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26 - 9 - 17
5
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- trSm;=umv#if trSefjzpf w,f?
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jynfwiG ;f ppfw&m;cHjzpfol OD;ausm+f idr;f u ArmjynfuGef yJ?
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6
 _ynfolhtm%m

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jzpfczJh ;l w,f? uGejf rLepfoifwef; wufczhJ ;l w,f? ol@aqGrsKd ;xJrmS
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ausmif;om;&JacgifwyfrmS wufwufuu yg0ifchzJ l;w,f? uGef
jrLepfawG awmckd=uawmh olu tdrfaxmifus+yD; awmxJyg
roGm;cJhbl;vkd@qdkw,f? aemuf axmif0efxrf;jzpfvmcJhw,f?
csKyfvudk af wmh ol[m uGejf rLepfysuw f OD;yJ? uGejf rLepf
ysuaf wG&J@ vkyf[efawG ol@rmS tjynfh&w dS ,f? uku
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tcsi;f / ol@ZawG aumif;aumif; azmfjyoGm;cJholyg? &Spaf v;vH;k
umvrSmawmh tif;pdef axmifykdi}f uD;jzpfvmw,f? olbkef;rD;
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tif;pdefaxmifxJ nDvmcHxdkif rif;rlcJhyHkawGukd tusOf;om;
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ayguf&atmif vkyaf y;cJhw,f? bmcsKyfrdef@rS rygbJ axmifxJ
armif;oGif;vmol 200 wokw/f 1000 cef@wokwfudk Oya'
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olukd,w f kdif0efcHa&;om;ol?
&Spaf v;vHk;umvaemufydik f;wGif tif;pdeaf xmifqyl rl _
jzpfcw Jh ,f? 3 ywfausmfavmuf tusOf;om;awGu axmifukd
pD;xm;&muae rqv tpdk;&u tuGufusus pDpOfxm;wJh
twkdif; tusOf;om; 10000 ausmfukd v$wfay;cJh&ol?
axmifqyl rl t _ wGif; rqv tpkd;& trdef@t& ypfcwf
owfjzwf&mwGif tusOf;om; (1000) cef@ aoa=ucJh&wJh
tif;pdefaxmifrSm olu axmifyikd f}uD;-
ppfAsLkdua&pD ,E&m;xJrSm olwk@d tusyftwnf; jzpf
vm&if b,fol@ukd xkd;au|;rvJ/ b,fol@udk toHk;csrvJ wGuf
csuf+yD; vkyfavh&Sdw,f/ 'gukdAkdvfae0if; vkyfenf;vkyf[efvdk@
vnf; ajymvkd@&w,f?
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pDrHudef;twkdif; rjzpf/ tkyfcsKyfvd@k r& jzpfaeawmh axmifydik f OD;
xGef;cifaemuf ol@ukd oGm;awG@wm[m wkduq f kdifr_awmh [kwf
[ef rwlb;l ? olw@dk ukid v f @dk &r,fo h /l ckid ;f wmvkyaf y;r,fo h tl jzpf
jrif[efww l ,f?
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ovkd 0efxrf;avmurSmvnf; &Sw d wf=uwmuvm;?
OD;pdeaf X;ukd wm0efay;olu axmufvrS ;f a&;u vmwJh
axmiftxl;t&m&Sd AkdvfrSL;jrifhodef;-
t*Fvdyfacwf tr_xrf;aumif;vdk@ B.C.S bGJ@csD;jrifhcH
xm;&wJh axmifrif;}uD; OD;+idr;f v_id fuawmif a=umufae&ol-
u|e;f rSm tkycf sKyfa&;ysufae+yD/ 'gukd cifAsm;vkyfEdik frS
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OD;xGe;f cif oGm;wkef;u ara[mufvkd yg;ysOf;axmifoGm;w,f?
u|efawmfwkd@u wu,fxif+yD; apmifh=unfhaewm/ [kda&muf
awmh owWd&Sd&Sd rvkyf&Jbl;? jrufav#mjzpfoGm;w,f? cifAsm;
vnf; cku|eaf wmfajymwmawGudk acgi;f ndwaf ewmyJ? [kad &muf
awmhrSom jrufav#mrjzpfapeJ@wJh?
'DvkdrSmvkdufwJhta=umif; OD;xGef;cifukd ajymawmh -
at;aygAh sm/ 'Dpum;=um;&wm pdwx f cd udk &f w,f? u|eaf wmfu h dk
toH;k ruswv Jh /l owWrd &Sw d v hJ lv@dk ajymvku d w f myJ at;Asm
cifAsm;ukdvnf; rSmvku d fw,f/ u|efawmhftwGuf rSmvku d fw,f
qdkawmh vkyf&awmhrSmayghAsmvkd@ wHk@jyefw,f?
(wu,fuawmh 2 a,mufvk;H ukd rcHcsiaf tmif qGay;
vkud fwJh qku d fukd rdoGm;wmyg)
u|ef;a&mufawmh axmifydik fe@J axmifrLS ;}uD;u xdef;
odrf;awG a&wyfpcef;bufroGm;&bl;vdk@ trdef@xkwfw,f/
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(ta,muf 3 4 q,f) uif;pcef;ukd ausmaf usmf oGm;=u
w,f? ckvdu k sL;ausmfoGm;jyaewmuawmh ocifoef;xGe;f ygwD
u uGefjrLepfawGcsnf;yJvdk@ OD;pdefaX;u azmfjyw,f? tvHeeD J@
wjcm;tzGJ@tpnf;awGuawmh rygbl; wJh/ 'Dawmh wkd@buf
uvnf; wvSr;f wk;d &r,fq+dk yD; - jzwfomG ;wJh 3 a,mufwokwf
ukd zrf;w,f/ wa,mufxGufajy;oGm;w,f? 'gukd rcHr&yfEdik f
7
_ynfolhtm%m

jzpf+yD; ayguu f u GJ ek w f ,f? 'Dvekd @J 53 &uf=um tpmiwfcw H ukd yf JG u|eaf wmfe@J axmifyikd f}uD; OD;xGe;f cifukd ac:+yD; pcef;t0if wHcg;
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tykdif; (2) rSmawmh &Jabmftek ;f armfe@J &Jabmfarmifarmifpkd;wkd@ emrnfawG
pmtkyfygtcsuftvufrsm; xnfhoGi;f xm;um (10) a,mufvd@k azmfjyjyefw,f?
ol@pmtkyx f rJ mS wefz;dk &Sw d t
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awG trsm;}uD;ygovkd tvGJvJt G rSm;rSm;awGvnf; trsm;}uD; p0ifuwnf;u (10) a,mufjzpfw,f?)
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wm jzpfygw,f wJh? jyefac:wm[m tckvdt k oufay;+yD; qENawGjyvkd@[k ckxx d if
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d ,fv@dk ajymvkdufao;w,f?
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olrsm;acgif;pnf;atmufu Z,m;rSmygwJh 15 a,muf[m xm;awmh-
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yJ? yg&r,fhol ryg? ryg&r,fhoal wG ygaew,f? ref;atmif=unfwkd@ 3 a,muf/ u|ef;u xGufajy;wJhudpP
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vm; p&m&Sv d @dk v?J bmrqkd olw@dk vufxrJ mS yJ/ bmvkyv f yk &f aewmyJ?
(pm - 146) (9-6-71) &ufeHeuf 8 em&DrSmawmh/ olwdk@taqmifrSm yef;yJzkd&daS ew,f? w,fowW&d Sd
8
 _ynfolhtm%m

