
Bi cc Thnh vnh chp cha mt lng tn knh n th : Nh ca Yahv, Tin

nh ca Yahv (Tv 27:4; 42:5; 76:3; 84,1tt; 122:1-4; 132:13t; 134:1tt).

Cc tin tri cng ng mt tng : Am 1:2; Ys 6:1-4; 2:2t; Yr 14:21. Nhng s hin
din l mt n, m dn bt trung c th mt, bi li cnh co ca Yrmya (7:1-15;
26:1-15). Ezekiel thy s vinh quang ca Yahv rt khi n th (Ez 8-10), nhng Thin
Cha s tr li ni n th mi (Ez 43:1-12; 48:35).
Quan nim v s hin din c bin chuyn dn dn gii s tng khc gia tnh
cch siu vic ca Yahv, Cha t vn vt, v s Ngi gn gi vi Israel trong lch s,
theo kiu va tm nhn loi : 1V 8:27. Sch 1V 8:30-40 gii rng : Tn hu cu khn
trong n th v Thin Cha nhm li t trn tri. Ri ngi ta dng nhng yu t gin
tip nh th trung gian : Danh ca Yahv (1V 8:17 29; Tl 12:5 11) : Danh ca ai l i
din v din t ngi y. Suy tng v thi sau s i n quan nim Shekinah, ct l
din t s hin din ca Yahv gia Israel m khng c nguy hi g cho tnh cch siu
vit ca Ngi.
Cn mt tng na :
n th l du s Thin Cha la chn.
Chnh Thin Cha chn thnh v n th (Tv 132:13; 68:17; 78:68). Ngi
chn t Danh Ngi (Tl 12:5). V vic n th c cu mt cch l lng thi
Ezkya cng cng c thm lng tin . Nhng dn Dothi qu tn th vo tnh cch bt
kh xm phm ca n th (Yr 7:4). Bi tai ha nm 587 nn mt s th thch gh
s. Nhng sau lu y, n la chn c lp li trn Yrusalem v n th mi (Za
1:17; 2:16; 3:2; Nh 1:9).
V ngha n th t u cho n Tn c coi : Y.CONGAR, Le Mystre du Temple.
Chng i n th.
Chung chung cc tin tri ng nhn n th, c ln n l ln n cch lm dng, v s th
m qung lm qun c nhng ngha v i Thin Cha.
Nhng thc s c khuynh hng chng i vic xy dng n th : 2S 7:5-7 : Khng
phi nh ngi ta hiu theo 2S 7:12 : Thin Cha khng mun David xy n th, vic
dnh cho Salmon (1V 5:19; 1Ks 17:12; 22:10; 28:6; 2Ks 6:8t) nhng l Yahv
khng mun c n th xy ct no, Ngi mun gi y nguyn thi tc trong sa mc.
Li tin tri khng mun ni n vic c n th Silo na. Nh th, trong dn c nhng
nhm ngi coi vic xy n th nh mt vic bt trung, mt s loi ha vi sng bi
Baal tn gio Canaan. V thc s c n th, Israel sa vo tnh cnh hn hp tn
gio.
Phong tro cn tip tc ni nhm Rkab (khng trng trt, khng nh ca) (Yr 35)
(n i n tr ti Yrusalem, h cng khng vng lai n th, mi cho n khi Yrmya
ni vi h). Sau lu y : coi Ys 66:1 (so vi 1V 8:27).
THI TN C :
Thi ca Stphan dng li li ni Ys 66:1 m qu quyt ng Ch Cao c u ni
n th do tay ngi phm lm ra (Cv 7:48). Li co ti Cha Ysu : Mc 14:8 Yn 2:19.
V n y nhim cc c co chung : nhng c n ca n th (ni Thin Cha hin
din, du ch n la chn) c chuyn qua thn mnh ca Cha Kit, t nay l ni thnh
c nht cho php ngi ta c hng s hin din s h ph cu thot ca Thin
Cha.

HNG T T
Coi : La Tradition sacerdotale, 27-60 (A.GELIN, Le sacerdoce de lAncien ne Alliance).
R.de VAUX, Les institutions de lA.T. II, 195-277.
Tn :
Hipri dng ting Kohen (t nguyn : Akkad. Knu (ci xung, vi ly hay : kwn :
ng (ng trc Thin Cha, nh ti t) : khng chc).
Chc t t :
Mt chc v, vn kin xa khng thy ni n vic Thin Cha can thip cch ring
sau cng : thuc mt dng h t t l .
B nhim t t :
Thp 17:5-12 Xh 32:29(Tn phong) 1V 13:33 dng ting implere manum ejus/ t y
tay (Hipri). Theo Tv 8:27t Xh 29:22-34 t vt t l trong tay.
Nhiu tc gi hiu theo Thp 17:10 18:4 tin cng.
C th hiu theo vn kin Mari : lnh ly mt phn li tc ca n th v cc ca l.
Phi ni, l mt thnh ng khng c t nghi tit tn phong.
Vic t tay : khng h dng cho t t (semikah thi sau dng cho rabbi).
Xh 29:7 Lc 8:12 xc du thng t Xh 40:12-15 xc du cc t t : Mun thi.
Chung :
Israel thi xa khng c l phong chc t t nhng h c tc thnh ngay trong khi c
hnh phn v. S tc thnh tch bit t t khi gii tc v phi tun gi nhng
iu cm on (Lv 21:1-6 21:7 Xh 28:43 Ds 8:7 Ds 8:7 Xh 30:17-21 40:31 Lv 8:6 :
nhng vic thanh ty).
T t v n th :
Theo tc dn Sem, T t phi l ngi ca mt n th no nht nh, n i b lc di
c, t t vn c ch tr n th a phng c, gia nhng ngi l. ng khc khng c
in th no (du ca t gia cng vy) li khng c t t (Thp 17).
T t v li sm
Tl 33:8-10 con ci Lvi ban li sm. sa mc : vic ca Ms (xh 18:15 19 33:7-11).
Cn cc t t th thnh vn Thin Cha nh :
Ephod (o t t 1S 2:18 22:18 2S 6:14 :
o bng vi gai, th khn qun ngang lng) mt phn ca y phc i t t (Xh 29:5;
Lv 87; Xh 28:6-14; 39:2-7, c ph ch nhiu thi sau lu y) Mt vt phng s :
Thp 17:5; 18:14 17 20 Ghin dng chin phm lm ra Thp 8:27. 1S 2:28 14:3 23:6 9
30:7 1S 21:10 thnh vn Yahv (1S 23:10 30:8). Cc ngha c lin lc vi nhau
th no hin cha r manh mi.
C l Ephod : o ca thn ni Israel, khng c tng thn, th ch dng gi qu
thnh (c l hiu theo Cng 16,33 m ni o c ti ng qu).
Urim v Tummim : tc l nhng qu thnh.
T nguyn, cch s dng u m ti c l phng theo kiu th phng ca ngi
Canaan.
Hnh th sao? (hn si, xc xc, a? Khng th bit r : Ez 21:26t).
Cch s dng : Trao cho t t (Ds 27:21; Tl 33:8) rt thm : 1S 14:41-42; 23:9-12;
14:18t 37; 28:6).

Sau thi Davidt khng cn ni n rt qu nh th bng Ephod, Urim Tummim na. Hs

3:4 : Ephod cn dng n cui thi Israel, nhng thnh th quy vi teraphim,
massebah. Thi sau ngi ta thnh vn Yahv nh cc tin tri.
T t v vic gio hun

Tl 33:10 t t ban mishpatim v trt (Mi 3:11; Yr 18:18; Ez 7:26).
Trah c trao cho t t (tc l gio hun, ch khng ch c lut m thi).
Trah thng l mt li dy ngn v mt vn no (Lv 10:10t; Ez 22:26; 44:23; Hg
2:11-13; Za 7:3) nhng chng nhng ch l gii n nhng cn tt c nhng g lin h
n lin lc gia Thin Cha v ngi ta (Hs 4:6; Yr 2:8). T t nn thy dy lun l o
ngha, ngi c vai tr gi gn truyn thng v ban b cho dn.
T thi lu y v sau, vic gio hun cn l cng vic ca hng Lvt (h khng c vai
tr trong t t chnh thc na). Ri khi c hi ng v sau, c hng k lc v Lut s,
trong s gio dn ln hn t t.
T t v t l.
Tl 33:10 : vic t l l vic cui cng ca t t.
Trong cc vn kin xa, t l l vic dn thng cng lm c (Thp 6:25t; 13:16-23; 1S
1:3; 2:19).
T t trong Cu c thc s khng phi l ngi t l theo ngha h st hy sinh : Vic
t t c th t lm nhng cng c th trao cho k khc lm (Xh 24:3-8; Lv 1:5; 3:2 8
13; 4:24 29 33) hay do hng t t cp di 2Ks 30:17; Ez 44:11. Nhng iu ct thit l
dng huyt (Lv 17:11 14), v phi lm ni bn th, v cng do t t m vt git c
em n bn th. Bi th phn v ca t t l ln bn th. Khi cc vai tr sm, gio
hun gim, th vic ct thit ca t t l t l.
L T
Coi: Van der Leeuw, La Religion... 341-352.
P. Grelot, Sens chrtien de lA.T. 231s.
P. Van Imschoot, Thologie de lA.T.II,130-157
J. Lcuyer, Le sacrifice de la Nouvelle Alliance 9-34.
R. de Vaux, Les institutions de lA.T.II, 291-347.
B lut l t thi sau lu y : Lv 1-7.
1. L t ton thiu (holocaustum : olah) cng gi l klil (dng trn)

Theo t nguyn (alah : ascendere) :
Ca l ngi ta em ln bn th hay ngi ta dng khi v ln cng Thin Cha bng
vic thiu hy i.
c sc :
Vt hy sinh phi c thiu trn (ngi dng v t t khng c hng g c, tr ra da
th vt). Hy sinh : Mt con vt ging c, khng t tch (b, d, cu, chim) (chim cu v
b cu m thi).
Ngi dng phi trong sch theo nghi tit. t tay trn u con vt :

- Khng phi c ch m thut t lin lc ngi ta vi Thin Cha.

- Khng phi tng trng hy sinh thay cho ngi dng chu ly ti.
- Nhng chng t hy sinh do ngi y, v t t s t hin nhn danh ngi y,
ngi y c lnh ly nhng n ch do bi l t.
Chnh ngi dng h st hy sinh.
L t cng cng : t t h st.

Vai tr thc th ca t t : em huyt xung quanh bn th (Lv 17:14 : s sng trong
mu; 7:26t : mu thuc v Thin Cha). Ri hy sinh b lt da, x ra v t t em ln bn
th m t tt c (u, lng rut, chn cng sau khi ra sch).
Chim : Khng c t tay, khng ct tit, chnh t-t t-st trn bn th (chim l cho hng
ngho khng th c th vt).
Nghi tit mun thi : Km thm dng bt nhi vi du, c dng ru na : bt th t,
ru chn bn th nh mu (Lv 23:18; Xh 29:38-42; Ds 5:1-16).
2. L t kt ngha
(Hostia pacificorum/ L vt giao ha, sacrifice de communion/Hy l hip thng).
Hipri : Zebah selmim (dng chung hay dng ring tng ting).
L t c t n Thin Cha v mu s hp nht vi Thin Cha. C 2 kiu :
sacrificium laudis /L t k an (Trah Lv 7:12-15; 22:29t).
- Sacrificium (sponte)/Dng tin t nguyn : Nedbah (bi lng thnh knh, ch
khng phi bi gii lut, li ha hay khn : Lv 7:16-17; 22:18-23).
- Sacrificium ex voto (Neder Lv 7:16t; 22:18-23) do mt li khn
Nghi tit Lv 3.
c im :
Hy sinh chia mt phn dng Thin Cha, ri phn khc cho t t, v ngi dng lm tic
thnh. Vt hy sinh nh l ton thiu (nhng khng dng chim), c hay ci, t tch nho
nh chm chc cho nedbah Lv 22:23. t tay, h st, mu nh l ton thiu.
- Phn ca Yahv : Thiu trn bn th (m, ui chin : Lv 3:16t; 7:22-24).
- Phn ca t t : ngc, i phi (tenupah v terumah Lv 7:28-34; 10:14t).
- Phn ca ngi dng : nhng g cn li : cng gia nh n tic, nhng phi gi mnh
trong sch theo lut dy (Tdah phi n ngay trong ngy Lv 7:15 - Nedbah v
Neder : cn n c ngy hm sau, cn li phi t).
Tdah c km theo minhah : bnh khng men v bnh dy men.
3. L t n t :
Coi L.Moraldi, Espiazione sacrfficale ex riti espi atori
Ting dng : l t t ti (hattat), pht t (asm)
- Sacrificium pro peccato / L t ti - Lv 4:1-5:13; 6:17-23.
Vt : b, d, chin, chim (ngi ngho c th dng bt).
c im : huyt quan trng, v tht l phn t t tt c.
M t ni bn th.\
Ngy l n ti, l t ny c c hnh long trng khc thng.
- Sacrificium pro delicto/ L pht t/ asm. Lv 5:14-26; 7:1-6.

Ch thy ni v t nhn, hy sinh : chin c c km thm tin v (Lv 5:14-16. 21-26;

Ds 5:5-8).
Ni chung : rt kh phn bit hai th l t ny.
4. L vt tho mc :
Thng gi l minhah (ca dng) Lv 2; bt m ho hng nhi vi du, km theo hng
(Lv 2:1-3; 6:7-11; 7:10). Bt nhi chn (mt phn thiu hy, mt phn v t t) Lv
2:4-10; 7:9.
Nhng phn thiu hy gi l Azkrah (memoriale)
Cc l vt ny hoc dng mt mnh (Lv 6:13-16; Lv 5:11-13; Ds 5:15) hoc lm vt hy
sinh phi mu (Xh 29:40; Lv 23,13; Da 15:1-12).
5. Bnh trng hin : lehem happnim, lehem hammaareket. Lv 24:5-9.

Mi hai chic bnh bng bt m ho hng, trng by trc ni Cc thnh.
Du ch Giao c vi 12 b tc. T t n. Coi Ez 4121t.
6. Hng thm : qetoret, qetoret sammim (thymiamata boni odoris).

Lm bng nhng cht g th coi Xh 30:34. L nghi : Xh 30:7-8; Lv 16:12t.

CC TIN TRI
A. t khi nim. Nhng bc u. c tnh...
B. Cc tin tri : th t theo tng thi (th k 8, 7...)
I. NHNG BC U :
Coi J. STEINMANN, Le prohtisme biblique des origines Ose
Introduction la Bible, I. 469ss.
Nhng dung mo tin tri r rt, chng ta thy c ni Elya, Elisa. Nh th : hin tng
tin tri nhp vo truyn thng Israel vo mt thi mun (t l mun hn qui ch t t, lut
thnh). Hin tng thng c gi l mt phong tro : nhng phong tro khng
duy nht bao nhiu.
Ting gi c phn mp m (coi Introd. la Bible I, 467s).
Ting thng dng hn c l NABI : nhng do bi vic i ng ha, v loi ha ca ngi
chp truyn nhiu hn.
1. PHONG TRO TIN TRI NGT TR.

Ni c l chc l hin tng nhng ngi xut thn ch ra mt sau khi Israel nh
c ti Canaan. Theo chng ch bn ngoi th hnh nh vo li th k 11, phong tro ng
bng xut thn xm nhp vo vng Syrie-Palestine. Gc phong tro c l khng
phi thuc dn Sem, nhng t kiu bi khoa ng bng vng Thracia v Tiu m n.
(Kiu ng bng dn Thracia : E.Rohde, Psych, 264-293).
Hnh nh Israel nhp phong tro , ngang qua tn gio Canaan. Cu c cho ta thy
nhng on ngi xut thn nh th y trong dn, cn nhng dn qu thng b ng
nhn ngm (1S 10:5tt). Kiu xut thn c th ly n ngi khc : Ngi ngm bng
quan c th b ko vo vng xut thn (1S 19:18tt). ng khc, cc ting dng nh
trong Am 7:16; Mi 2:6 11 (theo t nguyn hnh nh c ngha si bt) 2V 9:11 (in)
cng cn gi li t m ch v gc tch ca phong tro xut thn. Khi xut thn h c tuyn
sm, ni li g r rt khng, th khng c r, nhng cnh xut thn ca cc tin tri Baal
trn ni Carmel c ni n nhng li ku xin (1V 18:26tt).
Cu c c t t bin c xut thn nh th trc thi Israel nh c : Ds 11:10tt; 12:6tt.

Trnh thut kh mun thi, khng th do m qu quyt Israel bit n hin
tng xut thn trc khi vo Canaan. Trnh thut di li s b ng ca Israel trc
phong tro xut thn, v thm nh phong tro nh c th dung ha c vi xut
thn, nhng ni n s v cng khai ca tin tri i vi dn.
2. MI QUAN H
Nhng hin tng tin tri Israel cn c lin lc vi mt hin tng tin tri khc, c a
v lu i ri gia cc dn tc Sem. Chng ta c th so snh vai tr ca Nathan bn cnh
David vi vai tr ca tin tri ni trong th t Mari.
(coi : Introd. la Bible I, 469, th ca mt i thn ca Zimri-Lim vit cho nh vua v
mt li sm ca mt thy bi). (V Nathan, coi DBS, I, 301ss ting Natn.)

Nathan khng thuc hng tin tri xut thn, khng thy c lin lc g vi h. Nhng kiu
hnh ng th ta li thy ging kiu Mari (DBS, VI, 307). Nh th hin tng tin tri vo
nhng bui u l phc tp. Mt bn c phong tro xut thn. Cc vn kin trong v
ngoi Kinh Thnh ta thy c t iu. o Yahv thu np phong tro . Cc nabi ny
cng l nhng chin s c cng duy tr o Yahv chng li s xm nhp ngoi o,
mt th nh nhng nazir v nhm Rekab (Yr 35). Nhng ng khc li c nhng tin tri
c dung mo ging nh cc tin tri chnh thc thi sau, nhng ngi nh Nathan, Gad,
Ahia thnh Silo c nhng ch o l ca cc tin tri thi sau nh Ysaya, Yrmya,
ri : K ca Yahv v vng quyn, li ha c trng cu, li bo n pht c trn
nhng vua trong Giao c, v ngay c vic ph b mt triu i nhn danh Yahv (1V
14:7t).
Trong Sch Thnh c hai dung mo ni bt gia cc tin tri tin khi : Elya v Elisa.
ELYA.
1V 17:1-19:18 - 1V 21: 2V 1.
Trnh thut hng n vic ha mt nhn vt i biu ri. Nhng trnh thut c nhiu
tnh cch lch s, ring bit cho mt ngi r rt :
Coi J.Steinmann, le prophtisme biblique... 85ss
Etudes Carmlitaines : le prophte Elie.
Elya hin ra nh mt nhn vt siu phm. Qu x Galaad, mt ni xa nh hng

Canaan, v nh th cn gi tuyn vn truyn thng.
Tro lu hn hp tn gio c t xa, ngay t thi Israel mi nh c ti Canaan,

nhng mt khi David hon tt vic thng nht t ai, nhng vng ng o Canaan
c st nhp, tt nhin ton khi ngi Canaan nht n tr nn thnh phn Israel. Bi
h khng c lin lc bao nhiu vi o Yahv, th h nn mi nguy hi cho o Yahv
mt cch khng ng, v mi s bn ngoi u nh c. Nhng s n mt thi, m lch s
phi hi: Yahv h th kia c cn phi l Yahv na khng, hay l mt Baal i tn
Yahv m thi?
n thi Omri-Akhab, cuc khng hong tn gio ngm ngm xa by gi n giai on

trm trng : lin minh vi Tyr, cuc ci hi b Yzabel nhp cng vic th Baal vo
ngay trong triu nh. Samarie c n th Baal nhng khng c n th Yahv. Nh th
ngoi dn gian, dn chng sng bi Yahv Baal-ha, cn triu nh, ngi ta cng khai
th Baal thnh Tyr. Nhng ngi trung tn vi o Yahv chnh truyn b ht hi b
y vo th th.
l lc Elya xut hin :
1V 18:17-40 :
Vn ai l thn trong dn Israel, Yahv hay Baal c thnh vn quc gia. Elya
chiu tp nh th c Giao hiu, v phi em ht c lc lng bt dn quyt nh v
mt iu m i a s khng thy l cn thit : Sng bi Baal khng th dung ha c
vi o Yahv ca Israel. Ai l thn trong dn Israel? Cu hi phi do mt can thip l
lng ca Thin Cha mi c cu tr li.

Vic h st cc t t Baal :
Khng phi l vic bo th hay cung tn, nhng Elya p dng mt iu lut ca Giao
hiu m ngi qun t lu : Mi hnh thc chi b Yahv phi trng tr bng t hnh
(coi Xh 22:19, v mun thi hn Elya : Tl 13:7-12, cho c v thnh na : Tl 13:13tt).
1V 19 :
Trong mch lc hin ti th tip tc ngay bin c Carmel. Mt kiu sp t ti tnh i
chiu v cho xut hin nhn vt i din cho c vic sng bi Baal, hong hu Yzabel,
khng hng phc, khng xc tn hay ng l. Nhng xt theo ni dung, th hnh nh l mt
truyn t lp, hu nh song bn vi truyn Carmel, vch ra tnh trng tht vng ca
o Yahv. S yu nhc c in hnh ni thn phn Elya, hu nh n lc
tuyt vng (coi kiu t to bo - i cht cho xong) nhng thc s vic thm nh lch s
v lin lc da trn cch hiu cu 19:1; cu ni cu tro hay mun thi.
Nhng vn nu ln l :
Vic thn hin : ngha th no?

Vic i chiu cc cch hin hin ging t bo tp vi ting ng mt ln gi nh chc l
dng : Hnh nh ng n s thn mt m o gia Thin Cha v tin tri.
Hnh trnh i Horeb : mc ch lm sao?
Trc cnh nguy kch ca o Yahv, Elya i n ni ngun gc ca mc khi o
Yahv. Nh th chng ta thy cc tin tri lun lun trong truyn thng Sinai, v o
su truyn thng .
Elya than phin hu tht vng : o Yahv n lc dit vong. Nhng Thin Cha
oan chc, Ngi cn nhiu d nh v dn ca Ngi. S c nhng ngi bo on bn
ngoi (Hazael) v bn trong (Yhu). V sau cng (li cng l chp nh ca trnh thut) :
Yahv s li mt s st (19:18). l cu tr li ca Yahv trc li than vn ca
Elya. Sau nhng cuc th thch gm gh, vn cn mt Israel, khng phi do mt iu
kin ngi ta thc hin, nhng do chnh Thin Cha quyt nh trc mi iu kin.
1V 21 :
Lut ca Yahv trn mi ngi th, c nh vua cng phi tun gi. Trc lut , mi
ngi u ngang hng. Sinh mng mi ngi u c Yahv bnh vc.
2V 1 :
Trong phm vi cha lnh, cng c mt mnh Yahv l ng chng tr sinh mng. ng
trc nhng thn mnh danh c ti c php cha bnh, lng tin ca o Yahv, i din
ni Elya, cng quyt tuyn xng : Ch c Yahv l ng cu thot, i chy cht cng
mt thn ngoi o c cha lnh l phm n lng tin, l chi b Yahv.
Nh th, s tch Elya khng ct cho ta bit dung mo Elya, nhng trong mt bin c
bao qut, tc l vic Yahv chng t v chnh mnh Ngi, sau mt thi dung ha hn
hp tn gio v suy vi trong lng tin.
Nh th Elya l mt giai on quan trng, mt li kh Yahv dng vo mt bui quyt

lit cho lng tin Israel.

So vi Elisa, Elya khng lm mt php l no ging nh kiu Elisa. S tch Elya c phn
nht khi hn : Vch ra s xung khc gia o Yahv v vic sng bi Baal. Israel thuc
v Yahv (mt iu thuc truyn thng), nhng Yahv khng dung th s lng khng
b o ca Israel. Ngi s trng tr. Sau cng Yahv ch cn ng n mt s st thi :
l iu lut.
LISA
Mt truyn duy nht b chia lm nhiu mnh ri rc trong cc on 2V 2-13. (Coi
J.STEINMANN, Le prophtisme biblique... (LED 23) 119-137. Cc bi trong cc t vi).
Truyn Elisa cho ta ng thy cc t chc ca phng tin tri (bneney nebiim). H
tp trung vo t a im pha Nam nc Israel, c l c lin lc vi cc n th (coi 1S
19:8tt ti Rama). H tp hp thnh nhng Cng on mt, c l theo kiu nh dng tu,
v c sinh hot nh kiu Dng tu, nhng hnh nh khng chung lun lun. H c
nhng k hi nghe gio hun (2V 4:38; 6,1). Elisa l Thy ca h v c gi l
Cha (2V 6:2 12 21).
Hng ngi thuc Bneney hannbiim thuc lp x hi ngho kh. Nh cng nh ca n

u ngho nn. C khi tng qun v n nn nhiu (2V 4:1-7). C l h thuc nhng
ngi trung tn vi kiu sng cu tro Israel, nn thnh nn nhn ca mt x hi
thu nhn kiu t chc kinh t Canaan. H cng l nhng k duy tr mt o Yahv thun
ty, trit bo tn lng tin vo Yahv v Lut Thin Cha. C l nn tng ca nhng
i hi ca cc tin tri sau ny c din ra trong i sng : T lp v kinh t v x
hi i vi bng cn ngoi o, thong dong thot khi cc cu thc ca giai cp x hi.
Cn v chnh Elisa, iu bt ni l ngi lm php l. Khng c u trong Cu c li

thut nhiu php l bng my on v Elisa.
ng khc, vai tr chnh tr ca Elia cn bt ni hn Elya nhiu. Ni c Elisa l ngi

lnh o tinh thn cho quc gia Israel. Cc vua n bn bc, v tin tri nhiu ln cu
nc. Vai tr chnh tr c c li trong t ng Ly cha ti, xe trn cng m chin
ca Israel (2V 2:12; 13:14) - m ch n vai tr cu quc ca tin tri. Kiu ni nhc
li mt thi thnh chin ca Israel chng vi Canaan m khng xe trn, khng nga ci;
c thng th ch trng vo Yahv. Thi c phc hng li vi nhng nhn vt nh
Elisa. Yahv vn cn vi Israel. Nhn gii ca Elisa khng i xa hn s thnh vng
ca Israel. Nhng mt th k na, nhn gii s ra khc vi nhng li rao ging ca
Amos, Hs, Ysaya, Mika : thnh mt dn theo Thin Cha th Israel phi ngang
qua phn xt!
II. NGN HNH CC TIN TRI TRONG VN KIN
iu c sc gia cc tin tri nh Elya, Elisa v cc tin tri th k 8 v sau l trnh thut
s tch gim nhiu - thay v s tch th li c su tp nhng li ca h.
Trong cc ti liu lu truyn li v cc tin tri, ta phn bit c d dng nhng on

theo thi vn (vit theo tit iu v bin ngu) nhng on tn vn.

Thi vn dng cho cc li sm nhiu hn c. Tri li hnh tch cc tin tri th c vit
theo tn vn. Ni chung ngn v hnh l 2 thnh phn ct yu, ngha l tn th h
em n v hon cnh trong h hot ng (nhng xung t, nhng php l).
Nhng! Hai thnh phn nhiu khi khng hon ton n khp vi nhau. Hnh tch do
ngi thut truyn gi li mt dung mo nh dn thng bit c, nhiu khi khng cho
ta ng c tm quan trng bao la v tinh thn. Trnh thut thng li c vit sm hn
l su tp cc sm ngn. Cn cc sm ngn c lu truyn trong mt nhm kn hn :
cc mn ca tin tri y lng ngng m suy ngm li tn s. Cc sm ngn c vit
ra mun hn, cn phi c mt thi gian kh lu ngi ta mi thy c o l, tinh thn
ca tin tri, v suy ngm tn th ca tin tri c ngoi hon cnh lch s trc tip.
1. Xt v trnh thut hay truyn :

Cc tin tri u, chng ta ch bit c do cc trnh thut. Mt ngi nh Elisa, Kinh
Thnh ni l c ging dy, tuy th ngi ta khng lu truyn li mt gio hun no r
rt. Tri li, ni mt tin tri nh Amos, hnh tch hu bin c, chng ta ch cn mt lot
sm ngn. Nhng ngay trong cc truyn nhng ngi ghi chp li cng khng nhm n
vic m t mt nhn vt, m ct l vch ra vai tr tn gio, nhim v tin tri. Mt chi
tit nh Am 7:10tt cho ta thy iu : Mt tch v tin tri nhng ch ct lm khung
cnh cho mt sm ngn, ch khng ct t hnh tch (chng vy th lm sao hiu c kt
thc t ngt nh th).
Tri li n Yrmya th tch truyn li c din t t m v y hn. Mt giai on

mi trong lch s tin tri, ngi ta hiu l chnh con ngi ca tin tri cng l thnh
phn ca s mng, nhng thng kh ca Yrmya cng l mt chng ch thin triu ca
tin tri i phi c.
2. Cc li sm.
Khng th ni hnh thc no l hnh thc cn bn. Nhng hnh thc nng gp thy t thi
u cho n thi cui l :
Li s gi
Thi xa, ai mang tin g bo ngi khc bit, th h ni nh th chnh ngi sai ni thng
vi ngi chu ly tin, ngi em tin dng nh bin i nhng ch cho ngi sai
mnh. V vic i thng ; coi Kn 32:4tt; 45:9; Ds 22:16; 1V 2:30; Ys 37:3.
Tin tri l s gi ca Yahv cng dng kiu ni nh th 2S 7:5; 12:7; 1V 11:31... Kiu
ni quan trng cho ta bit thc ca tin tri v s mng ca mnh. Nhng thng
trc li s gi , tin tri t trc mt li nhm n ai m loan bo thng tri. Li
thng xc nh r rt ngi (t cch ca ngi nh th no) m thng co c
gi n.
Thng thng, trc li ngm e th c li qu mng. Trc li ha, th c li cnh
co, khuyn rn, ku gi. Thng th ch c li s gi nhn danh Yahv mi c coi
nh li ca Thin Cha; cn li dn vo, nhp ny khc th c coi nh li ca chnh
tin tri, nh ngi ta. Li s gi tin tri c thn hng m chu ly. Cn li nhp ,
tin tri ty hon cnh m in vo.
Lin lc gia li nhp (qu mng, hay cnh co) v li s gi th c lkn
(propterea), ri em vo sic dicit Dominus/ Cha Thng phn th ny (koh mar...).

Hnh thc khc

Nhng tin tri khng ngn ngi dng bt c hnh thc vn chng no mc cho tn
th ca mnh. H l nhng ngi rao ging bnh dn th min l kiu ni no c th nh
ng c thnh gi l h dng : Loi vn cu tro phng v, cng nh cc loi trn tc :
li ht phong tnh cng nh vn t :
- Theo kiu tuyn b ca t t : Ys 1:16t; Am 5:21tt.
- Ca vnh hay li tuyn n (Ys 1:2t 18 20; 3:13-15; Hs 4:1-4a; Mi 1:2-7...)
- Ysaya-II thng dng li sm y lo bo hnh phc, hng t t dng p li li
thnh vn ca ngi khn (Ys 41:10tt; 43:1t; 44:1t...)
- Kiu ni ca cc hin nhn dy ng khn ngoan (Ys 28:23; Am 3:3tt).
- Kiu vn t hay Aica (thng ma mai ch nho) (Am 5:1; Ys 23:1tt; Ez 19:1tt
10tt; 27:2tt; 28:11t; 32:17tt; Ys 14:4tt).
Nhng hnh thc vn chng thng hon ton ty thuc ni dung ca tn th. M
tn th nu bo n pht, th c nhng qui ch c knh nht, thuc khu vc thnh nht
cng u b ln n. Nu bo cu thot, hnh phc, th hnh phc thuc mt trng thi
trong trt t mi ca Yahv s chi phi ht mi lnh vc ca i sng - nn trc mt
tin tri khng c s phn bit hnh thc gia thnh v tc.
3. Ri n mt lc cc li sm c hun c li thnh mt chui :

Su tp ln nh ty nghi. Vic su tp do chnh tin tri hay do nhm mn ca tin
tri, l iu thng khng th bit r. Chng ta bit c chung chung l nhm mn
c phn rt ln trong vic duy tr v su tp gio hun ca tin tri. Cc su tp c th
lm theo ti tng t (Ys 5:8-24; Ys 23:9tt v tin tri gi. Yr 21:11-23:8 v vua) hay
thuc vo mt thi no (nh Ys 6:1-9:6 thuc thi chin tranh vi Peqah v Rasn)...
Nhng c nhiu khi chng ta khng th bit v l g m su tp li nhng n v sm
ngn rt phc tp.
Vic chuyn i truyn thng tin tri chng ta ch c vi ba on ni n vic ghi chp v
truyn li tn th ca tin tri :
Ys 8:16-18 :
Thuc mt su tp v thi chin tranh gia Yua v Israel cng Aram (tr ra trnh thut
v thin triu). Tin tri ni n vic nim n v buc li li dy, nh th kt thc mt
h s, mt vn t ca mt ngi xong vic ri. Vn kin c trao cho nhm mn
ca tin tri. Tn th em n gieo vo gia dn mt s chia r, lm cho dn cng
lng (6:9t). Yahv nn trng by cho dn (Ys 8:14), nhng chnh tin tri vn mt lng
trng cy vo ng ngonh mt khng ng n Israel na. Cng tin v tn th i chi
nhau. Nhng tn th gy to mt nhm ngi tin : Mn . H nn nhng ngi bo
lnh cho vic Yahv khng b xui nhng nh cu thot ca Ngi trong lch s. Li
l tuy rng bng by, nhng chc chn phi hiu l c ghi chp li. Vic son tc ny
chc l khi im cho vic son sch Ysaya.
Ys 30:8-15 :
Vo mt thi kh mun trong i Ysaya (c l vo nm 701). Cng mt ln na, tin tri
hnh nh xong vic v tht bi ln. Dn quyt nh khng lnh nhn li hiu triu

ca Yahv. iu quan trng l y tin tri tot yu tn th ca mnh, tr li, an tnh

tn th vo Yahv.
Vit li sm ngn chng cho hu lai v nhng iu c ng nghim. Nhng chc cn

chng cho hu lai c nhng li ha cha thc hin. V chnh da trn tnh cch trng
tn ca li ha, m li sm vn cn sng ng cho cc th h sau, khi h em lng tr
suy gm li sm. T ta thy gc ca hin tng hin-ti-ha li cc tin tri. (th d :
Li Hs c p dng cho Yua pha Nam bi thnh thong chm vo ting Yua, Ys
3 tip tc Ys 2).
Yr 36:
Bin c c t t m bng ba ln, c li sm, nhng chp nh l vic c cho vua
Yoyakim, nhng quyn sch gi vai tr chnh trong truyn. l s mng li tin tri.
Cuc thng kh ca Yrmya nay c din li trong cuc thng kh ca sch sm.
Nhng Yrmya cht l ht nhim v, cn sch chp cha li Thin Cha, b ph hy th
c vit li, v tip tc s mng.
Ba chng ch v vit-ghi-chp cc sm ngn cho ta thy khi im vic son tho cc

sch tin tri. V ngay cc tin tri cng khng coi cc li sm bm cht vi thnh gi
tin khi, n i lp thnh gi qua, sch cng khng mt gi tr, ha thnh mt h s
c thi. Thnh tu ca sm ngn l vic ca Yahv.
Vic hin ti ha li tin tri, chng ta c th thy lun lun trong Sch Thnh :
Th d li tin tri Nathan 2 S 7 :
- Th nht v Nh Thin Cha v Nh avt.
- Ri n dng di avt.
- Cu 13 p dng cho vic xy n th l mt gii thch.
- n Ys 55:3t, li tin tri c p dng cho c Israel.
- 1Ks 17:11 : i xa hn v m ch n c thi sau lu y.
V phng din ny, phm tr bnh lun vn chng xc thc l ca ai khng

quan trng trong hng ca sm ngn, trong ngun truyn thng cn phi ngh n
sc sng ca tn th (th d nhng p dng xa vi : Ds 24:24 p dng li Balaam, Ys
23 p dng li sm v Sin cho thnh Tyr, Ys 11:1tt p dng c cho c dn ngoi
vi cu 10; Am 9:12 c chuyn Em sang Aam v Cv 15:16t ly li).
C khi bi lch s i thay m li sm bo ha c thm mt li bo phc (Ys 18:1-

6/7). S p dng c thm quyn vn lm di mt nh sng mc khi, v nh vy
chiu su ca li sm c m rng ri thm (Coi Ys 22:15-25 c n 3 li sm, chc
phi theo nhiu t ; t th nht chng Sebna t th hai, dng ngi th nht ni n
vic tn phong Elyakim t th ba c tnh cch tro phng v mt ngi lm quan c
h c nh, nhng cng c khi lm ha ly).
Vic ch gii li tin tri kh l th : bit c p dng thi sau, th m vn phi c cng t
thu ci ni dung tin khi, theo nh tin tri hiu lc u.

