Electromagnetic Fields

Lecture 2

Dr. Ebtihal H. G. Yousif

Sudan University of Science & Technology

Electronics Engineering

Sem 6, 2017

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Outline

1 Cylindrical Coordinates
Description
Transformations: Cartesian-to-Cylindrical

2 Spherical Coordinates
Description
Transformations:Cartesian-to-Spherical
Transformations:Cylindrical-to-Spherical

3 Dierential Elements
Vector Dierential Length Elements
Surface and Volume Elements

4 Vector Dierential Operators

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In this lecture ...

The aim in this lecture is to introduce the following concepts.

Coordinate System Geometry
Cylindrical coordinate
Spherical coordinate
Vector calculus
The Dierential Elements of Length, Surface and Volume
The del dierential operator
Gradient, Divergence, Curl and Laplacian

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Cylindrical Coordinates

Here we observe a point in the surface of a cylinder, where the

cylindrical surface is located along the z axis in the Cartesian
system of coordinates.
Each point is described using the ordered tuple (, , z), where
0 , 0 2, z
Representation of a vector in Cylindrical Coordinates
A = a A + a A + a z Az
The variables of the rectangular and cylindrical coordinate
systems are easily related to each other by
x = cos , y = sin , z =z
and y
= x 2 + y 2, = tan1 , z =z
x
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Cylindrical Coordinates
Transformations: Cartesian-to-Cylindrical

Cartesian-to-Cylindrical transformation can be expressed by

the matrix product

A cos sin 0 Ax
A = sin cos 0 Ay
Az 0 0 1 Az
| {z }
transformation matrix

Cartesian-to-Cylindrical transformation can be expressed by

the matrix product

Ax cos sin 0 A
Ay = sin cos 0 A

Az 0 0 1 Az
| {z }
transformation matrix

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Spherical Coordinates
Description

Here, we observe that a point on a spherical surface is at a

constant distance from the center of the sphere.
Each point is described using the ordered tuple (r , , ), where
0 r , 0 , 0 2
Representation of a vector in Spherical Coordinates
A = Ar a r + A a + A a
The variables of the rectangular and cylindrical coordinate
systems are easily related to each other by
x = r sin cos , y = r sin sin , z = r cos
and
z y
r= x 2 + y 2 + z 2, = cos1 , = tan1
x2 + y2 + z2 x

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Spherical Coordinates
Transformations:Cartesian-to-Spherical

Cartesian-to-Spherical transformation can be expressed by the

matrix product

Ar sin cos sin sin cos Ax
A = cos cos cos sin sin Ay
A sin cos 0 Az
| {z }
transformation matrix

Spherical-to-Cartesian transformation can be expressed by the

matrix product

Ax sin cos cos cos sin Ar
Ay = sin sin cos sin cos A
Az cos sin 0 A
| {z }
transformation matrix

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Spherical Coordinates
Transformations:Cylindrical-to-Spherical

r= 2 + z 2 , = tan1 , =
z

= r sin , = , z = r cos

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Spherical Coordinates
Transformations:Cylindrical-to-Spherical

The spherical coordinates r , , and are obtained from the

cylindrical coordinates , , and z as follows
Cylindrical-to-Spherical transformation can be expressed by
the matrix product

Ar sin 0 cos A
A = cos 0 sin A
A 0 1 0 Az
| {z }
transformation matrix
Spherical-to-Cylindrical transformation can be expressed by
the matrix product

A sin cos 0 Ar
A = 0 0 1 A
Az cos sin 0 A
| {z }
transformation matrix
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Dierential Elements
Vector Dierential Length Elements

It is useful to know the line and volume elements; these are used in
integration to solve problems involving paths and volumes.
Cartesian

d = dx a x + dy a y + dz a z

Cylindrical

d = d a + d a + dz a z

Spherical

d = dr a r + rd a + r sin d a
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Figure:
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Dierential Elements
Surface and Volume Elements

Surface Elements

Cartesian: dS = dy dz a x , dz dx a y , dx dy a z
Cylindrical: dS = d dz a , d dz a , d d a z
2
Spherical: dS = r sin d d a r , r sin dr d a , rdr d a ,

Volume Elements

Cartesian: dv = dx dy dz
Cylindrical: dv = d d dz
Spherical: dv = r 2 sin dr d d
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Vector Dierential Operators
In Rectangular

The del operator (or nabla) is

= a x + a y + a z
x y z
Gradient of a scalar. Given the scalar , the gradient is
f f f
f = a x + a y + a z
x y z
Divergence of a vector. Given the vector A the divergence is
Ax Ay Az
div A = A = + +
x y z
Curl of a vector
curl A = A

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Vector Dierential Operators
In Rectangular

Laplacian of a scalar. Given the scalar , the Laplacian is

2 2 2
= 2 = + + 2
x 2 y 2 z
Laplacian of a vector

2 A = a x 2 Ax + a y 2 Ay + a z 2 Az

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Vector Dierential Operators
Del Operator in Other Coordinates

Cylindrical Coordinates

1
= a + a + a z
z

Spherical Coordinates

1 1
= a r + a + a
r r r sin

Now we can easily derive the gradient, divergence, curl and

Laplacian for both cylindrical and spherical coordinates

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Vector Dierential Operators
In Cylindrical

gradient, divergence, curl and Laplacian

f 1 f f
f = a + a + a z
z
1 1 A Az
A= (A ) + +
z
( )
1 Az A
A= a
z
( ) ( )
A Az 1 A
+ a + (A ) a z
z
( )
1 f 1 2f 2f
2 f = + 2 2+ 2
z

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Vector Dierential Operators
In Spherical

gradient, divergence, curl and Laplacian

f 1 f 1 f
f = a r + a + a ,
r r r sin
1 ( 2 ) 1 1 A
A= 2
r Ar + (sin A ) + ,
r r r sin r sin
( )
1 A
A= (A sin ) a r
r sin
( ) ( )
1 1 Ar 1 Ar
+ (rA ) a + (rA ) a ,
r sin r r r
( ) ( )
1 2 f 1 f 1 2f
2 f = r + sin +
r 2 r r r 2 sin r 2 sin2 2
( 2 ) ( )
2 1 1 2
= 2
+ f + 2 sin f + 2 2 f.
r r r r sin r sin 221 / 21