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ckvkda&;xm;wm r[kwfb;l / (olu yGJord f;cgeD;rS 0ifu ygava&m-
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tm;vHk;vkdvkd ajy;&Jw,f/ u|efawmfwkd@xJrSmvnf; ajy;zkd@jyif xGufajy;wJhtcg)
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aumfrwDtjyif tenf;qH;k (10) a,mufavmuf odxm;w,f/ todtrSwf jyKcJhw,f?
(wu,fhwu,f xGuf=uawmhr,fqdak wmh vkdufr,hfol ref;atmif=unfu iSufzsm;eJ@ yJcl;kd;rrSmyJ qHk;w,f?
r&S d b l ; ) qk d w muvnf ; tjzpf r S e f e J @ tawmf v G J w ,f ? &Jabmfatmifa0u &Jabmf^m%f0if;wk@d ausmif;om;tpke@J twl
tjzpfreS fu - avSvkyfwm olwkd@ 3 a,mufyJ }udwfvkyfwm wyfaygif;pkvkyfief;vkyf&if; yJcl;kd;r ta&S@jcrf;rSm usqHk;oGm;cJh
jzpfw,f? avSEpS pf if;ay:rSm ysOaf wGcif;+yD; azmifz@JG =uw,fqw dk m =uw,f?
rSefw,f/ rkefwkdif;ukd &ifqkdif&&if avSrjrKyfatmifyg? 3 a,muf aemufrSm;wmawGrSm
wnf;eJ@ 'g}uD;ukd r+yD; awmxJuae yifv,fxJcszkd@qkdwm - &Jabmftkef;jrifhv_difukd tvHeD 'kwd,wef; acgif;
rjzpfEdik fb;l ? +yD;wJhtcg ygwu D kd wifjyw,f/ ref;atmif=unfeJ@ aqmifvd@k azmfjywm
ref;+idrf;armifu wifw,f? &Jabmfatmifa0u ygwD0ifyg? - tvHeu D kdjrref; (c) a&$r$ if;udk Auy pm&if;xJ xnfh
olywfoufaewm ygwu D dk wifjyrxm;bl;? v#Kd @0u S x
f m;w,f? xm;wm awG@&w,f/ tvm;wl tvHeD ocif&efac|ukd Auy
avS a&csawmh ygwDu Avaumif;wJh &Jabmf 8 a,muf pm&if;xJ xnfhxm;wm
tultnD ay;ygw,f? ('gu txl;v#dK@0Sucf suyf g) yJcl;kd;rukd aemufrmS ;wmawGu emrnfawGjzpfw,f?
oGm;=urSmrkd@ u|ef;tajctaeeJ@ wjcm;tpD&ifcHp&m&SdwmawG - rvny 'kwd,wef;acgi;f aqmif armifb(dk c) rsKd ;xGe;f
rSmvkdufygw,f? xrf;cs+yD; jyefxGufr,fjyifrS csHKxJykef;aewJh (wu,fu rsdK;xGf)
&Jabmf (OD;) atmifa0 xGuv f m+yD; avSay:ckefwufoGm;wm - &Jabmftek ;f armfudk - tkef;armif (u|e;f rSm tkef;armif
jzpfw,f? 5 a,muf&Sd)
OD;pdeaf X; tlcsmayguaf &;xm;wmrSm emrnfwyfwm - &Jabmfxif&Sdefukd - wif&Sdefvkd@rSm;
9
_ynfolhtm%m
- &Jabmf=unfarmifnGe@f ukd - =umarmifnGef@ wJh
- &JabmfnGef@acgiu f - nGef@armifjzpfoGm;
- OD;cspfaqGukd - cspaf xG;vkd@rSwfwrf;wifxm;w,f?
(pm-201) tavmif;awGukdawmh ,kwWd&Sd&Sd[kwfwd
ywfwd rD;o+*K[fvkduf=uw,f? u|efawmfeJ@ axmifykdif}uD;
uawmh rD;_@d vkdufwJh acgif;awGxJrmS tavmif;awGrygbl;vkd@
wxpfcs,q l xm;=uw,f? tavmif;awGukd wae&mrSm jrKyf
xm;=u+yD; tck rD;o+*K[fwhJ tcrf;tem;u [efjyyJ? u|eaf wmf
wd@k quD awmif;oGm;wJh tkwaf wG/ xH;k awG/ vdvyfajrawG rawG@
ygvm;/ rygygvm;/ tJ'gawG b,fa&mufuke+f yDvJaygAh smvdk@ a&;
xm;w,f? tJ'gudk ajzyghr,f? tJ'DypPnf;awGudk cifAsm;wdk@
jrifae&wJh tmZmenfausmufwidk f xlaqmuf&mrSm wckrusef
xnfhoHk;vdu k fygw,fAsm?
(acgif;awGudk rD;r_@d cyJh gb;l ? _d@wmu usqHk;+yD;+yD;csif;
xnfhwJh opfom;acgif;awGyg? aemufoGyfjym;acgif;awGvkyf/
rykyfatmif jymawGcH+yD; xnfh - jymzHk;tkyfxm;wJhacgif;awG jzpf
w,f? acgi;f awGudk tvSnu hf sxrf;+yD; ajrjrKyfaewm wpcef;vH;k
=unfhae=uwmjzpfw,f? wacgif;rSm wavmif;xnfhxm;wmyJ
- bmoabmeJ@ ckvadk &;wmrod - oluawmh pma&;ol awG@cJh
}uHKcJq
h HkchaJ wGukd wdwdusus rSefreS fuefuef a&;aewmyg - vkd@
wae&mrSm qdkxm;av&J@)
wefzkd;&SdwhJ rSwfwrf;wif tcsuftvufrsm;
ol@ukdaus;Zl;wif&r,fh a&;om;csufawGukd azmfjyvkd
w,f?
- tusO;f om;awG&J@pm&if; (ukd,fa&;tusOf;tyg)
- xm;r&awmhatmif csnehf @J o/l zsm;emolrsm; jyefyd@k whJ
pm&if;/ &ufpGJEiS fhwuG azmfjyay;w,f?
- tusOf ; om;awG t ay:/ tzG J@tpnf; awG t ay:
axmifu owfrw S fxm;wmawG azmfjyay;wmuawmh orkid f;
wefzkd;&SdvSw,f?
- axmiftkyfcsKyfa&;tykdif;u pnf;urf;eJ@ywfouf+yD;
olwd@k vl}uD;rsm;tm; ac:,lawG@q+Hk yD; vkduef m=uzk@d arwWm&yfcH
&mwGif -
10
ocifcifatmif - 'DrmS tpm;taomuf qif;&Jw,f?
axmifrmS (P.P.C-Prisoner Private Cash) rdrad iGjzifh rSmpm;
vk@d &w,f? 'DrSm r&bl;? [kdrSm tom;t+rJpm;&w,f? 'DrSm
rrSefb;l ? 'Dawmh tpm;taomufiwfw,f? 'ga=umifh ig;&Sm
w,f? zGwf&Smw,f? ck&mS w,f? tcsed fukd owdrxm;Ekdifbl;?
'ga=umifh tcsdefaemufus&jcif; jzpfw,f? jynfrvkd tpp
t&m&m vkdwm&&if xdef;odrf;cHrsm;taejzifh ig;&Sm/ zGwf&Sm-
&Smp&mrvkdI jy\emay:p&m ta=umif;r&Sd (pm-66)
avxD;OD;tkef;armif - 'Dpcef;rSm&Sw d Jh tusOf;om;
tm;vH;k [m tm[m&csKd @wahJ ewJt h wGuf use;f rma&;usqif;ae
w,f? tm[m&twGuf ukd,[ fh mukd,f &Smpm;aewmukd ydwf
yifwm;qD;zd@k rvkda=umif;
q&m&m*sef -tcsdefaemufus&jcif;rSm ckwifjy
=uwJhtwkdif; tm[m&twGuf tpm&Sm=u&if; aemufus&wJh
twGuf tcsdew f kd;ay;oifhw,f? wk;d ay;zkd@vdktyfa=umif;
Aef;armfwifatmif - 'DrSm EkdifiHa&;orm;awG
tvkyv f yk af e&w,f? uk, d xhf rif;uk,
d f csupf m;ae&w,f? uk, d hf
a& ukd,fcyf/ ukd,fhxif;ukd,f&Sm&w,f qdkwm[m b,f
tpdk;&urS rvkyfcJhygbl;? tpOftvmvnf; r&SdcJhygbl;? ,ck
uJoh @dk vyk af e&wm/ tpk;d &uom pm;a&;aomufa&; tjynft h 0
pDpOf+yD; au|;arG;xm;&if ig;&Sm zm;&Sm&ef rvkb d l;
OD;cifarmifjrifh - 'DrSm tpm;taomuf[m tif;pdef
axmif C Class tusOf;om;tqifhukd rrDbl;? tif;pdefu
tpm;taomufrmS omw,f? tquftoG,jf ywfwmuawmh
'DrSmeJ@ rxl;bl;? tif;pdefrSm BMH ukd oGm;wJt h cg tjyifukd
jrif&w,f? 'gayrJh tif;pdefaxmifu nOf;yef;ESdyfpufwhaJ e&mrSm
omw,f? [pfwvmemZDtusOf;axmifxuf qkd;ao;w,f?
wkdufxJrSm wHawG;cGuf tpGef;txif;jzpfae&if xkwf du k fwmyJ?
tvHeD/ rvny uawmh -
Tpcef;wGif a&mufaeonfhtwGuf axmiftm%m
ykdifrsm;ESifh twwfEkdifqHk; ajyvnfatmifaernf? csrSwfxm;

