ESCUELA POLITCNICA NACIONAL

Comunicaciones Inalmbricas

Tecnologas Celulares
Dra. Martha Cecilia Paredes
SEMESTRE: 2015-B
 Bibliografa
1. Stallings, W., Wireless Communications and Networks,
2nd edition, Prentice Hall, USA, 2004.
2. Rappaport, T. S., Wireless Communications: Principles
and Practice, 2nd edition, Prentice Hall, USA, 2002.

IEE8J4@mcparedes,2015 ESCUELA POLITCNICA NACIONAL 2

Tecnologas Celulares

IEE8J4@mcparedes,2015 ESCUELA POLITCNICA NACIONAL 3

1G
AMPS (ADVANCED MOBILE PHONE SYSTEM)

IEE8J4@mcparedes,2015 ESCUELA POLITCNICA NACIONAL 4

Primera Generacin
Tecnologa Analgica
Primer telfono celular NTT (Nippon Telephone and
Telegraph)
Introducida en 1980
Ofrecan roaming y handoff, pero las redes celulares no
operaban en diferentes pases
Handdoff no confinable
Pobres enlaces de voz, poca seguridad

IEE8J4@mcparedes,2015 ESCUELA POLITCNICA NACIONAL 5

Primera Generacin
Europa:
Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT)
introducido en 1980s
Reino Unido:
Total Access Communications
System (TACS) introducido en
los aos 1980
USA:
Advanced Mobile Phone System
(AMPS ) lanzado en 1982
Francia:
RadioComm 2000
Alemania del Oeste, Portugal
y Sudafrica: C-450

IEE8J4@mcparedes,2015() ESCUELA POLITCNICA NACIONAL 6

AMPS
AMPS system was allocated a 40 MHZ bandwidth within the 800-900
MHZ frequency range by FCC.
1G was old analog system and supported the 1st. generation of analog
cell phones speed up to 2.4kbps
Low powered, handheld transmitters
Must be relatively close to a receiver ( <20 miles)
Frequencies are reused in other cells
Paging
Frequency Modulation - Helps remove noise.
Uses Frequency Division Multiple Access
Uses frequency reuse people in other cells can use your frequency
without interference.
Very susceptible to static.

IEE8J4@mcparedes,2015 ESCUELA POLITCNICA NACIONAL 7

2G
IS-95
GSM (GROUP SPECIAL MOBILE)

IEE8J4@mcparedes,2015 ESCUELA POLITCNICA NACIONAL 8

 Segunda Generacin
2G is the Second-Generation wireless cellphones, based on
digital technologies and in early 1990s.
In 1991 2G was launched in Finland.
2G provided services such as text message, picture messages and
MMS (Multimedia Service Messages).
2G has greater security for both sender and receiver. All text
messages are digitally encrypted, which allows for the transfer
of data in such a way that only intended receiver can receive
and read it.
2G system uses digital mobile access technology such as
TDMA and CDMA.
TDMA divides signal in time slots while
CDMA allocates each user a special code to communicate over a
multiplex physical channel

IEE8J4@mcparedes,2015 ESCUELA POLITCNICA NACIONAL 9

Segunda Generacin
Higher quality signals
Higher data rates
Support of digital services
Greater capacity
Digital traffic channels
Support digital data
Voice traffic digitized
User traffic (data or digitized voice) converted to analog signal for transmission

Encryption
Simple to encrypt digital traffic

Error detection and correction

Very clear voice reception
Segunda Generacin
TDMA-based technologies
GSM (Group Special Mobile) - Europa
PDC
iDEN
iS.136
CDMA-based technologies
IS-95
IS-95

IEE8J4@mcparedes,2015 ESCUELA POLITCNICA NACIONAL 12

 IS-95
Second generation CDMA scheme
Primarily deployed in North America
Transmission structures different on forward and reverse
links
Code Division Multiple Access
Each cell allocated frequency bandwidth
Split in two
Half for reverse, half for forward
Direct-sequence spread spectrum (DSSS)
 Code Division Multiple Access
Advantages
Frequency diversity
Frequency-dependent transmission impairments (noise bursts,
selective fading) have less effect

Multipath resistance
DSSS overcomes multipath fading by frequency diversity
Also, chipping codes used only exhibit low cross correlation and
low autocorrelation
Version of signal delayed more than one chip interval does not
interfere with the dominant signal as much
 Code Division Multiple Access
Advantages
Privacy
From spread spectrum