III. THIN TRIU V VIC TIN TRI CHU MC KHI
Quan nim v tin tri, v nhim v ca h c th c nhiu sc thi. Li t s v ca h

cch n gin hn l c Xh 4:16; 7:1 ; Thin Cha khng t mnh ni ra, nhng nh
ming tin tri. Nhng mt lin lc t nh vy khng i vo chi tit.
1. Tin tri v phng v cng l bi.

Coi : R. de Vaux, Les Institutions de lAT. II, 249-252. Prophtes cultuels?
CHARY Th. Les prophtes et le culte partir de lExil.
C nhiu tc gi ch trng nhiu tin tri l nhn vin chc vic trong L bi n th, h
l nhn vin ca n th. r l tin tri a lai vng n th. Mun thng t li ging
ca mnh cho qun chng, tt nhin tin tri khng th chn ch no thun tin hn. Tin
tri cng dng nhng li ca phng v lm u cho li ging ca h. Nguyn ch c
th, vn cha c th ni n hng tin tri ca l bi c. ng khc cc ni t t
nhiu khi c tng m Nebiim tun n, v c l h khng c thi tc knh hp vi
ni thnh, nn phi c mt c quan qun st (Yr 29:24tt). Nhng khi ni n nhng
tin tri Cu c ta bit tn tui hay sch v th vn phi ph nhn, ngay c ni cc tin
tri th k th -9 ri.
T t c hoa li, tin tri khng C n tin tri, khng h c n t t. Tin tri cn lu
truyn sm ngn lun lun kch t t cng nh hng tin tri t t. Nhng cch ring
phi xt n ni dung ca cc li tuyn ngn : th vn h dng khng th no dng trong
l bi c. Ni dung li rao ging li cng khc xa hn : h ln n c ni thnh c t t,
v c dn ca Thin Cha na : mt iu khng th thy ni mt t t ch tr mt n
th.
2. Thin triu ca tin tri

Th d Ysaya :
coi Etudes sur les Prophtes dIsrael (LED, 14)
I. La vocation dIsaie, p.11-51(Ph. Bguerie)
Vic ku gi tin tri l mt bin c ring bit, khng trong khung kh o Yahv c
truyn t xa n nay. Mt can thip mi ca Thin Cha, xut hin trong mt khong
thi gian c hn : Thi vng quyn m i. Bin c dn n mt loi vn mi :
Loi vn thut thin triu theo ngi th nht - trnh thut ti- hn nhng li than
vn hay t n xa nay vn dng ti, nhng th ti l th ti chung cho mi
ngi. Ci ti ni tin tri mi hn l mt ci g c nht, khng mt ngi no ni
c iu tin tri ni khi dng ti. V hnh nh tin tri cng bit l ci g v song,
c o v cm thy phi bin chnh cho nhng ci g t k ni thin triu mnh.
cng l mt l do son ra trnh thut v thin triu.
Trnh thut cho ta c trc tip ng vo tm hn tin tri, v chnh ng s dn ta

vo. Nhng d sao trnh thut khng hon ton trc tip vi bin c ku gi c na :
vit ra v vit cho c gi, v mt mc ch no, sp t sao cho ph hp vi mc ch,
gi thit hot ng. Nh th gia mun vn chi tip vy quanh mt bin c, tin tri ch
ghi li nhng g cn thit cho mc ch ca trnh thut.

Cc trnh thut thin triu :

Ys 6; Yr 1; Ez 1-4; Ys-II; 40:3-8; Am 7-9; Za 1:7-6,8. Ri phi thm so snh : 1V
19:19tt (Elisa); 1S 3:1tt (Samuel) Xh 3-4 (Ms) 1V 22:19-22 (Mika ben Ymla).
Tnh cch lch s ca cc on ny th no i na, th t ra trnh thut c theo mu

thin triu tin tri m t trong trng hp no mt ngi c ku gi lm tin tri. Cc
trnh thut y li thuc v th k th 9. Nh th trc khi Amos, hay Ysaya tra tay thut
li kinh nghim ca mnh, cc ngi c nhng mu sn c lu thng trong dn ri.Bin
c xy ra cho mi ngi mt khc. Nhng nt chung ta nghim ra c l th ny :
- Cc tin tri th k 9 : Trnh thut nhn vo vic chu ly thn kh tin tri l ngi c
thn kh (2v 2:9 15). Bi c vn : Thn kh ca ngi ny c th chuyn sang
ngi khc c khng (1V 22:21t 24) (coi thm 1V 18:12; 2V 2:16 Thn kh em
tin tri mt).
- Cc tin tri th k 8-7 : Li ca Yahv n to thnh tin tri, trao cho mt s
mng. S mng khng phi nht thi, m l mt chc v nu khng sut i th
cng bao gm mt qung thi gian kh lu.
- Thin triu khng thy c dn trc, khng phi l hu qu ca mt i
sng tinh thn hay o c, khng da trn nhng thin ti hay khiu ring ca tin
tri. Nhiu khi thin triu li i nghch vi tnh tnh bm sinh ca tin tri (Yrmya
mt ngi nht nht hin t phi lun lun tht mng, e loi). Thin triu n tch
tin tri khi sinh hot ca tin tri trc kia (Am 7:14t) v tch khi mi trng sinh
hot (Yr 15:17).
- Thin triu n vi mt s cu thc no (Yr 20:7; Am 3:8).
3. Thin triu c ban b trong th kin

Mt bin c lm cho tin tri quen thuc vi thnh v k ca Thin Cha trong mt
th kin lm chn ng tm hn n cc im. Nhng th kin khng hng tt c n
Nghe v p li Thin Cha. Th kin khng phi l chim ngng nhng hin
tng xa vi ni Thin Cha, m l nhng bin c lch s s n, thng l trong mt
ngy rt gn, cho Israel. Cc th kin quay c v mt i tng lch s, ch khng t
Thin Cha.
Bin c xy ra lm sao ni tm l tin tri, trnh thut ch li t m ch s qua, ch
khng h ni r. Cc tin tri ng mt v iu ny : Cc iu thy v nghe l do t
bn ngoi m n, v n mt cch bt ng (ch c 2V 3:15 mi ni n vic dn
ng). (1V 13:20; Yr 42:7 bt ng, khng nh ngi ta d tng). Thng h nghe
ting ni r rt, v thy gi n tn mnh (1S 3:4tt). Bin c lm chn ng n c
thn xc h (1V18:46; Ez 8:1; Ys 8:11). C khi ko lu (3:15; Dn 10:8t; 8:27). Mt
chng ng : Ys 21:1-10.
Cn by gi ly hin tng tm l no m hiu : Thng ngi ta ly hin tng xut

thn. Nhng y xut thn li c thc, y trch nhim v li ng p. Ta phi ly
cc hin tng thn cm thn b so snh.
iu quan trng v thn hc ni hin tng tin tri l h c ha nhp vi tm tnh

ca Thin Cha : Bit Thin Cha, cm thng vi Thin Cha, nhng tm tnh h
s bc l ra trong li rao ging (Hs 6:4; 11:8; Ys 6:8).

Xt qua hnh thc ca trnh thut v thin triu :

- 1V 22:19tt; Ys 6; Ez 1-3 cng theo mt mu : Cuc tn phong Yahv nh Vua
ng trn ngai gia thin triu. Ezekiel c tnh cch phin toi hn, v s dng hai truyn
thng: Truyn thng v ngai v truyn thng v Kabd Yahv t tri xung (li cn
thm nhiu chi tit thi sau ghi ch vo na). Nn n hu qu tiu cc ca c ba
trnh thut thin triu.
- Yrmya : Thin triu trong mt cuc m o gia Thin Cha v tin tri. Thin
Cha nhn t v nghim khc mt trt thng s d da ca tin tri. Cng vi cuc
m o th c 2 th kin.
Trnh thut ca Yrmya thiu sng ng, khng kh khi vn s to mt trnh thut
hng v, tuy Yrmya c chi tit tn phong nh Ys 6 : Yahv gi tay ng vo ming
tin tri. Hai th kin c tnh cch tnh vt : khng g c sc, gi c l hon ton c tnh
cch tng trng.
- Ysaya-II : Khng c th kin, khng do chnh Yahv ku gi trc tip Nhng tin
tri nghe hai cu ni. Trc tin hnh nh tin tri nghe t cc tng tri c g chuyn dch,
v li ku gi (nh cho cc v thin thn) hy dn ng li, n ch mt cuc hin linh
ca Thin Cha. Li th hai (c l do mt thin thn) ni vi chnh tin tri v tin tri
chu ly ch ca li rao ging : Gia cnh tn t ca mi xc phm (hi th ca Yahv
l mt sc ha ho thiu chy) th li Yahv kin vng v tn ti (Ys 40:1-8).
4. Cc mc khi khc trong i tin tri

Chng ch khng din li. Nhng cc tin tri ch c vic l thng bo ni dung cho thnh
gi thi. Lm iu thng bo gi thit l c th kin, hay thng tri khc thng. Th
d : Yr 17:12tt cc dn tc xng nh Sion, hay nhng vic hin linh ca Thin Cha nh
Ys 30:27; 63:1tt; Nahum 2:2tt. Trong cc chng ny th gic xc ng cch ring. Hay
Yr 4-6 hnh nh cng da trn th kin.
Ngoi ra chc cn nhiu kiu mc khi khc :
- Ni vo tai (Ys 5:9; 22:14; Ez 9:1 5) : mc khi dng thnh gic.
- Yr 23:28 i chiu mc khi bng li, v mc khi bng mng.
- Nhng vic thn hng tin tri c m tm l vn c theo li bnh thng, khng
c xut thn, ngt tr. C l l n nhiu hn c, khi tin tri ni Li Yahv n
vi h.
Yb 4:12-17 :
Mt on t vic chu mc khi vi nhng trng thi bn ngoi. Kiu t chc l da trn
truyn thng cc tin tri. Thi c mc khi : m - Mc khi bo hiu bng s xao
xuyn, y ny kinh hi, cc gic quan b xc ng, trc tin l xc gic, n th gic, ri
thnh gic.
5. Thi hn s mng tin tri

Tin tri c th chu ly s mng mt qung thi gian no thi. Hnh nh Amos hot
ng trong vng my thng (nhng chng ta khng c chi tit ch xc). Ysaya hnh
nh hot ng theo nhiu giai on t l nhng on nh 8:16tt 30:38tt gi thit l c
thi ngi dng hot ng. Tri li, Yrmya li l tin tri sut i, ngay i ca ngi
cng l thnh phn cho s v tin tri. Nhng v vic chu ly mc khi th cng c khi
ngi phi ch t lu mi c thn hng (Yr 28:12; 42:). Tri li, Ebed Yahweh trong Ys-

II th li ni : sng no Yahv cng m tai cho (50:4), nh th l i qu hn Yrmya :

Ebed lun lun c mc khi, trong cuc m thoi khng ngng vi Yahv.
Mt cch tin trin khng ngng, lch trnh n tin tri dn n mu nhim li Thin Cha
thnh xc phm gia loi ngi.
Hin tng tin tri l hin tng Li Thin Cha trong lch s
(V iu ny coi : VTB Parole de Dieu)
V ngoi ra cn ging bng nhng vic tng trng : Coi : Introd, la Bible, I, 480-481.
Du hiu lm b ngoi :
- C th c tnh cch in hnh cng c gio hun. Mt phng tin gio dc.
- Nhng trong cc vic tin tri lm khng th ch c ngha nh th v lm khi vic
lm c lu trc khi c li gii thch. Vy y cn phi n mt quan nim
khc : Du hiu bn ngoi th hin c thc ti, to nn bin c. Vy du hiu
tin tri lm khng ch l km theo li ging, m l mt hnh bng dn n s
kin s n. Du hiu nh th c tnh cch che giu hn l t by t tng. Vy
vic lm tng trng nhiu khi phi hiu nh mt sc to ra lch s (Ys 20:3; Ez
24:15). Nhng cng c khi vic c tnh cch mt li cnh co (v nh vy vic
kia cn c th trnh c).
IV. THI GIAN. LCH S. CNH CHUNG
1. Thi gian v lch s

1.1 So snh quan nim
Thi nay, quan nim thng thng v thi gian nh mt mi trng c sn trc s kin
ko di thm thm nh mt ng thng, theo cc bin c tm tp n sp hng, v
qu kh cng nh v tng lai. Con ng thng c khong gia l hin ti, pha sau
lng l qu kh, cn trc mt l tng lai. Mt quan nim thi gian tru tng, trng
rng nh vy, Israel khng c, n i ting chung ch thi gian cng khng c. Ngi
Dothi xa khng th tru tng thi gian ra khi bin c. Thi gian m khng s kin g
l iu khng c c, khng tng ngh ra c.
Ting dng :
lam ch qu kh hay v lai xa vi.
th mt lc, mt bui, mt khong thi gian
(Mi 5:2 - lc sinh ; Kn 29:7 - thi ui chin; 2S 11:1 - lc cc vua thn chinh nh
gic. Hg 1:4; Tv 1:3; 104:27). Chung chung, mi bin c c thi ca mnh nh, bin
c phi c thi bui, thi bui phi c bin c. Bi vn s nht nht u c thi c
bui (Gv3:1tt). Khn ngoan l ng hng mt thi bui nh cho s vt v vic
lm, con mt tinh nhn ra Kairos b n (Tv 31:6 tempora : i ngi l mt
chui thi bui kt li).
Quan nim thi gian hin i ngm ngm di nh hng Kit gio : c tn th. Dng
thi gian tin mi cho n mt mt cng no . Mt cng l h v, hay l thnh tu
ty tro lu t tng. Quan nim c thi cha bit. Hilp vy, m Israel c
thi cng vy : Kn 8:2 hnh nh khng ngh n tng lai, hay tng lai ch l hin ti

ko di, khng cm thy gii hn. iu ng l s tn ti ca qu t ch hi ra c

bi lot ma trong nm vi cc hin tng theo ma c tun t din ra theo nhp, ta gi
l trt t thin nhin.
1.2 Thi gian vi l bi

L bi l nhng chp nh ca mt i ngi.
Nhp l bi trong nm cng l nhp sng ca mi ngi trong thi gian. Thi gian theo
ngha y tc l thi mng l, l thi gian y hn c, v c lp y theo ng
ngha. L bi khng cm thy nh mt ci c l ca ngi ta (khng c nm o v nm
i). L bi l d kin tuyt i cm chng, ch khng phi quyn lch cm chng l
bi. L bi nh th l ngy Yahv lm ra (Tv 118:24). Hu l l ngy Yahv
tch ra cng on thng chia s an ngh ca Ngi, s an ngh c quan nim nh
mt khu vc khch quan c thc th t lp. Cc thi l bi khc cng vy (L nh tm,
hay thi tang, gi chay). Ni chung thi l bi c tnh cch thing ling ca n, khng
coi c nh c l ca ngi ta vi nhau. Bi c nghi vn nh Za 7:1tt : gi chay
nh vy c ng bui, ng vi vic Yahv thit nh khng.
L bi ca Israel :
r l theo nhp mt nm ca nh nng, do lai t dn Canaan, chiu theo gieo vi v
gt hi. Nhng iu ng Israel ni cc l vi lch s (Massot : Khi s gt
la mch k nim Xut hnh; L ma thu hi nho th k nim thi sa mc nh tm).
Israel cm thy ( thc r rng, thi sau mi c) s mng ca mnh khng cn c
trn s tun hon ca v tr, m l trn nhng bin c lch s. Cc bin c l
nhng k cng ca Thin Cha, c tnh cch tuyt i, hin ti i vi mi th h
(khng ch l hin ti ha mt cch thing ling v cm xc, nhng mi th h c i
vo cnh hung lch s, nh l bi gy to ln cho : kiu n l chin Xh 12:11 hay
Nh tm). Cm xc d nhin s sa st nhiu t vi thi gian : khi ngi ta khng cn
qu cht phc na.
1.3 Cu to quan nim thnh s

Bc th nht :
Vic lch s ha cc l bi ni trn, iu mi ch xy dng trn mt bin c lch
s vn mng Israel. Nhng thnh s cu to s mng Israel phi da trn mt lot
bin c. Mt ci g phc tp m li c lin tc, theo mt mt hng m tin. Hnh nh
trnh t, xt v cch bt u c thc theo kiu bnh lun lch s th th ny : C mt
thi Israel mng nhng s kin cu thot ring bit tng nhm, v tng a im khc
nhau. Ti Bthel, truyn thng v Yakb; ti Sikem, l kt giao c Sinai; ti Gilgal
(Benyamin), vic chim t Canaan, v lin tc vi l Paskha v Xut hnh. Ri (c l
khi thnh lp giao hiu) cc truyn thng c thnh ca chung, v c u kt
li thnh mt chui, trong mi truyn thng c ch ca mnh. Thnh tch ca cng
vic tng hp , m ta bit c, th trc tin c nhng tot yu v thnh s (nh Tl
26:5tt; Ys 24:2tt).
Do , Israel i n quan nim lch s nh mt ng thng c hng. Cng trnh

khng do thn thoi hay suy lun, nhng bi cng thm dn nhng vic cu thot ca
Thin Cha m dn knh nh y trong cc n th. Nhng iu ct yu l Israel
hi ra c k ca Yahv mun eo ui, t ngy Yahv n ng hnh cng t

ph do cc li ha ca Ngi. Vic t nhn rng Israel khng da trn mt bin c,

nhng l mt qung ng di, mt lch s dn dn Israel tr nn Israel. l iu
quyt nh : Mt cch mng t tng (m th gii hin ti cn cm thy hu qu). D
nhin, Lch s y khng phi l s hc nh ngi i nay ngh, Lch s y c cu
to nh mt lot s kin chnh Thin Cha lm cu thot Israel. Lch s l ,
ch khng phi bt c kiu thi gian din tin no khc.
Israel c quan nim ring v lch s ca mnh t thi cc Thm phn. Quan nim
s c trnh by kiu ny kiu khc, nhng iu cn bn bt di bt dch : Lch s ca
Israel ct thit l Thin Cha lp y cc thi cc bui bng cng vic ca Ngi, s
hng dn ca Ngi. Hoch lch s Israel lun lun ko di v trc cng nh v
sau :
-E :Gi y nguyn lch s c : t t ph cho n vic chim Canaan.
-YP :Xa hn v qu kh : lch s ln n to thnh.
- Th lut s:Lch s c khi s vi Ms, nhng sut c thi vng quyn v kt
thc ti tai ha 587.
- K s :Xa hn c. Hoch i t ngi th nht cho n thi sau lu y.
Nh th, hai bo qun trit thi gian trong nhn gii thn hc c pht trin thm lun.
Hoch cng thm bao la hn. Nhng cc phc ha trn vn cha bao qut ly c lch
s hon cu. n aniel ta mi thy thn hc lch s mi c mt nhn gii tng qut trn
ht mi bin c trn gian. Cn Kn 1, mt cch hm n vch ra khi im ca lch s.
1.4 Thnh s v l bi
Nn n s xung t gia quan nim l bi v lch s. L bi - i ngi d l phi
trong tm trng ng thi vi thnh tch din li : Vic ng thi ha, hay hin ti
ha mi t ngi ta vo chnh trong kch thnh. Cn lch s sp t s kin, cho du
l thnh tch theo ng thi gian c trc c sau, c khc vi ci lc ti ang sng. Hin
ti ha b ph v? Chc rng c mt thi lp trng i bn vo statu quo/hin trng,
hu nh khng bit n nhau. Nhng ngi ta l mt, khng th gi y nguyn hai lot t
tng i chi nhau nh vy mt cch thn nhin. Nu ch c mt bin c, bin c
em khi l bi i na, th vic hin ti ha vn cn c c tip tc. Nhng nu l mt lot
bin c i phi c trc c sau, c cch qung vi ngi hin ti, th hin ti ha mt
ngy kia s b cm thy mt ci g gi to. Lch s ch c mt chiu v khng h tr li y
nh c. Ny ra khi khu vc thnh ca l bi, bin c tr nn i tng cho suy ngh v
nh gi : Ni chp hay phn tch, v vch ra nhng chp nh (th d : nh nhng Giao
c ca P).
Quan nim lch s c th l hu qu ca vic gim bt cht phc trong s hin ti ha ca
l bi, nhng cng c th l dp lm cho s hp dn ca l bi suy gim i. D sao cng
c s khng hong v l bi (sc hin ti ha b nghi vn). Cc li trong Th lut cho
thy th h cm thy mnh qu xa vi th h nhng ngi kt giao Sinai ri.
Bi Giao c mun c hiu lc th phi t trn lp trng mi : Tl 5:2t; 29:9-14. Ta
thy din gi c gng thuyt phc ph cc hoi nghi v tnh cch hin ti ca Giao c
xa. Hm nay trng cu c dng n. V thc s ngi ta thnh thc t vn
v khong cch gia cc th h tin khi v th h hu sinh (coi Ys 21:43-45 v Thp
2:10). Coi Nh 8-9 : s thuyt phc v cam kt gi Giao c.

1.5 Israel v bng cn. Coi DBS V.1166/7.

Bi quan nim thnh s Israel khc hn cc nc xung quanh. Khng c o no xung
quanh da trn mt thnh s. Quan nim thi gian trong tn gio da trn thi thi
c, khng phi l mt thi i t bn thi i khc, nhng l khi im nh ht mi
bin thin v sau. l mt trt t thn linh m l bi v nghi tit thc hin li mi mi.
L bi nh th c sc to thnh. Bin c thnh khng din ra trong lch s mt chiu,
nhng theo vn k, c li s tun hon ca thin nhin. Israel mt dn t teo nhng ng
bit lp v i lp vi ht cc vn minh hng cng ca bng cn.
2. Quan nim v Cnh chung ni cc tin tri

2.1 Tin tri v lch s ng thi.
D nhin cc tin tri rt ch trng n thnh s nh ni trn, v hn mi ngi ng thi,
h thc rt su v nhng ngha v ny ra cho Israel bi c c Yahv ng hnh vi
mnh trong lch s.
Hn ai ht, cc tin tri tnh thc chim nghim cc tro lu ng thi din ra trong th
gii ng thi ca h. Thi ca h rt uyn chuyn lun lun thch ng kp vi
thi th. Nhng ngi thin cn c th cho h l mu thun vi chnh mnh h.
Li ging ca h c lin lc mt thit vi cc bin c :
- Amos, Ysaya : Vi mi nguy him thng trc l quc Assur.
- Yrmya : Ci ha ang ngm e Israel v Babylon.
- Ysaya-II : Vi vic xut hin ca Kyr, vua Bat.
- Haggai, Zacarya : Vi nhng xao ng trong quc Bat xy ra li 522-520.
Bi phi ni lin cc li sm vi bin c xy ra trong th gii ng thi, ta mi hiu

c cc tin tri. Hn na, nhng vic Yahv s lm cng ng hng v c khi ln c
nhng bin c trong thnh s d vng. Nhng con mt ca tin tri khng phi l con mt
tinh i ca nhng ngi bit tr tnh tin on v tng lai theo kinh nghim thng
tnh ca d vng, v cc tin tri chc chn v mt iu m s gia phm tc phi cho l ho
huyn : Cc bin c kinh thin ng a trong th gii ng thi , chnh Yahv huy
ng v s mng mt dn b t : Israel.
2.2 nh ngha ting cnh chung (eschatologique)

Cc tc gi khng ng .
Khi s vi H. Gressmann, hiu Cnh chung nh mt quan nim phc tp gm c
nhiu yu t tp nhp xut t thn thoi no din ra s ngng i ca nhn loi. Thn
thoi theo Gressmann l quan nim v nhng tai ng xy n cho v tr.
Sellin quan nim pht xut t kinh nghim cu tro Sinai.
Tri li Mowinckel mun nhn ra ni dp l Yahv ng quang (theo kiu akitu).
Hin ti, nhiu tc gi nghi k mt ting trng nh th th c trnh. Hoc c dng, th

ch dng cho khi no phi ni n tn th m thi : Khi lch s tn cng, bin c ni
n phi ngoi lch s. Mt ngha hp nh vy, bt qu ch c vi on tin tri rt mun
thi mi nhm c, hn na ni cho ng, th nh vy c cc vn chng Khi huyn
cng khng gi c l c g l cnh chung, v loi vn ny cng thng gi thit l thi
gian cng lch s vn tip tc.

Cnh chung theo ngha hp khng p dng chnh ng cho mt chng Cu c no,
hung chi l ni cc tin tri. c im ca tn th tin tri l tnh cch hin ti, mong i
mt tng lai st gn bn khng ni r n cng tn ca lch s hay thi gian - Nhng
li tin bo ca h c mang tnh cch chung cc, tuy vn cn trong lch s. Li bo
da trn s i chiu thi ny v thi s n, v gia 2 thi l s gin on : Trc
ci gin on l thi ny, thi cc tin tri ln n, v Thin Cha ph hy; sau ci
gin on l iu mi Thin Cha tc to.
Nh th khng thy phn bit hot ng ca Thin Cha trong lch s v mt hot ng
cng tn lch s, nhng iu ct yu l nhn c gin on, n i phi ni rng iu
s n khng th coi c nh lin tc, ng loi vi iu c t trc n ci
ginon: m tch hng, trng khng, bi xy ra iu gi l phn xt tc l
mi bo m, an ton gi di b qut sch, iu s n l ci g mi hn.
2.3 Nhng yu t ca quan nim cnh chung ni cc tin tri

- Quan nim thnh s chi phi nim Cnh chung. Ch khng phi mt quan
nim phc tp no, hay kinh nghim ng lng v hin ti. Bi s hng n
hot ng mi ca Yahv, cc tin tri m rng nhn gii thnh s.
- Truyn thng Israel v n Thin Cha la chn (Israel c Thin Cha ku gi
v gy dng) : Lun lun c suy ngh n (truyn thng v xut hnh : Hs,
Yrmya Ezekiel, YsayaII; Truyn thng David, Sion : Ysaya) : n pht chnh l v
c u i nh th m li tht trung.
- Ci gin on gia c v mi - Cng ty tin tri : on tuyt hn hay l cu ni
(Ysaya : c lin tc cch no khng cn chn li David hay Sion (Ys 1:26;
11:1). Yrmya : on tc hn (31:31tt). Nhng iu ct yu : S cu thot ch c
cho Israel ni vic mi Yahv s lm.
3. Ngy ca Yahv
Mt thnh phn ct yu ca chung lun ni cc tin tri. Nu bit c do lai ca quan
nim, ta s hiu r hn chnh quan nim. Cc on sm ngn ni n YOM YAHWEH :
- Ys 2:12; 13:6 9; 22:5; 34:8
- Yr 46:10;
- Ez 7:19; 13:5; 30:3;
- Y 1:15; 2:1 11; 3:4; 4:14
- Am 5:18-20;
- Ab 15;
- So 1:7 8 14-18;
- Za 14:1.
Nhng mun kho st cho nhm, th phi n c mch lc trong ting Ngy
Yahv xut hin. Xt v mt ny th cc cu danh ting nh Am 5:18-20 v Ys 2:9tt
khng lm sng t vn .
Ys13 (mt li sm thuc th k 6) : Mt lot nim em c vo chin tranh (gi binh

u ng bt u, v ton x b tn ph kt thc), nhng mt chin tranh khng l (khng
phi binh lnh tham d, m l cc dn tc).

Ys 34 : Khng ni n Ngy Yahv, nhng ngy on tr (c.8) : Yahv thnh n trn

Eom: iu ct yu cng l chin thng ca Yahv bi c nh hng n c tri
t.
Ez 30:1tt Cng theo gn mt biu thc nh Ys 13:34.
Ez 7:1tt : Tuy Ngy Yahv khng vit ra, nhng cc cu 7 10 17 cng ni n Ngy
(cch tuyt i). Li gi binh tn rng. Nhng sau cng cng l chin tranh tn khc
(c.17).
Yr 46:3-12 Cng tng t.
Y 2:1-11 chc ni n nn chu chu, nhng nhng hnh nh c truyn v chin tranh
c s dng : ng binh, tn lon, ng t, ti sm, ting Yahv (nhng iu khng
ging bao nhiu vi mt nn chu chu).
So 1:7-18 : on quan trng v nhng nim thnh phn ca Ngy Yahv. nh m
long trng cho nhng k c mi. Nhng tic phi hiu nh Ys 34:6 46,:0 : ngha l
cng l chin tranh. Mt ngy gieo kinh khng, n i ngi ta ra nh m. ng khc
phi n cc on dng ting Ngy Yahv cho nhng bin c qu kh (Ez 13:5;
34:12; Ai 1:12; 2:22).
Xt nh th th Ngy Yahv nn mt ti c truyn em v vic Yahv can thip,

theo kiu chin tranh. Kiu can thip c ha theo quan nim thnh chin ca Israel.
V li chnh Ysaya cng so snh can thip tng lai theo hnh nh nhng can thip qu
kh ; Ys 9:4 (ngy Maian : Thp 7), Ys 28:21 (trn Peraxim 2S 5:20 25) : Thnh chin
xa l cng vic ca chnh Yahv, v Yahv huy ng c nhng hin tng thin tai
tru dit ch th (sm st : 1S 7:10; bi tri : Ys 10:11 Ti tm : Xh 14:20; Ys
24:7 M mt : Thp 5:4t), v mt iu quan trng : S kinh hong gieo trong lng ch
th lm h ht hong cung cung, tht kinh tn m.
Nh th nhng bc ha v Ngy Yahv s n, v nhng vic hin linh ca Yahv nh

Chin s ca thnh chin. C hai thuc mt lot nim. Nhng yu t ca thnh chin
c s dng li ni cc tin tri. C iu l cc tin tri p dng cho tng lai theo mt
kch thc bao la hn nhiu (lan n v tr) s can thip kiu thnh chin , Israel t
xa trng i, thi Amos h cng th, s can thip ch c th v phn ch Israel.
Nhng h khng ng rng : hu qu c th khc hn khng nh h tng : h khng ngh
rng ngy c th em li ti tm ch khng phi l nh sng.
TOT YU
1. Tin tri ni nhn danh Yahv

Cho dn Cha H c th lm vy bi h chu ly Li Yahv (coi CONGAR Y.
Vraie et fausse Rforme dans lEglise, 200ss Les prophtes. Leur rle et leur caractre).
H ni cho dn nh ca Thin Cha v h. nh c din dn vi thi gian
(trc mc khi thc ti ca nh l Cha Ysu) - din ra ngha l dn dn thc hin
cng nh dn dn t by ra v pha t by mc khi cho bit nh Thin Cha :
1.1 Va l siu vit :

nh i n mt cng ch trong mi iu ni, ha s c thnh tu (tc l
cng vic ca c Msia : Cc tin tri l nhng ngi tin h ca c Msia). V tng

lai , h thy r gin on nhng khng phn bit c cc on ng : Vin tng

trng nhau, chng cht ln nhau.
1.2 Va ni ti :
Ngay trong lch s Thin Cha can thip thc hin nh sau cng, cc tin tri soi
sng cho bit hiu lch s theo quan nim ca Thin Cha. V th cc tin tri ln ln vi
lch s ng thi h cnh co, ngm e, khch l. Nhiu khi h lm cch nghch
nhin : Khi ngi ta an ton, hng khi, th h bo ha khi ngi ta tht vng, th h
bo n tha th, thi phc hng, khi thng. ngha lin tc gia ha v phc c
thnh hnh trong nim s st (do lai t thnh chin, quan nim mc ly ngha
chung lun v Hi Thnh) ( nim Dn ca Thin Cha c thing ling hn, dn n
nim Hi thnh) v v Cha Kit (S st chn tht cui cng l chnh Cha Kit). Nh
th Israel sng mt cch no mu nhim cht v sng li ca Cha Kit trong lch s
ca mnh.
V nh Thin Cha l i n ni gii ha ( coi CONGAR Y. VRaie et fausse rforme...
136ss.)
2.Tin tri xc tin vic thc hin nh Thin Cha :

Cng trnh ca Thin Cha c thc hin nh s cng tc ca ngi ta v ng khc
phi tin dn, bi c 2 nguy him dng li, v sa a. Ta c th ni theo kiu tc gi
(nht l CONGAR Y.) bng 2 hin tng r rt ni Dn Dothi ng trc mc khi Tn
c :
- X tr nh Hi ng (agir en Synagogue)
- Thi Bit phi
(coi CONGAR Y. Vraie et fausse Rforme... 152ss)
2.1 K ca Thin Cha trong lch s

c thc hin nh s cng tc ca ngi ta.
Ngi ta c thn xc, sng trong x hi. Bi sinh hot du thing ling cng thi th
trong s trao i vi nhau : Bng ting ni, c ch, hnh nh. V tn gio chng ta s c
cng thc vic o c, nghi tit. Cc du bn ngoi gi chung l Qui ch. l
nhng du bn ngoi din t ra thc ti bn trong tc l chnh con ngi c lng o,
con ngi thnh tn.
Ci nguy him l dng li ni c ch, cng thc : ni qui ch, ch khng i ngang
qua cc iu , nh m t n thc ti bn trong l lng tm thc : l
thi bit phi.
Cc tin tri lun lun phn khng thi , lun lun nhc li rng : c ch bn ngoi
phi ty thuc ngha ca chng, ch vit phi ty vo tinh thn, phng th ty vo cu
cnh, nghi tit ty vo lng tm thc (coi Mk 2,27). Hnh thc b ngoi l mi nguy
ca nghi tit, v nghi tit lin kt vi t chc t t. Bi tin tri thng gp chng i
ni hng t t (Am 7:12t; Yr 26).
Tin tri v th c coi nh nhng ngi quy ri, v b bt b. H ch trng cc oan,

khng dung ha, qu quyt v iu kin, bnh vc quyn li ca tuyt i, lay tnh
tnh quen l lng khng.

