Supersonic Airfoil Modeling and

Ultrasonic NDE Simulations

Jacob Siegler

December 7, 2015
Contents
Supersonic airfoil modeling
Diamond wedge
Biconvex airfoil
Ultrasonic non-destructive evaluation simulations

2
Diamond Wedge
Supersonic flow past a diamond wedge airfoil
Six regions of interest
1: The upstream flow
2: The shock wave
3-6: The four panels of the airfoil

3 4

1 2

5 6

3
Diamond Wedge: Validation Case

Nomenclature:
M = free-stream Mach
= angle of attack
= shock angle
= mach wave angle
= wedge angle

Aerodynamics for Engineers1 4

Diamond Wedge: CFD Model
Star CCM+ CFD
15km altitude
Steady Time
Euler Equations
Ideal Gas Behavior
Fine mesh

5
 Diamond Wedge: Grid Convergence
CL Convergence CD Convergence
0.421 0.146

0.42 0.145
0.419
0.144
0.418
0.143
0.417
C Value

C Value
0.142
0.416

D
L

0.141
0.415
0.14
0.414

0.413 0.139

0.412 0.138

0.137
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
Number Grid Points 5 Number Grid Points 5
x 10 x 10

6
Diamond Wedge: Pressure Contours

7
 Diamond Wedge: Pressure Distribution
CP Plot
-0.3 Panel 2
-0.2

-0.1
Panel 1 Panel 4
0

0.1
P

0.2
C

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6 Airfoil Top

Panel 3
Airfoil Bottom
0.7
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 8
X/C
Diamond Wedge: Analytical Models
1. Linearized Theory (Appendix A)

2. Second-Order Busemann Theory (Appendix B)

3. Shock Expansion Theory (Appendix C)

9
Diamond Wedge: Analytical vs. CFD

Error between shock expansion and CFD; Runtime

CP1 CP2 CP3 CP4 Average Runtime
0.00009 0.00010 0.0020 0.00078 0.000738 ~1 Hr
0% 0.0386% 0.3008% 7.2605% 1.9000% 0. 52024 sec

10
Biconvex Airfoil

Images from Tracy, Sturzda, and Chase2 11

Biconvex Airfoil: Validation Case

Nomenclature:
t/c = max thickness to
chord length ratio
M=2
= angle of attack
=5
M = free-stream Mach
t/c=10%

12
Biconvex Airfoil: Pressure Contours

13
Biconvex Airfoil: CFD vs. Analytical
CP Comparison of Star CCM+ Models and Shock Expansion
-0.3
Shock Expansion Model
Inviscid Model
Turbulent Model

-0.2

-0.1

Top
0
CP

0.1

Bottom
0.2

CFD Inviscid

0.3
CFD Turbulent

0.4
Shock Expansion

0.5
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 14
x/c
Supersonic Airfoil Modeling: Conclusion
The 2D CFD and analytical models compare well
Further testing is required
Will consider cases where viscous effects are important
The shock expansion model seems to be a good candidate for
surrogate-based modeling and optimization
In particular, variable-fidelity physics modeling and optimization

15
Ultrasonic Nondestructive Evaluation (NDE)

Typical computer/transducer setup3 16

Ultrasonic Simulation with the UTSim Tool
UTSim simulates submerged ultrasonic NDE
Two models
Asymptotic Greens Function
High-fidelity model

Gaussian Hermite Series Expansion

Low-fidelity model

Setup for submerged ultrasonic NDE3

17
Ultrasonic Simulation: Test Case
Fluid = water
Solid = aluminum
Water path distance = 0.1m
#z points = 51*n WP = 0.1m
n = scaling integer
n=2
Aluminum
+Z

Test case overlaid on ultrasonic NDE setup3

18
Ultrasonic Simulation: Fluid Only

19
Ultrasonic Simulation: Fluid and Solid

Fluid Solid

20
Ultrasonic Simulation: Effect of Grid
(Zoomed)

Z Points: 806

Solid
Z Points: 13056

21
Ultrasonic Simulations: Conclusion
UTSim offers a quick analysis of NDE
UTSim is still under development
Near future versions capable of analyzing more complex geometries
The plan is to use the models to create fast surrogates to accelerate
inversion analysis

22
References
1. Bertin, John J., and Russell M. Cummings. Aerodynamics for Engineers.
Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2010.
2. Tracy, Richard; Sturzda, Peter; Chase, James. Laminar Flow Optimized for
Supersonic Cruise Aircraft. Aerion Corporation. Published 28 April 2011.
3. NDT Resource Center. Iowa State University, 2014. Web. <https://www.nde-
ed.org/>.
4.Isentropic Flow Equations. NASA, 5 May 2015. Web.
<https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/airplane/isentrop.html>.

23
Appendix A: Linear Theory
Linearized Supersonic Thin Airfoil Theory
4
Cl
M 2 1

4 2
Cd ,lift Cd ,thickness
2
2
u l2 where 2
l2 w2 w2
M 2 1 M 2 1
u

4 1 x0
Cmx
0
M 1 2 c
2

Equations obtained from Fundamentals of Aerodynamics1

Appendix B: Second-Order Busemann Theory
Second-Order Busemann Theory

2 ( 1) M 4 4 M 2 4 2
C pn n n
where is the current

M 1
2
2( M 1)
2 2

orientation angle

n n

C pi cos i C pi sin i where is the number of panels,

Cl i 1
Cd i 1 and is the turning angle
2 cos w 2 cos w
tan 2 w
Cm C p1 C p 2 C p 3 C p 4 C p1 C p 2 C p 3 C p 4
1
8 8
Equations obtained from Fundamentals of Aerodynamics1
Appendix C: Shock Expansion Theory
Shock Expansion Theory

2 pn
C pn 2
1 where is obtained via isentropic relations
M p

n n

C pi cos i C pi sin i
Cl i 1
Cd i 1

2 cos w 2 cos w

Equations obtained from Fundamentals of Aerodynamics1

Appendix C: Shock Expansion Theory
Isentropic Relations
1
1
Tt pt t 1
1 M2
T p 2

1
arcsin
M
1 1
arctan M 1
2
arctan M 2 1 where is the Prandtl-Meyer angle
1 1

Equations obtained form NASAs website4

Appendix C: Shock Expansion Theory
Shock Relations

M2
1 M 12 sin 2 2
where is shock angle
2 M12 sin 2 1 sin 2 w

p2 2 M 2
sin 2
1 2 1 M 2
sin 2

1
1

p1 1 1 ( 1)

T2

1
2 M 2
sin 2
1
1 1 M 2
sin 2
2 pt 2

1 1
1
1
1
T1 1 M 12 sin 2 pt1 p1
Equations obtained from Fundamentals of Aerodynamics1
Appendix C: Shock Expansion Theory
Newton Raphson Application
f un
un 1 un where represents the quantity being solved for
f '(un )

1
1
1
arctan
1
2

M 1 arctan

M 2 1 Solve for when is known

cot tan
1 M 2
Solve for when and are known
2 M sin 1 1
2 2

PM angle, shock angle equations obtained from Fundamentals of Aerodynamics1

Appendix C: Shock Expansion Theory
Pressure Relations

2 pn
C pn 2
1 relates the current pressure to free stream to find
M p

pn pn 1 pn ptn1
where (terms cannot cancel)
p p ptn pn 1

Pressure coefficient equation obtained from Fundamentals of Aerodynamics1