Graceful degradation
With FDMA or TDMA, fixed number of users can access system
simultaneously
With CDMA, as more users access the system simultaneously,
noise level and hence error rate increases
Gradually system degrades
 Code Division Multiple Access
Self-jamming
Unless all mobile users are perfectly synchronized, arriving
transmissions from multiple users will not be perfectly aligned on
chip boundaries
Spreading sequences of different users not orthogonal
Some cross correlation
Distinct from either TDMA or FDMA
In which, for reasonable time or frequency guardbands, respectively, received
signals are orthogonal or nearly so
Near-far problem
Signals closer to receiver are received with less attenuation than
signals farther away
Given lack of complete orthogonality, transmissions from more
remote mobile units may be more difficult to recover
RAKE Receiver
If multiple versions of signal arrive more
than one chip interval apart, receiver can
recover signal by correlating chip
sequence with dominant incoming signal
Remaining signals treated as noise

Better performance if receiver attempts to

recover signals from multiple paths and
combine them, with suitable delays
Original binary signal is spread by XOR
operation with chipping code
Spread sequence modulated for
transmission over wireless channel
Multipath effects generate multiple copies
of signal
IS-95 Channel Structure
 IS-95 Forward Link (1)
Up to 64 logical CDMA channels each occupying the
same 1228-kHz bandwidth
Four types of channels:
Pilot (channel 0)
Allows mobile unit to acquire timing information
Provides phase reference for demodulation process
Provides signal strength comparison for handoff determination
Synchronization (channel 32)
Channel used by mobile station to obtain identification
information about the cellular system
IS-95 Forward Link (2)
Paging (channels 1 to 7)
Contain messages for one or more mobile stations
Traffic (channels 8 to 31 and 33 to 63)
55 traffic channels
Original specification supported data rates of up to 9.600 Mbps
Revision added rates up to 14.400 Mbps
All channels use same bandwidth
 Forward Link Processing
Voice traffic encoded at 9.600 Mbps
Additional bits added for error detection
Data transmitted in 20 ms blocks
Forward error correction
Convolutional encoder with rate
Doubling effective data rate to 19.2 kbps
For lower data rates encoder output bits (called code symbols)
replicated to yield 19.2-kbps

Data interleaved in blocks to reduce effects of errors by

spreading them
 Scrambling
After interleaver, data scrambled
Prevent sending of repetitive patterns
Reduces probability of users sending at peak power at same time

Scrambling done by long code

Pseudorandom number generated from 42-bit-long shift register
Shift register initialized with user's electronic serial number
 DSSS
Spreads 19.2 kbps to 1.2288 Mbps
Final bit rate 1.2288 Mbps
Using one row of Walsh matrix
Bit stream modulated onto carrier using QPSK
Forward
Link
Transmission
 Reverse Link
Up to 94 logical CDMA channels
Each occupying same 1228-kHz bandwidth
Supports up to 32 access channels and 62 traffic
channels
Traffic channels mobile unique
Each station has unique long code mask based on
serial number
 Reverse Link Processing
and Spreading
First steps same as forward channel
Convolutional encoder rate 1/3
Tripling effective data rate to max. 28.8 kbps
Data block interleaved

Spreading using Walsh matrix

Use and purpose different from forward channel
Data from block interleaver grouped in units of 6 bits
 Data Burst Randomizer
Reduce interference from other mobile stations
Using long code mask to smooth data out over
20 ms frame
 DSSS
1.2288-Mbps final data stream
Modulated using orthogonal QPSK modulation scheme
Differs from forward channel in use of delay element in
modulator to produce orthogonality
Forward channel, spreading codes orthogonal
Coming from Walsh matrix
Reverse channel orthogonality of spreading codes not guaranteed
Reverse
Link
Transmission
GSM
GROUP SPECIAL MOBILE

IEE8J4@mcparedes,2015 ESCUELA POLITCNICA NACIONAL 31

 GSM
Global System for Mobile Communications
Estandar abierto, no propietario y evolutivo
Cuatro versiones: GSM-850, GSM-900, GSM-1800, GSM-
1900
Provee servicios de mensajera cortos (SMS Short
Message Service)
Servicio bidireccional para mensajes alfanumericos cortos (hasta
160 bytes)

80% de la poblacin mundial lo utiliza.

IEE8J4@mcparedes,2015 ESCUELA POLITCNICA NACIONAL 32

33
Arquitectura de red

IEE8J4@mcparedes,2015 ESCUELA POLITCNICA NACIONAL 34

Arquitectura de red

35
Arquitectura de red

36
 Mobile Station (MS)
Mobile station communicates across Um interface (air
interface) with base station transceiver in same cell as
mobile unit
Mobile equipment (ME) physical terminal, such as a
telephone or PCS. ME includes
radio transceiver,
digital signal processors
subscriber identity module (SIM)

GSM subscriber units are generic until SIM is inserted

37
 Base Station Subsystem (BSS)
BSS consists of Base Station Controller (BSC) and one or
more Base Transceiver Stations (BTS)
Each BTS defines a single cell
Includes radio antenna, radio transceiver and a link to
a base station controller (BSC)
The BSC controls a group of BTS and manages their radio
ressources. A BSC is principally in charge of handovers,
frequency hopping, exchange functions and control of
the radio frequency power levels of the BTSs.

