CIVIL ENGINEERING FACULTY

LEVELLING TRANSFERRING HEIGHT FROM BM TO

SURVEY STATIONS.

LECTURER: EN ZAHARULLAILI BIN YAHYA

ECG422 : ENGINEERING SURVEY
EC2202A1
SUBMIT DATE : 2/5/2016
No NAME MATRIC NO
1 AINA BINTI ABDUL AZIZ 2015666944
2 DHABITAH BINTI MOHAMMAD ISA 2015230006
3 ERNI CITRA BINTI OTHMAN 2015230066
4 NUR SABRINA BINTI MOHD IDRIS 2015666984
5 NOR ASYIKIN BINTI ISMAIL 2015428916
6 MUHAMAD AFIQ BIN SEFIE 2015430284
 CIVIL ENGINEERING FACULTY

ANGLE, BEARING AND DISTANCE.

LECTURER: EN ZAHARULLAILI BIN YAHYA

ECG422 : ENGINEERING SURVEY
EC2202A1
SUBMIT DATE : 2/5/2016
No NAME MATRIC NO
1 AINA BINTI ABDUL AZIZ 2015666944
2 DHABITAH BINTI MOHAMMAD ISA 2015230006
3 ERNI CITRA BINTI OTHMAN 2015230066
4 NUR SABRINA BINTI MOHD IDRIS 2015666984
5 NOR ASYIKIN BINTI ISMAIL 2015428916
6 MUHAMAD AFIQ BIN SEFIE 2015430284
 CIVIL ENGINEERING FACULTY

DETERMINATION OF REDUCED LEVEL USING

TACHEOMETRY
LECTURER: EN ZAHARULLAILI BIN YAHYA
ECG422 : ENGINEERING SURVEY
EC2202A1
SUBMIT DATE : 2/5/2016
No NAME MATRIC NO
1 AINA BINTI ABDUL AZIZ 2015666944
2 DHABITAH BINTI MOHAMMAD ISA 2015230006
3 ERNI CITRA BINTI OTHMAN 2015230066
4 NUR SABRINA BINTI MOHD IDRIS 2015666984
5 NOR ASYIKIN BINTI ISMAIL 2015428916
6 MUHAMAD AFIQ BIN SEFIE 2015430284
INTRODUCTION
Levelling is defined as an art of determining the relative height of different points on, above
or below the surface. It is the process of measuring, by direct or indirect methods, vertical
distances in order to determine elevations. The principle of levelling is to obtain horizontal
line of sight with respect to which vertical distance of the points above or below this line of
sight. Levelling also the measurement of geodetic height using an optical levelling instrument
and a level staff or rod having a numbered scale. Common levelling instruments include
the spirit level, the dumpy level, the digital level, and the laser lever.

OBJECTIVES
1) To find the elevation of given point with respect to some assumed reference line called
datum.
2) To establish point at required elevation respect to datum.
3) To determine and check the vertical stability of the points with respect to reference
points (benchmarks) in its immediate vicinity.

PROBLEM STATEMENT
An open area within the car park beside of Civil Engineering Faculty UITM Shah Alam, is
required to be surveyed by levelling method to transfer height from BM to determine heights
of all stations using levelling instrument. Each group need to transfer the heights to six
stations with closed loop. The error size for the levelling work should be 5 . All data
has to be recorded according to Survey Regulations by Jabatan Ukur dan Pemetaan Malaysia
(JUPEM). The reference BM is at the stairs beside the lift in block A of Civil Engineering
Faculty with 40.000 m MSL.

APPARATUS
1) Automatic Level including Tripod.
2) Levelling staff (2 units).
3) Tape
4) Staff Bubble
5) Pegs and hammer (if necessary)
PROCEDURE
1) Two peg test was carried out before the task to confirm the instrument was fit to be
used for the levelling work.
2) The levelling work was initially commenced with the level-staff sited on the
Benchmark (BM) having RL 40 m. The next level staff was sited about 20 m from
BM.
3) The instrument was then positioned and temporarily was adjusted between the two
staff and readings was taken. For first staff, the readings was recorded as back sight
whereas second staff was recorded as fore sight. If staff was located between these two
readings , the readings are recorded as intermediate sight.
4) The instrument was then shifted to the next point and temporarily adjusted but staff
noted as fore sight from the first reading was not shifted and the reading was recorded
as back sight. Staff from BM was shifted to another point and was noted as CP
(Change Point) about 20 m apart from the previous point and the reading was recorded
as fore sight.
5) Steps 3 and 4 was repeated until staff was sited on one of the control points. (Note :
the nearest control point was determined from the closed transverse)
6) Then, steps 3 and 4 was again repeated until the last CP was sited on the BM forming
a closed loop. Then, the procedure was repeated.
 RESULTS:
PEG TEST:
A1 = 1.1967m B1 = 1.1272m D1= 15.12m
A2 = 1.3236m B2 = 1.1862m D2 = 14.92m
( 2 2 )( 1 )
Peg Test =
1 +2
( 1.32361.1862)( 1.12721.1967)
=
15.12+14.92
= 0.0023 rad/mm