aom pnf;urf;rsm;rsm;vnf; twwfEikd fq;Hk vkdufemrnf jzpf
a=umif; wifjyajymqkd=uw,f?
'DtzG@J }uD; (3) cke@J ywfoufv@kd olw@dk owfrw
S x
f m;csuf
awGuawmh-
ocifoef;xGef; Auy tzGJ@
rdrw d @dk twGuf xrif;csu/f a&cyf/ xif;&Sm/ [if;oD;[if;
&Guf pkdufae=ujcif;rSm EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;taejzifh oduQmus
onf? Ekid fiHa&;orm;rsm;taejzifh txufazmfjyyg tvkyfrsm;
rSm axmifwiG ;f Y rnfo h nft h cgurS tpOftvm r&Sdc?Jh ,ckvkyf
ae&onfrSm rv$Jra&SmifomI vkyfae=u&jcif; jzpfonf?
touf&Sifa&;twGuf rpm;rjzpfaom xrif;[if;twGufom
vkyfae&onf? pnf;urf;wck/ wm0efwcktaejzifh vkyfae=u
onfr[kwf/ tpkd;&xHrS -&Ekdifonfukd wkd;Iawmif;cH&efESifh
csrSwfxm;aom pnf;urf;Oya'rsm;ukd wkd;Izsuo f nf? tzsuf
vkyif ef;rsm;ukd tpGrf;ukev f kyfrnf? Enlarging Democratic
area 'Drkdua&pDabmifcsJ@a&; wJh?
ocifp;kd tvHeD AuytzGJ@
ukd,fxlukd,x f pepft& rdrdwkd@pm;&ef [if;oD;[if;
&Gufrsm; pkdufonf? ukd,fhxrif;ukd,fcsuf+yD; xif;ukd}udK;pm;
&Sm=uonf? Tpcef;wGif v_yf&Sm;qlylqEN+yI tusdK;rxl;/
at;at;aq;aq;aeI axmifOya'ukd vkduef mEkdifor# vkduf
emrnf? vdt k yfonfrsm;ukd Oya'abmiftwGi;f rS wifjyawmif;
cHrnf?
rvny oabmxm;
tvHe D Auy oabmxm;ESi fh woabmwnf;
jzpfonft h jyif ykI d aysmhaysmif;onf[k ,lq&onf?
vGrJ Sm;aom aumufcsufrsm;
(pm-24) tJ'rD Sm tusO;f om;awG tawmfyifyef;=u
&Smw,f? tawmfqif;&J=u&Smw,f? 'D'%f&m'%fcsufawG
a=umifv h m; rodbl;? awm0ifoGm;wJh wd&p>mefvkd kdif;pkid f;oGm;
w,f? pdwfoabmxm;awG =urf; wrf; cufxefvmw,f?
olwkd@tcsif;csif;vnf; pdwf0rf;awGuGJ+yD; wa,mufESifh
wa,muf =unfhr&bl;? txl;ojzifh tvHeDocifpkd;tzGJ@ESifh
_ynfolhtm%m
tvHjzLocifoef;xGe;f tzG@J 0ifawG[m wOD;ESiw hf OD;/ wzG@J EiS whf zG@J
rsufESmcsif;qkdifvkd@r&=ubl;?
('Dpma&;jcif;jzifh Armjynf Ekdiif Ha&;orkid f;ukd rodwm/
'D 2 zG@J &@J aemufcpH nf;H;k a&;qkdi&f mudpaP wG vrf;pOf ay:vpDupd P
awG em;rvnfwm xif&Sm;w,f/ aemufwOD;ESifhwOD; &if;&if;
ESD;ESD; qufqHwm-tzGJ@tpnf;csi;f vnf; vkdtyf&ifvkdtyfovkd
aqG;aEG;ndE_dif;wm/ tultnDay;wmawG &SdcJhw,f?)
'Duae olaumufcsufqGJwmu - olwkd@tcsif;csif;
awmif 'Dvkdjzpfae=uw,fqkdawmh u|efawmfwkd@ axmifrSL;
axmifydik fawGtay: olwkd@oabmxm; ykdq;kd wmaygh wJh
u|efawmfwkd@oabmxm;awGu olwkd@owfrSwfxm;
wmeJ@ uku d nf wD mawG &So d vkd rukud n f w
D mawGvnf; &Syd gw,f?
tJ'gawGuawmh -
(pm-67) rSm ocifoef;xGef; Auy tzG@J 0ifawG
tm;vHk;vkdvdu k awmh -
1? tpk;d &tm; &efol[k oabmxm;+yD; ajymqko d Hk;pGJ
&mwGif &efol[k ajymqkdok;H pG=J uonf? (rSefw,f)?
2? aq;buftr_xrf;rsm;ESifh tusOf;OD;pD;Xme tr_
xrf;rsm;ukdvnf; &efo[ l k oabmxm;onf? (r[kwf)
3? teD;uyf&eforl sm; (aq;bufEiS hf tusO;f OD;pD;) tm;
twwfEikd fq;Hk pdwfa&mukd,fyg 'kuQEiS fhaomu ay;&rnf?
('Doabm xm;r&Sd)
4? (vd&k if;) aq;0g;tyg tpk;d &ypPn;f rsm;onf &efo@l
ypPn;f jzpfI enf;trsKd ;rsKd ;jzifh zsuq f ;D &rnf? jzKef;wD;&rnf? aq;
0g;csdK@wJhv#if vHak vmufpGmray;[k pGyfpGJ&rnf? aq;0g;ESifh qdwf/
bJ/ 0ufrsm;ukd ckd;,l&rnf/ &efol@ypPnf;rkd@ w&m;onf? Even
stealing is justified- (ygwDoabmxm;r[kwf)
5? (vkd&if;) tr_xrf;tm;vHk; tvkyf_yfaeap&rnf?
olwkd@wawG &efot l m; ulnyD g0if aqmif&Gufay;aewm[m
&efou l dk tm;ay;wm/ &efo'l u k rQ a&mufatmif ulnw D mjzpfv@kd
olw@dk tvkycf sed ef nf;yg;aevd@k rjzpf - 'Dvjdk zpfae&if xde;f odr;f awG
[m jypfr_usL;vGew f myJ? (rSm;)
6? tcGifhta&;awG &SmazGawmif;cH&rnf? rvkyf&/
11
_ynfolhtm%m

roGm;&[lIwm;jrpfjcif;rsm;ukd csdK;azmufjcif;jzifh 'Drkdua&pD tcef;awG ay;xm;wm? tJ'DrSm rsm;rsm;ae=uw,f?