38
 Network and Switching
Subsystem (NSS)
NSS provides link between cellular network and public
switched telecommunications networks
Controls handoffs between cells in different BSSs
Authenticates users and validates accounts
Enables worldwide roaming of mobile users

Central element of NSS is MSC

39
MSC Databases
Home location register (HLR) database
stores information about each subscriber that belongs to it
Visitor location register (VLR) database
maintains information about subscribers currently physically
in the region
Authentication center database (AuC)
used for authentication activities, holds encryption keys
Equipment identity register database (EIR)
keeps track of the type of equipment that exists at the mobile
station

40
Operation and Support (OSS)
The OSS is connected to the different components of the
NSS and to the BSC, in order to control and monitor the
GSM system.
It is also in charge of controlling the traffic load of the
BSS.
However, the increasing number of base stations, due to
the development of cellular radio networks, has
provoked that some of the maintenance tasks are
transferred to the BTS. This transfer decreases
considerably the costs of the maintenance of the system.

41
 GSM Channel Types
Traffic channels (TCHs)
Carry digitally encoded user speech or user data and have
identical functions and formats on both the forward and reverse
link.

Control channels (CCHs)

Carry signaling and synchronizing commands between the base
station and the mobile station.
Certain types of control channels are defined for just the forward
or reverse link.

42
 GSM Radio interface
Frequency allocation
Two frequency bands, of 25 Mhz each one, have been allocated
for the GSM system:
The band 890-915 Mhz has been allocated for the uplink direction
(transmitting from the mobile station to the base station).
The band 935-960 Mhz has been allocated for the downlink
direction (transmitting from the base station to the mobile
station).

43
Multiple access scheme
In GSM, a 25 MHz frequency band is divided, using a FDMA,
into 124 carrier frequencies spaced one from each other by a
200 kHz frequency band.
Each carrier frequency is then divided in time using a TDMA.
This scheme splits the radio channel into 8 bursts.
A burst is the unit of time in a TDMA system, and it lasts
approximately 0.577 ms.
A TDMA frame is formed with 8 bursts and lasts,
consequently, 4.615 ms.
Each of the eight bursts, that form a TDMA frame, are then
assigned to a single user.

44
Multiple access scheme

45
Multiframe components

46
47
 Time slot frame format

Trail bits: synchronisation between mobile and BS.

Encrypted bits: data is encrypted in blocks, Two 57-bit fields
Stealing bit: indicate data or stolen for urgent control signaling
Training sequence: a known sequence that differs for different adjacent cells. It
indicates the received signal is from the correct transmitter and not a strong
interfering transmitter. It is also used for multipath equalisation. 26 bits.
Guide bits: avoid overlapping, 8.25 bits

48
 Data rate
Channel data rate in GSM
(1/120 ms) 26 8 156.26 = 270.8 33Kbps
User data rate
Each user channel receives one slot per frame

114 bits/slot 24 slots/mult iframe

22.8kbps
120 ms/multifr am
With error control

65data bits/slot 24 slots/mult iframe

13kbps
120 ms/multifr am
49
Traffic Channels
full rate channels offer a data rate of 22.8 kBit/s:
speech data: used as 13 kBit/s voice data plus FEC data
packet data: used as 12, 6, or 3.6 kBit/s plus FEC data
half rate channels offer 11.4 kBit/s:
speech data: improved codecs have rates of 6.5
kBit/s, plus FEC
packet data: can be transmitted at 3 or 6 kBit/s
Two half rate channels can share one physical channel
Consequence: to achieve higher packet data rates,
multiple logical channels have to be allocated =) this is
what GPRS does

50
Signal
Proce-
ssing
in
GSM

51
2.5G y 2.75G
2.5 GPSR (GENERAL PACKET RADIO SERVICE)
2.75 EDGE (ENHANCED DATA RATES FOR GSM
EVOLUTION)

IEE8J4@mcparedes,2015 ESCUELA POLITCNICA NACIONAL 52

Evalution to 2.5G mobile
Radio Networks

53
 Newer versions of the standard were backward-compatible
with the original GSM phones.
Release 97 of the standard added packet data capabilities, by
means of General Packet Radio Service (GPRS). GPRS provides
data transfer rates from 56 up to 114 kbit/s.
Release 99 introduced higher speed data transmission using
Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), Enhanced
GPRS (EGPRS), IMT Single Carrier (IMT-SC), four times as much
traffic as standard GPRS. accepted by the ITU as part of the
IMT-2000 family of 3G standards
Evolved EDGE standard providing reduced latency and more
than doubled performance e.g. to complement High-Speed
Packet Access (HSPA). Peak bit-rates of up to 1Mbit/s and
typical bit-rates of 400kbit/s can be expected.