2.2 K ca Thin Cha l thc ti phi pht trin dn dn.

K ca Thin Cha l thc ti phi pht trin dn dn. Mt iu khng c c mt ln
nh mt vt, nhng phi pht trin s gp ci nguy him l an thn th phn, khng
cn mun i qu giai on t n. Nhng ngi c vic duy tr truyn thng rt a
thch duy tr nhng hnh thc bt di bt dch, tuyt nh ri, trong khi ci nng lc tim
tng ca mm ging, tng, li ha cn mun vn mnh xa hn. Thi thy c
ni thi o Dothi i vi Mc khi Cha Ysu em n : bi i ng ha thi
t khc tin ln, lt qu ch vit trung tn vi tinh thn, ta gi l X tr nh
mt Hi ng.
Cc tin tri c nhim v gi pht trin, qu quyt rng qua nhng hnh thc c, v
c y chun na, cn c ting gi ca nguyn l, ca tng sng ng. Hnh thc, qui
ch cng l n hu ca Thin Cha, nhng cha phi l mc ch phi i n : nn cc
tin tri dng kiu bin chng c m li khng : n th, nh David, t l, dn Cha,
Giao c... u l nhng thc ti c, ni li ha thc hin, nhng thc s khng
hn nh th : cn g xa hn na. n th xy ct do tay Salmon l nh ca Thin
Cha nhng Thin Cha s hy hoi n th (Mi 1:2-7; Ez 9:3; 10:18; Yr 7:11-16;
26:18) nhng Thin Cha s lun gia dn ca Ngi (cho du h b i y) (Yr 3:16;
Ys 46:1; Hg 2:3-9; Az 6:12-15), ri s c mt n th mi, em n mi phc lnh (Ez
43:4-9; Za 14:8; Ys 60:1) (coi : CONGAR, Le mystre du Temple).
Thin triu ca tin tri i mt n lc lt ci cm d x tr nh mt Hi ng,

dn cng trnh ca Thin Cha n thnh tu theo nh Thin Cha.
Cng vic ca cc tin tri l mt tin b c tnh cch quyt nh cho tn gio Israel v
- Mt thing ling ha (cc quan nim Dn Cha, nhim v Dn Cha chn : nh t
l, l bi, cc vic o c quan nim Giao c...).
- Tnh cch ph cp ; xa kia dn Cha tuy khng hn ch vo huyt thng Abraham,
nhng Israel cha ngh n li ha phi bao trm ht mi dn vi cc tin tri,
nht l xung quanh thi lu y, tnh cch ph cp c qu quyt (Ys 11:9; 14:1;
19:19-25; Za 2:15; Ma 1:11).
Hc cc tin tri nn :
1. Sm ngn khng nn c nh mt tn th siu thi gian. Nhng li tin tri
thng l i thoi hng hi nhit nng vi ngi mt thi nht nh vch ra cho h
thy v tr ca h trc mt Thin Cha.
2. Di nhng kiu din gii t tng rt to bo, rt mi m i vi truyn
thng, h hng cht vn truyn thng ca Israel. Ha him lm mi trnh by mt o
l theo kiu suy lun. Ct thit l h thng co cho ngi ng thi nh ca Yav
trong nhng hon cnh c bit : h p dng ty hon cnh mt t tng cn bn.
3. Li rao ging ca cc tin tri khng th coi nh mt h thng. Nhng mi sm
ngn l Li Yav duy nht, di nhng hnh thc ny khc, ty ngi, ty hon cnh m
thch ng.
4. Nhng chung chung nhng yu t ny c thy din ra li :
- Li Yahv y l mt li cnh chung ca Yahv trn dn Ngi.
- Bi cnh l xt li truyn thng n la chn ca Israel.
- Thch ng vi tnh cnh ring ca dn (ti li, hay khn n).

AMOS
I. THIN TRIU.
Teqoa : 18 km pha Nam Yrusalem (by gi l thuc lng Sair), thuc sa mc Yua
nhng khng phi l ho lnh, t thi Rbam c n v trm lnh canh.
Amos (cng nh Amasyah : Amasa - Yahv nng , h ph).
Hnh tch chng ta khng bit g ngoi t chi tit : Thi hot ng (1:1), ngh nghip
(nng gia) v vic xy ra ti Bthel (7:10tt). on thm ta c th coi Amos nh mt
ngi nng gia kh gi.
7:14 : Amos khng thuc mt phng tin tri no. Li khng mun h gi hng tin
tri, nhng cho thy s k l l Amos, mt nng gia, m cng thnh mt v tin tri. Mt
phng sch k l ca Yahv. Thin triu l mt s kin, ngi ta khng th bn lun g
c. Thin triu ca Amos c l c lin lc vi 5 th kin : 7:1-9; 8:1-3; 9:1-4.
iu l trong cc th kin l khng ni r vic ban lnh i rao ging iu thy. Cc

th kin vch ra vic tinh thn Amos t nhn dn dn ra n Yahv quyt nh, khng
cn thay i na, trn dn Israel. Thot tin Amos rng mnh chy ku cu cng Yahv
v hai ln (th kin chu chu v ha tai), c Yahv nghe li, ha kia c ngn
nga. Nhng ti Israel ngn ngt dy y, li chuyn cu cui cng ra v hiu. Th
kin th ba v th t, kiu trnh by kh ging nhau : Thi tha th ht Tn s ca
Israel n. Nhng Amos cn ni mt li. Tri li, th kin th nm, Amos nh lm
thinh m nghe n ca Israel : Yahv s truy n cho n cng.
Cc th kin ny khc vi Ysaya v Ezekiel l khng da trn truyn thng no c. ng

khc, t cc th kin, ta khng th hi ra c tn th Amos phi em n nh thy trong
cc sm ngn : Sm ngn ni i ni li v lu y. y tin tri ch nhn chn mt iu,
m l mt iu rng rn : Thi tn s ca Israel n.
II. CNG VIC CA TIN TRI
Cu 1:2 - Mt li sm c tnh cch chng trnh hng dn li rao ging ca Amos (coi
Steinmann, Le prophtisme biblique, 146) - Mt hnh nh rt y ngha m cng mnh
m l lng. V tng, ng l ca Th lut th : Sion trung tm tn gio, Ngai ca
Yahv cai qun ton dn Bc cng nh Nam.
Nhng sm ngn ny, cng nh th kin trn khng cho ta i xa hn vo tn s Israel
s xy ra lm sao? c bit mt cng ca d nh ni Thin Cha, tin tri phi bt u
suy ngh. Amos sng gia mt dn mang n t : Tin tri m mt ra thy mi s u
bin khc, nhng t oan l ra c. Tin tri suy ngh v duyn do ca tai ha Yahv ngm
e trn dn. Vic suy ngh em v :
- Truyn thng ca Dn Cha

Truyn thng y va l truyn thng Yua (1:2; 9:11). Nhng i vi Israel, th phi
nhn n truyn thng Xut hnh (2:9-11). n c la chn l l do cho n pht ca
Yahv (3:2). Sm ngn ca Amos ch c ngha khi ta coi nh mt cuc m thoi vi
quan nim n la chn ca Yahv : kiu dn hiu, v kiu tin tri hiu.

- Chnh tr, v lch s thi .

Phi nh bi cnh lch s mi thc c ci cng hin ca tin tri. Nhiu chi tit cho ta
bit s quan st ca tin tri rt rch ri (9:7 : Cuc di dn ca nhm Aram v nhm Dn
bin, ng thi, v h trng trong bn c chnh tr Syrie-Palestine).
Amos theo di bin c mt cch tinh mt, iu l ra trong :
- Li sm v n trn cc dn tc Palestine (1:3-2,8)
- Ra kin v nhng thng li ca Israel trn Damas (6:13)
- Qung kin ca Amos i n c cc dn lng ging kh xa nh Kaln, Hamat.
Bo vic lu y qua Damas (chc l m ch n Assur) (5:27).
Nhng s suy ngh v thi cuc khng phi lm theo kiu mt ngi bit quan st
qun trit c thi th :
- Li tin bo hu vn ca Amos c th tm tt : Israel s b bi trn v dn phi b
lu y. Trong li bo nh th, chc rng chnh sch Assur i vi cc dn b tr nh
thng nghe bit c nh hng. Nhng nn ngay ting Assur cng khng
c ni n.-
iu ct thit Amos rao ging tu chung l th ny : Trong tai ha chin tranh (2:13tt;
3:11; 5:3; 6:9t 14; 9:7; 9:10), Yahv gp chnh mnh Yahv khng phi Yav nh dn
knh th trong cc n th, v l bi, nhng Yahv m dn cha h bit, ng s t mnh
ra trong cc K cng mi. V s t mnh trc tip trong bin c l iu phi lm
ngi ng thi kinh ngc, chn ng : 3:15; 5:27; 5:17; 7:9; 9:8.
S can thip trc tip ca mt bn ng m t xa n nay Israel thng coi nh mt
v thn bn mnh. Ngi s can thip tn khc n i Amos c v hoi nghi c v S
st (3:12; 5:15; 6).
III. CO TRNG HCH TI ISRAEL.
Th kin cho tin tri bit Yahv khng cn tha th cho Israel na. Nhng Israel lm g
ng n ca ngha n ? Duyn do ca n pht, tin tri trnh by ni li cnh co,
mng trch, tc l nhng li i trc li hm da. Li hm da hu nh khng thay i
v ni dung (iu tin tri bit c trong th kin, v c din li ni ha chin tranh
v lu y). Cn li qu trch, cnh co th lun lun uyn chuyn, xoay mi chiu
cho thy cc kha cnh, cc thi bui, cc kiu c x bnh thng hay l k ca sinh hot
nhn loi, nh php vo chnh i sng c th, v vch ra mt cch khng n nang d
gi. l cc li co ti : chung chung ti trng c qui v hai iu :
1. Vi phm n lut iu ca Thin Cha

1.1 Cu 1:3-2:5
Mi lin lc gia cc dn tc cng da trn nhng lut iu, tuy khng vit ra, nhng
cng bt buc phi tun theo trong cch x tr gia cc dn vi nhau.
t chi tit ch gii :
Cc li sm 1:3-2:5 vit theo mt th thc : Tuyn n pht. L do t vic thi hnh n pht
. L do n pht mi ch mt khc. Cn hai iu thng ging nhau.
1:3 kiu ni v ba... v bn : Thuc kiu ngn ng, khng phi ni r l ba hay bn ti,
nhng ch mun ni : Lng qu y.
Ti ca cc dn b ln n khng phi v k b hi l Dn Cha, nhng Yahv cng minh
xt x. Bt c u c bt cng, Ngi u trng tr, v bt cng v ti c nht nht u

phm n lut iu ca Yahv, v chuc ly n pht ca Yahv. o l c thn da trn

lun l Amos hon ton ph cp.
1.2. Cu 3:2 :
Nhng ti ca Israel cn nng hn nhiu, v Yahv chn dn : h c Ngi yu
mn v kt thn (Bit!) V tin tri vch ra cc ti ca Israel : p bc ca hng giu c,
cm quyn trn dn en :
Cu 5:7. 10-13 : H bc lt ngi ngho kh. Giai cp Israel qu chnh lch.

Nhng iu bt cng l ra r rng ni vic x kin : Cng dn kh gi mi tham d vo
vic x kin m chnh h li l hng giu c, v nh th thng h ngi x vic ca h.
Nhng k khc b hng ku chng thu tri, v cng chng c ai bnh .
Cu 8:4-7 : Nhng kiu li c cng bng, nhng cch trc li man tr. Trong khi h
yn tm c hnh ci o ca h : Hnh hng l bi : 4:4t; 5:4-6; 5:21-27 (cu 5:25 phi
chm chc m hiu : khng phi l trong sa mc Israel cha bit n t l, nhng nhng
t l kia khc xa kiu ca Israel hin ti : n s gin lc).
i vi tin tri, kiu th phng l cch khiu khch cn ngha n ca Yahv : L t

nh vy c gi tr g, ang khi ngi ta khng m xa n thnh ca Ngi?
Kho cu cho ta thy nhng lut iu Amos m ch n c th gp b lut Giao c
(Xh 20-23). So snh cc khon co trng ca Amos vi lut xa, ta thy tin tri t
ngi ng thi trc ngha en ca b lut, ch khng p dng cch trit kht khe.
Nhng tuy th, mi s u hin ra di mt hnh thc khc hn, bi mt ci g ngm e
c s mng Israel. D nhin cc gii iu ngi ta nhn nh c th thc hnh c. V
thi no cng vn c nhng ngi vi phm cc lut iu (v th trong cc lut iu
xa vn c khon trng tr k vi phm). Nhng nay khng phi mt vi ngi vi
phm, m l ton th Israel, t ra l cc hng ngi c uy th, trng trn phm n
nhng iu cn bn. Amos khng ni cho chng ta bit hin tng nht n xy ra,
hay l ngm ngm tim tin t lu.
Nhng iu ct thit l n hu Israel chu ly t Yahv, Giao c v Lut ca Ngi,
nn ci ha cho Israel bi tht trung hu nh ton din.
2. Mt tn gio qu t ti
Li ging c tnh cch kch ca cc tin tri tt nhin c tnh cch cc oan mt chiu,
khng t tt c tnh hnh tn gio Israel. Nhng d sao s sa a v tn gio trong Israel
n giai on trm trng. Amos ln n cch ring hng thng lu kh gi : H sng
cch v t v t mn trong sung sng. Li trch mc v tnh ham sung sng ny khng
phi do mt ngi thch kh hnh, khinh ca ph vn. Israel xa khng th, h coi mi
ca ci trn i nh n hu ca Yahv. Nn li trch mc ca Amos ni ln mt t oan
g khot c sinh hot Israel su thm lm :
Cu 6:6 - Mt li trch kh l.
Tin tri ngh n nhng bt cng trong x hi. Nhng con mt ngi i xa hn mt vi
iu bt cng. S mc nt m r su thm ni y lng. V khng c lut no cm
nm ging sang qu, hay xoa du thng hng u; cng khng thy c lut no bt

phi au n v nhng tai ha ca Yuse. Nh th l Amos nhm n ci tm tnh nng

ct ca Giao c : Hesed - ci ngha tng thn tng tr, tnh lin i ca nhng ngi
trong Giao c. Ci hn ca Giao c bin. Th m u u tin tri cng thy ngi
ta t khi chnh mnh, ung dung tn th vo Giao c, m trng i Ngy ca Yahv (5:18-
20). Nhng h khng ng c rng Ngy ha ra m ti cho h (iu kinh ngc l
dm qu quyt s can thip ca Thin Cha Giao c, ca Thn bn mnh li ging ha
cho dn Cha). n la chn v Giao c h c l m coi nh vinh d, nhng h khng
bit rng lin lc vi ng Ch Thnh c th tai hi cho nhng k nhm ln : Nhng k
coi r c nhng k cng nh Xut hnh. H khng nhn ra thi ch thc ca h i
vi Yahv. Nhng vic Yahv thi hnh trong lch s cnh tnh h, h cng khng
nhn ra : 4:6-12.
NB. Su tp mt s sm ngn t lp trc tin, nhng c lin lc v ch (ting sm

ca Yahv sau mi cu nhp thay i : l du nhng li t lp). Cc tai nn y thuc
lch s cn i ca Israel. Trong cc bin c thin tai, tin tri nhn thy vic Yahv lm,
v mc ch l em ngi ta hi u tr li cng Thin Cha. Nhng Israel m qung
khng nhn thy g c. Nn coi chng! Mt ha khc kinh khng hn nhiu s n. Tin
tri trng v hnh thc : C l c v ci Ha khng v hnh v tng ng gh s hn
l nhng tai ng bit. Cc tai nn tin tri t: i km (6), hn hn (7), la a, chu
chu (9), dch t, chin tranh (10) (cc nm 765 759 Assur-Babylon c hn thin thi
dch t gh gm, c l truyn nhim lan rng trong cc vng Tiu ).
IV. PHC HNG TRONG TNG LAI

Cu 9:11-12.
Rt tranh lun v tnh cch xc thc. Mt phn bi ngi ta coi li sm tin tri nh mt
tn gio c h thng ring, da trn xc tn bn trong. Nhng k thc ta thy tin tri
hng ng trong truyn thng truyn thng b hiu sai tht, nhng khng phi v th m
tin tri phi lt truyn thng tri li h hng i thoi vi truyn thng, v nh
chnh li nhn danh Yahv. Amos ngi Yua, khng l khng di li cht no truyn
thng avt-Sion. Li sm v tng lai y ng trn truyn thng . V li li sm y
khng c g l huy hong n i phi ch lu y n khp vi vn khi huyn bt
u: Nh avt (lu) xiu vo phi c tu b li, nhng nn mng t trc ri.
Ng n vic ti lp Nc avt theo hnh thc l tng tin khi, sau khi b iu
tn. Nhng Yahv s khng tiu tn iu Ngi xy dng, Ngi khng khc t
quyn ca Ngi trn dn t di Danh Ngi (cn 9:13-15 cc tc gi ng l
thm sau : Ha mt cnh phong ph l lng thi sau Dn ( lu y) c tr v an c
lc nghip : Dn ca Yahv l mt dn bt dit.

HS
Introd. la Bible I. 493-500 (Steinmann J. Le prophtisme. Biblique. 187-240.
DBS.VI, 926-940 Ose (A.Gelin)
THI BUI :
Nhng nm cui triu Yrbam II. C on I cn phi thuc v triu i Yrbam :

ngha l trong vng 5 nm. Vy Hs khi s vo li 752. 2:4-17 3:1-5 cng cn thuc
mt thi yn n, thnh vng. 4:1-5,7 sng bi vn rt thnh.
Ri n chin tranh gia Syrie-Israel vi Yua vo triu Peqah v Akkaz : di li trong

5:8-11, k vic xm lc ca Tiglat-pi-leser III vo nm 733 : di li trong 5:14 7,8t.
K l nhng cuc cch mng lin min ni triu Samarie : 7:7 8:4; chnh tr i ngoi
xiu gia Aicp v Assur (7,11); vic Hs ben Ela hng phc Assur (5,13) v phi cng
hin nng n (8:9t)
Cn cc on Hs 9-12 d hiu hn c vo thi yn n trc v sau vic Salmanasar V ln

ngi (727). Hs ben Ela li 727 xiu hn v Aicp (2V 17:4 : c l di trong Hs 9:3;
11:5; 12:2; 13:15). Bi cuc dy lon, vn mng Israel n lc cng tn (Hs 10,7).
Cn 13,10 thuc vo lc Samarie bt u b vy hm : v ngay lc u Hs ben Ela
hng u. Nh th nhng chng c th ghp vo thi biu c th thuc cc nm
725/4 trc mt t hay lc khi s vic Samarie bao vy.
Thi th coi :2V 14:23-29 triu Yrbam
2V 15:8-31 cc vua Zakarya, Shallum, Menahem, Peqahya v Peqah.
2V 16:5-9 thi Hs ben Ela, Samarie tht th.
HS:
t chi tit ta bit r v i ca Hs v vic hn nhn. Nhng ngay cng c nhiu

iu tranh lun. nh ch gii. Qu qun, ni hot ng : Ch bit c cch gin tip.
Chn chn l Israel pha Bc (cc thnh Hs ni n) u thuc v vng Ephraim
Benyamin). Ni hot ng : Samarie (5:1-7; 5:8-7:16; 8:1-14), vng Bethel v Gilgal
(4:4-19).
Dn thuc tinh thn :

Hs cho thy mnh cng chung vo mt nhm, mt hng vi cc tin tri khc, nht l
nh mt t trong dy, chuyn ln n tn Ms (4:15 9:7 12:11 14); li l nhiu khi di
li ting Amos (4:15 8:14 10:4 13:7t). Hs c mt tng r rt v hng t t chnh
ng Israel, nh cn sng ng gia cc nhm Lvi thi (4:6; 6:6; 8:12). C 2 nhm
tin tri v t t chnh thng b ln mt a v trong dn bi nh hng xm ln sng bi
Canaan. Bi quen bit cc nhm , v hnh nh Hs cng l nhn vic, cch no ,
nn Hs rt quen bit truyn thng cu tro ca Israel. Hai nhm ny l nng ct ca
phong tro Th lut th. V thc s Hs c lin lc nhiu vi kiu ni v thn hc Th
lut th.

Tnh tnh :
c sc l nhit tnh, thn i. Li ni st sng nng hi. Khng c mt tin tri no c
ging thm tha nh Hs.
Coi : Osty (Amos Ose) (Bible de J.fascicule) tr.65 (c sc).
LI GING CA HS
I. S SA A TN GIO.
Li ging dy ca Hs hon ton ng trong thnh s (mt im c sc ca Th lut

th). Dng nh l lun ca mnh, tin tri ch coi l chc chn khi t c cn c
trong lch s. Yahv dng mt Thn bn mnh ca Israel t Aicp (12:10; 13:4).
Yahv dng mt tin tri, Ms (kiu ni E) dn ng (12:14). Thi tin khi v
th hong kim thi i ca dn Cha, thi m Yahv c th trt c lng yu thng n i
ca Ngi xung, thi Ngi ly dy luyn i m du dt (Hs 11:4). Nhng hin ti th
khc mt tri mt vc. Israel b Yahv, nh mt ngi v ph tnh vi chng m
chy theo tnh nhn. Hs t cnh on tuyt trong cuc hn nhn ca chnh mnh
v thng tri ngha n ca Yahv, v s khc t dn ng nghch ni tn tin tri ban cho
con ci sinh bi cuc hn nhn .
Hn nhn nh vy c tnh cch mt du ch, v l thnh phn ca li rao ging, v

thc s c hu t nhng g l c sc ni tin tri : S phn n trc thi tht trung
ca Israel, hnh pht ngm e trn vn mng ca dn, v c m ch n mt khi im
mi Thin Cha li ly lng u ym ca Ngi m lm ra kt ngha vi Israel.
ch s sa a v tn gio, Israel ha theo Canaan, tin tri dng nim gian dm,
ngoi tnh. Ting dng din ra : Lin lc bt kh phn gia Yahv v Israel, v mt trt
s nhm gm cc nghi tit sn lc v th thnh dm ca sng bi Baal. Nhng khng ch
c m ch n nghi tit dm dt Canaan m thi, m cn ht cc kiu th quy (nghch
vi iu rn th nht v th hai ca thp gii - 4:12 17; 8:4-6; 13:2). Israel an c lc
nghip trong vng canh th (Tl 32:15tt), v tng rng cc n lc l nh cc Baal
m c, khng nhn nhn ra rng mi s u bi Yahv (2:10) - Mt qu quyt ng ly
lm l : Hs thm nh mt cch tch cc cc gi tr vn minh. L ra Israel th n ri th
phi bit rng, nh n lc mnh trong a v tuyn xng c tin trung thnh vi
Thin Cha giao c. Thi ca Hs v th khng th ni thng nh Humbert P.
Ose, le prophte bdouin (nn so vi thi nhm Rekab) (Yr 35).
CH GII Hs 1-3
1. Vn hn nhn ca Hs : Cc kiu gii thch :
- Hn nhn tng tng, ch c ngha bng. Hin nay khng cn my ngi nhn, v
t nt ca trnh thut khng th by t (Gomer, 2 trai 1 gi, tin tr ly v) mt t d
cn g phi thut li hai ln.
- Nu l chuyn tht, th :
+ Hs ci hai v khc nhau (Th. Hieronym, Dom Calmet, B. Dhum, D.Busy).
Khng g ngn tr v thi tc thi i. Nhng on 3 khng ni thm v ngi v, gi
thit l c gi s bit nh on 1.

+ Ch c mt mnh Gomer trong c hai trnh thut.

Nu ch c mt mnh Gomer, th phi hiu 2 trnh thut th no ?
* Hai vic khc nhau, k theo nhau.
K. Dudde : Gomer thnh ngoi tnh sau khi sinh cho Hs 3 a con. Vic ngoi tnh
ng l vo 2:1-3. Sau Gomer v vi cha m, Hs mua chuc li lm nh n t.
H. Schmidt : Gomer thnh ngoi tnh trong mt l bi v thnh gi im n th, s hu
ca n th. Hs phi chuc li nh mt n l.
* Hai trnh thut trng nhau. Th d: A.Gelin, sau nhiu tc gi nh J.Fuck,
J.Lindblom, Th.H.robinson, C.Steuernagel.( Mun r hn coi : DBS VI,928-931.)
2. on 1 :
Cng vi on 3: trnh thut v mt vic c tnh cch tng trng : Hnh vi triu bo
(c im :
1. Lnh Thin Cha dy lm mt vic
2. ngha ca vic lm
Trnh thut thng thm : Tin tri thi hnh lm sao (c khi thiu).
Tc gi : Khi so vi on 3, ta phi ni chc l khng do chnh tin tri, nhng phi l
mt ngi ng thi, mt chng nhn tin (bit r nhng vic gia t ca tin tri, v v
con ci).
Cu 2 : iu quan trng l hiu cc ting v hoang dm, con hoang dm.

Ting dng khng th hiu cch n gin l mt gi im nh ngh. Cng kh m hiu l
mt c gi c tnh lng l. Phi hn a dm t bn tnh, v : Nhng con ci hoang dm
(c nam c n) cng nh m trong trnh thut tnh a dm khng c tc dng g c.
Cng khng th ni : Ni th l n trc vic sau ny s xy ra, v nh th l em .3
m ct ngha, hoc ngm hiu vic ngoi tnh g ngay trong .1, m vn bn khng c
mt di tch g. ng khc kiu ni : Du hoang dm xc nh ngi n b phi
ci. Vy nhiu tc gi (Coppens, J.Hw wolff...) hiu ting hoang dm y theo
ngha nghi tit Canaan : Bt c ngi n no trong dn Israel c tinh thn tht trung
ca dn, bt c c gi no l tn n Baal (con ci hoang dm cng ct ngha nh th), nh
th khng phi ni n s try lc ca mt c gi giang h, m l s sa a tn gio ca
ton dn. Ch ct yu trong c on, v c sch sau c nu ln ngay t cu u.
Ti sao chn ting hoang dm ch s b o Yahv?
Nghi tit sn lc ca Canaan cng nhng thi v lun nhp tch hin trinh ni in
th trng c c con (chng ch : Hrodote I,199 v dn Babylon. Lukianos v
thnh Byblos). Nh th hoang dm ch bt c c gi t mi no ca Israel thi ,
thi hnh nghi tit khai tm v sinh sn , v c l c mang du g ni mnh.
Con ci hoang dm: Khng phi sinh con ngoi hn nhn, nhng l v m chng
mun c c con nh nghi tit tri nghch nh th vi o Yahv.
T vic hn nhn tr i, ta c lot hnh vi triu bo ko theo nhau. C gia nh ca tin
tri nn mt Du v mi e da cho Thin Cha n. Tn th ca tin tri nm ngay trong
i sng ca mnh :
2.1. Ngay t u ti phn phc ca Israel.

Ti phn phc ca Israel i vi Yahv l l do cho ba li hm da (4 6 9). l dp
khin Yahv dng Hs ban Li ca Ngi : Vch ra rng Dn ca Ngi khng

trng i S sng, Con ci, Vng quyn, S t do ni lng thng xt ca Yahv v s

trung tn ca Ngi i vi Giao c, m l ni Baal v cc nghi tit Baal, ni quyn
hnh cng sc mnh ring. Israel xc phm n Yahv, bi ting ch cht hoang
dm m u cho tn th Hs em n.
2.2. m ch l hu kt Thin Cha ko ra t thi ca Israel :

n ct l Yahv rt lui. Israel mong i u ym v h ph ni mt ch khc, th
nhng chng ch u ym ca Yahv, tc l cch din by ra S sng ca Ngi, cng ht
dn (c.6). Giao c, yu t nn tng ca sinh hot Israel trong lin lc vi Yahv, c
coi l chm dt.
Khng phi Yahv thoi thc, nhng Ngi ch t nhn rng Israel nn dn ca mt
thn khc, th Ngi ch c vic rt kt lun v thi ca Ngi. n cng bao qut bao
nhiu, th Yahv li cng t hot ng by nhiu.
Cu 4 : Tiu hy triu i.
Yzel : Ly mt tn t (thnh) - khng h dng cho ngi ta t tn - Nn mt b n
lm ngi ta thc mc v ko n nhiu kiu tr li ca tin tri (1:5 2:2 24 25).
m ch n cc ti c hung tn ca Yhu (842-815), coi 2V 9:24 33 27; 10:7 14. So vi
2V 10:30. Kiu cp quyn nh Yhu, i vi Hs l mt vic hoang dm ry b
Yahv. Mt vng quyn trong Dn Cha m li xy dng trn m mu th th no
cng b Yahv ph nhn.
Cu 5 : Mt li ca Hs, nhng vo li 733

(cng nh Ys 9:3 : ngy Maian, cng vo thi ny).
Ti phm u, hnh pht cng xy .
Cu 6 : Ngm e rt hn lng thng xt : khi c nh Israel.
Cu 7 : Mt cu ch thm.
Chc khng do tay tc gi, m l mt son gi (nhng phi trc 587) khng r c m
ch n vic Senakrib phi rt lui khi (Yua) (Yrusalem) nm 689/8 khng? (2V
19:32-34; Ys 29:5tt; 30:7).
Cu 8-9 : T nhn vic bi b Giao c nh mt s kin.

- Cu 8 : Vic thi cho b thng l mt ngy l (Kn 21:8; 1S 1:24) lm 2 hay 3 nm
sau khi sinh ra. y ng : Tc gi cho thy Yahv sau khi ngm e vn cn ch
mt thi gian , ri mi tuyn li ngm e th ba.
- Cu 9 : Li gii thch trn l cu tr li cho nhng ngi thay v hi ci th ch vn
l : n e da kia lm sao i c vi Giao c v n la chn (Am 3:2; Yr 7:4). Kiu
ni gi n nhng ting trong on Xh 3-4 (3:7 10 12 14; 4:12 15) : Phn ca cng
thc giao c, li on tuyt. Cu ny ch c ngha nu em so vi Xh 3:14 v coi (theo
Vg m dch) : vos non-populus-meus/Cc ngi khng phi Dn Ta / ego non-ero-
vestri (vester)/ Ta khng phi Cha cc ngi na. Ting Hipri lo-ehyeh : ch
ehyeh l chnh tn ca Thin Cha nh ngi kt Giao c (cc ngi khng phi Dn
Ta, v Ta khng phi l ehyeh ca cc ngi na : Ehyeh - ng hin din mt cch
y hiu lc bn Israel.

Giao c chm dt, Israel ri vo hng ng ca cc gyim / Dn ngoi.
3. Nn thng bo n pht c lm tng t mt.