Back Inter Fore Sight Height of Reduced Correction Final Station

Sight Sight Collimation Level Reduced
Level
0.3417 40.0000 40.0000 TBM
-1.2503 +1.5920 41.5920 41.5920 A
0.2535 2.5568 -3.8071 37.7849 0.0004 37.7853 B
0.6632 1.8908 -1.6373 36.1476 0.0008 36.1484 6
0.7681 2.0446 -1.3814 34.7662 0.0012 34.7674 1
1.3188 1.7065 -0.9384 33.8278 0.0015 33.8293 2
1.1611 1.4870 -0.1682 33.6596 0.0019 33.6615 3
2.0227 1.6790 -0.5179 33.1417 0.0023 33.1440 4
1.8047 0.8900 +1.1327 34.2744 0.0027 34.2771 5
1.4946 1.3935 +0.4112 34.6856 0.0030 34.6886 6
1.7543 1.4155 +0.0791 34.7647 0.0034 34.7681 C
1.8679 0.7893 +0.9650 35.7297 0.0040 35.7335 D
2.7307 0.0559 +1.8120 37.5417 0.0042 37.5459 TBM
0.2769 +2.4538 39.9955 0.0045 40.0000
Back Inter Fore Sight Height of Reduced Correction Final Station
Sight Sight Collimation Level Reduced
Level

CALCULATION:
A) To obtain the Height of Collimation of station 1 to 6 before applying correction:
Based on the table in result:
Station 1:
R/F = FS Station 1 BS Station 6
= 2.0446 0.6632
= -1.3814
Station 2:
R/F= FS Station 2 BS Station 1
= 1.7065 0.7681
= -0.9384
Station 3:
R/F= FS Station 3 BS Station 2
= 1.4870 1.3188
= - 0.1682
Station 4:
R/F= FS Station 4 BS Station 3
= 1.6790 1.1611
= - 0.5179
Station 5:
R/F= FS Station 5 BS Station 4
= 0.8900 2.0227
= +1.1327
Station 6:
R/F= FS Station 6 BS Station B
= 1.8908 0.2535
= - 1.6373

B) To obtain the Reduced Level of station 1 to 6 before applying correction: Based on

the table in results.
Station 1:
RL = RL Station 6 + HL Station 1
= 36.1476 1.3814
= 34.7662
Station 2:
RL = RL Station 1 + HL Station 2
= 34.7662 0.9384
= 33.8278
Station 3:
RL = RL Station 2 + HL Station 3
= 33.8278 0.16822
= 33.6596
Station 4:
RL = RL Station 3 + HL Station 4
= 33.6596 0.5179
= 33.1417
Station 5:
RL = RL Station 4 + HL Station 5
= 33.1417 + 1.1327
= 34.2744
 Station 6:
RL = RL Station B + HL Station 6
= 37.7849 - 1.6373
= 36.1476

C) Applying correction to error to obtain Final Reduced Level:

Total Fore Sight = 16.1858

Total Back Sight = 16.1813

Allowable Error = 5

= 512
=0.017m
Error = Total Fore Sight Total Back Sight
= 16.1858 16.1813
= 0.0045m
First station (B) correction = Error / Total Station
= 0.0045/ 12
=0.0004
Increment 0.004 is proceed to apply correction to next station until the last station and the last
correction to last station should be 0.0045
To obtain Final Reduced Level for station 1 to 6 and TBM:
Station 1:
FRL = RL Station 1 + 0.00012
= 34.7662 + 0.0012
= 34.7674
Station 2:
FRL = RL Station 2 + 0.0015
= 33.8278 + 0.0015
= 33.8293

Station 3:
FRL = RL Station 3 + 0.0019
= 33.6596 + 0.0019
= 33.6615
Station 4:
FRL = RL Station 4 + 0.0023
= 33.1417 + 0.0023
= 33.1440
Station 5:
FRL = RL Station 5 + 0.0027
= 34.2744 + 0.0027
= 34.2771
Station 6:
FRL = RL Station 6 + 0.0008
= 36.1476 + 0.0008
= 36.1484
Station TBM:
FRL= RL TBM + 0.0045
=39.9955
=40.0000
DISCUSSION
During the levelling works was done, instrumental errors occur where the bubble is not set up
on the centre of the spherical level. This effect the scale of the automatic level cause the
reading is not accurate. Telescope is not at right angles to the vertical axis can effect the
readings of the relative height. Sometimes, movement of staff from position when changing
level station cause the distance between two points changed which cause this error to be
happen. So the person whom be holding the staff rods need to remain on its position during
backsight and foresights reading were taken. Moreover, parallax error occur when the day was
so hot which cause chaotic refraction of light. If this happen, we need to shorten the length of
shots and keep the measurement about 1m above ground. It is advisable to avoid doing
levelling works during noon hours.

CONCLUSION:
From this levelling experiment we can obtain the reduced level of a point or place. For this
experiment the value of reduced level can only be obtain if the allowable error for total back
sight and fore sight is acceptable if it is not accepted it is probably due to error as state in
discussion, thus the experiment need to be repeated. For this particular experiment the
reduced level for station 1 to 6 is obtain by closed loop. We can also conclude by levelling we
can achieve the objective of our experiment.