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01 Diode 0 Uvod
01 Diode 0 Uvod
1
E2 2009 01 0 KAKO JE ?
.
Pan-ku
Yin
Yang 2
E2 2009 01 0
.
,
:
,
624-528 KAK ?
,
KAK ?
(, )
KAK
() ?
3
elementum, ,
E2 2009 01 0
.
(V ),
(. a tomos, )
.
1808
John Dalton,
1766-1844
J.J.Thompson (1897 )
J.J.Thompson (1898)
Nagaoka
1904
Ernest Rutherford
,
1911
nucleus
6
E2 2009 01 0
.
e .
,
:
W = nh , n = 1, 2, 3, ... Max Planck
h = 6,6210 34 Js
7
E2 2009 01 0
.
0
-0.87 4
-1.53 3
-3.41 2
(eV)
n
n=1
n=2
n=2
Arnold
. Sommerfeld
8
E2 2009 01 0
.
.
n=2
(n)
.
(l) ()
,
. l = 0... n - 1.
() ( )
.
(s)
. 9
E2 2009 01 0
.
(, ),
K, L, M, N, O, P Q.
Wolfgang Pauli
.
. N = 2n 2
n
1 2 2
n=1
n=2
2 L 8 2, 6
3 18 2, 6, 10
n=3
4 N 32 2, 6,10, 14
10
E2 2009 01 0
.
.
n
1
2
L
2
8
2
2, 6
+1 +8 3 18 2, 6, 10
K K 4 N 32 2, 6,10, 14
L
2 NaCl
valentia V 1 7
, , A 11 17 11
E2 2009 01 0
.
n 1 2 3 4
K L M N
Z 2 8 18 32
C 6 2 2,2
Si 14 2 2,6 2,2
Ge 32 2 2,6 2,6,10 2,2
+6qe +14qe +32qe
C Si Ge
12
E2 2009 01 0
.
III IV V
B (5) C (6) N (7)
Al (13) Si (14) P (15)
Ga (31) Ge (32) As (33)
In (49) Sn (50) Sb (51)
109 28 ,
1,54 10-10 m
13
E2 2009 01 0
.
SOLID-STATE
SOLID-STATE ELECTRONICS
4 4 4
4 4 4
4 4 4
14
E2 2009 01 0
.
SEMICONDUCTORS
4 4 4
4 4 4 +14qe +32qe
4 4 4
Si Ge
4 4 4
4 4 4
hole
4 4 4
15
E2 2009 01 0
.
1 2 3
+ + + +
+ +
1 2 3
16
E2 2009 01 0
.
N-
+4 +4 +4
Si Si Si
+4 +5 +4
Si As Si
+4 +4 +4
Si Si Si
"" ,
17
E2 2009 01 0
.
P-
+4 +4 +4
Si Si Si
+4 +3 +4
Si B Si
+4 +4 +4
Si Si Si
,
18
E2 2009 01 0
.
N-
(nN>>pN).
P-
(pP>>nP).
19
E2 2009 01 0
. PN-
,
P-,
(N-
).
20
E2 2009 01 0
.
P- N-
NA ND
, PN-
P- N-
21
E2 2009 01 0
.
PN-
P- N-
p>>n n>>p
,
;
,
,
.
22
E2 2009 01 0
.
PN-
P- N -
pP>>nP nN>>pN
E
depletion leyer
()
( 23
E2 2009 01 0
p n
. NA
ND
P- N -
x
nq
qND
E
x
qNA
E
x
E0
V
U0
N AN D
U 0 = UT ln
ni2 x
L0 24
E2 2009 01 0
.
P N
P- N -
PN-
25
E2 2009 01 0 V
.
V P N
P N
P- N -
E
P-
(=
) N-
(=
)
V
P
N
26
E2 2009 01 0
.
V
P N V
P
N
27
E2 2009 01 0
P- N -
.
E
PN-
U, P-
N-,
.
.
N- P-,
, nP0,
P-, nP,
.
28
E2 2009 01 0
.
PN-
U PN > 0 U PN < 0
pP pP nN
nN
P- P- N-
N-
nP pN
nP pN
+
+ U
U
29
E2 2009 01 0
.
PN-
PN-
j j
dp dn
J p = qe D p J n = qe Dn
dx dx
U PN
2 Dp D UT
J = J p + J n = qe ni + n ( e
1 )
L
p DN L N
n A
kT UT - ,
UT =
qe
U T 26mV @ T = 300 K 30
E2 2009 01 0
. JPN PN-
S
P N
UPN
JPN/JS
7
U 6
PN
U 5
J PN = J s (e T 1) UPN< 0 4
3
2 UPN > 0
1 UPN/UT
-3 -2 -1
0 1 2
-1
31
E2 2009 01 0
. U PN-
PN
U
J PN = J s (e T 1)
Is = Js S
U
PN
U IPN/IS
I PN = I s (e T 1) 7
6
5
UPN< 0 4
Is - 3
2 UPN > 0
1 UPN/UT
-3 -2 -1
0 1 2
-1
32
E2 2009 01 0
. PN-
I
U mA, A
Si
UT Ge
I = I s (e 1)
U
0
-Is
P N
A, mA
A K
33
E2 2009 01 0
. PN-
lim I PN (U PN )
Is =
U PN U-I .
.
I (breakdown)
Si
U(BR)
U
Ge
,
. 34
E2 2009 01 0
.
a U(BR)
PN-,
( )
( ).
35
E2 2009 01 0
.
.
,
-
(
).
-
. 36
E2 2009 01 0
.
,
.
.
6 V ( ).
,
37
.
E2 2009 01 0
.
U-I ,
, .
U
I .
.
I
U(BR)
U
N
U
P
38
E2 2009 01 0
.
PN-
PN-
U
U UT I UT
R= = ln1 + I
I = I s (e 1)
I I IS UQ
rQ = tg RQ =
IQ Q IQ
U
r = UQ
I U
dU PN-
r=
dI U-I
39
E2 2009 01 0 PN-
.
dU 1
r= =
dI dI
U
UT dU
I = I s (e 1)
UT UT
r= ; I >> I s
I + Is I
r 26 @ T = 300 K ; I = 1 mA
R U
; I >> I s
r UT PN-
40
E2 2009 01 0
.
PN-
PN-
CT
PN-
S ,
w E
(transition capacitance).
S
CT =
w
41
E2 2009 01 0
. CT
CT n
U
, n
,
42
E2 2009 01 0 PN-
.
, CD
n0 (difussion capacitance)
t
n(t ) = n0e
t Q = I
- ,
dQ dI
CD = = = r - PN-
dU dU r
I
CD =
UT
rC D =
43
E2 2009 01 0
. , CD
U
UT
C D = C D 0e
CD nF.
CD
CT.
44
E2 2009 01 0
.
PN-
Is
.
WG
m qeUT
I s = AT e
A je
WG je .
m 1 0.5 .
, Is
7,5%/K ,
10%/K 45
E2 2009 01 0
. PN-
PN-
I,
PN- ,
PN-.
dU mV
PN- 2,2
dT C
46
E2 2009 01 0
.
PN-
PN-
.
.
47
E2 2009 01 0
.
PN-
PN-
.
(THERMAL BREAKDOWN).
150 C
200 C 75 C 120 C
.
48