abmifcsJ@a&; ukd aqmif&Guf&rnf? TuJhokd@ csdK;azmufjcif;jzifh ('Dtcsut f vufawG vH;k 0rSm;w,f/ txl;ojzifh rdrw d @kd
tay:pD;&onftxd wqifh+yD;wqifh aqmif&Gu&f rnf? (rSef) ygwDu &JabmfawGe@J bmrS rywfoufyg?)
ponfjzifh cH,lxm;=ua=umif; azmfjyxm;ygw,f? - olu wae&mrSm - ole@J axmifyikd fw@kd u ara[muf/
wqufwnf; olwkd@0efxrf;awGtay: u|efawmfwkd@ are*g;rSef;odatmif tarmufaxmifjyvku d fv@kd 53 &uf tpm
oabmxm;ukd azmfjyzkd@ vkdvmygw,f? oabmxm;rSef+yD; iwfcHwdu k fyJG jzpfoGm;&ovkdvkd a&;xm;+yD;-
wm0efausavmufom vkyf=uwJh axmifrSL;awmifykdifeJ@ (pm-94) u|eaf wmfw@dk axmif0efxrf;awGtaeeJ@ uku d ;dk
q&m0efrsm;ukd u|efawmfwkd@ ajyajyvnfvnf qufqH=u u|ef;u yk'fr (5) tusOf;om;awGukd vufzsm;ESifhxzd kd@rajymeJ@
ygw,f? axmifykdifawGxJrSm OD;tkef;ausmf/ OD;aomif;a&$wkd@eJ@ rsuaf pmif;awmifx;kd +y;D r=unf&h cJ yhJ gb;l Asm vk@d azmfjyjyefw,f?
jy\em }uD;}uD;rm;rm;r&Sd? ol@tvkyfolvkyf ukd,fhtvkyf wcg- u|ef;ujyefac:wmrSm wkdufyJaG =umifh r[kwb f l;
uk, d vf yk =f uwmyJ? OD;xGef;cifvufxuf &Jabmf 8 a,muf uschJ vkd@ a&S@ykdi;f rSm a&;xm;aomfvnf; -
&w,f? axmifrSL;}uD;awGxJrSm OD;cifarmifpkd;eJ@ OD;pdefaX;wkd@ (pm-154) usawmh u|ef;pcef;zsuo f drf;a&;/ ukd,fxl
uawmh txuf}udKufvyk cf w hJ ,f? q&m0efawGxrJ mS a'guw f m ukd,fx pepfzsufodrf;a&;/ jynfrjyefykd@ay;a&; pwmawGukd
azpdef/ a'gufwmausmfZH0if;wkd@ (aumif;) =uw,f? aemufqHk; rif;}uD;u vkdufavsmoGm;cJhwmyJ vk@d a&;jyefw,f?
a'guw f mvSEidk ef @J jy\em }u;D }u;D rm;rm; r&S/d a'guw
f moef;atmif aemufwcg - (&JeD) wif+idr;f tavmif; &wmuvnf;
eJ@ a'gufwmcspfrif;uawmh tm%mykdifawG rsufESmomay;cH& &Sif;&Sif;ajym&&if olwkd@bufu tav#mhay;vkdufvkd@yJ vkd@
atmif vky=f uw,f? u|e;f jyefawG a&;=uwJh rSwfwrf;wif=uwJh rSef;qa&;xm;w,f?
pmawGxJrSm a,bk,stm;jzifh 'Dtjriftwkid f; &Sd=uwm awG@& (wu,fjzpfomG ;wmu -yxrtcsv D v k @dk r&- wyfvef
rSmyg? oGm;+yD;/ 0ifvmwJh wHcg;aygufyw d f jyefxGufoGm;/ xrif;pm; -
(pm - 222) axmifr;eJ@tusOf;om;qdkwm cGmvdk@ em;olem;/ rdrdwkd@uvnf; taqmifxJjyef0ifol0if/ vkyfp&m
r&bl;? '*Fg;wjym;rSm [dkbufuacgif; 'Dbufuyef;/ acgif;eJ@yef; &Sdwm vkyo f lvyk ef @J em;aepOf -axmif0g'gwcsKd @u tuG,w f ckrS
r&Sd&if '*Fg;wjym; rjzpfbl;? tvpftiku d f,l+yD; oHql;}udK;awG jzwfum tavmif;ukd 0if
olajymcsiw f mu u|e;f awmifbufjcrf; tusO;f pcef;rSm o,fomG ;=uwmyg? tavmif;pifu tvHe(D 7) aqmife@J tvHeD
'Dval wGyJ &Sw d m/ oifo h ifjh rwfjrwf raeoifyh gvm;qdwk hJ t"dym` ,f/ pm;zkdaqmif=um;rSm &Syd gw,f? )
'gayrJh tkypf ;kd olawGtaeeJ@ yd@k wmudu k pdw"f mwfusatmifqw k d hJ ukdukd;u|ef;tusOf;pcef;}uD;=uyfa&;aumfrwD
&nf&G,fcsuf/ 'gukd taumiftxnfazmf&wJh olwdk@wawGeJ@ 'D ol@tcef;uu ta&;}uD;w,f? tusO;f om;awG
ay:vpDudk csdK;zsufvdkwJh awmfvSefa&;orm;awG b,fvv dk kyf ukd b,fvo dk abmxm;+yD; tusOf;om;awG 'kuQa&mufatmif
oifjh rwfEikd rf vJ? '*Fg;wjym;awmh jzpfvmr,f? "mwfrwnfh emrf b,fvdk pepfwus vkyfaqmifae=uovJqkw d m 'Dpmtkyx f JrSm
rwnfhwhJ acgif;eJ@yef; rD;xawmufukef=uwm rqef;ygbl;? awG@&w,f? 'DtwGuf rSwfwrf;wifchw J Jh OD;pdefaX;ukd aus;Zl;
(pm-86) - olw@dk tzGJ@awG awmfawmfrsm;rsm;vkd ukdu;kd wif&ygw,f?
u|e;f uvGwfawmh jrefrmhq&kd , S fvpfvrf;pOfygwDtpkd;&u aezdk@ aumfrwDrSm &efuek fwikd f; 'kwikd f;rSL;u OuU/ tusOf;
tdrfay;w,f? pm;zkd@tvkyfawG ay;xm;w,f? olwkd@u|ef;jyef Xme rif;}uD;u twGif;a&;rSL;eJ@ wjcm;tzGJ@0if (5) a,muf
awG &efukefvrf;rawmf vrf;opf&dyfomu tpkd;&wkdufawG/ xnfhz@GJ xm;w,f? tusO;f pcef;u evu OuUukd owif;ykd@/
12
 _ynfolhtm%m

olu aumfrwDudk tpD&ifcH&ygw,f? wJh omef ,lvu kd f eJ@ tpmra=ucsifp&mawG rsm;w,f?