Li ngm e c tin thm dn : i ng, trit , nng n hn dn. Cng lu cng thy
s hi tic khng c, bi n pht nng n hn cho n ch on tuyt gia Yahv v
Israel. Nhng i vi tc gi, trnh thut y n au ny mi ch l li ta (bi mt
son gi chm cu 7, lo rng trc mt tia sng v tng lai). Nhng trc khi n
iu mi Thin Cha s lm, Israel phi bit thn phn mnh, phi nghe cho hn mt ln
Ly th n ng phi nhn ly.
Hs 2:4-17.
Mt tiu tit c tnh cch duy nht theo ti ging dy : Mt t d t u ch cui.
Nhng xt hnh vn th phi ni n gm c nhiu tit khc nhau 4a 4b-5 6-7 10 11-15
16-17.
Th vn :
Theo nhng th tc thng din ra ni cc v kin Ngoi tnh ni cc ta n (ni ca
thnh) thi : Ngi chng b phn ku c con ci n lm chng co ti (4a). Li cnh
co ti hu cho ngi c ti (4b) Sau li hm da trng tr thng tay nu c ngoan
c (5-6). Sau trnh thut din ra : Nhng nhn v ca n trng (cc cu 7 10 15b) v
n trng (dn vo bng ting bi cho nn : cc cu 8-9 11-15 16-17). Nhng li kt
thc cng nh li cnh co, ngha l th tc ca v kin c tnh cch mt cuc dn ha.
Tin tri dng th vn mt cch d di, th nn Yahv y va l nguyn co, thm
phn, ngi thi hnh n pht, ngi dn ha (Tl 22:21 phi l nhiu ngi khc nhau).
Tit ny phi vit vo mt thi kinh t cn thnh vng, cc l bi cn din ra bnh
thng ng khc ging vi on 1 nn phi t vo nhng nm cui cng triu
Yrbam II.
Cu 4 : Yahv gi vai tr nguyn co hch ti ngi v ngoi tnh.

Chiu tp chng nhn co ti : y l con ci (ng m v con ci y ch l mt :
Israel - s phn tch m-con m ng cho thnh gi c th ra khi ton khi Israel
bt trung m v li pha Yahv). Li hch ti - Cng thc ly d theo php lut tng
ng vi li hy Giao c trong 1:9.
Nhng cui cng : Vn cn l cnh co, dn xp. Nhng vic dm bn, ngoi tnh
y c th ct i c khi mt my, ngc... : tc l nhng ph hiu, nhng du m
nhng ph n c hnh nghi tit sn lc theo kiu Canaan (Ba 6:42; Kn 35:4; Xh 32:2;
Za 13:6).
Cu 5 : Lt trn :
m ch n phn v chng phi lo cho v c o xng, ly d ri, chng khng cn phn v
(Xh 21:10 : lut hn nhn Tiu ). Nh khi sinh ra : Chng nhng trn trung, m l
cn bt lc, khng trng sng na. Na cui cu y ni r ra hnh pht l t ai li thnh
sa mc, kh chy.
Hs y s dng thn thoi Canaan (v nhiu dn khc, coi Van der Leeuw, La
religion... 83-84 : t so snh vi ngi m): mun ni t ai Israel c hoa mu l do
t Yahv m n.

Cu 6 : Hnh nh l ph ch
cho thy con ci cng khng khc g m : cng mt l ngoi tnh.
Cu 7 : Ngi n b tha y r rng l i din cho ton dn.

Theo ui tnh nhn : Cc Baal; cc sn vt cn thit cho sinh tn vng canh th c
coi nh tng vt ca tnh nhn l cc Baal.
Cu 8 :
Cu 8-9 - Nhiu tc gi t sau cu 15 (Oort, condamin, Procksch, Bible de Jrusalem).
Chc rng, cu10 i vi c.7 hn Nhng ng khc cu 16 khng xui vi cu 9, v 9b
i phi c 7b. Th nn : c y nguyn vn bn, v bit rng : cc cu ny c duy nht
v ch , ch khng duy nht v hnh vn.
Ro li bng gai, hay tng , lm cho c gi a tnh kia khng cn bit li i n nh

tnh nhn na. T d : Ton x b tn ph ra hoang vu, c mc, cc thnh ha bnh a
cn tr tri nh tng ngn chung chin, b giu vn nho, ng i n cc in
th Baal ra lu m tt c. Li tt i n nh tnh nhn, c gi tha kia khng kim ra;
c l m ch n nhng ng hnh hng n cc in th.
Cu 9 : tnh nhn c ui theo c tm cng khng gp na.

Ngi ph n kia mi hi u. T d cho vic Israel ngh li thi hnh phc thu xa tc
l nhng ngy u : thi xut hnh, thi sa mc. Nhng li cnh co khng , phi c
nhng vic trng tr nghim khc, Yahv mi t mc ch ca Ngi.
Cu 10 : Khng phi tip tc c.9 m l vi c.11, lm nh l do bi th cho nn.

Li trch y em v s qun nhng nhng vic cu thot ca Yahv, nn nhim t
tng Canaan. Cng thc : Cc n hu thin nhin, sn vt canh th, thuc tro lu Th
lut sau ny (Tl 7:13; 11:14; 12:17; 14:23; 18:4; 28:51). Cn vng bc ch thi thnh
vng triu Yrbam II.
Cui cu c v chng tc thnh Baal : mt li ch thch lt vo cu, v Hs
khng ni nh th. S nhiu khng i vi phn th nht c.10.
Cu 11 : Hnh pht theo phong tc lut l Tiu

Ngi v khng m xa n chng th b ui i, chng khng phi lo cung cp g c.
(Lut Hammurabi 141; ANET 172).
Cu 12-15 : t nhng hu qu ca mt ma, theo t d hnh pht ngi v tht trung :

- Lt trn : Hnh pht bu xu (Ai 1:8; Ez 16:37; 23:29). Cc Baal (tnh nhn) bt lc
trc s can thip ca Yahv.
- Tin tri lin p dng, khng dng t d : Cc ngy l thng l dp lm cho Israel
th quy - ma mng mt c th l bi cng chm dt (cc l : th t l : l ma thu vo
v hi nho (l nh tm), ngy sc (u thng), ngy sabbat, v cc l ly khc).
- L bi hi h bin c bi khng cn nho hay v m Israel nh con - coi nh
tin cng tnh nhn tr cho vic bn trn nui ming ca mnh. S tn ph gh rn :
mi s nn hoang vu nh rng, cho th d.

Cu 15 : Tm li cc ngy l l ngy ca Baalim ( s nhiu Baal) :

Hs cho thy Israel th nhiu Baal, t thn. Trong cc l , c l thiu hy sinh phc
sc nghi tit rc sch linh nh.
Nhng iu lm Yahv au n : n qun ta. Ti ca Israel Yahv cm thy thm
tha ni chnh mnh Ngi.
Cu 16 : kiu ni gi thit lin lc vi 15b (ti ca Israel

Cch x th ca Yahv, nh 7/8-9, 10/11-15a) Thay v tn ph thnh sa mc (11-15a),
th c vic dn vo sa mc. Nhng mc ch t n cng nh nhau : Israel thy c ch
cn c Yahv vi mnh, ch khng c Baal no na. Tin tri t mt cnh phu xng ph
ty mi, bng nhng hnh nh c o :
- Quyn d (r r mt c gi c lm tnh nhn mun chinh phc).
- Ch hu qunh l ni uyn ng th th vi nhau Nhng Yahv s em vo sa
mc, tc l mt ni khc hn canh th. canh th Israel mi ln ln Baal vi Yahv
c, cn sa mc khng th c Baal (thn sn lc, tiu biu l cy ci xum x cht i
sng li). Nhng ngha t d l g? Tr li i sng du mc, hay lu y? C l hn l
sinh hot du mc ti din, v ch c mt mnh vi Yahv, v li ha cu 17 (ban li vn
nho t ) (coi 12:10b; 13:4-6). Nhng lu y l cch hiu ca Ez 20:33-44.
- Ni vi tim lng n : Kiu ni i n ca k r r (Kn 34:3), ca k thn thit
(Ruth 2:13); cch x th ca ngi Lvt trong Thp 19:3 (Ai s c Yahv dng m ni
li cho dn? Hs khng ni r. 12:10t cc tin tri l nhng k Thin Cha dng
gii by lng yu mn ca Ngi).
Cu 17 : Li u ym ca Yahv c tip theo bng chng thc :

- Tng vt cho c gi Israel b chinh phc l vn nho T .
Sa mc l khi im (khng c coi nh ch ngi ta gn gi Yahv hn c, nhng l
ni thun tin Yahv t quyn nng ca Ngi). Vn nho tiu biu cho tt c phc
lnh canh th, bo lnh cho mt khi im mi sau Phn xt (Kn 9:20), nhn n s hn
hoan vui sng (Tv 104:15), du ch mt thi sung tc thnh vng trong thi bnh (2V
18,31). T mt cuc chinh phc Canaan li.
- Yahv s bin thung lng Akos (tc l ni Israel thy s thnh n ca Yahv
ngay khi vo t Canaan, Ys 7:24-26 : ni em n tai ha) thnh ca hi vng.
Khi im mi ny khc hn xa khng em Israel xa dn vi Yahv bi ly nhim
vi Canaan, nhng t Israel p mt cch y n i nh thu bc chn ra khi
Aicp (Yr 2:2 s ct ngha : trong tnh ngha, luyn i, tng phc). Hs khng bit n
truyn thng thi sa mc l thi ng nghch lun lun ku ca.
Chung :
S kin cn bn (lun lun dn Cha phi suy ngm) : Thin Cha au kh trc nhng
tnh ngha ngang tri ca Israel. Lng mn ca Ngi au kh, nn Thin Cha li ly
lng mn c chinh phc li lng mn ca Israel. Mun din by iu , tin tri dng
t d ngi n b ngoi tnh mt cch trit . T d ny ra vi mt ti thn
thoi v hn nhn gia cc thn. Nhng thay v mt n thn, th c mt dn lch s :
bi thn thoi thnh ra v hi, v bin thnh mt t d kch rt him vo thn
thoi Canaan xm nhp vo dn Israel. C khc t nhng phng sch Yahv dng
t nh : chinh phc li Israel : li cnh co b t thn m hi ci, ph hy nhng dp

lm ny ra th quy ti Palestine v sau khi dn dn ra khi x, li n i ca lng

mn cng chng ch ca lng mn : khi im mi (cnh chung).
Mc ch cui cng ch c mt : Israel quay u tr li vi Yahv. Li cnh co khng

, phi c vic ca Yahv mi t n mc ch : 9b v 17b (vic phn xt i vi li
ha v vic cu thot). Vic phn xt to nn cnh hung sa mc. Dn Cha c
canh tn i mi th li phi vo sa mc (Khi im ca Tn c cng t sa mc).
Hs 2:18-25.
Sau tp nhiu mnh vn (ngi th dng i lun, ch cng nh nhn vt, hu nh mt
cu u khc). Ni chung su tp : Chnh Thin Cha ni v tt c cc cu u mun
ha Ngy cu ri ca Thin Cha.
18 Ct ngha ting ng p ca 17b
19 Cho thy thi mi ca Israel l vic ca Yahv 98t 11-15 16t).
21t Ct ngha vic chinh phc li Israel nh mt vic nh hn (16)
20 23-25 ly li 17a.
Tc gi cc sm ngn l Hs, nhng su tp v cch ni cu (ngy ...) l ca son gi.
Thi bui sm ngn :

Thi Israel b bi trc vic tn cng ca Tiglatpileser III (733). l dp khin Hs
trnh by gii thch Tn tng trng ca con c (Ysreel). Thi khn qun, t ai b xn :
ti cc vng ph nhiu, dn c b ko i y (25a). Li sm cng trong mt tnh trng
lch s nh Ys 8:21t/8,23-9:6 (cng thuc thi ny).
Cu 18 : Trong ngy c m ch n Ngy ca Yahv (mt s thay i lch s).

Ting dng thng ch mt li bo hnh phc. Li l vng li 2:16. Ct ngha 2:9b
17b - S dng 2 ting Hipri ni v ngi chng :
- Ish : Ting thn mt, tha thit i vi v hn (2:9; Kn 2:23t).
- Baal : Chnh ngha l ch hng v pha lut php : Chng l ngi lm ch v
(Xh 21:22; Tl 22:22; 24,4). Nh th li mun ni Israel khng ch knh n Yahv nh
Cha ca mnh theo lut nhng cn nhn mnh c lin lc mt thit thn i vi
Yahv.
Nhng ng sau cn kch sng bi hn hp Canaan, v Baal cng l tn t thn
(Israel ng nht hay th Yahv cng vi Baal).
Vn bn : TM vocabis, LXX : vocabit.
Cu 19 : ni r n sng bi hn hp.
Vic tuyn tn v Yahv khng phi l cng nghip Israel, nhng vic ca Yahv.
Nhc n tn : Tc l long trng ku khn khi l bi, hay rao ging nhn danh v thn.
Cu 20 : Sau vic canh tn v phng s Thin Cha, th c s canh tn v tr.

- Lin lc vi loi th : mt giao ho nh Yahv lm mi gii gia Israel v cc th
vt (chia lm 3 hng nh Kn 1:30). tng : coi Ys 11:6-8; 65,25. Ln th nht thy ni
n mt giao c Cnh chung.
- Ha bnh gia cc dn tc (ging nh Ys 9:3t).
- Sng trong an ninh, hnh phc.

Nhng li ny phn chiu li tnh trng nm 733 : Chin tranh ph tan hoang ha th
d cng ng s lm hi cho ngi ta (mnh th) cho vn tc (chim chc), cho ng
rung (th b st).
Cu 21-22 : Phi hiu tc l nh hn ni n y :

Khng phi ch l hn ci, hn g, nhng l nghi thc cui cng trc vic rc du :
trao mohar (tin cheo ci : thng l 50 nn bc seqel) cho cha ngi con gi v nh
th l kt thc nhng i hi ca php lut trc khi c sng chung.
Nhng y mohar :
1. Trao cho chnh hn th (Israel)
2. Ting dng khng cn m ch n mt tha, mt nt, m l mt hn nhn hon
ton mi : Mt giao c mi.
3. Sinh hot giao c mi hon ton da trn mohar ca Yahv trao tng : Tc l
sedeq (cng bnh) mishpat (chnh trc) hesed (hiu ngha), rahamim (hin t),
emunah (tn thnh). Nh th Israel bit Yahv : mt iu Yahv than trch l
khng gp thy (2:10 15; 4:1 6; 6:6).
Cu 23-24 : ting chnh l ng p (nhm li)

(c ni thm bi li sm ca Yahv k thm ngay sau)
y ta c mt th t i t Yahv tri t la-ru-du Yzreel : ni vi nhau bng
ng p v gi thit t di ln trn c khn cu. Yahv khng ng p trc tip vi
Yzreel, nhng l ngang qua mt chui trung gian, tc l nhng t s cu gip ca Yav
c chuyn n.
Yzreel : Chnh l dn Israel phi mt ma i kh. Nhng cng m ch n cnh ng

Yzreel, va la ca Israel v nh th ly li tn con c ca Hs : Ti c ca nh Yhu,
ni Thin Cha trng tr ti c (1:5 : bi cuc xm ln ca Tiglat Pileser III) nhng
cng vi tn 2 ngi con khc (1:6 9) nn tng trng cho mt dn b n pht.
Ngy cu ri, ngy m thoi vi Yahv (16t 18 21t) cng l ngy c nhm li khn
xin nhng nhu cu sinh k.
Cu 25 :
i danh t Hipri (TM, LXX) l ging ci. Cc tc gi thng i thnh ging c
hip vi Yzreel (c.24). Nhng hai bn khc nhau (c.24 : Yzreel c nhm li, cn c.25 :
Yzreel c gieo xung), nn hnh nh mt phn ca sm ngn mai mt (trong c
ni n m ca Yzreel?).
Vic gieo vi y khng ch l tng gia nhn s, nhng phi hn ng n : Hoc l

ngi lu y c hi hng hoc l nhng nng gia b trut quyn s hu trong vng
c ti lp gia c. Yzreel c i ngha n pht, m mc ly ngha li ha da trn
t nguyn ca ting (El gieo vi), v m ch n tt c cc vng Israel mt trong cuc
xm chim ca Tiglat Pileser III nm 733. Cng vi Yzreel, tn hai ngi con khc cng
mt ting L (khng) ng trc bin thnh tn im may ( L-Rukhama - L-
Ammi.) Israel, dn b n nay nh lng thng xt (ruhamah) m c nn dn Giao c
ca Yahv li (ammi). V th l chm dt khi dn tuyn tn li cch trung thnh Deus
meus (elohay/Ly Thin Cha ti.)

Chung :
Su tp cc li sm c v li ngy y : Thi Yahv thc thi li nh thng xt ca
Ngi. Trong ngy y c mt Giao c mi (mt lin lc mi : hn nhn (31t), giao c
(25), hay c nhm li (23t) v Israel p li). Mi ! v mi s u lm li khc. To
nn mt sinh hot mi (va ni tm, va ngoi gii).
Hs 2:1-3
Theo kiu hnh vn, th phi t cc cu ny sau 2:4-25, chiu theo trnh t li rao ging
ca Hs Ngy ln lao Yzreel, lin lc vi li v Yzreel 2:23-25.
Hon cnh cng thuc bin c nm 733: Tin tri nhc li li ha cu thot, nhng mt
m m nhn n vng Izreel, ni n pht ca Yav hin t.
Son gi t cc cu ny ln u, cho thy tin tri khng ch ging phn xt (on
1) thi. Cn c tia sng hi vng.
Cu 1 : Israel c tng gia dn s v bin.

Chi tit v dn s Israel : 2V 15:19t (Israel c 6 vn in ch bnh thng : ngha l nu
k n b tr con gia nh h th n 30/40 vn v k c dn en v ng c cng n l
th cng khng qu 80 vn).
Dn s so vi Assur th thc khng ng k.
Nh vy vic tng dn s ni n thc l mt php l.
Nh ct bin : Chc l m ch n li ha cho cc T ph (Kn 32:13) Li ha xa

nn li sm Cnh chung v phi ngang qua phn xt : dn s gim bt l n pht vy
tng gia : Yahv ct n pht.
L-ammy : Chp nh ca n pht, Giao c b hy. S thay i khi thi cu thot n s
l : Israel : dn c lm con ci Thin Cha hng sng. Thin Cha hng sng : Hs
6:2; 13:14 tc l ng ban s sng, ng c quyn chng tr trn cc quyn nng ph
hoi hy dit, khc vi cc Baal. Con ci Thin Cha hng sng, i chiu vi con ci
ca hoang dm, (chu ly s sng nh th do t thn, v bi mc n tiu dit 5:
9,10tt; 11,7). Israel kt hp vi Yahv th c mt sn lc l lng. V nh th 2:1b l l
do cho 2:1a (v th nn khng dng y ammy (dn ca ta, 2,3 25 : ti lp Giao c).
Cu 2 : Vn mng mi ca Israel.
1. Hp nht gia Yua v Israel. Ez 37:21 em v thi sau lu y. y khng cn
phi hiu v lu y, c th ly bi cnh chnh tr 734 chng nhng Yua-Israel tch
i, m cn l cu ch. l du ch n pht ca Yahv. Thi cu thot : cu ch v
chia r chm dt.
2. H cng chn mt u : hp mt vi nhng ngi phn ly. Hs khng
dng vua (ch dng trong nhng li n pht) y, u nhc li thi trc vng
quyn (Ds 14,4; Thp 11,8) : nhng th lnh trong Giao hiu. Chn th lnh kt thc vic
thng nht.
3. H s ln t t : c ct ngha.
- C ngi hiu theo Ez 37:21t em v thi lu y. Nhng t trong Hs
thng ch x Palestine, nh th khng th hiu b ni lu y m v.
- C ngi hiu v cuc hnh hng cnh chung. Nhng ngha qu do phng
on V li hnh hng n ni no?

- Nn hiu theo Xh 1:10 thng th trong x, chiu theo bi cnh 733, dn

thng nht chim li u th trn t ai di quyn h Assur. 2:25a : Yahv gieo
vi hu qu l dn mc ln sn s cng cp, mnh m.
V ngy Yzreel tht ln lao : Ngy gieo vi ca Yahv thnh cng v i, l do cho vic
tng dn s 2:1a. Nhng vi cu trn, th y l l do : Israel t do, thng nht trong t,
lm ch t, sau khi Thin Cha em nhng ngi b pht lu tr v (gieo 2:25a).
ng khc c th tin tri cn hiu : Mt trt ton thng gii phng dn din ti cnh ng
chin trng tr danh Yzreel, cng nh Ys 9:3 ni n Ngy Maian i chiu
vi ngy bi trn 1:5.
Cu 3 : Li khuyn nh :
Hy x i vi nhau (Israel v Yua hin thi) trong vin tng giao c mi (Ammy :
/Dn ta), v lng thng xt (Ruhamah / c thng oi).
Chung :
Bo ngy cu thot s n, nhng c im l dn s tng thm l lng, s hp nht gia
ngi phn ly, di mt quyn hng dn, trong s t do ni x s. Li ni cho mt
dn b p bc, nh bi, m bn trong li chia r, gy hi vng, v c gng lt s chia
r hin ti di vin tng n hu ca Yahv s lm cho dn.
Hs 3 : Khng nn c .3 ny nh tip theo .1, nhng phi coi nh tip tc .2 (so

snh 3:3t // 2:8; 3:5//2:9; 3:1//2:16t). Chiu theo hnh vn, .3 l do tay tin tri, c vit
trc .1, kt thc cho cc li sm 2:4-17, v c mc ch rao ging ch khng phi
vit hnh tin tri bi khng nn c sc dung ha v sp t di nhn gii .1.
Ch ct yu ni ting yu mn.
Lng yu mn ca Yahv : mu mc cho lng yu mn ca tin tri, tng phn vi
nhng tnh nhn khc. Lng yu mn ln lao chng no thy c ni hnh vi tin
bo ca Hs. Tl 24:1tt (Lv 21:7) cm vic . Vic L lut khng th lm, th Thin
Cha lm (Rm 8:3 0 Yr 3:1 / 3:22 4,: Ez 16:32tt; 2337tt ha li Hs).
Lng yu mn khng hi ht : khng khinh r chnh mnh, cng nh khng h gi
ngi mnh yu, bi 2-3/4) : nghim khc v yu, v hnh phc ngi mnh yu (so
cu 3:1 vi 3:5).
II. NHNG NHN VT B KHIN TRCH
1. Cc t t.
Hs ch trng n tn gio Israel nn hng t t c nhc n cch ring, nhng s sa
a ca h qu nng (Hs 4:6 9; 5:1; 6:9). iu tin tri thy thiu hn c l da ath
Elohim (bit Thin Cha). Khng phi mt khoa thn hc tru tng, cng khng phi
ch l thi bn trong i vi Yahv, nhng mt ci g cn bn cng nh Torah (Hs
4:6) : mt cch bit Yahv m Israel mai mt, nn ra khn n, bi ting ch
n s am tng v nhng vic Yahv lm trong lch s (11:1 9:10 13:5t 2:10) v
Giao c vi Yahv (8:1 6:7). Vy ti ca hng t t l c qun, b l nhng d
kin ca truyn thng v gio hun c ban mt trt vi mc khi v Yahv nh

Thin Cha giao c. Torah l cch Yahv hng dn ng li cho Israel n s sng
(Tl 32:47), nn hng t t sau nhng nhim v ct thit ca mnh th li ko dn vo
dit vong.
V iu ny : chng ct yu l Hs 4:4-19 : Sa a tn gio trong dn Israel (Mt on

c nhiu kh khn v vn bn sai chy nhiu). Mt lot sm ngn c duy nht v ch
ging dy, ch khng c duy nht v loi vn, hnh vn, nhn vt v ni dung. Chung
chung da trn nhng th tc ca ta n thi : Co ti, ging pht, qu trch, cnh
co, khi th ni vi b co, khi li ni v ngi b hi.
Cu 4 : C th hiu nh li mt t t ui tin tri

Nhng phi hn l li tin tri ni thng vi t t nhn danh Yahv : Yahv hch ti chnh
t t ch khng phi ai khc.
Cu 5 : Can thip ca Yav trn ti ca t t :

S b trt ng lc thanh thin bch nht, ai cng chng kin c. Cn cc li v tin tri
trt vi t t : thm sau.
Cui cu 5, phi hn C m ngi cng cht dm vi ngi
Cu 6 : Ti ca t t : Khng bit Yahv .

Phn th hai : ni n con ci t t. Dng t t cha truyn con ni.
Cu 7-8 v 10 : i vi nhau: Tt c hng t t u sa a

Thay v danh d bit Yahv th chng chuc ly nhc. Tc l cc ti ni trong c.8 :
Ngay trong phng th, h ch ngh n t li ca h. Bi (c.10), hnh pht l mi iu
h trng i ni nghi tit kiu phng th Canaan th li xy ra mt cch hon ton nghch
li.
Cu 9 : So vi 12:3 th hnh nh l ph ch cho cc cu 4-6.
Cu 11-15 : Mt lot sm ngn em v dn hn l v t t.
Cu 11 : Nhng s ngng i c ma (nht l nho) lm in u Israel (h nh vo

m thut ca nghi tit Canaan hn l trong li khn cu cng Yahv).
Cu 12 : Hs ch nho m t ci in di ca dn.
Dn b m hoc bi mt thn dm (nh th qu nhp) : Hng h t b m.
Cu.13 : Tip tc c.12 t mt cao n (Tl 12:2) :

Ni hay i, c bn th cng vi Ashera v Massebah, t nhiu cy thing (1V 14:23; Yr
2:20). Cc vic t t c th ly Xh 32:6; Ds 25:1t lm mu. Ton l nhng nghi tit
sn lc.
Cu 14 :Ti gia qui trng.
Cu 15 : Ting Yua lm thm sau p dng cho Yua nhng li sm ca Hs.

Cu 16-19 : Tht l mt l ngy tc.
2. Quyn chnh tr trong dn.

Trong th gii xa, chnh tr v tn gio hu lun lun i vi nhau. ng khc, nn
n chnh quyn ca Israel pha Bc c tnh cch c sng thn hng. Cc tin tri
thng can thip c, thy c ni Elisa. Hs kch chnh tr cng theo mt truyn
thng . Trong nhng nm cui cng nc Israel lun lun lon lc, triu chnh in
o : Yahv khng cn can thip vo na (Hs 8:4). Dn cn tin tng Yahv h ph
Israel, nhng Hs nhn vo chnh tr th thy r n pht ca Yahv trn dn ca
Ngi ( Hs 13:11). Ngi ng thi ly mu chnh tr hn gn nhng rn v trong
dn, nhng tai ng ang e da, tin tri th thy ci r ca tai ng su hn: Chnh
Thin Cha quay li chng vi dn ( Hs 5:12t).
III. SM BO HA PHC
1. Ha :
Hs thng m ch, ch khng ni r. t khi tin tri t ch xc l thuc bin c lch s
no : Tai ng do ch th (8:3; 10:14t; 11:6; 13:15), c khi lu y (l l chng nhng
n Assur, m li qua c Aicp : 9:3 6; 8:13; 11:5). Nhng tin tri quan nim iu mt
cch cu tro nhn qu ng p cht ch (5:4t; 7:2) : Mt th quan nim bng lm d
chu. Nhng khng phi v th m tin tri ngh n mt lut v danh chi phi s mng
Israel. Khng ! ch c Yahv : Ngi nh li cc vic ca dn (7:2 : trc mt Ngi)
(8:13; 9:2). Phn xt khng c t c th bng bin c lch s no, y l v c li tin tri
u hng n iu ny : Yahv by gi chng li dn ca Ngi : Ngi s sa tr (5:2),
s nn s t hung d (5:14), nn nh ngi sn th (5:2 12; 7:12). ng trc dung mo
, th mi kiu thi hnh hnh pht trong lch s khng cn ng k.
2. Phc.
Li bo ha qu ni bt, nn nhiu tc gi mun b ngoi cc li bo phc nh do tay
son gi ch thm. Bo phc li khng phi l gim gi tr ca nhng li sm kia sao?
Nu nhng ngi b ln n b tru dit, nh n ra, th bo phc li cn c ngha g?
V th phi nhn rng c nhiu thnh gi khc nhau, nhng ch c mt Israel. Israel ca
Thin Cha gy ln ni lng ca Thin Cha va thnh n va yu mn. Tin tri nh
th chn mch, nghe tim lng ca Yahv m tht ra nhng li bt h, khng h gp ni
tin tri no khc ( Hs 11:8t)
on 11:1-11 (tr c.10)

Lin tc vi nhau rt u: t sinh mng Israel t thi nin thiu cho n tng lai sau
ny. Yahv ni t u ch cui. Nhng truyn thng v thi u c chuyn qua hnh
nh lng yu mn ca mt ngi cha (trc kia hnh nh hn nhn) v thc s c g
ging vi 2:4-17 3:1-5 (khc : V y n pht n, m Israel vn khng tr li
Nhng (l lng!) chnh Yahv hi tic m tr li - ngha l trong s thnh thin ca lng
yu mn Ngi, Ngi quyt nh bo m n cu ri sau ny. Thi bui : c l vo
thi Salmanasar V (727-722), sau bin c 733.
Cu 1 : Bin c Xut hnh.

Bin c quyt nh hn trong thnh s. Trong lng yu mn ca Yahv mua chuc

Israel (Hs khi s truyn thng kt ni Tl 23:6; 7:8 13; 10:15; 4:37). Giao c c t
bng lin quan Cha vi Con.
Cu 2 : Nhng a con y l ng nghch.
Cu 3 : Cn tip tc bin c Xut hnh.

Yahv l ngi cha lo n con tng li tng t n lm c lng y iu tr con mnh
(3c: nhng chng khng bit cha lnh chng : sn sc nh mt lng y)
Cu 4 : Bin c : Sa mc v chim t Canaan.

Vn bn kh khn. Hnh nh ngha chung : Ta dn dt chng vi dy thn yu luyn
i. Ta nn nh nhng ngi bng con ca mnh m p tn m, Ta ci st xung
vi n mm n cho n. Nu nh th th hnh nh vn l ngi cha, ni n ngi
chn nui nhn t. Vy cu ny t lng khng thng, h mnh l lng ca Yahv n vi
Israel.
Cu 5 : Phn nghch li.

Thi ca Israel. Truyn thng sa mc: Israel tic nui th thnh Aicp (Ds 14:4; Xh
16:3).
Hin thi : Chnh tr lin minh vi Aicp (2V 17:4). Nhng qui g : mun coi nhng
bin c cu thot nh gieo ha, m tr li thi khng c cc iu .
Cu 6 : Tai ha chin tranh.

Cu kh hiu. C l : Gim ma tt... tru dit nhng a hunh hoang ni ln, nut
chng nhng d nh m tri ca chng. C th m ch n nhng bin c 2V 17:4.
Cu 7 : Tai ha cng khng lm cho Israel tr li.
Cu 8 : Nhng tuy th Israel s khng b tiu dit :

Yahv khng b hn dn ca Ngi. Nhng li rt mnh : Yahv chin u vi chnh
mnh khi tiu dit Israel : Ngi hi tic, s phn tranh xy ra chnh ni lng Ngi.
Cu 9 : Thin Cha khng thi hnh n thnh n ca Ngi cho n tiu dit.
Ngi trung thnh vi lng mn ca Ngi (11:1). L do : Thin Cha l Thin Cha, l
ng Thnh, khng phi nh mt ngi, hon ton ty thuc vo phn ng ca ngi i
din c x. Ngi lm ch nh ca Ngi, c s thnh n ca Ngi. ng
quan nim v s thnh thin ca Yahv ni Hs : Khng phi ni n pht m l
ni nh cu thot : S thnh thin mi chng t chnh mnh l g (Ys 40:25tt).
Cu 10 : Ct ngha thm sau dn bin c trong c.11.
Cu 11 : V sau cng li ha hi hng cho nhng k b pht lu.
3. Sa dy :

ct ngha li sm ha v phc , Hs dng quan nim sa dy. Hnh ng ca

Yahv pht xut t lng yu mn ca mt ngi cha mun o to, dy d, sa dy con
mnh: t gii hn, ngn nga mt a con bt khng, n bit hi u. l t tng
chng ta gp trong Hs 3. Nhng iu Yahv ct i rt cn thit cho sinh hot, n i
khng r Hs ngh sao v cch sng ca dn trong bui giao thi . l mt cch
din t cnh chung : tin tri nhn n s on tc gia hai thi, v on tc tuyt i,
n hu ca Yahv c nhn nhn l tuyt i.

