Nematoda and minor

Ecdysozoa

ZOO 3
Dr. Eleanor Aurellado

Ecdysozoa
Cuticle regularly shed (ecdysis)

Calcarea
and Silicea

ANCESTRAL Cnidaria
PROTIST
Eumetazoa

Common Lophotrochozoa
ancestor of
all animals
Ecdysozoa
Bilateria

Deuterostomia

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 Nematoda (roundworms)
Long cylindrical body, unsegmented
Eutelic

Nematoda (roundworms)
Pseudocoelomate w/ high hydrostatic
pressure
Body covering
(from ectoderm)

Pseudocoelom Muscle layer

(from
mesoderm)

Digestive tract
(from endoderm)

Pseudocoelomate

2
Nematode cuticle
Collagenous
Mechanically and chemically resistant
Enabled nematodes to occupy various
habitats or to become parasites
Secreted by the hypodermis

Other characteristics
Only longitudinal muscles present
Muscles send processes to nerves

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Locomotion in nematodes
Move in sinusoidal waves
No motile cilia

http://bio.rutgers.edu/~gb102/lab_2/305cm.html

Complete digestive system with muscular pharynx;

mouth with 3-6 lips
Excretory system consisting of renette cells/canal
system
No circulatory system

4
Nervous system
Nerve ring and ganglia around pharynx
2-4 nerve cords

Sensory organs
Chemoreceptors
Amphids
(anterior)
Phasmids
(posterior)
Ocelli

5
 Reproduction
Sexually dimorphic
Females larger than males
Males w/ curled tail and copulatory spicules
Sperm not flagellated

Ascaris lumbricoides

Copulatory bursa
Has spicules & rays to
grasp female
Found in rhabditid worms

Parasites and Parasitic Diseases of Domestic Animals

Dr. Colin Johnstone (principal author)
Copyright 1998 University of Pennsylvania
This page was last modified on January 24, 2000

http://www.wormatlas.org/ver1/handbook/phylogeny/phylogeny.htm

6
Traditional Classification
Class Secernentea
(Phasmidia)
With phasmids
Class Adenophorea
(Aphasmidia)
Without phasmids

Current Proposed Phylogeny

Chromadoria
C. elegans,
Meloidogyne, many
animal parasites
Dorylaimia
Terrestrial predators,
Trichinella
Enoplia
Mainly marine,
predatory

http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info%3Adoi/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001050

7
Ascaris (intestinal roundworm)
Ingestion of egg in
contaminated food or
soil

Ancylostoma (hookworm)
Voracious blood suckers
Males with copulatory bursa
Contact with juveniles in soil

Copulatory bursa

8
Ancylostoma life cycle

Trichinella
Larvae do the most damage to the host
Ingestion of infected pork

9
Trichinella life cycle

Filarial worms Transmitted by mosquitos

Wuchereria
Causes elephantiasis

Dirofilaria (heartworm)
Infects dogs

10
Meloidogyne
Causes root-knot disease in many field crops

Free-living nematodes
Caenorhabditis elegans: model organism in
development biology

11
 Turbatrix aceti (vinegar eel)

Nematomorpha (horsehair worms)

Long slender cylindrical body
Mainly freshwater

12
 Thick cuticle, epidermis and longitudinal
muscles
Pseudocoelom filled with mesenchyme

Intestine vestigial
Adults are free-living but do not feed
Anterior nerve ring and ventral nerve cord

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 Larvae parasitic in terrestrial arthropods (e.g.,
grasshopper)

P. Loricifera
Discovered in 1983
Introvert
Marine interstitial
burrowers <0.5 mm
Spiny introvert
Body encased in
cuticular girdle called
lorica

14
P. Kinorhyncha
Marine carnivorous
worms <1 mm
Introvert with circlet of
spines; used for
burrowing in mud
Body with 13 segments
w/ spines

P. Priapulida (penis worms)

Marine carnivores that
burrow in mud
Proboscis covered with
papillae
Caudal appendages
Respiration(?)

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P. Chaetognatha (arrow worms)
Phylogenetic
position still
unresolved
Show deuterostome
features
Lophotrochozoa?
Planktonic marine
predators
Transparent body
with horizontal fins
Spines flanking
mouth

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