yg0ifwt hJ csut f vufawGudk wifjycJ+h yD? usew f t hJ xJu ol@&nf&,
G cf sufu olwd@k 0efxrf;awGukd em;vnfay;
xyfjznfh&&if - zk@d / tusO;f om;awG rxdcu dk f repfematmif twwfEidk q f ;kH vkycf hJ
- (pm-68) ocifoef;xGef; Auy rsm;onf 1969 ck wmawG odapzkd@ - Oyrm/ oleJ@ OD;xGef;cifom =um;r0if&if 8
Zlvidk v
f u tusO;f om; xGe;f &Sed f yifv,fxu J s aooGm;onfrS a,mufru aooGm;Ekid w f ,fv@dk trSw, f x l m;ygw,f? tawmf
pI awmif,mrsm; rvkyf=uawmhbl;? (a&muf+yD; 4 v ausmf ajym&JwhJ yk*~dKvfyg? ol@a=umifh 53 &uf tpmiwfcHwdu k fyGJ jzpf&
t=umrSm jzpfwmyg) wmyg vkd@ a&S@rmS ajymcJhwm arhoGm;yHk&w,f?
- ukdukd;u|ef; tusOf;pcef;wGif t+rJwrf;wyfpdwf ol[m u|e;f rSmom 'Dvadk jymcJw h mr[kw/f &Spaf v;vH;k
wpdwf vufeuft jynfht pHkjzifh csxm;ay;&efvkda =umif; / umv jynfoal wGudk Oya'rJh b,fvv dk yk cf whJ ,fqwdk m txuf
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13
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19
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rSefuefoifhavsmfwJh tajrmftjrifukd &&SdEkdirf ,fjzpfyga=umif;?
23
 atmufwb
dk m awmfveS af &; ESpf 100 jynfah tmifyu
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odrho f rd wfh ek foGm;atmif tajymif;tvJ}uD; ay:ayguv f mjcif;jzpfw,f? qkd&, S v f pfwkwjf ynftygt0if urBmay:rSm qk&d S,fvpf
Ekid fiHawG ay:aygufvmjcif;[m atmufwdb k mawmfveS fa&;&J@ tusdK;qufjzpfovkd atmufwkdbmawmfvSefa&;&J@ urBmhorkid f;
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hf ifvu dk jf cif;vnf;jzpfw,f? atmufwb dk mawmfveS af &; ESpf 100 jynft h cgor,twGi;f qd&k , S vf pfpepf
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awmfveS af &;&J@ ku d cf wfra_ tmufrSm &mpkESpw f cktwGi;f rd;k ajrukd arSmufveS fypfvu dk fonfhtvm; tajymif;tvJ}uD;ukd ay:ayguf
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24
 _ynfolhtm%m

1? atmufwkdbmawmfvSeaf &;&J@ }uD;jrwfwJh orkdif;t"dym` ,f

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rsm;&J@ yxrqHk;aom qkd&S,v f pfEdik fiHawmfukd xlaxmifcw Jh ,f? tJ'v D kd xlaxmifvu kd fjcif;u pD;yGm;a&;t& acwfaemufuswJh
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E_id f;,SOfp&m jzpfvmw,f? tar&duef&@J ausmf=um;wJh abm*aA'ynm&Sif *sdK;Zuf&$eyf Dwm (Joseph schumpeter) u
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OD;wnfcsufudk edrdwzf wfvdu k fjcif;jzpfw,f?
(3) atmufwb dk mawmfvSeaf &;aoewfoHu wkwjf ynfudk rmhupf f0g' yk@d ay;ovkd urBmtES@H rmhupf 0f g'ukd ys@H E@SH omG ;apvkduw f ,f?
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wkb d mawmfveS af &;&J@ tajccHtawG@t}uHKrsm;ukd pky, f +l yD; wkwf jynfvufawG@eJ@ aygi;f pyfay;jcif;tm;jzifh wkwjf ynfawmfvSef
a&;&J@ }uD;jrwfwJh atmifyJu G kd &&Scd Jhw,f? wdef@a&Smifzifukd,pf m; jyKwJh wkwfjynfuGefjrLepfygwD 'kwd,rsdK;qufacgif;aqmifawG
pkaygi;f +yD; qkdAD,ufjynfaxmifpk qkd&S,v f pfpepf wnfaqmuf a&; tawG@t}uHKoifcef;pmrsm;ukd pkyf,lum wkwfjynfxl;jcm;
csuyf gwhJ qk&d ,S v f pfpepfwnfaqmufa&;oabmw&m;ukd wifjycJhw,f? 'Dae@ wkwjf ynf&J@ Ekdiif w H um=oZm qufvufjrifhwuf
25
_ynfolhtm%m

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atmufwb dk mawmfveS af &;vrf;a=umif;eJ@ &J@ OD;wnfcsuu f dk
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atmufwkdbm awmfvSefa&; ESpf (100) jynfhukd wu,fyJ qkd;0g;wJh csKd @,Gif;csufawG wnf&Sdaewmrdk@ tquf
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[m qkd&S,fvpfvrf;a=umif;tay: rdrd,Hk=unfcsuf/ oabm ylwifajymzl;ovkdygyJ/ tJ'Dwkef;u yifukd,ftm;jzifh jyKjyif
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wd@k ukd ykdrkjd ywfom;vmap&r,f? jynfaxmifpk +ydKuGJr_[m yifukd,ftm;jzifh jzpfay:zkd@ rvkdtyf
2? atmufwdb k mawmfveS fa&; atmifyt GJ vHawmfudk jrifhjrifh ygbl;vkd@ axmufjyvku d fw,f? olu qkdAD,ufjynfaxmifpk
rm;rm; v$ix fh l&ef vkt d yfjcif; +ydKuGrJ _&@J ta=umif;&if;[m tJ'Dwkef;u qkdAD,ufjynfaxmifpk
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tajctaeeJ@ aygif;pyf&mrSm rmhufpf0g'ukd pGJpGJ+rJ+rJqkyfukdif+yD; ajymqkdw,f?
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rmufhpf0g'&J@ qk&d S,fvpf awmfvSefa&;eJ@ ywfoufwJh oabm wrf;ygw,f? tauG@taumuf twuftqif;trsdK;rsdK;ukd
w&m;ukd zGH@+zdK;wkd;wufapcJh+yD; atmufwkdbmawmfvSefa&; ausmfjzwf+yD;rS atmifyGJ&Ekdiw f myg? &+yD;&ifvnf; atmifyGJukd
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26

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32
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33
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taoukid x f m;awmh NCA vnf; wd;k vk@d wef;vef; jzpfaew,f? wku d yf aJG wGvnf; umcsKyfu jzpfcsiw f tJh csed rf mS xjzpfaeawmhwmyJ?
21 &mpkyifvHk qdkwmvnf; ra&r&mudpw P ck jzpfvmaew,f?
'gawGtm;vkH;[m 'DcsKyfu vufeufukdifwyfukd trdef@ay;cGifh r&Sdvdk@ jzpfw,f? vufeufudkifwyfudk ppftkyfpku
vufukdifwkwftjzpf tokH;csEdkifaevkd@ jzpfygw,f? ArmjynfrSm EdkifiHa&;tiftm;pktcsdK@ yk*~dKvfwcsdK@u EdkifiHa&;tm%m[m
aoewfajymif;u xGuv f mw,f qdw k mukd em;rvnfvufrcHbJ 'Drdu k a&pDpum;vkH;awGudk taumiftxnfrJh ajymae=uw,f?
+idrf;csrf;a&;pum;vkH;awGukd vufawG@usus r&Sif;jyEdkifbJ AvkH;AaxG;ajymae=uw,f? 'gayrJh Armjynfppftkyfpkuawmh
tm%m[m aoewfajymif;xJu xGufvmw,fqw dk mukd vufawG@usus usiho f kH;EdkifcJhvkd@ ppftm%m&Sifpepfukd uae@txd
wnfwHhatmif xde;f odrf;xm;Edkifwm jzpfw,f?
'DcsKyftpkd;&[m ppfwyfukd wu,fwrf; OD;pD;!ef=um; trdef@ay;Edkifw,fqkd&if tpkd;&tm%m tjynfht0&Sd+yD;
vkyif ef;t00vnf; tckavmufqdk tawmftqifajy acsmarG@avmufygw,f? tckawmh ppftm%m&Sipf epfudk xde;f odr;f umuG,f
wJh 2008 tajccHOya't& zGJ@&wJh 'DcsKyftpkd;&jzpfawmh tm%mvnf; r&S?d vkyif ef;awGvnf; uarmufurjzpfqdkwmrsdK;eJ@
}uKHawG@ae&awmh wmyJ?
2008 tajccHOya' zsufodrf;a&;ukd OD;pm;ay; rvkyf&if ppftkypf ku 2008 tajccHOya' cdik fonfxufcdkifatmifeJ@
ppftm%m&Sifpepf tom;usatmif vkH;yef;oGm;ygvrd fhr,f? wenf;tm;jzifh ajym&&if a&G;aumufyJeG J@ wufvmwJh t&yfom;
tpd;k &[m aoewfudk trdef@ay;Edik w f hJ tpd;k &jzpfatmif vk;H yef;=u&r,f? ppfwyfukd ae&mrSejf zpfwhJ tpkd;&0efxrf;b0ukd tyDtjyif
jyefa&mufatmif vkH;yef;=u&rSm jzpfygw,f? wu,fawmh ppfwyf[m ppfwef;vsm;ukd jyefcsdefwefwm =umcJh+yD? 1990
jynfhESpfuwnf;uyg?