YSAYA - MIKA
YSAYA
Coi Introduction la Bible I. 501-512.
DBS IV, 647ss (Isaie, par A.Feuillet)
Coi Introd. la Bible I, 507 :
Sp t cc on theo nin biu (v nin biu, y c i i cht) :

742 : Ys 6
742-735 : 2:6-22; 3:1 -15; 3:16-4:1; 5:8-24 + 10:1-4; 9:7-20 + 5:25-30.
735/4 : Ys 7 8; 9:1-6; 17:1-11
Li 724 : 28:1-4 (c l c on)
713-711 : Ys 18 20
Li 705 : 14:4b-21; Ys 28-32; 22,15-17
Li 703 (c l 28:7-29) 29:1-15 (son li) 30:1-17 27-30; 31:1-9
Li 701 : 22:1-14; 1,4-9
Li 689 : 10:5-34; 14:24-27; 37:22-25
Cn nin biu cc on khc, kh xc nh.
Ys 6 : TH KIN KHAI MC
Coi : Ph. Bguerie... Etudes sur les prophtes dIsrael 9-51 (Lectio divina 14).
Ys 6-9:6 ni chung l thin Emmanuel. ch thc th thin ny gm c phn gia 7:1-

8:22 : Tin tri lc thut li cng vic ca mnh - Trong nhng ngy thuc chin tranh
Syrie-Ephraim. Trnh thut ng l phi c theo ngi th nht, ngay t on 7.
Cun sch nh t lp c thm bng trnh thut th kin khai mc, v kt thc
bng 8:23-9:6, don li nhng li sm cu thot. Trnh thut nh vy c mc ch
khuyn ngi ng thi tin tri (v c gi thi sau) hy vng vng trong lng tin. Ngay
t lc tin khi c thin triu, tin tri c bit rng : Cng vic ca mnh s
tht bi. Ngang qua n pht nng n ca Thin Cha, dn s c ty sch, v Thin
Cha gy to ln mt s st thnh thin. Chnh s st th hng cc li ha ban cho
dn. Tm tnh v kinh nghim nn mng ca li rao ging ni Ysaya c nu cao
ngay t u, cm thm tha v S Thnh ca Thin Cha, v s ti ni ngi ta, ni
chnh tin tri cng nh ni dn Israel. Nhng Thin Cha khng loi b ht c, iu
ch do bi mt quyt nh ca Thin Cha chiu theo n sng ca Ngi, khng phi
Ngi c quyn trng tr ti li m thi, m Ngi cn c th v mun tha th.
6:1-4. Th kin
Ni r nm :
Nm Osya cht (742 hay 740, c ngi mun hn 736/5). Nhng khng th bit l trc
hay sau khi Osya cht. Nhng phi nh l Ytam cm quyn c l t 758/7, v Osya
cht v mc bnh.
Kiu trnh thut v thin triu :
Ysaya cng theo mt truyn thng vi Mika ben Ymla (1V 22:19tt) v Ezkiel (Ez 1-3) :
mt quan nim cn bn l mt cuc tn phong gia nhng thin thn trong triu nh ca
Thin Cha. 1V 22:19tt : Triu nh bn lun, cho n khi Thn Kh ra mt v ngh.

ngh c Yahv chp thun, v Thn Kh c sai i. Trong Ysaya : Yahv trn
ngai, trong n th. Nhng tin tri s khng t nhiu, bt qu n o chong di chn
Yahv. Nh th, Ysaya khng ngng mt ln, v quang cnh chng bao lu nn nh m
ti gia nhng khi hng. Th gic gim phn, nhng thnh gic rt ni : Ting hoan h
ca Seraphim lm rung ng c in th... Trc gic v ti L nghi ty u. V sau l
vic tn phong s gi : Ysaya sn sng lnh nhn vic y thc. Khng c quang cnh
thin triu no uy nghi lng ly bng trnh thut ca Ysaya. Trnh thut Ezekiel tuy phc
tp nhng cui cng cng thuc mt nghi tro : Yahv vinh hin gia cc thin thn
trao s mng cho tin tri.
Ti thy :
Ngn gn, nhng by t mt iu kinh khip i vi tm tnh Israel xa thy Yahv.
Tin tri khng ni Ngi thy th no. Mi s u quay v i tng, ch khng suy
ngh trn hin tng tm l. Yahv ng trn ngai, nh vua thin quc ang thi hnh
vng quyn ca Ngi. Quyn cao c ca Ngi c ng ni Ngai cao, trn b cao;
v a v ln lao v uy nghi ca Yahv c ng ni o chong ca Ngi, ta lan c
thnh in, hnh nh n c ni Ysaya ng.
Theo ting ni, th kin din ra trong n th Yrusalem. Ni ca Yahv l tri cao,
nhng Ngi hin ra cho k n yt kin Ngi ni n th di t. C th Ysaya c
ngh n quan nim thn hin trong phng v ni n th, cch ring vo dp l ln hn
c (Hag) : l ma thu - nhiu tc gi nhn l ng quang ca Yahv. Tuy gi thit cn
khng chc, nhng chng ta s thy Ysaya s dng nhiu quan nim thnh truyn
thng trong dn.
Ysaya c l trong n th, hay ni gi l ulam. Khng bit dt khot tin tri c lin lc
g vi nhn vin n th hay khng.
Di o chong ca Yav, ly c n th :
C l nhn my khi ngn ngt vt hy sinh : Tin tri chuyn n tng : Di o ca
Thin Cha. My khi che khut s uy nghi ca Thin Cha ng trong Ni cc thnh
(Debir) di mt khong u m tranh ti tranh sng.
Seraphim :
Nh vua trn gian c nh thn, th Yahv cng c Seraphim h v, nh triu nh ca
Ngi. S - v cu 3 nn c th hiu l 2 Sraphim. Ysaya c th nhn thy 2 Seraphim
ging cnh trn Hm bia, mng tng thy c sau bc trng, ngn gia Hekal v
Debir. Nhng i chiu vi 1V 22:19 v gc hnh nh mt triu nh, th phi ni nh
sch cc vua :Cc o binh trn tri. Cu 6 cng cho php hiu nh th. Hnh th : c th
so snh vi shedu v lamassu ca Lng h a (coi ANEP 646 647 651 : cc kiu thn
c cnh) ; Ysaya : chc l mt ngi v tay (c.6).
Ngoi ra th tranh lun : Ys 14:29; 30:6; Ds 21:6; Tl 8:15 : Hnh rn. Nhng theo t
nguyn : Nhng vt nng la v sng lng. C ch ca Seraphim : lnh che mnh : mt
(h cng nh ngi ta : Thy uy nghi ca Thin Cha c th cht c) v sinh thc kh
(chn : kiu ni nh). C ch ca Seraphim c ha theo kiu thng thng ca th
gii thi . Nhng ngha : s khc bit v cng gia Thin Cha v mi th to : l
cch cho cm thy s thnh thin ca Thin Cha.
Cu 3 : Quan trng.
Cc ting Saint, Gloire
(coi Vocabulaire de thologie biblique Diction. encyclopdiq. de la Bible).

Khung cnh :
n th nh m ti than hng rc ni hng n Bng rc sng nh chp la
Thin Cha oai nghi trn ngai cm bo ca Ngi bung th lp c Hekal o binh
thin thn sng lng quy qun. Sau : li ca ngi ca cc Seraphim vang dy nh sm
st, n i c n th rung chuyn t nn mng, cnh ca nhy dng ln ni n bn l
ht bt tung ra.
Qadsh : 3 ln.
Ch c Thin Cha ng th ly, ch c Ngi l Thnh. Ku n 3 ln : Mi s thnh
thin u ni mt mnh Ngi. Ngi l ng khc hn (mi to vt). Ngi ta
khng th t mnh t thu Ngi. Ngi cch xa v cng, ng knh s, du Ngi c
ly lng thng oi chiu c n u i na, th Thin Cha quyn php, trn lnh, hon
ton ngoi s li dng, s dng ca bt k ai. Ngi c mnh lc thc thi quyn
cha t ca Ngi trn ton c v tr. Ngi l ng siu vit.
Yahweh sabaoth / Yahv cc c binh:
Nhn vo quyn php v bin ca Thin Cha, c th chng tr mi quyn nng trn
tri di t, v thi hnh mi nh ca Ngi. Ngun gc ting cn tranh lun. Vinh
quang Thin Cha lp y c a cu. Kabd (s trng vng, th gi ca Thin Cha) :
Thin Cha xa v ngn, m cng gn gi l lng. Mi thc ti u ni n ng dng
nn, ang bo tn v cai qun mi s (Tv 19:2t) v lch s mun dn cng hng v
Ngi l ng chi phi mi bin c (Ys 42:8). Nhng s vinh quang , i vi mt
ngi phm cng trong en ti, nh s hin din ca Yahv hon ton khut n i vi
Ysaya trc khi Thin Cha mc khi mnh ra cho ng. Thin Cha c t vinh quang ca
Ngi ra, ngi ta mi c th nhn thy c. S thnh thin ca Thin Cha ni c
l vinh quang tng n ca Ngi. Cn vinh quang ca Thin Cha, chnh l s thnh
thin ca Ngi gii by ra : Gii by ra hy dit nhng g l khng thnh thin, thi
hnh n ca Ngi trn ti li ; sau cng hin t ra rng vinh quang ca Ngi lp y
c a cu.
Cu 4 : Quan nim Cu c:
Vic Thin Cha hin hin l c tri t u rung chuyn, ni non nghing ng, khi m
mt, chp sng la : V tr bo Cha ca mnh n. y li ca ngi ca Seraphim cng
c hiu qu tng t ni n th, khi m mt. T by gi th kin nh chm trong my
khi.
6:5-7. Dn vo s v
Cu 5 : Xng th ti li mnh.
Tip xc vi s thnh thin, ri mi rt kt lun v thn phn mnh c : Ysaya bit
mnh l ti li, v bi b n cht. Khng ai thy Thin Cha m cn sng c (Xh
33:20; 19:21; Thp 6:22t; 13:22). Tc hiu Yahv Vua : Lin lc gia Thin Cha v dn
Israel l lin lc vua ti (phc tng, tun lnh Vua : che ch). Lin lc Ysaya v ton
dn khng gi. H l u. Tip xc vi th gii siu nhin mc khi, Ysaya c t
nhn tnh cnh khn n ca chnh mnh cng nh ca ton dn xng th n ca Thin
Cha l cng minh : K phn lon cng Vua ng phi t hnh.
Cu 6 : Mt thin thn ly than ni bn th.

Nghi l ty u. Than t bn th, tip xc vi s thnh thin, th c sc tha ti, ty sch

(Ds 17:11t. Lnh Thin Cha khng ni, nhng gi thit l c).
Cu 7 : Cng vi c ch khng c thm li ni :

Din t v thi hnh vic thanh ty. Ting tha th chnh l lp ph i : m ch n vic
ty xa ng phi mu ra.
Ysaya khi c thng xt v ty xa ti li, mi c th nghe ting v ng p li li
Thin Cha c. Sau Ysaya c tham d hi ng t vn trn tri. Ngi ta c
nhn bit ti li mnh v c thot khi ti li mi c th thi hnh nh Thin Cha.
6:8-13. Ku gi v sai i.
Nhng vic chun b xong : y l vic tn phong.
Cu 8 : Tin tri c nghe thy li bn bc trong triu nh ca Thin Cha :

Ta s sai ai? Ai s i thay cho chng ta?
Nn : Cu hi y khng phi l hi m th sung. Coi LED 14:31 : Cng thc
ca mt lnh sai tng t ca thn Anu ni vi t t Ashipu. Nh th l r mt s mng
mun ban xung.
Ny ti y, xin hy sai ti :
So vi Yr 1:6; Tl 3:11: S d da ca Yrmya v Ms mun trnh ci s mng on
bit l cay cc, Ysaya chng chng khng mt cht d da. Mt nhn cch qu cm !
Ysaya nhn bit mnh l ti li trc mt Thin Cha, khng ng sng na. Bi
n ku gi ny l mt n khng ng c, nhn bit rng sut i mnh phi trung tn
p li n hu (1Cr 15:8-10).
Cu 9-10 : Li y thc s mng. Kiu ni rt gn ca Ysaya!

Dn ny :
Yahv khng ni n Israel, nh Yakb gia Thin Cha v dn c s tch bit
Yahv khng cn lin lc thn thit vi Israel na.
Li truyn s mng :
L lng, v nghch l. Nhiu tc gi cho rng hu qu ca s v Ysaya c ngm
ngm l din. Nh th cng thc i phi ni l ting di li kinh nghim, v thuc thi
vit li trnh thut. L lun khng nht thit : Li Thin Cha khng ch bo bin c m
cn to nn bin c. Li khng ban ni dung ca tn th Ysaya phi rao ging, nhng l
hu qu ca s v. Thin Cha khng ct li ca Ngi khi dn (nh kiu ngm e ca
Amos 8:11-12), nhng li bi ming tin tri ch c hu qu ko n pht n chng hn.
Mt on quan h v vn cng lng (coi : Vocabulaire de Thologie biblique, ting
Endurcissement).
Ysaya c s mng lm cng lng ngay t lc c ku gi lm tin tri. Nh th Yahv
dn tin tri chng li mi cm d ng lng khi thy s tht bi ca li rao ging ca
mnh.
Cu 11 : Cho n bao gi :
ngha c th hiu vthi gian lm tin tri, hay v hu qu nh th ko di cho n
khi no. Li Thin Cha p li hng v hu qu hn.
Kiu ni ca tin tri :

Mt li than th (Tv 13:2; 74:10; 79:5; 80:5; 89:47; 90:13; Ha 1:2). V nh th tin tri
bt u ngay s v tin tri : Mt phn nhim v tin tri l chuyn cu cho dn (Am 7:2 5;
Yr 15:1). Ysaya nh vy xin tha th. Ysaya rt d dt v tnh cm bn trong mnh, khc
vi Yrmya. Thnh thong chng ta c vi chi tit nh, nhng cc iu cng cho
ta thy li rao ging n pht ca tin tri khng phi do mt lng cng ci, hn di, ca
mt ngi k d tch mnh khi x hi, nhng ch l hon ton vng phc Thin Cha v
mun cu vn dn mnh. Tin tri cm thy mnh lin i vi dn, v lun lun phi thng
mnh tun theo Thin Cha (8:11; 22:14).
Li Thin Cha p :
Khc t li ku xin ngm ngm trc ht l n pht nghim thng trn Israel v Yua
: Tn ph gm gh. D nhin gi thit gic gi, v bi trn.
Cu 12 : Ni n Yahv, ch khng phi Yahv ni.

Nhng cng phi hiu nh cn tip tc li Yahv. Kiu hnh vn nh th cn thy trong
nhiu li tin tri khc : tin tri khng chp y nguyn cc li c Thin Cha mc khi.
Nhng nhiu khi din theo li ni ca chnh mnh khi ban b tn th ra cho thnh gi. Cu
ny bo n pht lu y. Tai ha kinh khng.
Cu 13 : Cu ny cn tng thm gh s.
Du c lut khi n pht, cng cha gi l thot. S phn mi st li c so snh
vi mt gc cy tr tri c my mm mc ln, nhng li b d b ngom mt. Nhng khi
ni ngi ta l hon ton tuyt vng, th Thin Cha can thip : Gi ca n hu
n. thy t rng n cu thot khng phi l sc lc, ti tr ca ngi ta, nhng l ch
do t quyn php v lng trung tn ca Thin Cha.
T gc ny ra chi lc thnh.
Tranh lun v LXX khng c. Nn nhiu tc gi cho l thm sau.
Nhng phi ni l : LXX b chp sai.
Quan nim S st trong Ys 1:9; 11:1; 7:3. Chnh ni s st , tin tri t hi vng ca
mnh cng nh ca ton dn v c v tr. (Ch s st, coi Vocabulaire de thol. bibliq.
Reste).
Li ng nghim lm sao?
Thi gian s lu lc. Tin tri sut i s gp lun tai ic, mt thong manh. Tin tri s
thy Israel pha Bc bin mt (nh th 9 phn 10 sai mt). Nhng gc cn li l Yua
cng cn phi b tn ph gm gh na, cho n khi cc k cn li xng th ti li ca h
(23:42). V Thin Cha bt u thc hin iu ha v hi vng Israel : Thin Cha
trung tn khng b dn Ngi.
Cc li rao ging ca Ysaya rt i st vi lch s ng thi. Sp t cc sm ngn
theo trnh t lch s v iu cn thit hiu. Nhng khi ch gii tng chi tit, ta c
th sp t cc sm ngn theo truyn thng Ysaya di li.
1. YSAYA RAO GING LUT THIN CHA

Ysaya cng nh Amos lun lun tnh thc cnh co dn Cha chiu theo Lut ca
Thin Cha. Ngi ln ting vch ra nhng cch un b php ch ca dn Cha, mi cch
bc lt n p nhng ngi thuc a v hn km. Hnh nh t th k th 8, gia cc tin
tri c mt truyn thng no v nhng ch rao ging. Ysaya quan tm c bit
n Lut Thin Cha . Ting cng bnh, chnh trc c vai tr ln, hu l trung tm

ca cc li rao ging (sdqh - 1:21 26 27; 5:7 16 23; 9:6; 10:22; 28:17; Mishpat - 1:17
21 27; 4:4; 5:7 16; 9:6; 10:2; 16:5; 28:6 17).
Cng on lin lc vi Thin Cha lm sao, tiu chun l ni thi ca h i vi Lut

ca Thin Cha, ni s chm gi Lut Yahv, ngi ta mi l ra thm tm thnh tn hay
khng vi Yahv. Bc ha v l tng tng lai, cnh chung ca Ysaya l mt
Yrusalem di quyn nhng v thm phn v phng trch c, mt v thin t bo lnh
cho lut php (1:26; 11:3tt). Cc kiu ni v Lut php nh th, cng nh li ku gi
vng phc ch khng phi l t l (1:10-17), nhc li r rt li ca Amos, v cng ng
mt ging nh li tin tri ng thi khc : Mika (Ysaya v Mica ch trch nh nhau v
lng tham u c t ai ca nng gia ngho kh Ys 5:8 / Mi 2:1-5).
Nhng ni Ysaya c t nt khng gp ni Amos : Lut Thin Cha kh c ngha ring

bit ngoi khun kh cng ng. Ysaya c mt t tng r rt v chnh tr quc gia,
ch n cc hnh thc chnh tr m hp vi cng on Yahv thit lp, v c n
nhng chc v cn thit cho cng on. Nhng Ysaya khng phn nh li giao hiu, v
quan nim ca Ysaya r rt l quan nim mt Nc tp trung. Yrusalem cnh chung
c canh tn nh mt quc gia vi nhng chc v hnh chnh (1:26). Ni thnh
cc k c cu s tun n (14:32). Vic cu thot v canh tn Israel u da trn mt
quan nim Nc. Bi i ha cho Israel l mt Nc mt th thng, sinh hn lon :
3:1-5 (nhng k cm quyn cn ng c vic bin c, hn lon khp ni, nhng tr
con, tay bm thuc mt hng ngoi ln u, ginh nhau cai tr mt cnh i bi).
C iu ng khi so vi Amos, l cc li co ti khng ch vch ti ngi li phm,

m nhiu khi li c t trong mt khun kh thnh s : Ton dn chng cng
khng chu vng phc (1:2t) nh nhng a con ng nghch i vi mt ngi cha lm
cha phi than phin (Tl 21:18tt c khi phi t con mnh, v np cho php lut). Nh th
gi thit mt cng cuc lu di o to. 1:21-26 : mt hng nghch li, t ha n phc :
nhng cng t trong mt d lch s lu di ca Yahv. 5:1-7 : in o lut php ca
Yahv c t trong mt t d vn nho.
Ys 5:1-7
Coi : Biblica 40 (1959) 259-266 :
H. Junker, Die literarische Art von Is 5,1-7).
Bi ca chia lm : Sau mt cu dn (1a) 1b-4 v 5-6 l hai khc kt bng cu 7 (gii ).

Th vn theo li l co ti : Gia nguyn co v b co c nhng ngha v nh rnh,
nguyn co by t mnh lm trn ngha v ca mnh, ri phn ph b co khng
vung trn ngha v Ri xin ta n gii quyt n bt cng. ti t d v c.3 (dn
Yrusalem v Yua c mt) cho php t Sitz im Leben vo dp i l ma thu (L gt
hi, l Nh tm Lv 23:34-43; Tl 15:13-15) : Nhn dp ngi ta cng k nim vic
Dn, n th, Nh David c Thin Cha chn. Bi ca thuc mt thi cn bnh dn, v
nh th vo thi trc chin tranh Syrie-Ephraim (734). Bi ca kt cht xung quanh mt
ch . Mi cho n cu kt, Ysaya mun dn chng c cm tng ch l mt bi ht mi
tnh hm hiu ca mt g si tnh, ng tm s ca mnh di li than ca mt nng gia
hng v ma nho. Tin tri duy tr o tng nh bt nghi ng :

- Tin tri khng ni v mnh, hay theo lnh Yahv, nhng v mt ngi bn. Dn
chng khng c qu sm l ngi bn li chnh l Yahv.
- Tin tri ht bi ca tht tnh ca ngi bn vi mt c tnh nhn tht trung. Nhng
lm sao dn chng khng c ng rng c tnh nhn, hay v hn th kia l chnh dn,
cho n khi thnh gi ng rng c tnh nhn tht trung kia ng b chc d ri, th li
Thin Cha phn xt tru dit c ban ra (c.7). Nh th tin tri gi vai tr ng t hng
i vi bn mnh : Lo lin lc gia cp tnh nhn lo ci hi cho n khi dn c du
v nh chng. Theo t cch , tin tri xut hin gia dn chng ang mi mit truy hoan
vo tun l vui nht ca Israel, v thm vo cuc vui, th ca mt bi th tnh. Vn
nho l mt hnh nh thng thng ch v hn th (Ds 2:15; 4:16t; 6:2t).
Cu 1b-2 Cng vic sn sng : mt nng gia sn sc ht mc vn nho.
Cu 3-4 Khng phi l tin tri, m chnh ngi bn ln ting, ni vi dn chng trong
m hi, xin phn gii. Mt ln na, li khng phi ni ch vn nho, nhng ni vn
nho. Li ni ch ny lm theo mt kiu thnh gi ng mt ci g ng sau cu
truyn, v lut thng, mt v hn th tht trung, th lut r: Nm (Tl 22:23t). V li
dp y khng phi lc x n, lm sao chnh ng s li lm chng cho vic mnh c.
Nn dn chng cm thy c g khc l mt bi phong dao hi hc mua vui trong ngy
hi. Thnh gi nn bt.
Cu 5-6 Nhng quyt nh trn vn nho v b : Hy b tn tuyt - hng ro chn th

vt, tng chn ngi ta b ph b i, ai mun vo cng c : hi ca, hay kim ci. C
gai tha h mc v ln t c nhng gc nho cn li. Hn th, tri t khng dung th :
Khng ma trn vn nho na. Tung tch ng ch vn nho xut hin : C th sai
khin c my tri na. Nhng c ng trong bi phong dao tht tnh, vn cn c th hiu
nh li nguyn ra ngi yu tht tn mt cch phn ut, cng nh avt nguyn ra ni
Gilboa (2S 1:21) (chc d ngi n b tht tn b son s sut i).
Cu 7 Li kt thc vn mn cho thy ngha. S so snh vn nho vi v hn th vn

ngm ngm chy sut c bi ca : cng nh Hs v Yrmya, Ysaya dng so snh
vch ra lin lc mt thit, trc tip gia Thin Cha v Dn Israel. Lin lc ng l
phi t by ra trong lng yu mn trung tn; v hu qu l cng bng bc i trong Dn ca
Thin Cha, nhng k thc th ch c p bc v st hi nhau.
Nn n thc ca tin tri v vai tr ca mnh. S mng tin tri chng nhng l mt
vic phc v Cha mnh, m cn l mt vic do mt lng tin cy trao ph cho ngi
tm phc.
Li kt thc bi ca rt t ngt : Israel v Yua mc v trc ta n ca Thin Cha

ton nng. Khng thy c li ku gi tr li. Dn nh th nht thit i ti n pht (coi Ys
6:9t). Tn c ly li ch trong ng ngn nhng t in ng nghch (Mc 22:1-9).
2. YSAYA V TRUYN THNG V SION

Ysaya ngi Yrusalem ng trong mt truyn thng xut hin t ngy avt em
Khm Giao c v Yrusalem (v truyn thng li da trn truyn thng ca ngi
Ybusi, v nhng kiu din t?). Truyn thng v Sion , c din t theo mt biu

thc Ysaya a thch cch ring (c khi kh nhn ra, v Ysaya bit thay i rt t nh cc
yu t ca truyn thng).
17:12-14 :
Cc dn tc nh nc lt o o trn n khi v. Nhng Yahv ch qut mt ting, v
chng t r xa u mt ! Khng xc nh : Sion, Yahv, dn tc xng nh, cch
chng tr. Cuc gii phng din ra trong m u m ti : T chp ti (Lc x chiu, th,
i! Kinh m!) v sng mai (trc tng sng : n ra khng!). Kiu hnh vn dng in
tch thn thoi : S xung t gia thn hn mang vi thn to ha (Marduk). Truyn
thng Ysaya dng tng t vi truyn thng cc bi ca Sion (Tv 46 48 76).
10:27-34 :
C tc gi cng hiu theo biu thc truyn thng Sion nhng hnh nh bi ca kt
thc vi cu 32. Cn 33t i lin vi 11:1-9. Nu th th bi ca t mt cuc tn cng
Yrusalem, v bo mt n pht (t nh chin tranh Syrie-Ephraim!).
14:28-32 :
Truyn thng cho Ysaya mt cu tr li y lng trng cy khc t mi lin
minh chnh tr (cc s gi Philitin dy lon vo thi 705, hay 715?) : Yahv thit lp
Sion, nhng k khn kh dn Ngi s n np .
14:24-27
Cng cho thy biu thc tng ng - Yahv th quyt tru dit Assur ni lnh th ca
Ngi.
Li ny cng c l thuc mt thi mi 30:27-33; 31:4-9.
29:1-8
Trnh by tnh cch nghch nhin ca vic can thip ca Yahv. Yahv ng ln chng
li Sion (vy hm xung quanh), Sion s b xu h tt bc (c.4). Nhng sau li c
hng khc cho vn mng Sion, Yahv can thip nh v bo, v nhng ch th Sion b
hay tn lon nh cng rc, nh ht bi.
Nhng cch x dng truyn thng Sion theo thn hc Ysaya ( sa cha tnh cch d
oan m qung ca truyn thng ) ta phi ly ni cc li sm nhn dp chin tranh
Syrie-Ephraim.
7:1-9 : Cng vi 7:10-17 18-25 l on trung tm ca tp sm Ysaya:

ghi chp li v phn s v u tin ca mnh. Khc ny : 1 li cnh co (hy bn,
ng s) v mt li ha (cuc xng nh ca 2 vua ama v Samarie s tht bi) : di li
biu thc truyn thng Sion trn kia. Nhng cc on trn kia hu ch ngh n cc hin
tng bn ngoi (xng nh, s can thip h ph), y ch :
1-2 Tnh hnh chnh tr.

Nm 734 Rasn - vua Damas v Peqah - vua Israel lp lin minh chng Assur yu cu
Akhaz cng vo lin minh. Akhaz khng nghe, h em binh n mun lt Akhaz,
t mt vua khc d bo hn.
2Ks 28:5tt Akhaz b nh bi.

y chin s cha bt u. Yrusalem mi c tin v vic iu ng binh i Aram.

Nhng ngay tin em n gy hong ht ti Yrusalem ri, thc s nu Akhaz b lt
, th c dng di David cng bin (nh kiu Thp 9:1-5; 1V 16,9tt; 2Vua 9:7t 24tt; 10:1-
8; 11:1). Bi ti Yrusalem, ngi ta hi h lo cng vic phng. Akhaz cm thy
mnh khng th chng li. Aicp qu yu khng th cu vin c, nn tnh i cng hin
cu vin vi Assur. Nhng phng sch ny khng ch c tnh cch chnh tr, tn gio
cng lin ly ngay vi nc ch hu: Phi nhn vic sng bi cc thn ca tn ch mnh.
ng khc triu i David ct thit da trn li ha do tin tri Nathan.
Mi e da gy ln thc mc v lng tin : Quyn lc ngi phm ln t c li ha ca
Thin Cha hay khng, hay Thin Cha c quyn trn mi mu nh ca ngi phm?
Ngay vic Yrusalem ht hong cng chng lng tin bc nhc ca ngi ta.
3 Lnh Yahv dy Ysaya i gp Akhaz :

Gm c c cc chi tit.
Ch : u cng b cn trn. a th ch xc cn d da. Nhng th no cng pha
Nam, gn En Rogel (coi Steinmann, Le prophte Isaie, p.83 (LED 5), Vincent-Stve,
Jrusalem de lA.T. I,289ss).
Trng hp cho hiu, Akhaz ang th st vic lo tch tr nc phng b nu thnh b
vy. Yahv sai tin tri i gp Akhaz, ang bn khon tm phng t cu ly mnh, v i
phi nhn ln Yahv.
C con l Sear-Yasub(/S st s tr li ) i theo : Mt li ng , mt du ca Thin
Cha. l tt c chng trnh rao ging ca Ysaya: n ca Thin Cha trn Israel -
mt iu chc chn (nh ngi con lun lun c mt nhc nh cho mi ngi : ch c
mt s st li tr v). a con l nhn chng. Akhaz phi bit rng gi pht ny i
phi quyt nh mt cch nghim trng. Sau khng cn ni n ngi con na : gi
thit nh vua tng bit v ngha ca tn triu bo , v Ysaya khng phi ln ny
mi gp nh vua ln u.
4: Li ny ng n mu chnh tr ca nh vua.
Li ca Ysaya c ngi hiu nh mt li khch l; hy thn nhin m ng u vi mi
iu bt trc, v c lo vic phng b mt cch can m. Nhng li khuyn khch
khng hp vi s mng tin tri ca Ysaya. Phi hiu theo th l thnh chin xa : Trc
khi ra trn thng c li hiu triu i Israel phi tin rng Yahv chin trn vi mnh, v
np ch th trong tay mnh ri. y Ysaya i Akhaz phi tin cy vo Yahv c
cu. Tin tri chng li nhng mu nh ngi phm cho l khn ngoan ca Akhaz.
Hnh nh s gi i Assur cha xut hnh. 2V 16:7 : Li s gi phi ni. Cch x tr ,
Ysaya coi l mt s bi phn vi Yahv (Xh 20:3) : Vua l con (Tv 2:7tt) ca Yahv
khi ln ngi, phi xng ng chc v . Li cnh co km thm li bo thot nn :
Akhaz khng phi s g c. Trong thnh chin, ch th b np trong tay. y : Hai v
vua kia ch l 2 thanh ci chy d cn ngt khi.
5-6: nh ca 2 vua Rasn v Peqah.
7-9 : Hai nc kia s b tiu dit trong cuc dy lon chng Assur ln ny.
Vn 8b. R rng 8a v 9a i vi nhau. Ch c 8b l hnh pht m li ch ni n
Ephraim! ng khc 8b chnh bn l 65 nm, ch khng phi 6 hay 5 nm (ng khc ai

li ni cch : ng l phi 5 hay 6 nm ch!) : 65 nm ngha l em v li 671 (chnh

l 669 nm nu bin c khi im tnh l 734, nhng cng c th 735) : Er 4,: ni n
mt cuc di dn do Assarhaddon. Nh vy 8b l mt cu mo nhp sau. Vy tng phi
ct ngha l 8a 9a :
Ngha:Thng ngi ta hiu ngm: v u ca Yua l Yrusalem v u ca Yrusalem
l? (Yahv, nh David, Akhaz?).
Vrienzen : hiu cho du...
Nhng cng c th hiu, v ng mch lc hn, m khng thm g c : 8a 9a l ch t
theo l cho 7b khng kin m cng khng c (iu ny l) Damas lm u Aram... :
Quyn ca Rasn v Peqah mang n t! Mi chc quyn u trong tay Yahv.
Akhaz cng vy.
Nu ngi khng tin th cc ngi khng vng! Li ni vi Akhaz v nhng k thp

tng hu cn, ri cng cho c ton dn. Nhng 8a 9a khng mt hiu lc v quyt nh
ca Akhaz. Hu qu ca quyt nh ca Akhaz l g? : Tin y l cch sinh hot
ring ca Israel Dn Cha. Vn mng, iu cu to Israel l vic Thin Cha la chn,
mc Thin Cha th cn vn mng - mng ca dn cng nh ca ngi ng cuc : Nh
David. Bo m ca ngai David hon ton ni li ha.
Ysaya ln u dng ting Tin, nhng thc ti ghi su trong truyn thng (nh
trong Thp 7; Xht 14:31) quan nim thnh chin Yahv cu thot, nhng i mt lng tin
cy khng nao nng. l mt php l ca Yahv. Tin, tc l nhng ch cho Yahv
lm vic, ng ly mu m chnh tr by binh chon ch ca Yahv.
Hy yn hay nh trong 30:15 ni mt cch mu thun yn hn bnh tnh l sc

mnh : Khng phi thi bn trong, nhng l nhng khng i vi mi mu m
chnh tr. ng khc iu phi tin l li ha v tng lai. Nh th l mt iu cha c tr
thnh nn tng cho s mnh Israel : i vi ngi i l o tng, m mng, nhng i
vi lng tin l vic ca Thin Cha. tng cn lp li trong 22:11 : H chun
b cch (xy tng p ly, tr nc...), nhng h khng nhn ln Yahv, nhn n
vic Yahv lm (Nhn ln : cng ng ngha vi tin v cng da trn truyn thng Xh
14:13-31).
i tng ca lng tin l Vic ca Thin Cha hay quyt nh ca Yahv trn Sion.
Coi li Yahv trch nhng k ch bit hng lc, khng trng thy vic, d nh ca
Yahv (5:12). Kiu ni c bit ca tin tri nh thy trong 5:19 (li ch nho chc ly
t li ging ca Ysaya). Ting gi n quyt nh ra trong mt hi ng bn bc.
Triu nh c c mt, th Yahv cng c ban c vn ca Ngi (1V 22:19-22) v do t
hnh nh m c ting quyt nh d nh - Quyt nh l mt vic cu thot Sion.
Vic cu thot , Ysaya t trong mt khun kh lch s bao la : Mi s chun b, tr

tnh, ch khng phi l c chng hay ch. Yahv d liu t lu (22:11) v xa rng
bao trm c lch s v tr. Nhng quc ca c th gii chm trn vi d nh ,
ngay trong chng t cao t i khuch trng khu vc ca mnh (coi 14:24-27).Trung
tm ca d nh l Sion. Bin c tp trung vo mt ch nh b li bao trm c tri t,
mi dn u phi ko vo d nh.

10:5-19 : Cng mt tinh thn nh trn.

