4/7/2017

Echinodermata and
Hemichordata

ZOO 3
Dr. Eleanor Aurellado

Deuterostomes
Anus forms at or near the blastopore
Radial and indeterminate cleavage
Enterocoelous coelomates
Calcarea
and Silicea

ANCESTRAL Cnidaria
PROTIST
Eumetazoa

Common Lophotrochozoa
ancestor of
all animals
Ecdysozoa
Bilateria

Deuterostomia

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Echinodermata
Endoskeleton of
calcareous ossicles
often with spines
Pedicellariae
pincers used for
picking debris

Water vascular system

Derived from the
coelom
System of canals
which open from
the madreporite
leading to tube
feet or podia
Locomotion
Feeding
Respiration
Sensing

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Tube feet
protrude through
ambulacral
grooves
Ambulacral
grooves can be
open or closed

Pentaradial symmetry
Adults show 5-part symmetry
Larvae are bilateral
Fossil records also show bilateral ancestors

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Development
Metamorphosis involves a reorganization into
a radial juvenile.
Left/right becomes oral/aboral.

Why five?
Evolution of endoskeleton may be responsible
Skeleton is stronger if joints (weak points) are not
opposite each other

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Other characteristics
Decentralized nervous
system (nerve rings and
radial nerves)
No excretory or
osmoregulatory system
Confined in marine
habitats
Mutable connective
tissue
Capable of rapid
reversible changes in
stiffness

Importance of echinoderms
Ornamental trade

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Ecological impacts

Acanthaster
(crown-of-thorns
starfish) feeding on
coral

Hazardous

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Food

Sea urchin roe or uni

(Japanese sushi)

Sea cucumber
(Chinese cuisine)
Tripneustes

Habitat
Pearlfish living
inside Bohadschia
(sea cucumber)

Clingfish living on
arms of a feather star

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Echinoderm Classes

Class Crinoidea
(feather stars and sea lilies)

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Form and function

Have feathery arms
with pinnules
Ambulacral grooves
ciliated and with
tube feet
Suspension feeders
Both mouth and
anus open on the
upper surface

Sea lilies
Have stalk for
attachment to the
bottom
Dominated the
Paleozoic fossil
record
Sessile lifestyle may
explain why
echinoderms became
radially symmetrical

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Modern sea lilies

live in deep seas
Some are known to
creep along the
ocean floor using
their arms

Endoxocrinus

Feather stars
Has no stalk, found in coral reefs
Can swim by undulating their arms

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Class Asteroidea (sea stars)

Form and function

Common on shores and coral reefs
Arms broadly connected to central disk
Madreporite on aboral surface

Linckia laevigata Protoreaster nodosus

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Mouth on underside
Open ambulacral grooves
Podia with ampullae

Skin with gills called dermal branchiae

With pedicellariae

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Feeding
Carnivorous
Stomach everted
through the mouth

Regeneration
Can replace lost arms
Can regenerate a new individual from an arm

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Sea daisies
Formerly Class Concentricycloidea
Discovered in 1986 from deep seas off New
Zealand

Xyloplax turnerae

Water vascular system consists of a double

ring of canals
No arms

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Class Ophiuroidea
(brittlestars and basket stars)

Form and function

Arms distinctly marked
off from central disc
Closed ambulacral
grooves
Podia for food
gathering and w/o
ampullae
No anus and
pedicellariae

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Madreporite on oral surface

Bursae
Respiration
Reproduction

Brittlestars or serpent stars

Can cast off their arms (autotomy)
Flexible unbranched arms used for
locomotion

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Basketstars
Sessile suspension feeders
Branching arms

Class Echinoidea
(sea urchins and sand dollars)

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Form and function

Ossicles fused into a rigid test
With spines and pedicellariae

Feeding
Herbivorous with long intestine
Feeding apparatus called Aristotle's lantern

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Pedicellariae sometimes with toxins

Used to cover themselves with debris

Toxopneustes Tripneustes

Sea urchins

Astropyga radiata Diadema setosum

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Sand dollars
Flattened test with short spines
Podia for food gathering and respiration
which protrude through petaloids

Class Holothuroidea
(sea cucumbers)

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Form and function

Elongated body
Reduced dermal ossicles
Oral podia modified into
tentacles
Deposit feeders

Madreporite
internal
Respiratory
tree

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Can eviscerate themselves in defense

Cuvierian tubules
Toxins
Can regenerate

Other sea cucumbers

Synapta

Holothuria

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Phylum Hemichordata
(acorn worms)
Body divided into proboscis, collar and trunk
Stomochord (not homologous to notochord of
chordates)
Gill slits for respiration and feeding
Dorsal nerve cord
Marine

Class Enteropneusta
Burrowing worms
Ciliary-mucus feeders

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Class Pterobranchia
Small colonial worms
Tube-dwelling
Have branching arms
with tentacles

How are echinoderms and

hemichordates closely related?
Larval morphology (tornaria vs. bipinnaria)
Tripartite coelom
Collar of hemichordates and water-vascular
system in echinoderms derived from mesocoel

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