Armjynfppftyk pf u
k awmh tm%m[m aoewfajymif;xJu
xGuvf mw,fqw kd mukd vufawG@usus usio hf ;Hk Edik cf v
hJ @dk
ppftm%m&Sipf epfudk uae@txd
wnfwahH tmifxed ;f odr;f xm;Edik w
f m jzpfw,f?

35
 EdkifiHwumuAsm
(To the Martyred Students and Workers Killed in the Shanghai Massacre, 1925.)
(1925ckEpS /f S[
H Jvo
l wfyJw
G iG t
f owfc&H onfah usmif;om;ESiht
f vkyform;rsm;odk@)

Across great Chinas sundials

The sun and moon plied their shuttle. wkwfEidk fiu
H aeem&DawGujdk zwf+yD;
The day came, the night aeeJ@v[m vGe;f xdk;ae=uw,f?
Now my tears flow again, ae@a&mufvm/ nul;oGm;
It is May 30th. 'DtcgrmS igrh suf&nfawG pD;qif;&jyef+yD
arv 30 &ufudk a&mufjyef+yDaygh/
0 brothers: were you fools or heroes
To march to the international settlement? aoG;csi;f wd@k - Edkifiw
H umpm&if;Sif;yGJukd oGm;&atmif
The imperialist bullets were of steel, oifwdk@[m tl;awGvm;/ ol&aJ umif;awGvm;
Your bodies only of flesh and blood; e,fcsJ@orm;awG&J@usnq f efawG[m oHr%deJ@vyk fxm;wm
Which was stronger, oifhw@dk udk,f[m taoG;tom;eJ@yJ vkyfxm;wm?
The egg or the stone? 0 hear:
b,f[mu ydkrma=umovJ/
Your children call for their fathers.
=uufOvm;/ ausmufwHk;vm;? em;axmifvdkuyf g-
Your widows burn paper money and sob.
oifwdk@&J@uav;awG[m tazudk ac:ae=uw,f?
Your father mourns, he has lost his strong sons
and will starve. oifwdk@&J@rkqdk;rawG[m aiGpuULtwkawG
rD;d@_ +yD; idak e=uw,f?
But see: oifhtazu idkaew,f/
Chiang Kai-sheks new wife has a beautiful ol@crsm tm;aumif;armif;oefom;awGudk qHk;H_;+yD;
diamond ring iwf&awmhr,f?
And a twelve-thousand dollar automobile with
expensive musical horns, 'gayrJh =unhyf g?
And he rolls in splendor to his palace while his
csefauSdwf&J@r,m;topfav;rSm vSywJph defvufpGyef J@
mercenaries cheer.
aemuf+yD; *DwoHxGufw[ Jh Gef;awG wyfxm;wJh
He has glory and power,
a':vmwodef;ausmfwef um;}uD;eJ@?
While you are dead.
ol[m ol@a=u;pm;vufuidk fww k fawG&J@ =obmoHawGt=um;rSm
But 0 my brothers: dont envy that traitor um;}uD;udk w+idrh+f idrfhpD;oGm;w,f?
general. oifaoqH;k csdefrSm
All China knows that workers blood and sweat ol@rSmu *k%f SdefeJ@ tm%mSdaewmudk;?
Pay for those luxuries.
36
 _ynfolhtm%m

tdk nDaemifom;csif;wdk@? tJ'DopPmazmufAdkvfcsKyfudk

tm;rus=uygeJ@?
tvkyform;awG&J@aoG;awGac|;awGeJ@
tJ'Dpnf;pdrfawGudk &cJw h ,fqkw d m
All China will find revenge. wkwfwEdkifiv H Hk; odygw,f?
And you, my brothers, were not foolish or mad, wkwfwEdkifiHv;Hk uyJ vufpm;acsygvrd fhr,f?
But the first sparks of the fire to burn him up. u|Ekfyf&J@nDaemifjzpfwJhoifwdk@[m
You will live while it blazes, tl;taygawG r[kwfygbl;?
The fire of World Revolution. oif;ukd rD;avmifwkduo f Gi;f ay;r,fh a&S;OD; rD;yGm;awGom/
tJ'DrD;yGm;awGu
New Masses May 30th, 1928. urBmah wmfveS fa&; rD;SL;wefaqmifukd xGe;f nday;r,fhtcsed frSm
oifwkd@ &Siof efaeOD;rSmygyJ? ?

(aiGpuULtwk rD;d_@w,fqdkwm wkwftokbawGu xH;k pHyg/)