Assur c chu ly do t Yahv, mt nhim v c gii hn : Trng tr dn ca Ngi.
Nhng Assur c nh lt qu iu nh. Nguyn ch ci nh mun i qu iu
cho php, mun tiu dit, cng b n pht ca Yahv. S quan ca tin tri y
ng . Tin tri khng ni lm sao Assur bit m chu ly bi sai ca Thin Cha.
Nhng i vi tin tri, iu khng th nghi ng c. ng khc cng gi thit tin tri
l ngi bit c d nh ca Thin Cha, n i c th phn tch u l s mng u
l lng quyn ng pht. Nh th l gii thch lch s theo d nh thm su ca Thin
Cha, khng phi da trn suy lun hp l, nhng l trong nhng trng hp gay cn ca
lch s, n thn hng vch ra cho tin tri mt kiu nhn lch s.
S vic, d nh thc s xy ra lm sao?

Chng ta thng ngh n Sennakrib phi rt lui khi Yrusalem (nm 689/8), nu
khng phi l 701. Vic khng phi l tt c cng vic hng dn lch s ca Yahv.
Vic xt cch phi chng th ch hiu c nh c hai mt : Va l n pht va l cu
thot... Vic c tnh cch k d nghch nhin (28:21) : Yahv s chi dy chin u;
v iu v lai c t lin lc vi vic xy dng nc David. Vic khng th
ly nhng vic dn chng hoan h lm tiu chun (22:1-8). V chnh tin tri cng phi
em mnh xa hn.Vic tuy i vi tin tri th hnh nh st cn vi Assur, thi Assur,
nhng ch l thiu phi cnh. Phi ngang qua lm th thch (1:4-9) - mt s gn lc
khng ngng - Israel v Yua ch cn l s st (nn nh v s st : lm on thm sau
gii thch nim : 4:3; 11:11 16; 10:20; 28:5).
Ysaya c thy hay khng vic thc hin cc li sm ca mnh, iu khng quan trng.
iu quan trng l c tin tri gia dn, v li sm ca tin tri c tin nhn ly
nh li Cha. Ai tin khng cm thy tht vng, nn cc li sm c ghi chp,
trc tin trong mt k c mt nhm cc tng , ri trong sch v, nh mt tn th sng
ng, v thc s nh ng nhng th h sau. Bi , cc th h ny suy ngm v
vit thm (nh 3:16tt / 4:2tt sau li n pht trn ph n Yrusalem, th c li bo phc
18:1-6). Li sm ca tin tri nh th khng phi l mt vn kin cht tng tr trong
vn kh, nhng l mt tn th sng ng, v Sion ca Thin Cha, cng nh Israel ca
Thin Cha vn l ci ch ang n. V bao lu cn ang i n, li sm xa kia cn coi
c, v phi coi nh Li Thin Cha hng dn ch ng.
1:2-9 cho ta thy tng . Li sm thuc v thi cui s v ca Ysaya. Nhng son
gi cui cng t ln u ht : Nh mnh cho hu th : ch nh n hu ca Thin Cha
m Israel khng b iu dit t lu ri.
3. YSAYA V NG XC DU CA YAHV.
Ngoi truyn thng Sion, Ysaya cn c t li sm quan trng v v thin t nh avt :
Thn hc chiu di trong so snh c vi cc Thnh vnh v v Cao tn ca Yahv.
11:1-8 :
Chiu theo mch lc t tng v tit iu th phi ko 10:33a 34 vo khc ny, nh nhp
. Nhiu tc gi coi li sm nh thuc thi sau lu y, nhng khng c g bt buc
phi ngh nh th : hon cnh c th em vo L ma thu vo thi zkya, hay ngay c
thi cn chin tranh Syrie-Ephraim.

Cu 10:33-34 : Yahv can thip nh mt tiu phu.

Trit h bi rm cng nh cy cao. (Dn chng v vng quyn).
Cu 11:1 Nhng Yahv vn gi nh cu ri ca Ngi.

Hng cc vua s tn s, nhng t gc Y-sai s xut hin mm ging, cng mt th nh
avt xa : mt avt th hai bt u li.
Cu 2:V cao tn khng phi ch c mt n in, nhng nhiu n in

Khng phi nht thi, m li lun. Cc n in c hiu theo nhng n danh ting
thi xa (Salmon, avt, cc T ph).
Cu 3b-5: Nh nhng n in thn kh :

V Cao tn lai thi thi hnh chc v trong ti thm phn, khin thin h phc tng Lut
ca Yahv. L tng l cng bng, bnh vc k hn yu (Tv 72:2 4 12t; 45:5).
Cu 6-8 :Tin tri ly li mt ti v a ng :

Thi bnh gia th vt, th vt ch n c, cuc thng tr ca ngi ta trn vn vt, di
dung mo mt a tr tr c mnh th. Kiu ni c tnh cch k truyn, ct vch ra
nhng thc ti vt qu nhng iu ngi ta kinh nghim c. l mt cch din by
tnh cch siu vit.
NB : Mt vn phi xt : lm sao cc iu thc hin ni Cha Ysu Hi
Thnh cn phi trng i nhng g na?
Cu 9: C l l mt li ch thm :
Va thu hp nhn gii ni ni thnh, thnh ca Thin Cha, va nhn mnh vo nguyn
y cui cng ca s bin i : S bit Thin Cha.
Nh th quan nim ca Ysaya vn ng trong vng t tng truyn thng. Nhng c

im khc, n i coi c l cch mng : Nhng qu quyt cao c khng t ni
con nh David hin ti, v Msia ng kim trn ngai avt, nhng ni mt miu du v
lai, pht t gc Y-sai : Tc l mt David mi ( ti lp nc David nha David th
nht, con ca Y-sai) (iu ny, Ysaya c g tng ng vi Mi 5:1 - v cu tinh xut
t Ephrata, ch khng t Yrusalem, m tin tri chc d cho b ph hy tn tuyt Mi
3:12). Cch mng - v nu hi vng t ni v lai - tt nhin l ph nhn sc cn ng c
th cu thot ca vua hin ti (theo li chc ca cc Thnh vnh v nh Vua). Nhng li
sm nh th khng thy gy phn ng g ni triu nh (h c th coi tin tri nh
phin lon, phn bi). Nn hnh nh nhng sm ngn nh th c tuyn b gia mt
s t thnh gi, nhm mn ca tin tri.
8:23 - 9:6. nh sng rng trn ti tm.

C 5 khc : - 8:23 : Vn mng thay i.
- 9:1-2 : Nhng k c cu thot hn hoan
- 9:3-4 : Cuc gii phng v ton thng ca Yahv trn ch th .
- 9:5 : Dn chng xng ht v cu tinh ln ngi .
- 9:6 : Vn thi s vnh vin, v tin tri oan chng rng s xy ra.
Hon cnh ca sm ngn : bin c ni trong 8:23.

Cu 8:23:
Nm 734 Tiglat-Pileser III xo mt min duyn hi ca Israel, v lp thnh tnh Dor
(Du[ru]), 732 pha bc v ng Israel cng ng mt s phn : Bc (tc l Galil v
ng Ysreel) thnh tnh Megi, cn ng Yoran bin thnh tnh Galaad ca Assur.
Li tin tri bo trong Ys 7-8 ng nghim. Nhng thnh n khng phi ch cng, vn
b s i thay.
Cu 9:1-2:
S mng r ca dn c cu thot. nh sng : s hin din ca Thin Cha rng ni
cng vic ca Ngi : so snh vi ma gt, v chia chin phm.
Cu 3-4:
Ti sao vui sng : n l c gii phng khi quyn p bc v chin tranh ht hn
ri. Ys t hu qu cuc gii phng, mng lung dung mo v cu tinh.
Cu 5:
Vua cu tinh ng quang. Thay v trnh thut, tin tri t li tng ni ming dn. Ngy
ng quang l ngy sinh ra ca nh vua theo t cch thin t Yav tha nhn lm con,
v ban nm tc hiu (nh kiu cc Fara Aicp), nhng vn bn mai mt ch cn bn,
tc th nm cn di tch m khng sao ti lp li c na.
Cu 6:
Chnh tin tri tip li : trc tin tot yu cc khc trc. V tr li mt vn nn ngm
ngm (ly g bo m cho nhng c vng ngng cung nh th) : chnh s k ca
Yav s lm iu : ngi khng nhng, khng chia vinh d ca Ngi vi ngi hay
thn no c. Ngi i lm ti mt mnh Ngi, th chnh Ngi cng c x nh c
nht.
7:10-17 : Immanuel.
Coi : Catholicisme, IV, 55-56 (Emmanuel, par H.Cazelles)
Recherches bibliques I (Lattente du Messie, 39-50, La prophtie de lEmmanuel)
Maria I, p.38 (par A.Robert)
Steinmann J. Le prophte Isaie, 86-93
Mowinckel, He that cometh, 110-119.
Khc ny khng ng thi, v cng mt ch vi:7:1-9. Li ha v li cnh co 7:1-9

khng lm lay chuyn nh ca Akhaz mun cu vin vi Assur. Ysaya cha ng lng,
v mt ln na Yahv sai tin tri i gp Akhaz. Tnh th cp bch hn, tin tri vi c
thc c Yahv y thc cng vic ngh vi nh vua mt du l, chng thc
bng mt thy l Thin Cha lm ch c v tr, lm cha c lch s. Akhaz b dn vo
mt cuc th thch lng tin.
Gii thch rt tranh lun. Cc gii thch chia lm :

1. alma - ch cc ph n sinh con vo thi Yrusalem c gii vy v Assur nh
vo cc nc Syrie v Israel, Immanuel : Cc b gi tn con nh th v chng sinh
vo dp may .
2. T u Hi Thnh (khi s vi Mattheu, v da vo ), gii thch chung coi nh li
tin tri bo trc c Msia cnh chung, Cha Kit. V v du l qu st mt bn nn:
- Hoc l tin tri ln phi cnh thi gian (xa gn ha mt)

- Hoc l sa i vn bn. (Nh Feuiller A. (DBS IV, Isaie, 656-658) ngh i th

t th ny : 10-14a 16-20 23-25 14bc 15 21-22.
3. Immanuel, mt nhn vt no ng thi Ysaya
a) alma v ca Ysaya, m Immanuel l con cng.
b) mt ngi con ca Akhaz (nhiu ngi nhn Ezkya (Steinmann), hay cch trng
mt ngi ni dng (A. Gelin).
Coi Enchiridion Biblicum 74 (bc thuyt ca I.L.Isenbiehl)
Cu 10-11: Ysaya thc mnh hon ton l dng c ca Yahv chuyn li:
Khng cn thm li dn sm ngn nh thng l. Ct sao em Akhaz ra khi thi
ngp ngng, bi g cho nh vua mt du : Du bo m s hin din ca Yahv, v
quyn nng ca Ngi thc hin li ha hay li e da. Nn Thin Cha ca
ngi (v Thin Cha ca ta, c.13) : di li truyn thng Dothi v Vua (Tv 2:7). Khu
vc ca du l : tri v t (tc l : ng vt hay ci g tng t nh th pht t m ti h
a v t tri : chp, ma... Ni chung : c th la chn bt k u trong hon v).
Cu 12: Akhaz t khc khng xin.

B ngoi c v o c (chiu theo Xh 20:20). Nu hon ton khng tin, Akhaz thch
thc : th c lm i, cho thy tin tri gi. Nhng Akhaz nhn s mng tin tri, v
iu ngh kia c th xy ra. M khng mun b ri na, khng hi li na, cho du
Yahv c mun sao i na. Nn so snh c ch : Akhaz ang tm thiu con lm molek
(hay cho Molok) c, nhng khng c sc b d nh ca mnh trc i hi ca Thin
Cha!
Cu 13: Ysaya m ch n phng sch g lm phin nhiu ngi ta?

Khng r (m ch n Rbam?). ng Thin Cha ca ta : Ysaya bit Akhaz
quyt nh ri. H bt tai trc yu cu ca Thin Cha. H khng cn Ngi can thip
na!
Cu 14: y mi khi s nhng khc mc, khng c ng .

ng mt iu : T tng du l cn bn. Nhng du u? Ni con tr, hay ni ca
n khc thng, hay ni tn? Du l triu bo ct hay hung? Con tr l ai?
Virgo l da trn LXX (Parthenos) nhng Hipri : Alma ch l thiu n (khng ni r
c gia nh hay khng).
Sa mt : (sa : chnh ngha : sa ng lm thnh th bnh sa trng) theo vn kin
Ras-Shamra ca n thn tin. Nhng trong Kinh Thnh tc l th sn thin nhin.
Cu 15: T nh n ln s n bnh sa v mt ong? Hay l khi ln ln (lc phn bit

c lnh d) th s n?...
Cu 16: r l tai ha trn hai nc Syrie v Israel.
Cu 17: Nhng bi Akhaz khng tin.

ng s ko xung dng di ng v c dn tc nhng thi khn n snh ty c vi ci
tai nn xy ra khi Salmon cht, nc avt b phn chia, gc cho nhng s th ch hin
ti gia Israel v Yua.

ng trc c mch lc : ta thy c l rt kh hiu dt khot, v hnh nh nh phi

nhn rng li sm va bo tai ha va bo im lnh : nhng trn Akhaz cng tin th ch
c tai ha l s c mt ngy Akhaz s bit mnh hng u chu phc mt quyn bnh
no : Assur s ln vo ni b gieo chin tranh v khn qun.
MIKA
Coi Introduction la Bible (Robert Feuillet) I, 499ss (A.Gelin).
DES V, 1252-1263 : Miche (par A.George).
ng thi vi Ysaya nhng mun hn i cht (chc th s mng bt u vi triu

Akhaz, Ytam ni, trong Mi 1:1 nhng li khng th chc c li sm no ln n thi
v li triu Ytam va ngn, li va t bin c r rng).
Mika l mt ngi thuc min qu (Gat-Moreshet), mt thnh ph cn ca thnh Gat

(Gat-Moreshet c ng nht vi Tell-Djedeide) : vng Sephela (v thc s Mika quan
tm n s phn cc thnh vng : 1:10-15; v tin tri mang tm no mt nng gia ;
2:1-5; 6:15; 7:1).
Sch cu to theo 2 phn, mi phn li chia lm 2 :

Sm bo ha : 1-3 6:1-7:6
Sm bo phc : 4:1-5:14 7:7-20
Sm bo ha chung c nhn l xc thc.
Sm bo phc (Lot th 2 : khng xc thc thuc thi sau lu y).
Lot th nht : nhiu khc tranh lun).
Nhng li sm danh ting th c :
5:1-5 : Theo A. Alt, th nguyn bn ch c cc cu 1 3a 4a 5b.

Cng nh Ysaya, Mika bo mt David th 2 (b ngang qua vng quyn Yrusalem,
ln n qu gc ca David : Bethlehem Ephrata).
Mika cng nh Ysaya trnh ting vua, m ch ni n mt v thng lnh (vng tng i
din ca Yahv). Gc ca v tng lnh ln n a diebus aeternitatis - khng phi
ngi l hng c, nhng y ch ni n gia nh trm anh th phit lu i.
6:1-8 :
Li sm ny c l l 2 li sm khc nhau chc c mai mt (c.5) v c thm sau. 1:5 l
mt li than trch, i chiu vi cc n hu Yahv lm cho Israel : theo kiu t tng.
6-8. Nhng i hi ca Yahv

Cu 7b ni n t l tr con, c th l m ch n vic Akhaz lm : Mt thc mc canh
cnh ni tm hn sng knh l : Thn linh i hi nhng g ni ngi ta? Ngi ta tng
l hin dng nhng g t nht i vi ngi ta : L vt cng qu, cng nhiu th chc
cng p lng thn linh, cho n chp nh l hy sinh c con ci mnh, tc l giy chuyn
sinh mng mnh vi hu th. Phong tc Israel (c l cng nh Canaan) ly sinh vt vo
thay th, nhng trong nhng trng hp c bit, s thay th c coi nh khng :
ngi ta tng phi hy sinh chnh con mnh.
Nhng tin tri ni, cho du th cng khng , thnh n ca Thin Cha trn dn khng
phi l v thiu l vt, nhng thiu o c trong i sng. V cu 8 tot yu tt c nhng

i hi m cc tin tri thng nhc n : Amos nhc n s cng bng trong x hi, sng
phng trong cch c x v chnh tr, lut php, bun bn... thc hnh chnh trc), Hs i
su hn, i phi c lng chnh trc yu mn : ni c l s hiu ngha, cn Ys li cho
l mi s u h lung c nu khng c s thnh ha lm cho ngi ta c tip xc,
thng ng vi Yav, ng Thnh : nh th loi i c ht nhng iu nghch vi s
hin din ca vinh quang Thin Cha : l sng cch tc knh (i ng cch khim
tn vi Thin Cha).

CHUNG V
CC TIN TRI TH K VIII
Cc tin tri Amos, Hs, Ysaya, Mika ht thy u hot ng hu nh vo mt thi :
Phn th 2 th k th 8 (hn km t nhiu thi), thi quyn lc Assur dn dn lan xung,
v chim c kch trng chnh tr vng Syrie-Palestine.
So vi cc nhn vt c vai tr trong tn gio, th cc ngi u c mt bn ng r rt : n
thn hng n ko cc ngi vo lin lc vi Yahv, th cng bin cc ngi nn nhng
nhn vt ch thc l bn v khc vi ngi khch xung quanh h. iu cng l ra
ni vn ca cc ngi na : Nhng hnh nh ni c l to bo.
Nhng iu lm ni bt c nhn ca cc ngi i vi o ca dn tc l li rao ging :

Nhng ch chnh gia cc ngi chng ta thy :
- Phn xt trn dn Israel, m l do l lut Thin Cha dn chu mt trt vi Giao c
ca Thin Cha . Xt v mt ny : Cc ngi vch ra s tht bi c th trong dn Cha,
ni c ngay t nhng ngy u.
- Di nh sng ca Thin Cha, cc ngi gii thch nh ca Thin Cha trong lch
s, vai tr hot ng trong c lch s, khng phi l Assur hay Aicp m chnh Yahv
Yahv can thip m khng cn n php l.
- Nn tng cu ri khng phi l nhng bo m chnh tr hay tn gio qu kh, hay qui
ch hin ti, m l vic Yav s lm trong tng lai, nhng ngang qua, v sau cuc
phn xt khng khip, hy i nhng g l ti li.
NAHUM - HABAKUK - SOPHONYA

Thi cuc : Assur suy tn, Babylon thng th.
SOPHONYA
Introd. la Bible, I.514s.
C l vo li Ysya cn nin thiu. 640-630.

Ngy ca Yahv, mt cuc chin u ln lao chng li mi dn tc bo vic Yahv n.
o l ng s khim nhng trc mt Thin Cha, di mt kiu ni mi : v
s ngho kh 2:6-22. S st l mt dn ngho (3:12).
NAHUM
Introd. la Bible, I.515s (LED 14,85-110 Nahum)
DES VI, 291-300 (Nahum, par A.George).
Chung qui l li ca tng n ca Yahv trn thnh m mu (3:1) tc l Niniv. C sch

mt lng hn hoan vui mng, sung sng v Yahv t mnh ra nh ng bo on
trc s d. Lng i quc qu khch vui mt cch bt nhn trc tai ha k th lm cho
nhiu tc gi ch hn v lit vo hng nhng tin tri gi chng i cng Yrmya. Ni
vy rt qu ng, v da trn thnh kin tin tri l ngi rao ging mt o c thn lun
l tru tng, l thuyt. Tin tri no cng ty vo thi bui ca mnh v ni ln tn th
thch hp phi lc. Thi ca Nahum c l vo nhng nm ci cch Ysya, mt thi m

cc tin tri ang ng trong hy vng dn tr li. ng khc, tin tri no cng c nhng
sm trn cc dn tc, c iu l Nahum nhn dp ch tuyn li sm trn Assur.
HABAKUK
Introd. la Bible, I .517-519
Ha 3:1-19 cf LED 14,53-84 (P.Bguerie, Le psaume dHabacuc).
Hot ng li 609-597. Phn th nht (1:2-2:4) : m thoi gia tin tri v Yahv : 2 li
than phin ca tin tri, v 2 cu tr li ca Yahv. iu ng l vai tr ca tin tri v
Yahv c khc cc tin tri xa : y sng kin ni tin tri (mt ngi bt mn, hch
hi). C th l mt du cho thy Habakuk thuc hng tin tri t t, m nhim v l
chuyn cu, v thnh vn li sm.
ng khc nn n tm no thi cui vng quyn : Lm thc mc xut hin, h
t li vn lin lc vi Yahv, s phn c nhn ng trc ton th dn tc, trong
chui cc th h. Li p ca Yahv khng ly g lm an i : Yahv sp sa can thip
nhng mt cch him hn na. Nhng ai cy chc vo Yahv s c cu. Li ny di
li li tin tri Ysaya v c l m u cho c Ca vnh tip theo sau trong on 3 : Yahv
xut hin chin u li nhng ch th ca Ngi (hnh nh din t da trn truyn thng
cu tro Israel, v c thn thoi Canaan : thn thin li Baal-Hadad chng li cng h b
(thn hn mang).
YRMYA
Introd. la Bible, I,519-533
Steinmann, Le prophte Jrmie (LED 9)
A.Aeschimann, Le prophte Jrmie
Vittonatto G. II libro di Geremia
V nh hng Yrmya trn Ca vnh, P.E. Bonnard, Le psautier selon Jrmie (LED.26)
Yrmya sng sut c thi cui cng nc Yua, t nm c ku gi 627 (lc Assur
thc s mt quyn b ch) cho n thi sau 587. Chnh tr thi l mt yu t quan
trng cho nhng li sm ca Yrmya. Mt iu khc chi phi li ging ca Yrmya
na : tc l truyn thng Israel. Tuy qu ca tin tri ch cch Yrusalem c 4,5km, nhng
thuc Benyamin, tc l thnh phn ca nc Bc trc kia : Yrmya vn nhn truyn
thng v ngi avt. V trong hng tin tri, Yrmya ty thuc Hs (c l c ng chm
nhiu vi hng mn ca Hs, v c bt tch ca Hs na).
V th vn : nhng tiu tit li trch c, hay e da hu nh bin i, chng ta c nhng
din t di, chnh Yahv ln ting than phin co ti. V ln u tin c kiu thi vn t
tnh. Li ging ca Yrmya thm tha v c tnh cch gn con ngi c th c bit (ni
tin tri, cng nh ni thnh gi).
LI GING THI K U (Yr 1-6).
Tm chung :
Israel b vic sng bi Yahv, theo kiu sng bi Baal, nn s b mt tai ha ln t
Bc xung. Vic b Yahv c ph din trong li co ti do chnh ming Yahv : 2:1-
13 (c vch ra s phi l trong cc x tr ca Israel).

Chung chung li l ca Yrmya tr tui theo cch din t v t tng ca t t. Nhng

li trch v lut cng bnh bc i khng tri my. 4:5-6:30 bo trc mt ch th s t
Bc trn xung.
Chung, li on pht khng tri. Nhng li than trch nhiu hn c nhng lc bo ha
n (nh 4:5-6:26), ha cng c t mt cch gin tip 4:23-26).
Chung chung cc sm ngn thi u ny cho thy Yrmya cha coi lin lc gia Yahv
v Israel nh on tc hn. S c th thch, nhng Israel c th tr li. Bi tin tri
cnh co. Yrmya cng trng Nc tr li (3:6tt) mt tm tnh chung vi thi Ysya.
T THI YYAQIM V SAU

Yrmya nn thinh c thi ci cch ca Ysya. Tin tri c l thnh tnh vi nh vua v
vic ci cch tn gio kiu th lut (22:15t). Yyaqim ln ngi, th Yrmya li xut
hin.
c sc thi ny l nhng li sm ln n : Mnh nht v nguy him cho tin tri cch
ring l li sm trn n th (7:1-15), c km thm trnh thut v bin c (Yr 26). Hai
hnh thc sm ngn v trnh thut - mt c sc cho s tin trin v quan nim tin
tri - i sng ca tin tri c lin lc mt thit vi s mng. Mt chng ch na l Yr 19:1-
20:6 - Yrmya b phin nhiu v li sm.
Lin lc gia Yahv v Israel c coi nh t hn ri :

7:29 Cm ku xin cho dn),
8:3 Khn qun s n ln lao, n i k sng st cng mun c cht cho rnh.
15:1tt Li n pht tip theo l o v);
13:12-14 H s hy dit ln nhau.
17:3 S b tc ot cp bc.
15:8t inh trng b tru dit.
10:18 13:8-10 17:4 Sau cng l lu y).
Nhng Yrmya khng th dp tt mi hy vng (ngay trc lc tn s 13,16) Yrmya

vn ku gi tr li. Cch ring 18:1tt : vn cn c th n nn hi ci.
Ch ny cng phi ni n nhng li sm trn cc dn tc : Chung l bo hiu tiu dit,

bng chin tranh. Nhng nguyn nhn trn gian khng ni r. Ct yu : Chnh Yahv
trng tr pht ti cc dn. Trong cc li sm , Yrmya s dng truyn thng thnh
chin, c iu mi l nhn gii i ng. L do n pht : Kiu ngo, t tn (46:7t; 48:1t
7 42; 49:4). C th m thi th Yrmya vn ng trong truyn thng cc tin tri. Nhng
Yrmya c lm on l ch bn n hin ti v mang im ch Yrmya hn c, nh
8:18-23, v nht l:
Nhng on t thut 11:18-23 12:1-6 15:10-12 15-21 17:12-18 18:18-23 20:7-18.

Cc on cng nhng th vn khc nhau. Ni dung cng c khc. Nhng chung vi
nhau mt iu : Ton l nhng i thoi vi chnh mnh hay vi Thin Cha. Vn dng
loi Aica t nhn c truyn trong cc Ca vnh. Nhng trong hnh th c , Yrmya t
mt sc sng mi. 11:18-23 theo li c truyn, m than vn v m mu ca ch th.
15:10-18

Tuy c t li l theo cng thc xa, nhng rt c sc cho tm tnh ch c mt ca

Yrmya - Ci bi t trong s v tin tri - tin tri hu mt thin triu, Yahv i phi
hi ci i Ngi ban li thin triu cho.
12:1-5
Tranh lun vi Yahv v vn may ca k d. Ni c l Yrmya ni r ra mt tm
trng c sn trong lng ngi th h . n hu ca Yahv c phn phi cch no? V
ni Yrmya : Vn n tt bc gay cn (b bt b v thin triu).
20:7-18
Li than vn hu tuyt vng, rt bi t th thm trong vic chin u vi chnh nhim v
mnh, n i tin tri bung li nguyn ra ci i mnh.
Nhng on vn c bit ny chung qui i c vo bi t, m ti. Cm thm tha s bt

lc, s v b ca hot ng tin tri. Tin tri cm thy s knh ch gia s v tin tri v
con ngi ca c nhn mnh. y con ngi khng cn ch ung dung ph mc mt cch
cht phc cho Thin Cha lo liu, nhng lun lun phi i chi vi bn khon, thc
mc, bi m suy t ngh ngi. Nhng chng ny l mt ch ngoc trong s i sng
o c ca Israel, khai sng cho ngun o c c nhn, tuy c nhiu khuyt im,
nhng cng dn n gn vi Phc m : l lng o c ca hng ngho kh ca
Yahv (anawim).
Trnh thut ca Baruk (Yr 37-45).

Cc on t thut t i sng bn trong ca tin tri, cn nhng trnh thut ny don li
cuc thng kh ca Yrmya bn ngoi: t lc b tng ngc cho n khi ko qua Aicp.
Tc gi trnh thut l mt ngi c kinh nghim trc tip vi cc bin c. L do cuc kh
nn ca Yrmya l s xung t gia tin tri v nhm ch chin trong dn. Trnh thut
thnh tht n i nn nh khng khip. V m ti bao trm Yrmya n mc rng
rn, v tin tri khng c mt cht an i no ngay chnh ni Thin Cha. Trnh thut
khng vch r o l no. Nhng nn li sm ca Yrmya cho Baruk (45:3-5) :
ngm ngm s phin mun ca chnh Yahv trong cng vic ph iu Ngi xy
ct. Trong mt thi bui nh th, ngi ta khng nn trng cho mnh nhng ngy ti
p. Bi th m khng l g chnh tin tri cng b li cun vo.
NHNG LI SM BO PHC
Trong thi hot ng u tin, Yrmya khng tuyn li sm no v tng lai. Thi
tin tri cn trng dn quyt nh. Nhng t ngy Yrusalem b chim c ln th nht
(597), c t pht lu th nht, s th i khc.
Ngi ta t hi Yahv s lm g?
Yrmya mt mc bo : Babylon s thng, hon ton c c gia mt dn di nh
hng ca phe ch chin trong c c cc tin tri. H nhn danh Yahv m bo rng :
Yahv sp can thip v danh d dn ca Ngi v bo on cho n th b bc lt.
Cuc chin u cam go ca Yrmya l phi ng u vi cc tin tri (23:9t 28:1tt).
Yrmya ch ny c v lng tng, phi tm tiu chun no gii quyt c mt cch dt
khot. So vi 1V 22:21tt th th ca Yrmya rt yu, khng minh bch nh Mika ben
Ymla.

Trong hon cnh , nhng li bo phc ca Yrmya cng khng gy phn khi, v li
ha tng lai khc hn nhng iu ngi ta ao c. Mt th d l th ca Yrmya
gi cho nhng k lu y : 29:5-7 - Gia tro lu xn xao v quyt chin say mu, tin
tri li can ngn v nhn nh phi tnh to, dp i s bng bt si ni, trng n cuc sng
lu di, ng cn coi Babylon nh ch th, nhng l ngi cng chung s mng, hy
cu khn cho Babylon - Dn vn cn tng lai v hi vng (29:11). l tot yu nhng
g Yrmya phi ni v nh cu ri ca Yahv trn dn.
Nhng li bo tng lai cn :

32:1tt vic mua tha t ngay trong lc Yrusalem b vy.
24:1tt (nhm v nhng ngi lu y hn).
Ni dung ca li bo tng lai :
Nhng k lu y s c v qu. Yrusalem s c xy ct li (Yr 33:4tt), ngi ta
cn tu t, tu vn. Nhm Rkab vn cn ngi ni dng (35:18t). Bc ha tng lai
ca Yrmya khng ly g l xn ln, tri li ch l mt vic phc hi tnh cnh c trc
tai ng (khng c ni n bin i thin nhin, hay ph nhiu nh a ng). Tuy th ni
Yrmya, gia vn c v vn mi c s on tc su xa, hn cc tin tri trc : y l v
Yahv s ban cho dn mt tm lng nhn bit Ngi (Yr 24:7). iu tm li trong cu
c trnh by y chi tit hn trong li tin tri v Giao c mi.
Yrmya ni l mi - ngha l mi hn - khng phi ch l tu b li iu c cho hon ho

hn. Mi u? Ni dung ca Giao c Sinai l mc khi Trah (la chn v chim hu
Israel lm s hu ca Yahv, h thi hnh nh ca Ngi). Trah vn l trung tm
ca Giao c mi trong Yrmya. Giao c mi khng phi v ni dung kia c thay
i hay din rng hn. Mi l ni vic thu nhn ca Thin Cha trn ngi ta.
Sinai, Thin Cha phn t ni xung, dn s hi th xin Ms lnh chu ly thay mnh
(Xh 20:18tt). Cch thu nhn bng nghe bit thnh Thin Cha khng em Israel n
s vng phc. Cch thc c thay th bng lt qu i trnh t phn dy v nghe
li, Yahv em ngay ca Ngi m t trong lng Israel. Khng phi ch l i chi
phc tng b ngoi, v vng phc bn trong. C l Th lut ch nhn n iu . Nhng
Yrmya i xa - v trong Giao c mi - ci bp bnh trong vic vng phc khng c
ca Ngi ngay ni lng ngi ta, th kiu cch vng phc thng c khng cn, s
ng trc nhau gia hai ch, gc cho s gay cn trong vng phc, by gi khng
cn, v ngi ta by gi mang ni lng mnh (tc l ci g thm su nht ni bn ng con
ngi) chnh ca Thin Cha, v ch mun ca Thin Cha. Con ngi mi l th
(31:31-34 / 32:37-41 24:7).
Trong li bo Giao c ny, Yrmya va thuc dng cc tin tri (ni cch khc th giao
c mi tc l s tr li ca Israel cng Thin Cha, mt cch vng chi, chung cc) -
H bo s Israel hi u v li vi lin lc xa vi Yahv - Yrmya i trit vo vn
, v suy ngh nhiu v s t tng con ngi sa chn vo bi ti li mnh, ra bt
lc iu khin ng li mnh (10:23), v phng ty ra mnh (2:22) trong s d nh
mt bm tnh (13:23), nn tin tri khng l li i h li i vo mt con ng trn
ngi ta li trt ng na. Vy s s xy ra lm sao, khi Thin Cha li vt ly ngi ta
vo li s hp nht ca Ngi, n i s khng cn s b trt ng li vo ng v o
ca mnh? Thin Cha s i chnh lng ngi ta v nh m ngi ta s c th vng
phc trn ho.

o l v Msia.
Yrmya bit v tin vo truyn thng Ngi David: 23:5t 30:9 30:21 (nn n xut x
3021 ny) : Yrmya nhn n vic li gn Thin Cha, m khng ni n nhng phn
v khc ca v Cao tn. Li gn y ch vic thm giao gia Thin Cha v v i
din ca Ngi. Mun c th, v phi liu mng sng mnh i.
ZKIEL (yhezaql)
J. Steinmann, Le prophte Ezkiel (LED 13)
A.Gelin : Introd. la Bible, I.535-549
Catholicisme, IV, Ezchiel.
W.Zimmerli, Eechiel.
V s v :
Ezekiel b ko i lu y trong t nht (597), c ku gi lm tin tri ti b sng
Kobar (gn Babylon), v c tip tc cng vic gia ngi lu y cho n sau 571 (nin
biu ca li sm cui cng c th t nin biu 29:17).
Chnh cuc :
Yua trc hai cng quc : Babylon v Aicp. Yua trng da vo Aicp dnh c
lp, nhng ch c tht vng thi. Ri Nabukadnessar tin nh Ty Nam Tiu : ch
ca cc dn lng ging Yua (Ammn 25:2tt; Eom 25,12tt). Ezekiel cng nh bt c
ngi b lu y no khc khoi nh qu hng, nn theo di cc bin c tng bc mt.
V tinh thn.
Tri thc uyn bc : c Ezekiel, ta thy tin tri thng t thnh s, truyn thng Lut l.
Tin tri tng tn gc tch Yrusalem trc thi David (16:3 : Amori tc l dn Canaan,
cn Hittit l hng qu phi cm u), bit c nhng truyn thn thoi, hay k truyn
(28:11tt s tch ng Bng C Tiu , 16:1tt truyn a con b b ri, cy diu quyn
31:1tt), nhng k thut ng thuyn, v vt liu tha phng dng trong vic ng thuyn
(27:1tt). Cc ti liu c u li, iu ha cng nhau, chng t mt sc sng to
khng phi l nh
.
Th vn.
Khng cn nhng tiu tit ngn gn, m l nhng trng c, nhng thin lun; cch ring
nn n nhng iu vn tro phng Ezekiel ko rt di (19:1tt 10tt 27:1tt 28:11tt
31:1tt 32:1tt). Trong khi bn v vn , Ezekiel a thch dng kiu bng by, t n tng
trng in hnh. Kiu ni bng by khng phi gi ghm tng kn o trong khi
tranh lun gia cng chng, m thc s l mt kiu hnh vn (coi 15:1tt 17:1tt 16:1tt
19:1-9 10-14 21,2tt 24:3tt). Kiu trnh by nhng n m phm in hnh (18:5tt 14:12-
23). Kiu ca Ezekiel trnh by v th c tnh cch ng xa, lnh lng, kiu gio khoa,
khc hn kiu ca Yrmya.
Tnh kh :
Ezekiel c l c bnh hon. Nhng khng phi l lon c. Mt ngi thuc hng ngt tr,
Ezekiel l mt con ngi phc tp, c nhiu tng phn (t t, tin tri ging vin, vn
s y cm tnh, rt n o suy ngh m mng, thc t bt nhn, chnh thng). V

nht l sng trong th kin v hng khi m li suy lun rch ri : Ezekiel l mt nh thn
hc na. Tm li, Ezekiel xut hin vi mt giao thi ca dn Thin Cha chn,
ng u vi nhng ngi r ri v thi cuc nn n chn chng, kh tnh : mt
dn cng u, ngy tc.
zkiel v ngun truyn thng bi cnh.

