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4
 ):(Slope
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6
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11
()1 ):(Horizontal beds
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12
 ()2 ):(Inclined beds
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13
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14
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16
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17





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18
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19
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20
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21
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23
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24
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25
 : )(1:8 )(S25W )(1:4
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B = 700 600 = 100m
C = 600 400 = 200m
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27
 A

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28
 A
K

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S
D
R

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29


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30



















(16-): )(F-F
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()2 .
)(C.I. )(0.4 cm )(S.I.
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:
tan () = (C.I. / S.I.) * Scale
tan () = (100 m / 0.4 cm) * (1 cm / 50 m) = 5
() = tan -1 ( 5 ) = 76

).(123
.

31
 ).(033 )(90
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Heave = 50 m / tan (76) = 12.5 m
Heave

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32
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600 Scale = 1 cm: 50 m
550

500

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400
350

300
250
Throw = 50 m
200
150
100
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50
= 76
00
Y
300

400

500

600
600
500
400

300
300
400
300

200

100

00

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33


34
 :
):(Stereographic projection
.


.
):(Structural Analysis
. )(Geometric analysis
.
.
):(Structural Elements (Linear
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.
:

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.

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.
.
(1)
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()90 .


.

35
 B A

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36


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37








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38
: )(320/48
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39
 .1 )(150
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41
 :

.
(Beta )( )diagram
).(Pi () diagram
)(Hinge line )(Interlimb angle
)(Axial plane( .)9
: (.)1
Table (1): Fold classification by Plunge of hinge line, Interlimb angle, and
Dip of axial plane.
Plunged of hinge line Interlimb angle Dip of axial plane
Horizontal: 0-10 Isoclinal: 0-10 Recumbent: 0-10
Shallow: 10-30 Tight: 10-30 Inclined: 10-70
Intermediate: 30-60 Close:30-70 Upright: 70-90
Steep: 60-80 Open: 70-120
Vertical: 80-90 Gentle:120-180
: :

.
:
:
Limb (1): 080/60 ; Limb (2): 200/50
: ( )
.
:
.1
( .)10
: .2

( ).

( ).
(
).

42


.
.3 ( )
).(Profile plane
:
( ) .
) )(90 (
).(P
)(P .
.
.4 .
:
)(A
)(P
.

.
(
).


.
.5 : )(042/48
. )(-- )(76
)(Intermediate .6
)(Open
.....

43


: : :

.
:
:
Limb (1): 080/60 ; Limb (2): 200/50
: ( )
.
:
( .1
.)11
.2
.
.3
. .
.4
)( )( : = (
).180-
.5


.
. .6

44
 :
: :
.)( :1980) 1(
. 396
) :1970) 2(
. 576 .)
)3(
: ::
(1) Bennison, G.M. and K.A. Moseley, 1997: (An Introduction to Geological Structures and
Maps). 6th edition, Bath Press, London, p. 129.
(2) Billings, M.P., 1972: (Structural Geology). 3rd. ed., New Delhi Prentice-Hall, Inc., p.
606.
(3) Park, R.G., 1997: (Foundations of Structural Geology). Chapman and Hall,
3rd. ed., p.202.
(4) Ramsay, J.G., 1967: (Folding and Fracturing of Rocks). McGraw-Hill, NewYork, p.568.
(5) Ramsay, J.G. and Huber, M., 1987: (The Techniques of Modern Structural Geology:
Vol.2, Folds and Fracture). Academic Press. Inc. London, p.391.
(6) Van der Pluijm, B.A. and S. Marshak, 1997: (Earth Structure An Introduction to
Structural Geology and Tectonics). McGraw-Hill, P.495.
(7) Zumberge, J. H.; Rutford, R. H. and Carter, J. L., 1995: (Laboratory Manual for Physical
Geology). 9th edition, Wm. C. Brown Publishers, P. 228.

45