1928 ckESpf/ arv 30 xkwf wkwv f lxo
k pfr*~Zif;rS

37
 atmufwb kd mawmfve
S af &;.
oifcef;pmw&yf

urBmhypPnf;rJhawmfvSefa&;udk a&S@wef;a&muft&if;&Sif EdkifiH aoyef;yGiahf eaom t&if;&Sipf epfjzpfa=umif;ESihf e,fcs@J tcsi;f csi;f
rsm;wGif wyifwnf;qifE&J$ rnf[k rmhupf Ef iS t hf ed *f ,fw@kd u awG; udv k ekd rD sm; jyefvnfcaJG 0vk,ufaom e,fcs@J ppfyJG ay:ayguv f myHk
ac:,lqcJ=h uayonf? jyifopf"e&SifawmfveS af &; (1789 - 99) (xdt k csed w f iG f e,fcs@J w@kd . yxrurBmppf jzpfae+yDjzpfonf) wd@k ukd
. tawG@tuHESifhoifcef;pmrsm;udk tajccHI xdo k dk@ pOf;pm; wifjycJo h nf? xdk@tjyif e,fcsJ@pepfonf ypPnf;rJw h @kd . awmfvSef
awG;ac:cJhonf[k ,lq&a=umif; ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD a&;acwfjzpfonf[kvnf; wifjyaqmf=ocJhonf?
taxGaxG twGif;a&;r;.tpD&ifcHpm (1994) wGif azmfjyyg&Sd e,fcs@J pepfatmufwiG f t&if;&Sipf epf. rnDnmaom
ygonf? xdkjyifopf"e&SifawmfvSefa&; jzpfaomtcgwGif usef jzpfay:wdk;wufrE_ Siyfh dyuQw@dk vGefpGmonf;oefjyif;xefvm+yD;
ya'o&mZfwdkif;jynfrsm; (+Adwdef - y&yf&Sm; - a[mfvef - xdrk nDnmaom jzpfay:wd;k wufr_u e,fcs@J ppfyGJrsm;udk jzpfay:
pydef - k&mS ; ponfw@dk ) u 0dik f;wdkufc=Jh uonf? xd@k twl t&if; aponf[k vDeifu &Sif;vif;wifjycJhonf? wzef xdke,fcsJ@ppf
&Sif tkypf ;kd r_ukd wEdik if w H nf;wGio f m zvSyJ gu uset f &if;&SiEf ikd if H yGrJ sm;u e,fcsJ@pepf. tiftm;udk csnfhe@J avsmh&Japrnfjzpf+yD;
rsm;u 0dkif;wdkujf cif;udk cH&rnf[k ,lqojzifh a&S@wef;a&muf tiftm;tenf;qHk; uGif;qufwGif ypPnf;rJhawmfvSefa&;udk
t&if;&SiEf idk if rH sm;wGif wyifwnf; ypPnf;rJah wmfveS af &;vky&f ef qifE$JatmifjrifEdkifa=umif;udkvnf; wifjycJhonf? wenf;
rmhupf Ef iS t hf ed *f ,fw@kd u aqmf=ocJjh cif; jzpfonf[k ,lqa=umif; tm;jzifh Edik fit H rsm;tjym;wGio f mru wEdik fiw H nf;wGifvnf;
vnf; tpD&ifcpH mwGif qufvufwifjyxm;ayonf? xd@k a=umifh ypPnf;rJhawmfvSefa&;udk atmifjrifatmif qifE$JEdkifa=umif;
vnf; rmhupf Ef iS t hf ed *f ,fw@kd u tEdik Ef ikd if rH S tvkyo f rm;taygi;f wifjycJhjcif; jzpfonf? vufa wG@wGifvnf; k&Sm;jynfwGif
wd@k aoG;pnf;=u [k au;a=umfox H kwcf Jhjcif; jzpfonf? atmufwkb d m ypPn;f rJhawmfvSefa&;udk atmifjrifpGm qifE$JEkid f
vDeifa cwfa &mufa omtcg t&if; &Sifpepfonf cJhayonf?
tqifhopfwckodk@ wdk;wufa&muf&SdoGm;+yD jzpfonf? 1916 1914 ckEpS w f iG f k&mS ;/ jyifopf/ +AdwdefESihf tdkif,mvef
ckESpfwiG f vDeifu t&if;&Sifpepf.tjrifhqk;H tqifh - e,fcsJ@ wdk@uwzuf - *smreD/ =opx&D;,m;-[efa*&Dwdk@uwzuf
pepf qdak omusr;f udk a&;om;ypkco hJ nf? xdu k sr;f wGif xdt k csed f wdu k f=uaom yxrurBmppf}uD; jzpfyGm;avonf? k&Sm;EdkifiHrS
u t&if;&Sifpepf a&muf&Sdaeaomtqifu h dk tcdkiftrmcGJjcrf; azmufjyefaomZmbk&ifonf tvkyo f rm;/ v,form; trsm;
pdwjf zmI wifjyxm;onf? t&if;&Sipf epfonf ,if;.tjrifq h ;kH tjym;udk ppfwyftwGif; twif;tusyo f GwfoGif;I *smreDEiS fh
tqifhjzpfaom e,fcsJ@pepfodk@ a&muf&SdoGm;+yDjzpfa=umif;/ ppfwdkufonf? odk@&mwGif ppfvufeuf &duQmponfwdk@udk
38