Ngay ni trnh thut thin triu, ta thy Ezekiel l ngi uyn bc dung ha truyn
thng Israel vi nhng vn ha bn ngoi. ch thc Israel l vinh quang Thin Cha
n nh bo phi Ezekiel i rao ging lm tin tri. V mt ny, Ezekiel cng theo
truyn thng thin triu nh 1V 22 v Ys 6. Nhng a s v nhiu hnh nh thuc Lng
h a.
Ezekiel c nhim v hch ti v ln n cho dn (n sch bo ha) nh cc tin tri trc.

Nhng ti trng Ezekiel nhn n cch ring l nhng ti nghch vi lut t t : Truyn
thng Ezekiel b chi phi l truyn thng thanh linh (sacral) ca hng t t. Mt n lm t
rng cch thc t tng : 14:1-11. Khi s l kiu li trch c thng c ni cc tin tri.
Nhng tip theo : Ezekiel em ra nhng lut iu v danh thuc t t phng th. n
li e da : Tin tri cng dng cc phm tr cn bn ca lut php, ch khng phi li
tuyn n thng thy ni cc tin tri. Nhng trong khung kh , Ezekiel ch thc l
tin tri : iu rao ging vt qu phm vi t t. Ezekiel va b b buc, va li t do
trong truyn thng.
nim thnh s ca Ezkiel.

Ezekiel ty thuc truyn thng t t v nim lch s tin khi Israel. Tin tri dng lch
s vch ra s h n ca Israel : Ez 16 20 23. Ez 20 tot yu lch s t lc c la
chn cho n thi chim t. Ezekiel theo di tng bc mt theo biu thc lch s ca
truyn thng, m chng ta c th theo di ni cc sch khc. Nhng mt trt, tin tri em
gii thch ring ca mnh vo : Mt chui tht bi v hnh pht (coi sch ring 20:25).
Cc giai on (4 c thy) din ra nh mt vn k (Yahv mc khi, bt lc, thnh n,
dung th, c iu l giai on th t th b ng) lun lun khc nhau.
Cn v thi vng quyn Ezekiel dng 2 t d : Ez16 Israel di hnh nh mt a con
gi b b ri t khi mi sinh ra, c Yahv sn sc, ri chn lm hn th, nhng sau li
ha thnh gi im. Khng u cm thy hn c s bt xng ca Israel trc Yahv.
Ez 20 cng tng t nh Ez 16, nhng phn lm hai nhn vt Ohola (Samarie) v
Oholiba (Yrusalem).
Ba bi suy ngm lch s cng nh cc kiu hiu lch s khc ca sch thnh : Israel c
mt con mt ngay thng, khng phi ly n lch s ca tng dn mnh, nhng l ca
tng cc vic Yahv lm. Nhng khng u li hch ti mt cch cng rn bng trong
Israel : Ton b lch s Israel di n ca Yahv - mt cuc hon ton tht bi trong
cng tin, n n, bt lc vng phc. l l do cho n pht ang sng sc chy n.
Nhng ng khc, Ezekiel ni ra khi con mt thy h rng vic Thin Cha sp lm :
mt vic k cng mi ca Thin Cha m Israel khng cht my may xng ng.
Vy xt v vn ny, Ezekiel tip tc nghip cc tin tri xa : vch ti ca Israel ra.

Nhng Ezekiel cn hnh nh vt qu cc v tin bi. Trong lch s mnh, Israel khng

ch c vi vic sa phm ng nghch, hay vi th h sa st, nhng l s bt lc su thm

trc cc nh ca Yahv, mt s ng nghch xut hin ngay t lc u tin. Xa
cng nh nay, Israel khng c khc g. Bi th ci quyt nh nguy tai ca Yahv n,
Yahv rt li k ca Ngi. Ezekiel t bin c tai hi bng mt th kin v i :
Tin tri thy Kabd Yahweh/ Vinh quang Yahv ct mnh ln khi n th v bin mt
v pha ng (Ez 10:18t 11:22tt).
Vai tr linh hng ca Ezkiel.

Ngoi vic cnh co, vch ti ra, Ezekiel li c Yahv trao cho mt nhim khc : Canh
gi (33:1-9 3:16-21). Cng nh ngi lnh canh trn tng thnh c trch nhim bo
ng cho dn thnh khi nguy him n, th tin tri cng vy, phi bo cho ngi ta bit
c ch th. Nhng y li phc tp : Yahv ngm e Israel, v mt trt li mun bo cho
ngi b e da phng, cu ly h, cho h c phng tr li. Tin tri hiu nhim
v lm sao? Ta c th bit c trong cc n :
Ez 18. Con ng hi ci sn m.
N nhng ngi phi kh v cc tai ha nhng li khng nhn quan nim tp th c
truyn. H cng kch quyn ca Yahv trng tr h v ti ca cha ng h. Tin tri cng i
vo vn vi h, v tuyn b mi sinh mng u lin lc trc tip vi Thin Cha. Hn
na - ngay c sinh mng mi mt ngi - cng khng phi l mt bi ton cng tr,
nhng cn c s tr li.
Ez 14:2tt t vn ngc li.

Trong hai li gii : Ezekiel t vn qu vic ring t, m i n bnh din i ng.
Kiu t tng ca hng t t, nhng v ni dung vn : Ezekiel tr li ch thc nh
mt tin tri. V thc s ni y mt nhim v mi ca n tin tri l hin. Cc tin tri
trc t vn cho ton th Israel, c nhn phi t rt ly kt lun cho mnh. Nhng
Ezkiel tuyn li cho ton dn ri cn phi ng p vi i hi ca ch ngi ta, v c
khi kt thc ni li ku gi ring cho mi ngi (18:30t 33:11). y l v thi bui i
khc, c nhn ng i lp vi ton th, mt cch gy g na. l thi m ngi ta
cm thy mnh l mt th h khc, tch bit vi th h cha ng, thi m vn lin lc
tng ngi vi Yahv c nu ln mt cch gay cn. Ln u tin, nhng ngi mang
li Thin Cha phi i theo tng ngi, cng suy ngh vi n vn ca n, v ni
vi n trn v tr ring ca n trc mt Yahv. Trong thi th , Ezekiel n lc ui
theo ngi ta v vch trn ra nhng th tn gio, nhng cng chnh gi di. Ln u
tin vn My self and my God (Newman) c t mt cch thng thn. Nhng vn
t th cng thnh tht vng, nu khng c ci xc tn dn a Ezekiel Nu qu Ta
hng sng, th ta khng a thch ci cht ca k d, nhng l vic k d tr li khi
ng li n m c sng (33:11).
Cng tc mc v em tin tri vo mt chiu su hn : Tin tri c nhim v mi gii

thng kh. Ai h i v tin tri li phn s, tin tri phi tr l cho sinh mng k . n
y, ta thm nh c cch phi chng nhng vic ng tin tri lm : Tin tri b li
cun c thn mnh vo ngh tin tri (21:11) ; Tin tri thy din ra ni mnh s thng
kh ca n pht s n cho ton dn (12:6 4,4-8). Chuyn li Thin Cha ni ming
dng nh khng , tin tri cn phi Yahv dng xc mnh, i mnh nn du ch

cho iu s n. Ni Ezekiel thy mo u c nhng li sm v Ebed Yahweh :

Incarnatio verbi / Ngi Li nhp th i n mt giai on thm su hn cho n lc
Verbum caro factum est / Li thnh xc phm.
Nhng li bo phc
V vic bo ha v bo phc : Ezekiel khng c chia hn trc v sau bin c 587. V
trc , Ezekiel ni n nhng ngi c th c cu vn ( ghi du trn trn,
cha ra khi b li vo tai ha). Quan nim v c nhn ca tin tri i tin tri nhm
n s quyt nh ca c nhn, lm cho c ngi kin trung vi Yahv, hay t l lc cui
cng bit nghe li cnh co. Cn v tng quan gia Ha v Phc trong li sm v
tng lai, th cng nh ht cc tin tri, v c khi hn na. Ezekiel vch r s on tc :
Vinh quang Yahv b n th mt cch cng khai (11:22t), Israel cht tht, ch l
mt ng xng tn (37:1tt).
(Vn Ez 37,1-14 : R.Martin-Achard, De la mort la Rsurrection 78-85).
Khung cnh ca cc li sm bo phc :

Sinh hot chnh tr v lch s ca Dn Thin Cha chn trong t t tin h. Dn c k
s (13:9) v c tr v li t Israel, nhng tng gia mt cch l lng, trong mt x ph
nhiu (26:9 29t 37), nh a ng (36,35). Nhng mt chng l t cn l t trn
gian, l phi c nng gia cy xi (36:35), thnh tr c xy ct (36:35).
Nhng iu ct yu v quyt nh l Yahv s lm mt iu mi ni lng ngi ta :
36:24-28. Tuy Ezekiel khng dng ting giao c y, nhng chc chn l Ezekiel
ni n giao c, mt thit nh mi ca Thin Cha tng ng vi giao c c (coi
cng thc giao c trong c.28). Cn ni dung ca giao c ny, chng ta thy i song
song vi Yr 31:31tt. Mc ch : Ti to dn, mt dn c th vng phc trn ho cc
lnh truyn ca Yahv Vic hy dit ti li (Yr 31:34b / Ez 36:25) nht l Yahv can
thip ngay vo bn trong ngi ta c th vng phc trn ho. Nhng Ezekiel cn ni
r hn Yrmya : Thin Cha ly i lng , v ban mt lng mi tht. Li thm
vic ban cho Thn kh Thin Cha. c nh th, Israel c th i theo cc lnh truyn
ca Thin Cha. Ezekiel cn thm t li v hu qu ca vic i mi: Ng li v trc,
Israel s cm thy nhm tm ci i ca mnh.
Hy vng Msia ca Ezkiel.

Ezkiel cn duy tr nhng li ha v Ngai David trong tng lai ca Israel 21:32 17:22-
24 (chi lc c Yahv trng trn ni Israel v tr nn mt cy ln lao, hay cy kh ho
li sinh chi ny lc), nhng cch ring : 34:23t (ngi chn chin Thin Cha t trn
dn ca Ngi, David ti t Ngi). 37:25tt cng ni n David l cha ca dn. Ezkiel
cng nh Yrmya - tuy c duy tr nhng li ha v Msia tht - nhng khng nng nn
bao nhiu. ng khc ni Ezkiel, truyn thng v David v truyn thng Sinai c ha
hp vi nhau. Nhng truyn thng Sinai tri hn nhiu nn mi li ha v avt li dn
c ch vo giao c Sinai (34:25tt) (37:23 i trc 37:24).
Ezkiel t tt c cng vic cu ri di quan im thn hc, c bit cho tn th ca

ngi : Y thnh ha chnh mnh X trc mun dn (20:41 28:25 36:23) : Khng ch l
mt hin tng tm linh, hay thing ling, nhng l mt bin c xut hin cch cng
khai, n i mi dn u bit c ( 36:22t). Danh d ca Yahv bt Ngi phi em

k , giao c ca Ngi, n ni n chn : Kiu l lun thn hc! Ezekiel nhiu ln

kt thc nhng li tin tri v tng lai ni iu ny : chng bit Ta l Yahweh. Mc
ch cui cng ca cng vic Yahv lm l Yahv c nhn bit v th ly : ni
nhng k cha bit hay bit khng nhm v chnh mnh Ngi.
YSAYA TH HAI
Coi : Introd. la Bible, I.549-560.
Steinmann J. Le livre de la consolation dIsrael (LED 28).
Chung chung :
Thn th, s nghip ch c th hi ra t nhng chng sch thnh ny : Ys 40-55. ng
khc vn cng khng th cho ta kt lun g xc ng v tnh tnh, thn th ca tc gi nh
ta c th lm v Ysaya th nht, v tin tri li dng loi vn thuc Ca vn, v cc th vn
t t khc. Tin tri l mt dung mo v danh trong chn lu y Babylon. Ch c mt
iu l thi bui th kh r : l thi Kyr sp thanh ton quc Babylon. V nh th
ngi ta t s v ca tin tri vo khong trc nm 40/39 t nm.
Xt v truyn thng :
Bi cnh ca Ysaya II l Xut hnh. Hu nh tt c quan im v tng lai Israel c
nhn di hnh thc mt Xut hnh. Cng vi xut hnh - tin tri cng ni n nhng s
kin i trc Xut hnh - nh vic la chn Abraham (41:8 51:1tt), Yakb (43:22).
Truyn thng Sion cng rt tri trong Ysaya II. Xut hnh dn n Thnh chnh Yahv
bo m, v s c xy ct li (41:19; 49: 54:11tt), nhng ngi ly tn c quay v,
mun dn em l vt n (49:22tt 45:14), cuc hnh hng ca cc dn tc (45:14t
49:14-21 52:1-2). Cn truyn thng v dng h avt, ch thy c mt cu 55:3; nhng
tin tri li khng hiu nh li ha ca Yahv cho v Msia dng h avt, m l nh li
ha cho ton dn : Israel l cha mun dn (55:4), nh ni dung c th ca truyn
thng ni c l c dn-ch-ha. Hi vng Msia-hong vng khng c vai tr
g trong li tin tri ca Ysaya II.
Vi cc truyn thng ni trn, Ysaya II lm bt ni mt ngun o l mi : Yahv, ng
to thnh v tr. Nhng o l ny khng xt to thnh nh mt l thuyt, m nh php
l lch s tin khi ca Yahv, mt du c bit cho nh cu ri ca Ngi trong thnh
s : Bi cng mt ting to thnh va c dng v v tr, m cng c dng v
Israel. Khng phi ch nhn v mt o l Israel l mt to vt ca Yahv, nhng trc
tin, v Thin Cha chn, mua chuc Israel, tc l Ysaya II ko ting vo
truyn thng Xut hnh (44:24 54:5). o l to thnh xut hin kh t ngt trong
truyn thng cc tin tri, y l do hon cnh mt phn ln. Phi i chi vi mt vn
minh cu tro, mt quc ln lao vi nhng thn ca h, hng lnh o tinh thn ca
nhng ngi lu y cm thy cn phi t c s c tin Yavit trn cn bn i ng xa
rng hn l khi Israel ch ng ho lnh mt mnh. To thnh lin lc mt thit vi thnh
s, v Yahv ton thng hn mang nn Ngi cu c khi nhng cng qun trong
lch s (51:9t), v Yahv to dng mi phng thin h, nn tn th ca Ngi ni vi
Israel cng ng tin cy (40:27tt). V ng khc, mt l bc t thn li l cc li tin
tri bo trc trong lch s ca Yahv : ng no c th cho php bo trc v tng lai,
ng y mi l Cha lch s th gii. V iu ny Israel l chng nhn (43:9-10).
Ni dung ca li Ysaya II c hai iu ct yu :

1. Vic cu thot Israel

Thin triu 40:1-8.
Ni dung tn th c tm gn ngay ni li ban s mng cho tin tri : Yahv sp n.
Mt cuc hin linh cho ton ci t. Trn tri cc thin thn nhn nhp : c lnh ban
cho cc ngi dn mt con ng k diu cho cuc Quang lm ca Yahv.
Hon cnh lch s :

Vai tr ca Kyr. ting dng v Kyr : Cng thc triu yt chung cho Tiu t
(so snh 44:28-45:13 vi ANET 315-316). Coi Introd. la Bible I,553s (cuc thng tin
ca Kyr : Ecbatane).
Cuc hi hng :
C tnh cch mt cuc kiu : Yahv cng i vi dn Ngi, nn ngi lu y c ku
gi hy ty u (52:11t 48:20). Nhng cch ring, Mt Xut hnh mi : Gia nhng vic
l lng nh thi xa Israel ngang qua sa mc (49:10), nhng mt sa mc c bin i :
Thin nhin cng ha vui (49:13 55:12 51:11). Lun lun tin tri t lin lc gia Hi
hng v Xut hnh khi Aicp (42:13 48:21). Xut hnh mi ny l lng hn xa nhiu.
y Israel khng cn phi vi v, lt t ra i, v chnh Yahv cm u i trc (52:12).
Bi tin tri khuyn ng ngonh mt coi li bin c xa kia na, xa ri, c ri.
Nhng hy nhn n iu mi ny (C : 43:18 41:22 42:9 43:9.18 46:9 48:3; Mi : 42:9
43:19 48:6 41:23). iu xa, c tc l chnh nhng vic thnh s trong qu kh, t khi
Abraham c ku gi cho n khi Yrusalem b ph. Mi tc l iu Yahv sp lm cho
dn. Ysaya II t bng nhng mu sc ca Xut hnh c, nhng mt trt cho thy rng
iu sp xy ra l lng hn gp bi, n i tin tri ku mi hy qun hn iu c i
(43:16-19). i vi tin tri, lu y c tnh cch mt s cng tn, mt thi, thi c,
co chung. Thi c ch cn c gi tr nh mt li tin bo, mt tng trng, hnh bng
cho iu s n. Nhng trc mt tin tri, s lin tc thnh s ct thit l s lin tc nh
s tin bo (44:7t 45:21).
Vic can thip ca Yahv va cp n mun dn.
Mt bu kh rt ci m i vi cc dn tc. Ysaya II tuyn b vic cu thot ca Yahv
cho Israel, nhng lun n hu qu c th c cho cc dn xung quanh Israel - mt
hu qu xa rng - vic Yahv lm bo gi tn s cho cc t thn, cc dn ngoi s nhn
thy s bt lc ca cc thn h th, v h phi xu h (41:11 42:17 45:24), h s n
cng Yahv, h chuyn ch cc ngi tn mc ca Dn Thin Cha v, v h nhn ra s
ln lao v vinh quang ca Thin Cha Israel (45:24 49:22t 49:7). Ysaya II c th ku gi
h nhn nhn gi cu ri h rng (45:22 51:5). Nhng tuy th cha c cuc truyn gio
cho dn ngoi. Israel l chng nhn nh mt du hiu bin c cnh chung, ch khng
phi l tha sai.
2. Ebed Yahweh
Coi : Vocabulaire de thologie biblique (Serviteur)
Dictionnaire encyslopdique de la Bible (Serviteur de Yah.)
C. North, the suffering Servant in Deutero-Isaiah
Van de Ploeg, Les chants du Serviteur de Yahv dans la seconde partie du livre
dIsaie (1936)
R.J.Tournay, Les chants du Serviteur dans la Seconde partie dIsaie (R.B.1952,
355-384 481-512)

H.Cazelles, Les Pomes du Serviteur, Leur place, leur structune, leur thologie,
R.S.R.1955, 5-55.
R.Martin-Achard, De la mort la rsurrection, 86-101 (La rhabilitation du
Serviteur de Jahv)
DomCharlier, Bible et vie chrtienne, No.I (1953)
DBS V (Messianisme).
Cc bi thi ca :
1) 41:1-4 (tranh lun 42:5-9)
2) 4:1-6 (tranh lun 49:7-13)
3) 50:4-9 (tranh lun 50:10-11)
4) 52:13-53:12.
Cc bi thi ca c bit ny va ng mt iu vi ton th Ysaya II v t ng, th vn, v
ch o l. Nhng li va tch bit hn ra (t ra l khi im).
42:1-4 : Li Yahv ni v ngi Ti t :

Trnh din ngi ti t, theo mt hnh thc tng t vi nghi thc triu yt : Vua long
trng trnh din ty vng, hai i thn cho triu nh, v vch ra nhng quyn v c n
ca v . Sau trnh din, th c li ni v vic chun b ngi m nhn chc v :
n in thn kh. K l trch nhim : em mishpat (judicium/ cng chnh) cng
b cho cc dn tc. Ri t cho thy ngi ti t thi hnh chc v lm sao : Khng c g l
tn bo cng p, cng ci, nhng y khim nhu, nhn nhng, khoan hng. Tuy th
ngi Ti t khng nhu nhc, nhng cn m, bn gan, khng nao nng. Quan nim
cn thit phi r y l mishpat / phn quyt (li ln n, hay li tuyn tha nhng y
phi hiu rng hn, cch sinh sng v tn gio, v hnh kim nh Thin Cha ra, ni
cch khc : o Cng chnh).
49:1-6 : Li ca Ebed ni vi cc dn tc trn th gian.

Hnh thc mt chng t thut ca tin tri ni v thin triu ca mnh. Thin Cha
ku gi t trc khi sinh ra (nh Yrmya). Ngi t cho Ebed bit k ca Ngi.
Tip theo li than phin ca Ebed v cng lao v li ca mnh (cng li ging Yrmya),
th Thin Cha li ban s mng mt ln na, nhng di mt hnh thc c bit hn :
Ebed c nhim v i vi Israel (em v li nhng k sng st ca Israel, ti lp chi tc
Yacob). Ngoi ra li cn nhim v khc na, em nh sng cho cc dn ngoi, v thng
ngun cu ri cho n mt cng mt t.
50:4-9 (10-11). Nhng cu ny gi n nhng chng t thut ca Yrmya.

Lin lc gia Ebed v Yahv l lin lc theo kiu tin tri. Li c th an i nhng k kit
lc, tai lun lun sn sng chu ly mc khi - mt mc khi thng xuyn - ch
khng cch qung nh nhng ngi chu ly mc khi xa nay. S v dn Ebed vo
ng thng kh. Nhng Ebed y bit mnh c h ph ni Yahv. Vi xc tn ,
ngi ti t c can m, bit mnh khng b h nhc. Ebed dng ting ta n din
by lng trng cy ca mnh. Mt kiu ni, hn l t r s trng. Cc cu 10-11 cn tranh
lun, v ngi ni y khng cn phi l Ebed na nhng l tin tri (hay Yahv?) : Li
cnh co, ngm e na trn nhng k khnh th ngi Ti t v c khi lm cc kh cho
ngi Ti t.

52:13-53:12
Chia lm 3 khc :
- 52:13-15 : Li Thin Cha.
- 53:10 : Li ca ca on.
- 53:11-12 : Li ca Thin Cha.
Li m u ni ngay n tng lai ca Ebed : Ngi s c tn dng. Ngi Ti t
c so i vi cc dn tc, v nhm n lc h nhn ra c con ngi b khinh mn,
mt c hnh ngi kia l con ngi th no. H kinh ngc v iu thut li cho h.
Nh th khi im bt u ni s mng cui cng ngi Ti t : Cuc vinh hin v khi
phc danh d ca Ebed. Nh th l mun ni ln iu quan trng nht trong bi ca : Ni
Ebed, din ra mt bin c, m ngi ta ch hiu c, do phn cui cng ca s mng
Ebed.
Ri by gi mi t bin c xy ra. Trung tm im l Ebed. Nhng bin c c ni theo

kiu hi tng, gi thit bit hu vn ca Ebed. Li ni ming ngi no? Theo mch
lc, th l cc dn tc ngoi o (52:15). Nhng v vn lm theo kiu iu vn ( nghch
thng), nhn bit iu thc s din ra trc mt mnh. Sau l cc s au n
ngi Ti t Yahv phi chu thay ti k khc. Khng ni r hn iu ngi Ti t
phi chu, v cc thng kh c t theo kiu cc Ca vnh, Ai ca : l mt thng kh
ton din. Nhng nh Yahv khng tht bi ni ngi Ti t. Bn kia ci cht,
ngi Ti t s c sng v tn pht Sau l li Yahv t cho thy cng vic cu
ca ngi ti t lm cho nhiu ngi nn cng chnh, em h vo lin lc ngay chnh
nh phi c vi Thin Cha.
Dung mo ngi Ti t Yahv, mt chp nh ca mt qu trnh mc khi. Mt iu t

nhn trc ht l Ebed Yahweh c mt nhim v tin tri. D nhin trong trnh thut c t
nt p dng c cho mt vua (42:1 Yahv trnh din, 42:7 phng thch k t y, 52:13t
Ebed c tn dng trc mt cc vua). Nhng ct thit Ebed Yahweh l mt ngi rao
ging nh Thin Cha v c nhim v mi gii (c bng thng kh). Cc iu ny
ring cho chc v tin tri. Cho i ta khng bit Ysaya II l bao, ta cng c th ni rng
trong bc ha v Ebed Yahweh, Ysaya II ha theo nghip ca mnh, vi nhng kinh
nghim v nhng ni thng kh ca mnh. C iu l vin tng tng lai kia v i hn
nhiu. Qu th, ngh tin tri khng cn phi qu hin nhin, khng th ph phn, theo
cch Amos ni : Ngi ta ch c vic sung vo hng ng tin tri, ch v Yahv phn
(3:7). Vo thi ny, chc v tin tri thnh mt vn thn hc. Cc tin tri thi
Yrmya, Ezkiel, Ysaya II cng th, c iu l truyn thng li thm mt i vt
mi, tc l n tin tri vi c khi kinh nghim, v nhng vn xy ra. Mt truyn
thng kiu mi, cu to nn mt hnh nh v tin tri, c tnh cch m hnh cho s v tin
tri.
Mt iu rt quan trng din ra ni cc tin tri thi ny l s v tin tri chon c

phm vi bn thn v ni tm ca tin tri. Ni cho rnh mch, th c th l ni cn, v
chng ta bit rt t v thn th cc tin tri cu tro nh Elya, Amos. Nhng d sao, ni
Yrmya ta thy din ra mt ci g m xa cha thy. Ngay ni th vn (kiu th tr
tnh), tin tri m ra mt chiu mi : Ni thng kh ca ngi lm tin tri, di ni tm
hn tin tri hai ni au phin - au n ca nhng k b n pht v mt trt s u su

ca Thin Cha trn dn ca Ngi. Tin tri phi qun qui gia hai ngun thng kh .
Mt iu ta cha thy r ni Amos. Ri nhng chng t thut : S v tin tri dy v
tin tri n trnh no n i tin tri nh c t t i mi vo m ti b Thin Cha
b cng vi dn ti li. Sau Baruk li t nhng thng kh bn ngoi, m trnh thut li
ct l chng li hoi nghi v s v tin tri ca Yrmya. Thng kh v tht bi khng
phi l chng rng Yrmya khng phi l tin tri, nhng ngc li : chnh v th m
Yrmya l ch thc tin tri ca Yahv, v vn s ca Yrmya phi kt thc nh th.
Ri n Ezkiel - trch nhim mt ngi canh phng - phi dn thn vo (33:1tt), ri

nhng vic ng hnh pht tin tri phi lm mang ti Israel v Yua (4:4-8). Nhng
vic ng khng cn ngoi mnh tin tri, nhng cn vo sinh mng tin tri. Chnh tin
tri nn du ch (12:6). Cng nn n li Ezkiel trch cc tin tri gi (13:5) : H
khng bnh Israel n liu thn mnh i. C l Ezkiel ng n vic chuyn cu cho
dn. Nhng mt s chuyn cu theo kiu mi : Mt chin u n phi ly n thn, nh
Tv 106:23 32:9tt ni v Ms.
Hnh nh ng chuyn cu , Yrmya cha c (Yrmya cha nhn ra tnh cch n

thay chuc ti ca thng kh ni tin tri). Nhng hnh nh c tc ni Ms ca
tc gi ng thi : Th lut th (9:19 3:23-28 4:21-27). Th lut th mun nh ng
c gi bng hnh nh mt ngi y u lo phi chu ly thnh n Thin Cha v nh
phi cht ngoi t Thin Cha ha v dn. Th m Th lut th li cn ni n vic
Ms trng mt tin tri s n ging nh mnh (18:18). Ta ng trc ngay vic dn
ra dung mo Ebed Yahweh ri (Yr 53:12). Ni th, khng phi l Ysaya II rt ly hnh
nh Ebed t Th lut th, nhng ch ni ra bu kh thn hc lm cho hnh nh Ebed
Yahweh c th c l g. Ys 53 l chp nh ca mt Khrisma/c sng sng lu th
k trong dn Cha : Nhim v chuyn cu t xa mt v tin tri thi hnh s v tin
tri t xm
CC TIN TRI SAU LU Y

Coi : Introd. la Bible I.561-582.
Hon cnh lch s :

Coi bnh lun v cc sch Ezra v Nhmya.
Thi gian c th cm chng th ny :

- 538 Sc ch Kyr cho php hi hng (Er 1:1-4 6:1-5).
- t lu sau Sheshbassar dn u mt nhm hi hng v t nn mng n th.
Cuc phc hng khng c g l ho nhong. Dn hi hng gp knh ch do quyn
chc Samarie, cng nh nhng ngi Dothi cn qu hng li lm thin tai
(mt ma hn hn). Cng vic ti to n th b nh ch.
- (?) Zrbabel hi hng cng vi mt nhm hi hng khc.
- 520 Cc tin tri Haggai, Zacarya c thc vic ti to n th.
- 515 Khnh thnh n th (Er 6:13-22)
- 445-433 S v ca Nhmya (ln th nht)
- (?) 430 (428) s v ca Nhmya (ln th hai).
- 398 S v ca Ezra.

YSAYA III ( 56-66)

Coi : Introduction la Bible I.567-569.
- Thin triu ca tin tri c tnh cch mc v (61:1tt)

- Nhng tin tri vn phi ng u vi nhiu iu t lu : X hi bt cng, p bc
nhau (57:1tt); mt chnh quyn khng xng vi ngha v (56:9tt); sng bi b ngoi,
trng rng lng o i chiu vi i hi ca Yahv cng bng bc i trong x hi
(58:1tt). Khng thy tin tri ch trch s kin kiu cng nh cc tin tri trc kia nhng
li phi chin u vi lng yu tin (59:1) n cu thot cha xut hin, v ti li ca
cng on chng cht thm (59:9).
- Cnh co : Yahv hng dang tay n nhn dn, nhng t khc th khn (65:1tt).
Nh th gia Israel vn cn c vn la chn tch bit. Ngay vic sng bi cng cn
nhiu d oan lc o (65:1tt 66:3tt; khuynh hng tn gio hn hp vn cn).
- Nhng li bo phc : Nhng li nng ny huy hong theo kiu Ysaya II , nn chc
chn phi nhn lin lc gia hai bn (mn rt gn) : 57:14 62:10 66:7t (49:21). Mt
chng hng khi c bit l Ys 62.
ng sau tn th Ysaya III, ta mng tng thy c tnh cnh bp bnh ca cng on
hi hng. Tin tri khng nao nng loan bo cuc Quang lm ca Yahv n lm rng
t vinh quang thnh ca Ngi : Thnh gi phi tin chc iu .
HAGGAI
Coi : Introduction la Bible I.562-563
Cng nh Zakarya - Haggai bo cuc Quang lm sp n ca Yahv thit lp Nuc

ca Ngi. Nhng tn th lin kt cht ch vi vic ti to n th. Vic ti to hu
nn nh iu kin nht thit phi c trc khi Yahv n. Nhn gii c khi thu hp,
nhng i vi tnh cnh ng thi lng nhit thnh xy ct Nh ca Yahv l mt vic
tuyn xng lng tin.
ZACARYA (1-8)
Coi : Introduction la Bible 564-566).
Cng trong mt hon cnh nh Haggai. S v lu hn. Zacarya cng bo vic Yahv sp
n, lm cho ngi ng thi nhn bit thi triu. V mt phm gian, thi l mt thi
cht vt, cnh sng eo hp, nhng cng l mt thi cu ri (Za 8:11; Hg 2:15 18).
Vi vic ti to n th, thi s h rng (Za 8:10 12). Trt t cnh chung c t t
nt trong nhng th kin ban m : Trong khi ni trn gian khng c g thay i, tin tri
thy lng nhit thnh ca Yahv i vi Yrusalem, ni Ngi mi iu c
chun b Ngi Quang lm; nhng chc v c thit lp, nhng chng i c
dp i mt bn ri.
Ys 34-35 Mnh danh l Khi huyn nh :
Yahv bo th trn cc dn (cch ring Eom) v cuc khi hon ca Israel.
Ys 24-27 Mnh danh l Khi huyn ln :
Cuc phn xt cnh chung, Nc Thin Cha c thit lp, cuc ton thng trn cc
mnh lc trn tri di t, Yua c thu hp li, ri s sng li ca cc k lnh. Gia
khung cnh chen vo t bi ca v cuc khi hon ca thnh Thin Cha trn thnh s
d.
MALAKI
Malaki, c vo thi Nhmya (gia khong 2 s v).

Gm c su din t. chung qui u em v nhng t lu tin tri thy din ra trong cng
on Dothi (chnh mng ca hng t t, nn ly d, s hoi nghi). Bn v cnh chung
(2:17 3:5 3:13-21). Tin tri loan bo vic Yahv n cch thnh lnh phn xt. iu
mi : Yahv c tin h i trc.
YNA
Coi : Introduction la Bible I.574-576)
DBS IV,1104-1131 (Yonas, par A.Feuillet)
iu ct thit hiu sch nh ny l loi vn : mt truyn l th c tnh cch dy d,

ni n mt ngi ca Thin Cha, m ngi thut truyn mun t vo mt thi rt
xa l xa, mi ti thi Yrbam II (2V 14:25) c lnh i Niniv, kinh nc
Assur, ging phn xt cho dn thnh y. Sch ny c b cc t nh, chia lm 2 phn,
i chiu vi nhau : Yna trn thuyn v Yna ti Niniv. C hai trng hp u cho
thy dn ngoi c phn thng th trn tin tri. Trong cn bo, h c sng kin, v khm
ph ra iu bt chnh ni Yna. Cn ti Niniv th qu r. Dn ngoi n thun, ngay
thng trc mt Thin Cha; cn Yna qu phin phc, b him, nht l ni nhng cng
thc Yna dng ni v o ca mnh, hay ni li m thoi vi Yahv, khi Niniv
c tha th. Cui phn th nht, ngi ngoi t l dng Yahv : h i vo lng tin
Israel, nhng mi ch bo hiu cho iu s din ra trong vic gii thot Niniv khi n
ca Thin Cha.
Trnh thut lm theo loi Er-Bericht/ boco ni cc sch tin tri, nhng vi mt ti
tnh khng km nhng chng ca Yavish : Hp dn, nh nhng, v dm bu diu tin tri
na : L bch v hp hi thin cn (tc ti khi chng kin lng ln tut ca Thin Cha,
ci vui ch k khi di bng cy thu du, ci bun v hn mun cht i c khi n b
kh mt. Sch Yna cp n mt cm d ln ca dn Thin Cha chn trong sinh
mng da trn n la chn c bit, ngi c chn ch ngh n c quyn mnh
c, n cng kch c s t do ca Thin Cha trong k ca Ngi i vi cc dn
khc.
Ci t lu ca mt hng ngi nhn c li c in hnh ni dung mo mt tin tri!

Khng phi tuyn ra mt li ph phn tng qut trn cc tin tri, nhng c mt kha cnh
cc tin tri t ni, nhng sch Yna nu ln : Tin tri trong thc v nhim v mnh,
cn km theo cc kh nng hch hi mnh cn k, em tt c vinh d v cho Thin
Cha. Ngoi ra, sch Yna cn c th hiu v khuynh hng truyn gio ca dn Israel
thi lu y, v nh th l km theo mt li ch trch v tm no ng kn ca x hi
Dothi t thi Ezra v Nhmya xut hin.
YEL
Coi : Introduction la Bible, I.576-578.
Thi :

ni n n th nh mt iu d nhin (1:9.14; 2:17; 4:18) v c tng thnh

Yrusalem (vi Nhmya 445). Vy Yel phi xut hin sau thi Nhmya (445-433).
Cn 4:4 c m ch n hip thng gia Tyr-Sin v cc thnh Philitin, hip thng
chm dt nm 343, vua ArtaxerxsIII Okhos trit h thnh Sin. Vy Yel phi
trc 343.
Sch Yel :
Trc y ngi ta mun coi Y 1-2 l mt li tin tri nhn mt tai nn thin nhin (chu
chu v hn hn). Cn Y 3-4 do mt tc gi khc, hon ton hng v cnh chung.
Nhng k thc sch chia lm hai phn :
- Phn I t u n 2:17
- Phn th hai t 2:18 n cui.
Hai phn tng chiu vi nhau rt cn ci : 1:4-20 li than v tai nn thin nhin nht
thi 2:18-19a 21-27 li ha c thot nn .
2:1-11 : Tai nn cnh chung trn Yrusalem / 4:1-3 9-17 : Li ha cu thot cnh chung.
2:12-17 Li ku gi tr li nh iu kin c cu trong hin ti / 3:1-5 iu kin ct
thit trong thi cnh chung : Thin Cha thn kh v cu thot
.
Cn cc phn khc nh:
4:4-8 thm sau do mt tay khc.
4:8-21 c l tay Yel ph thm sau.
Yel da nhiu trn cc tin trc : Ngy Yahv da trn So 1-2; Ys 13; Ez 30; Abya;
Ma 3; li sm trn cc dn tc Yr 46; 49-51; Ez 29-32 ch th pha Bc Yr 4-6; Ez 38t.
Tn th :
Vo tin bn th k 4 : Cng on Dothi thnh lp nh cng vic ca Nhmya v
Ezra. H c hng an ninh, chm ch v hnh din t c v t t v l lut di
quyn hng t t, nh th h trng c bo m nh vic Yahv chn Yrusalem lm
ngai ca Ngi. Trong hon cnh , nhn dp nhng tai ng nht thi (chu chu v
hn hn) Yel ly li li rao ging ca cc tin tri v Ngy ca Yahv m ku gi h :
Hy tnh dy, coi tai nn hin ti nh tin h Ngy cng tn ca Yahv s n. Hin ti
ca cng on sng bi ch l tm thi, iu chung cc l nhng k cng ca Thin Cha
s lm trong Ngy ca Ngi.
ABDYA
Kh t nin biu. C l trc nm 400.
Cc sm ngn di li mt lng i quc kh khi. i vi tinh thn Tn c, tt nhin c
nhiu khuyt im, nhng cng di li lng yu chung cng bng trong lin lc quc t.
ZACARYA ( 9-14).
Coi Introduction la Bible I.580-582.

DANIEL
V
VN CHNG KHI HUYN
TIN DNG:
Da trn sch Khi huyn Tn c, mnh danh mt lot sch i t aniel n sch
4Ezra. Hin tng vn chng cui thi Cu c l i din cho c mt phong tro t
tng.
( Xem thm 4Ezra l mt ngy th, trnh by ngy Cnh chung (tn th) ca ngi
Dothai, tng t nh vn khi huyn Daniel. Sch m t tm nhn c m ra cho Ezra,
tr li nhng cu hi v s au kh ca con ngi trc cng l ca Thin cha vi mu
sc bi quan v s phn ngi Dothi cng nh nhn loi b nguyn ra. Thin Cha
khng quan tm n s phn nhng k bt tun. Sch 4Ezra trnh by mt s cng thng
chun mc, kh hnh c Thin Cha chn lm mi nhng Sch Thnh cho dn
chn la.)
C SC CHO THN HC KHI HUYN:

L chung lun nh nguyn, s phn bit r rt gia hai thi (ain) : hin ti v s n.
Nhn c mt gii siu vit, nhng g thuc trt t ca thi s n c trc ri ni mt
th gii trn cao, v mt ngy kia s xung trn (n 7:13; Hnc 39:3tt; 48:3.6; 49:2; 4Er
13:36...).
Mt c im na : Quan nim rng nhng s kin Cnh chung sn c t s thy v
tng my th k trc khi xy ra, cc iu c mc khi ra tng li tng t cho
nhng ngi c chn. Tnh cch mo danh ca cc khi huyn pht ngun t . Cc
sch khi huyn t cho l sch ca nhng ngi lnh thnh c mc khi trc xa
kia v ghi chp li, nhng khng phi cng b ra cho thi h, nhng l phi nim
kn cho thi sau, thi m nhng bin c kia nn hin thc. Bi nhn n tnh cch gi
kn , nn cc sch khi huyn cng l nhng sch b truyn; ngi ta c th bit
nhng s kin Cnh chung, cng c th tnh ton bit ng thi bui; nhng ch nhng
ngi no c khai tm mi lm c, mi gii c mt m ca nhng li sm tin
bo. Bi quan nim mu nhim b quyt c thng dng trong loi vn chng
ny.
GC TCH CA LOI VN CHNG KHI HUYN.
1. Cc tin tri :
Do truyn thng tin tri, vn chng khi huyn ch trng n Chung lun. Nhng kiu
mc khi. Cc sch loi vn ny tip tc mt li dn dn thng dng trong nhng tin tri
cui, khi s t Ezkiel tc l th kin v mng triu. Nhng s quan theo vn chng
khi huyn chuyn hng. Nhn gii cc tin tri lun lun hng v thnh s cu to
nn Israel. Cn nhn gii ca vn khi huyn bao qut c thin h : Lch s ca c v tr
ch l mt (n 2:31 7:2tt) - mt do lai, mt tnh cht, mt mc ch.
Lch s phi din ra tt c nhng g tim tng t sn t ngy u tin, i n

mt ci lng no, tc l lng ti c (n 8:23). S quan c tnh cch nh mnh.
Phng php din t tng : thu tt c lch s mun hnh vo t bc ha tng trng (n

2 ci tng; n 7:4 con th). M thng l din ra s bnh trng ca s d. Vn

chng khi huyn kh bi quan : Lch s v tr hnh nh v ht ti vc thm v tiu dit.
2. Vn chng khn ngoan.

Vn chng khi huyn v vo s bit, thng thi, m c s l lng tin vo Yahv :
nhng lng tin ny khng ch trng my vo thnh s, nhng c tnh cch kinh bn
siu thi gian, i ng. Bi phi coi vn chng khi huyn nh chi nhnh ca vn
chng khn ngoan, tc l ci n lc ca Israel hi ly nhng l sng, v t trt t
cc l sng, cc lut chi phi sinh hot con ngi. Cng do m cc sch Khi huyn
nhiu khi khoe trng uyn bc : th thin vn a l. Nhng s uyn bc ny tt
nhin l thi th ra ni cc sch truyn thng Israel xa lu li. Bi cc sch khi
huyn ni chung l gii thch (Pesher Habaquq, n 9).
DANIEL.
Coi : Introduction la Bible I.695-707.
Sch phn c lm 2 phn.

n 1-6 :
Di hnh thc hin ti c th nghim ra c nhng ti cu tro. Ct cc truyn cho
thy rng Israel c th gp chng i, ch th, trong khi mun gi ton vn cc gii rn.
Nhng ngi ca dn Thin Cha chn sng l loi, c khi c qunh gia nhng ngi
xung quanh, tuy th bn ngoi vn sng chung vi th gii ngoi o, thng chia gio
dc (n 1), quyn chc (n 2:48; 6:29).
Cc truyn vng li mt thi yn n (c l thi Bat). Cc truyn cnh co Israel phi
gi gii rn gia cuc sng chung . H phi tnh thc, v c th gp xung t, th
ght. Vin tng t o khng xa u. iu thc mc ln ca thi i l ngi ta cng
mun trung thnh vi Yahv th cng b bt b. Nhng nhng tai nn do khng lm
t lin lc vi Yahv : Yahv h ph nhng ai trng cy vo Ngi (n 3 6) : Ngi
chi phi lch s (n 5), lt cc ngai bu (n 4).
n 7-12 :
C tnh cch c bit ca vn chng khi huyn hn. Tuy n 2 v 7 c g tng t vi
nhau. Trong hai on ny, aniel da trn mt ti ngoi Israel (trong Hsiode c) :
Mt s quan ct chia thi i. n 8-12 i hn vo vic tnh thi gian trc tn th. Kiu
hnh vn r rng l da trn gii thch nhng b nhim ca cc li tin tri xa. V tnh
cch li tin tri nn n s on tc qu r.
Mt iu hin nhin khi chng ta nhn k n lch s Israel nh thy trong cc sch
lch s cng tin tri l Yahv Thin Cha lun lun can thip trong dn Israel, nn c
Israel theo nh ca Ngi trong lch s. Thin Cha can thip mi thi mi ni
trong lch s . Nhng chung qui mi s can thip u da trn hai iu cn bn v thn
hc, hai qui ch ca Yahv nn rng ct cu to Israel : hai ln Yahv can thip
mt cch c bit hn ht t c s cu ri cho Israel :
1. Cc vic Yahv lm v tuyn tn thnh s tot yu li i t Abraham n
Yshue. Nh Israel thnh dn ring ca Yahv v c Yahv ban cho t
Ngi ha trc ri cho chinh phc c. Cc iu ny c ghi chp li trong
Ng th cng vi Yhsue.

2. Th hai l vic cng c vic David lm v bo m dng h ng, lm c s cho

tn gio Israel. Qui ch ny c tng thut li, xt v lch s, trong cc sch thuc
Th lut s quan v lch s K s.
l hai qui ch chnh yu, mi qui ch khc, mi can thip khc ca Yahv u quay
qun xung quanh hai qui ch ny. C sinh mng Israel u da trn . Cc tin tri khi
bo mt to thnh Israel mi cng khng cn c vo u khc din t tng lai : Giao
c Sinai v Giao c vi David.
ng trc cng vic Yahv lm, Israel c thi lm sao?

Chng nhng Israel lun lun gi trong k c, v hin ti ha cc vic li, nhng
Israel ng p li nhiu kiu nhiu cch, tch cc (ch khng ch tiu cc v v th m
b phn xt hch hi, nh thy trong li rao ging cc tin tri). Thi ca Israel
cho ta thy cc vic Yahv lm c hu qu lm sao trn Israel, Israel lnh nhn
v hiu bit lm sao v sinh mng mnh trong lin lc trc tip gn gi vi Yahv, Israel
hiu mnh th no trc mt Yahv. Thi c gi li trong nhng chng mc
khi cho ta bit ng p cn bn ng trc mc khi k cu ri phi th no.
Cc kiu ng p c mt phn ln c gi trong cc Thnh vnh.
Vn chung : Coi :
Introd. la Bible I.586-621...
E.Podechard, Le Psautier (1949-1954)
G.Castellino, I Salmi (1955)
H.J.Kraus, Psalmen
E.G.Briggs, Psalms (ICC)
I. ISRAEL NGI KHEN YAHV.

Isarel khng h ngt ca tng Yahv. Vo thi gian sau ngi ta coi c nhng Aica, nhng
bi vnh suy gm vo gio hun lm nh ca ngi na.
1. Ca ngi cu tro nht tc l bi ca thng trn, mng vic Yahv cu thot.

Bi ca Ms cn gi li k c mt php l thun ty. Yahv qut nho nga cng
ngi ci xung bin, Israel khng c mt cht cng lnh g. Cn bi ca thuc thi Thm
phn l bi ca Deborah (Thp 5) : Hng th rt hng v trng l, t Yahv xut trn. Yahv
can thip th no th khng ni r. Cc b tc ch n gip Yahv thi (Thp 5:23).
2. Trong l bi, Israel ca ngi trc ht cc cng vic Yahv lm trong lch s :
T li tuyn tn Tl 26:5tt; Ys 24:2tt. Ri hnh thc n gin l k li cc vic Yahv
lm trong To thnh v Thnh s (nh Tv 136), ri n nhng hnh thc phc tp hn,
cng vi vic tuyn xng cc cng vic Yahv lm. Ca vn cn ni n Israel, cc thi
v li phm (nh Tv 106), khng khc th ci nn en ti lm bt ni lng nhn hu
ca Yahv. Nhng ca ngi bin thnh li hch ti (Tv 78). Tuy th vn l tn tng
Yahv theo ngha ting hdah (tuyn xng m cng l tuyn th). iu ny ta c th
gp rt nhiu n Ys 7:19; Er 10:7tt; n 3:21-4:24; Nh 9; n 9; Er 9. Ys 12:1t. Chung
qui, li ca ngi nh th mun nhn bit cho Yahv lm phi trong n pht. Trong kiu
ny ta c nhng n cc oan : Ca ngi rt phong ph Yb trong tnh trng tht vng
trc s xa vi kn n ca Yahv, li l ngi khen Yahv (Yb 9:3tt; 12:9-25; 26:5-13).

3. B con vi nhng ca ngi , l nhng bi ca t n ca c nhn.

Li tuyn xng hng v cng on trc tin, cng on thng cm vi iu
ring t nhng sng danh Yahv k khc trong trng hp tng t bit cy trng vo
Yahv. n cu gip ca Yahv nh th khng ch thuc v mnh m thi. Cng theo
ny m cc bi ca ngi c mc ly tnh cch gio hun na (Tv 31:24t; 32:6tt; 34,:2tt;
40:5).
4. Mt ch ca ngi ln l k cng ca Thin Cha trong thin nhin v tr.

Nhng bi ca cu tro nhn n s l lng, s hng v c ni s tn ph ca cc hin
tng thin nhin (Tv 29 104; Yb 26:10tt).
Tri li nhng li l di li nhng iu Israel tin tng : Din ra v tr nh by t ra
trc mt Thin Cha v nh Thin Cha nhn v tr th no, tiu biu cho s chim
ngm v tr thin nhin l Tv 104.
5. Ngoi vic ca tng vic Thin Cha to dng v bo tn vn vt, Israel cn dm ku

gi vn vt ca tng Thin Cha.
Chnh v ni v tr Thin Cha t vinh quang ca Ngi : vinh quang rng ra
mt cch v t i vi ngi ta : nhng mt cng tri t, bin thm, hi o, sa mc. T
nhng ni vang ln li ca ngi (Ys 42:10-12), mt ch Ys 6:3 cp n. c
sc v im ny ta gp ni Tv 19A (sau b tc thm Tv 19B).
6. Cng trong lin tng ch , ta phi ko li y cc Thnh vnh v cuc ng

quang ca Yahv :
Ch chnh l cuc hin linh ca Yahv nh Vua (Tv 47 93 96-99). C l cc thnh
vnh ny c s dng vo dp mt l no ca tng quyn thng tr ca Yahv trn vn
vt. Cc Ca vnh ny siu lch s, nhm n v tr i ng : ti quay xung quanh
mt bin c trn ng thc hin, nhng ch hon tt ni tng lai. Nhng ca vnh
ny c hng cnh chung : cuc hin linh ca Yahv trn ton v tr.
Cc ca ngi do mt lng tn phc, gy nn bi thm m :

Israel cng nh bt c dn no cng b xc ng trc ci p : T nhng iu thng
tnh nh dng iu mt ngi, n mt trng tinh t, n nhng li v nhp nhng.
Nhng ci p m Israel lm tri hn l ci p trong truyn thut v thi vn. M cm
ca Israel tri hn c trong phm vi tn gio : Nhn ngm mc khi v vic qun cai ca
Yahv. M cm bin thnh mt cm tnh Delectari/ Nim hn hoan rt cao , ci
tm tnh di li trong Ys 6:3 : Israel trong khi ca ngi Thin Cha thng chia chnh ci
delectari ca thin thn.
iu ny khng ch thy ni nhng bi ca ngi trong l bi m c ni nhng bi th ca
hin nhn trm t mc tng. C nhng ch ny ta cng thy s ngy ngt trc cng
vic to thnh ca Yahv : Yb 38:7 on ca thin thn hoan ca khi Thin Cha t nn
mng v tr. Nhng iu ng thn phc l nhng k cng vung vi ra mt cch khng
cu li : Ni ma chn sa mc (Yb 38:36), nhng k qui ca nhng con vt ni hoang
a (Yb 39:19tt : nga rng; 40:15tt : con nga nc, ci hm hnh khi nhn n con
iu (39:17)).
Cc bi th chng t mt s say sa vi nhng v p thin nhin. Nhng delectari
ca Israel khng da chnh ni nhng vt , nhng l ni thc ti xy dng trn lng

tin: Tc l lin lc ca cc vt i vi Thin Cha. V th m li ca cng c cm

thy l kh i, v thnh tu ca m cm l khi ngi ta c php dy v li cng Thin
Cha trong li ca ngi s vinh quang Thin Cha trt xung cho v tr v cho nhn
loi.
Nhng ci tuyt vi p l chnh khi Thin Cha chiu c n Israel trong lch s. iu
cc bc ha v hin linh Thin Cha di ra hn c : Israel thch th t i t li cc vic
hin linh (Thp 5:4tt; Tl 33:2tt; Ys 30:27; Mi 1:3t; Na 1:3tt; Ha 3:3tt; Tv 18:8tt; 68:8t;
97:3tt). Nhng nt chnh ca Hin linh l yn sng huy hong, my che ph, t rung, ni
l, nn mng a cu vch trn ra. Gia nhng kinh hong, thi s vn cm thm tha ci
p hng v ca vic Yahv t mnh. Ysaya, Sophonia ca tng cuc hin linh cng tn
ca Yahv. Ri nhng chc lnh ca Yahv cng bt tht ln li ca ngi : t Thin
Cha ha (Tl 1:35; 3:25; 8:7 10; 11:12), ngi ta khi c Thin Cha t lng sng m,
chnh vic mc khi cng nhng n hu cu thot (Tv 145:5), vic t thnh ca Ngi
(Tv 119); ci p ca Sion (khng phi ci chm i, nhng l bao li bo m, lm
Sion nn c s cu ri; v Sion thi c ci g l huy hong nu khng phi v
c Thin Cha chn) (Tv 50:2; 48:3). Ri nh vua cng th, c mt ci p siu phm
(Tv 45:3), v chp nh ca ci thm m trong lng tin : V m miu ca ngi Ti t
khng cn hnh dng (Ys 53:).
Tm li :
1. i vi Israel, ci p khng phi l ci g t lp tuyt i, ch c v mnh, nhng
l s chiu c ca Yav n cng vn vt. Bi :
2. Ci p cng l i tng ca lng tin.
3. Thng thc ci p ca Thin Cha l mt ci g n trc : Ngha l hng
ngay v cnh chung - mt s nhn thy trong lng tin. V c tin mng tng
thy cnh chung va l va n trong nhng n hu hin ti.
4. Israel nhn thy ni cng vic ca Thin Cha h mnh chiu c nhng tng n
, s vinh quang ca Thin Cha.
5. Ci p i vi Israel l mt ci g thuc bin c, hn l mt ci g thuc thc
hu, v ct thit i vi Israel, ci p l mt ci g ta ra t hnh ng ca Thin
Cha, ch khng phi t thc hu ca Thin Cha.
II. VN SDAQAH (CNG CHNH)

1. Quan nim.
Ting sdqh thng c dch bng justitia/ Cng chnh - mt nim rt bao qut
t lin lc ngi ta vi Thin Cha n lin lc ngi ta vi nhau, lin lc ca ngi ta
vi th vt, vi c thin nhin. L gi tr cao c nht trong i sng. C n, i sng mi
trong trt t.
Nhng khi dch ting bng justitia, hay cng chnh, ting c th b hiu lm,
nu ngi ta mun i tm mt tiu chun lun l tuyt i no. V du mun tm lm i
na cng kh m hi ra c mt qui lut tuyt i no lm mc m phn on. K
thc, hot ng ca ngi ta khng c thm nh theo mt l tng tuyt i lun l r
rng, nhng l c o theo mi tng quan kt li cc ng s ty mi khi. Mi mi
tng quan c em n nhng i hi r nh; lm tha cc i hi , mi tng
quan bn c, th c gi l c sdqh, ting hesed cng nhiu khi trng vi

sdqh, nhng thin v thng xt hn. Mun phn bit v dch ng mt phn no :
chng ta c th coi sdqah nh tit ngha v hesed nh nhn ngha.
Sdqh ca Yahv :
cch x th ca Yahv i vi Israel nh dn thuc v mnh. Ngay t thi Deborah
chng ta thy ngha sdqh tc l nhng vic cu thot ca Yahv trong lch s.
Quan nim nu r rt c bit ni Ysaya th hai : sdqh hu nh ng ngha vi
cu thot : Tit ngha ca Yahv khng phi l qui lut, m l nhng vic ngha ca
Ngi : Tv 48:11. C nhng t nhn khi t n Yahv h ph chiu theo tit ngha ca
Ngi (Tv 143:1; 71:2). Trng hp c bit ni n sdqh ca Yahv l nhng
vic Hin linh ca Y.
Sdqh ca ngi ta vi nhau.

i sng x hi ca ngi ta c thm nh chiu theo ci tit ngha ca ngi ta vi
nhau : Vi th d, 1S 24:18; 1S 26:23. D nhin trong i sng x hi, sdqh ca mt
ngi c th b hoi nghi v ta n phi can thip xt xem s thc th no. Nhng
sdqh khng phi l ting ring cho t php .(Vi tinh thn Vit Nam, chng ta c
ngha cha / con, ngha v / chng, ngha vua / ti, ngha bng hu). T sdqh cng bao
trm tt c i sng mt ngi Israel nh vy v i ty trng hp m thi th ra lng
nhn t, lng trung tn, s cu gip ngi ngho kh, hay hon nn (Cng 12:10; 21:26;
29:7). Coi thm Kn 30:33; 31:36tt, v mt s cc oan nh Kn 38:26. Mt iu phi
l l sdqh ca ngi vi ngi, v sdqh ca ngi ta i vi Thin Cha, lun
lun i vi nhau, l v Israel khng sng trong mt th gii gm c nhng gi tr nhn
sinh l tng, nhng l c thit lp cng nh c trng tn nh nhng thc thi
ca sdqh ca Yahv (So 3:5; Tv 50:6).
Nhng sdqh ca Yahv trong thc t c thi hnh ngang qua nhng trung gian trn
gian, th d nh nh vua. Nh vua l bo lnh, l ngi ph t cho sinh hot ng theo tit
ngha phi c trong x hi (Tv 72:1 v l tng trong dung mo Cao tn ca Yahv Ys
11:1tt).
Sdqh ca Yahv chng nhng chuyn ngang qua trnh t lch s, nhng c trong thin
nhin na (Y 2:23t; Tv 72:3tt). Sdqh nh th tr nn mt bu kh, ci ngha ca
Yahv tit ra bn ngoi to nn mt gii, mt khu vc, mt lung in t tit ngha,
lm cho ngi i vo c sc lm ngha vic ngha c (Tv 89:17; Tv 72:3; Tv 69:28).
Ri sdqh c nhn cch ha nh h tng, nh s gi ca Yahv (Tv 89:15 97:2
85:14), nn nh o mc (Tv 132:9; Ys 11:5; 61:10), nh ma xung (Hs 10:12; Ys
45:8).
Sdqh ca ngi ta i vi Yahv.

Nhng li ni n sdqh ca ngi ta i vi YAHV mi thy trong cc chng trc
lu y; sau lu y mi thy nng ni n.
1. Trc lu y :
Nghi tit nhp mn l mt phn l nghi c trc khi vo tin ng n th trong mt
cuc kiu. Cc Tv 15 v 24 cho ta mt vi tng.

n trc ca tin ng, ngi hnh hng xin php vo v hi phi c nhng iu
kin no? V vin t t bn trong p li bng cch nu ln nhng gii rn ca Yahv.
khng phi l ch gi gii rn v nghi l. Nhng l dp tuyn b tn trc vi nhng
i hi ca Yahv. Cng b gii rn tc l bt xt mnh n tng quan ca mnh theo
nh Yahv mun (Tv 118:19t; Ys 26:2 ni n ca sdqh v l nghi ). Ngoi ra
cn trong lin tng ny phi t li quan trng Kn 15:6 !
2. Sau lu y.
Sdqh ca ngi ta thng c nu ln lun. iu cng theo v tnh cch c
nhn nn t lp hn i vi on th. Tv 1 / 73 119 : c nhn mt mnh trc Yahv.

MC LC
KHI NGUYN 01
- Trnh thut to thnh vi quan nim sng th Tiu 07
- Thnh vnh 8 09
- Thnh vnh 104 11
- Dng ln loi ngi Sa ng 13
- Abel v Cain 22
HNG THY 29
- Li chc d v lnh ca No 36
- Cc dn tc 37
- Thp Babel 39
ABRAHAM 42
- Giao c Abraham (P) 42
- L t Ysaac 47
TH LUT TH 49
QUC GIA VNG QUYN 54
- Nh vua 55
TRUYN THNG P (L LUT) 60
N TH 67
- Khm Giao c 69
- o l v n th 73
- Hng t t 75
- L t 76
CC TIN TRI 79
- Ngn hnh cc tin tri 82
- Thin triu v vic tin tri chu mc khi 86
- Thi gian v lch s theo cc tin tri 89
AMOS 97
HS 101
YSAYA - MICA 116
CC TIN TRI TH K VIII 132
- Yrmya 133
- Ezekiel 137
- Ysaya th II 141
CC TIN TRI SAU LU Y 145
DANIEL V VN CHNG KHI HUYN 149
MC LC 155

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Kinh thnh chuyn khoa-Ch gii ng th

CH GII - BNH LUN

TRNH THUT TO THNH CA P

Mun thm nh cho nhm trnh thut, th phi nhn rng :

1. Mi trng 3-13 2. S vt 14-31

s song song gia khong 1 v 2.

Lm Yuse Nguyn Th Thun -Gio s Kinh Thnh-CSsR Page 1

d/ T cng vic : Thin Cha phn tch s sng ra khi ti tm

Cu ny : o l cn bn l Thin Cha bi nh hon ton t do ca Ngi

Ting : Khi nguyn, ban u, hu ht : in principio :

Cu 1: Qu quyt to thnh vn vt. Cc cu sau : Cch t chc.

Cu 2: Cu ny ni n trng thi hn mang ca t. Din t c th o l to thnh,

Lm Yuse Nguyn Th Thun-Gio s Kinh Thnh-CSsR Page 2

Cu 3-5 : Ngy th nht.

Cu 6-8. Ngy th hai : dng ln bu tri.

Lm Yuse Nguyn Th Thun-Gio s Kinh Thnh-CSsR Page 3

bu tri xanh : mt ci g cng chng nc pha trn. Nh th raqia y n phn

Cu 9-10. Ngy th ba I : Bin v t lin.

Cu 11-13. Ngy th 3 II : Cy ci.

Cu 14-19. Ngy th t : Mt tri, mt trng, tinh t.

Cu 20-23. Ngy th nm : Th vt di nc, trn kh.

Lm Yuse Nguyn Th Thun-Gio s Kinh Thnh-CSsR Page 4

Cu 24-25. Ngy th su I : Th vt trn t.

Cu 26-28. Ngy th su II : Dng ln ngi ta.

Lm Yuse Nguyn Th Thun-Gio s Kinh Thnh-CSsR Page 5

- Ging theo tnh cch hot ng /dynamique ?

Cu 28 : C hai c chc lnh (ch c mt cp)

Cu 29-30. Loi ngi c ly rau c m n.

Cu 31 : Chng ch cui cng ca Thin Cha trn c cng vic ca Ngi :

2:1-4a. Ngy th by.

Lm Yuse Nguyn Th Thun-Gio s Kinh Thnh-CSsR Page 6

Cha phi l thit lp ngy Hu l, ra lut v Hu l (phi ch thi Ms : Xh 31:12-

4a. Istae sunt generationes caeli et terrae, quando creata sunt /

Nhiu kiu ni c sc ca Elohim/ Thin Cha, creare/To dng (bara/lm), species/

Nhng c sc hn l kiu hnh vn khng c g khu gi tng tng. Khng so snh,

TRNH THUT TO THNH I

NHNG SNG TH LUN TIU .

Enuma Elish Sources Orientales I 115ss ANET 60sq.

Lm Yuse Nguyn Th Thun-Gio s Kinh Thnh-CSsR Page 7

- Hermopolis : Thn Ra (mt tri) xut t ci trng s thy.

Sng th lun Phnikia :

Sng th lun Enuma Elish :

Chin tranh: Tiamat b m cht. Marduk x thn n lm hai - na lm tri, na lm

Enuma Elish : Dng ln ngi ta l chp nh, mt vic l lng.

l nhng im ging nhau.

Lm Yuse Nguyn Th Thun-Gio s Kinh Thnh-CSsR Page 8

Nhng im khc nhau.

Cc sng th lun : Thn thoi v a thn gi thit mt hn mang c trc, ng nht

Coi tc gi gng trnh mi m ch c th gi n a thn. a v ca ngi ta mt cp

Lm Yuse Nguyn Th Thun-Gio s Kinh Thnh-CSsR Page 9

Cu 3: Kh t thu ngha tin khi. Cc tc gi u phng on ngha.

Cu 5: Vch ra cch b ng cch i x ca Thin Cha vi ngi ta.

Cu 6-7: iu ghi su ngay trong vic to thnh ra con ngi :

Cu 8-9: Kim im lnh vc con ngi c thng tr.

Cu 10: ip khc : t tng ca Thnh vnh ch trng cch ring n t.

Lm Yuse Nguyn Th Thun-Gio s Kinh Thnh-CSsR Page 10

THNH VNH 104

Cng thuc loi Ca ngi nh Tv 8.

Cu 2. Ngi rng ngi nh sng : l o chong ca Ngi.

Cu 3. Exstruxisti super aquas conclavia tua /

Lm Yuse Nguyn Th Thun-Gio s Kinh Thnh-CSsR Page 11

Cu 4. Ri n cc hin tng trn tri :

Cu 5-9. Thi s quay nhn vic to dng t :