a&S@wef;odk@ vHkavmufatmif ray;ydk@Edkif? od@k jzihf ppfyGJrSm t_H;
}uD;H;_ ae&onf? jynfwGif;wGifvnf; pD;yGm;a&;usyfwnf;r_rSm
}uD;oxuf}uD;vmonf? tvkyform;wdk@. oydww f dkuyf GJrsm;
t&Sdeft[kefjzifh }uD;xGm;vmaeonf? aAmf&SDApfygwDuvnf;
tvkyform;/ v,form;rsm;t=um;wGifomru a&S@wef;ppf
rsuEf mS rS ppfonfrsm;t=um;txd oGm;a&mufpnf;Hk;=uonf?
od@k jzihf tajctae&ifrh n S v
hf maomtcg azazmf0g&aD wmfveS af &;/
xdkrw S qifh atmufwb kd mypPnf;rJah wmfveS af &;udk atmifjrifpmG
qifE$JEdkifcJhayawmhonf?
atmufwdkbmawmfvSefa&; atmifjrifapcJhonfh
ta=umif;tcsufrsm;pGm&Sdonfhteuf tcsufw&yfukd wifjy
vdyk gonf? ,if;rSm Zmbk&if. t"duzdESdyfa&;,EW&m;}uD;wck
jzpfonfh ppfwyfwGif;rS tpdwftydkif;tcsdK@udk awmfvSefa&;
tiftm;pkbuf ygvmatmif pnf;Hk;EdkifcJhjcif;yif jzpfonf?
ppfwyf}uD;. atmufajctrsm;pkydkif;rSmvnf; tvkyform;/
v,form;wdk@yif jzpfonf r[kwfygavm? vDeifudk,fwdkif
uvnf; Zmbk&ifppfwyf}uD;rSm ppf0wfp0Hk wfxm;aom v,f
orm;rsm;yifjzpfonf[k qdkcJhonf?
atmufwkb d mawmfveS fa&;wGif Zmbk&if. zdESdyaf &;
wyf}uD;udk rdrb d ufygvmatmif pnf;H;k a&;vkyif ef;udk ta&;}uD;
vkyfief;w&yftjzpf aAmf&SDApfwdk@u tm;pdkufvkyfaqmifcJh=u
onf? awmfvSefa&; au;a=umfoHtjzpf +idrf;csrf;a&;/ ajr,m
ESihf aygifrkef@ (tpm;tpm) [lI wifxm;onfudk=unfv h #if
odomayonf? a&S@wef;wGif ppfwdkuaf eaom ppfom;rsm;u
ppfrwdkufcsif=uawmh? wjynfvHk;u jynfolawGuvnf; xdk
ppfudk qef@usif=uonf? aAmf&SDApfrsm;u a&S@wef;txd oGm;
a&muf+yD; ppfom;rsm;udk txufrS ppfrdef@ay;onfudk remcHbJ
aoewfajymif;udk rdr&d efot l ppfjzpfonfh Zmbk&ifbufvn S &hf ef
pnf;Hk;=uonf? xdk@tjyif ajr,ma0jcrf;a&;vkyfrnf qdak om
tcgwGif ppfajrjyif&Sd v,form;rsm; rdrda'oudk jyef=uawmh
onf? od@k jzihf wyfwiG ;f rS bufajymif;vmolrsm;ESihf tvkyo f rm;/
v,form;wdk@ yl;aygif;I wyfeDawmfudk zG@J pnf;Edkicf Jhonf?
_ynfolhtm%m
atmufwb kd mawmfveS af &;wGif ,ckuo Jh @kd Zmbk&if.ppfwyfukd
rdrdbuful;ajymif;a&;vkyfief;udk ta&;ay; vkyfaqmifjzpfcJh
jcif;rSm 1905 awmfvSefa&;. oifcef;pmudk erlem,lcJhjcif;
a=umifh jzpfonf? 1905 awmfvSefa &;rSm ratmifjrifcJh
aomfvnf; aemifay:ayguv f mrnfh awmfvSefa&;rsm;twGuf
oifcef;pmrsm; wyHkwyif ay;oGm;cJhonf? xdkoifcef;pmrsm;udk
ed*;Hk csKyfEikd cf hIJ atmufwb dk m awmfvSeaf &; atmifjrifchjJ cif; jzpf
ayonf? xdk@a=umifv h nf; vDeifu 1905 awmfvSefa&;qdkonfh
0wfpHkjynfhtprf;Zmwfwdkufjcif;om r&Sdv#if atmufwdkbm
awmfvSefa&;udk atmifjrifatmif qifEJE$ idk frnfr[kw[ f k ajym
cJjh cif; jzpfonf?
1905 awmfvSefa&;wGifvnf; Zmbk&ifwyfrS awmf
vSefa&;buf ul;ajymif;r_rsm;&SdcJhaomfvnf; rvHak vmufcJhacs?
,if;ESifhywfoufI armfpudktHkur_. oifcef;pmrsm; wGif
vDeifu atmufygtwdkif; oHk;oyfe*d Hk;csKyfxm;onf? qdkvdk&if;
ay:ap&ef cyf&Sn&f Snf udk;um;azmfjyvdkufygonf?
awmfvSeaf &;onf vlxk vuQ%mraqmifbl;/ ppf
wyfukdvnf; *,ufrkdufbl;qkdv#if tav;teuf
xm;+yD; wku d af e&ef rvkad wmhacs? ppfwyfrsm; t=um;
wGif tvkyfvkyf=u&rnf? TonfrSm ajymp&myif
rvkd? okd@aomf ppfwyfonf u|Ekfyfwkd@. pnf;Hk;r_
a=umifh ok@d r[kwf wd@k u, dk w f idk f oabmayguf em;
vnfr_a=umifh wcsufwnf;ESifh ukd,b fh ufokd@ ygvm
=urnf[k ,lqI rjzpfay? TtjrifrSm tb,fr#
yHak ousa=umif;/ toufrJha=umif; armfpukyd keu f ef
r_u jyocJah y+yD? wu,fw h u,fusawmh ppfreS faom
vlxktHkur_wkdif;wGif rv$JraoG ay:aygufavh&do S nfh
ppfwyfrsm;twGi;f awGa0,dr;f ,kid rf q _ o kd nfrSm awmf
vSefa &;wkdufyGJ ykdrkdjyif;xefvmwkdif; ppfw yfrsm;
twGuf wu,fhwkdufyGJqDodk@ ac:aqmifoGm;onf
csnf; jzpfonf? armfpukd tHk ur_onf azmufjyefrE_ Sifh
awmfvSefa&;wkd@t=um; ppfwyfrsm; ukd,fhbufyg&ef
jyif;jyif;xefxef tl;trl;wkdufyGJ0if=uonfh Oyrm
39
_ynfolhtm%m
wckyif jzpfonf? 'lbmaqmhAfukd,fwikd fu armfpukd
+rdK@apmifhwyf. wyfom; 15000 teuf 5000 om
v#if pdwfcs&onf[k ajymcJhonf? TawGa 0ol
rsm;tm; tpk;d &onf trsKd ;rsdK;aom aoG;l;aoG;wef;
tEkid qf ;kH enf;vrf;rsm;jzifh xde;f csKyfc=hJ uonf? olw@dk udk
arwWm&yfcHonf/ ajrmufyifhonf? vmbfx;kd onf?
em&D/ qkaiGponfrsm; qkcsonf? aAmh'um t&uf
jzifh ,pfrl; atmifvkyfonf/ vdrfnmonf/ +cdrf;
ajcmufonf/ ppfwef;vsm;rsm;qDudk jyefy@dk +yD; vufeuf
jzKwfonf? r,H=k unf&qHk;[k xifrSwf&ol ppfom;
rsm;ukd aumufuspf &ufpufpGmjzifh z,f&mS ;ypfonf?
TrSmbufwGif u|Efyk w f @dk onf tpkd;&xuf aemufus
usef&pfa=umif; ajAmifrcif;rcsef 0efcHcJh&ayrnf?
tpk;d &u atmifjrifpmG jyKvkyo f mG ;ouJo h d@k awGa0ae
aom wyfrsm;tay: wufwufuu &J&&J if&h ifh xdxd
a&mufa&mufESifh oJoJrJrJ wkdufyGJ0if&ef ukd,fhrSm&Sd
aom tiftm;rsm;ukd toHk;rcsEkdicf Jh=uacs? u|Efyk fwkd@
onf wyfwGif;vkyfief;ukd vkyfukdifvsu&f Sd+yD;/ a&S@wGif
ppfw yfu kd tawG ; tac:t& ukd, fh buf ygvm
atmif qxufxrf;yk;d tm;xkwo f mG ;rnf? ok@d aomf
tHk ur_. vuf&t dS csed tf cgwiG f ppfwyftm; cE<mud, k f
t&vnf; wkducf kdu&f rnfqkdaom tcsufudk arhypf
40
vkud fygu u|Ekfywf kd@rSm oem;p&maumif;aom vlEkH
vlt rsm; jzpfoGm;ayvdrfhrnf? (armfpudktHkur_
oifcef;pmrsm; - ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD - A[dk
bmomjyefXme? 2007 ckESpfxkwrf S)
txufyg 1905 k&Sm;awmfvSefa&;jzpf&yfrsm;udk=unfhygu
Armjynf. 1988 tHk ur_wGifvnf; tvm;wljzpfpOfrsm; &Scd Jh
onfudk awG@&rnfjzpfonf? odk@jzpfIvnf; 1988 ta&;awmf
yHkEiS hf ywfoufI ed*;kH csKyf&mwGif tcsuw f csuftjzpf taxGaxG
twGif;a&;r;tpD&ifcHpm (1994) wGif ,ckvkd azmfjycJhonfudk
awG@&SdEdkifayonf?
&efo@l ppfwyfxrJ mS ryfEx HS m;wm[m aomhcsut f us
qHk; wm0efwck jzpfygw,f? &efol@ppfwyf&J@ wcsdK@
tpdwftydkif;udk jynfola wGbuf ul;ajymif; vm
atmif trsm;ydkif;udk =um;aevmatmif ppftyk fp&k J@
trdef@ukd remcHoal wG jzpfvmatmifvkyEf dkifrS vlxk
wduk fyJG atmifjrifEidk frmS jzpfygw,f?
r[matmufwk db mawmf vSE fa &; ESp fw &mjynfh
umvwGif xdkawmfvSefa&;ta=umif;udk jyefvnfavhvmjcif;
jzihf rdrw d @kd . awmfveS af &;twGuf pdw"f mwfceG t f m;rsm;omru
erlemESifhoifcef;pmrsm;udkvnf; &,lEdkiyf ga=umif; wifjyvdu k f
&ygonf?
 umh'E
f ikd if aH wmfxal xmifa&;
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44
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49
 odoGm;Edkifawmhwm jzpfygw,f?
owif;eJrh Swfcsuf zkef;ydwfxm; (power off) wJh
tcsdefrmS awmif zkef;u
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ajrmufuk&d D;,m;u b,fawmhrS toHk;0ifvSw,f? 'ga=umifh aewdk;wyfzGJ@0ifawG&J@
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'DudpPrSm prwfzke;f oHk;=uawmhwm jzpfw,f? k&Sm;azmufxGif;orm;awG (hackers)
b,fvdkta&;,lydwfqdk@r_rsdK;urS aumif;usdK;awG rsm;vSovdk u 0ifazmuf+yD; tcsut f vufawG
toHk;usrSm r[kwfovdk qd;k usdK;vnf;&Sdw,f? udk,zfh kef;udk &,laew,fqdkwJh pGyfpJcG suaf wGvnf;
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vkyfazmfudkifzufwa,mufudk trdef@ay;apcdkif;aevdk@&w,f? tar&duefvHkjcHKa&;at*sifpD (NSA) rS
ajymcJhovdkygyJ? ud, k fajymor#/ vkyo
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phone)/ tvdrRmvufywfem&D toHzrf;xm;owJh? aemuf+yD; toHk;rjyKzd@k ydwfyifcJhw,f?
(smart watch)/ tvdrRmwDAGD olb,fae&m tar&duefudk k&mS ;u axmufvSrf;wJh
(smart TV) pojzifh a&mufaew,fqdkwmudv k nf; owif;awGcsnf;rdk@ tar&duefuaum
trsdK;aygif;pHkygw,f? tJ'yD pPn;f awG&J@ ae&mjypepf (GPS) a=umifh k&Sm;udk raxmufvrS f;bl;vm;vdk@
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50
r[mrdwfawGjzpfwJh jAdwed f/
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51
 ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD
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