54
GSM-GPRS

55
 the Base Station Subsystem (the base stations and their
controllers).

the Network and Switching Subsystem (the part of the

network most similar to a fixed network). This is
sometimes also just called the core network.

the GPRS Core Network (the optional part which allows

packet based Internet connections).
all of the elements in the system combine to produce
many GSM services such as voice calls and SMS.

56
3G

IEE8J4@mcparedes,2015 ESCUELA POLITCNICA NACIONAL 57

 Third Generation Systems (3G)
The dream of 3G is to unify the world's mobile computing devices
through a single, worldwide radio transmission standard.
However,

3 main air interface standards:

W-CDMA(UMTS) for Europe
CDMA2000 for North America
TD-SCDMA for China (the biggest market)

58
59
 UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications
System )
UMTS offers teleservices (like speech or SMS) and bearer
services, which provide the capability for information transfer
between access points. It is possible to negotiate and
renegotiate the characteristics of a bearer service at session or
connection establishment and during ongoing session or
connection. Both connection oriented and connectionless
services are offered for Point-to-Point and Point-to-Multipoint
communication.
Bearer services have different QoS parameters for maximum
transfer delay, delay variation and bit error rate. Offered data
rate targets are:
144 kbits/s satellite and rural outdoor
384 kbits/s urban outdoor
2048 kbits/s indoor and low range outdoor

60
UMTS Architecture

61
 Core Network
The Core Network is divided in circuit switched and packet switched domains.
Some of the circuit switched elements are Mobile services Switching Centre
(MSC), Visitor location register (VLR) and Gateway MSC. Packet switched
elements are Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) and Gateway GPRS Support
Node (GGSN). Some network elements, like EIR, HLR, VLR and AUC are shared by
both domains.

The Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) is defined for UMTS core transmission.
ATM Adaptation Layer type 2 (AAL2) handles circuit switched connection and
packet connection protocol AAL5 is designed for data delivery.

62
 UMTS frequencies
1920-1980 and 2110-2170 MHz
Frequency Division Duplex (FDD, W-CDMA) Paired uplink and
downlink, channel spacing is 5 MHz and raster is 200 kHz. An
Operator needs 3 - 4 channels (2x15 MHz or 2x20 MHz) to be able
to build a high-speed, high-capacity network.

1900-1920 and 2010-2025 MHz

Time Division Duplex (TDD, TD/CDMA) Unpaired, channel spacing
is 5 MHz and raster is 200 kHz. Tx and Rx are not separated in
frequency.

1980-2010 and 2170-2200 MHz Satellite uplink and

downlink.

63
W-CDMA Parameters

64
Base station finder: http://www.sitefinder.ofcom.org.uk/

65
66
4G
LTE (LONG TERM EVOLUTION)

IEE8J4@mcparedes,2015 ESCUELA POLITCNICA NACIONAL 67

 LTE (Long Term Evolution)
Initiated in 2004
focused on enhancing the Universal Terrestrial Radio
Access (UTRA)
Downlink (100Mbps), OFDM, support data modulation
schemes QPSK, 16QAM, and 64QAM
Uplink (50Mbps) Single Carrier-Frequency Division
Multiple Access (SC-FDMA), support BPSK, QPSK, 8PSK
and 16QAM

68
 LTE (Long Term Evolution)
4 x Increased Spectral Efficiency, 10 x Users Per Cell
Multiple Input / Multiple Output (MIMO) antenna
both paired (FDD) and unpaired (TDD) band operation is
supported
LTE can co-exist with earlier 3GPP radio technologies
3GPPs core network has been undergoing System
Architecture Evolution (SAE), optimizing it for packet
mode and in particular for the IP-Multimedia Subsystem
(IMS) which supports all access technologies even wire-
line

69
International Mobile Telecommunications
(IMT) Advanced
Key features of IMT-Advanced
a high degree of commonality of functionality worldwide while
retaining the flexibility to support a wide range of services and
applications in a cost efficient manner;
compatibility of services within IMT and with fixed networks;
capability of interworking with other radio access systems;
high quality mobile services;
user equipment suitable for worldwide use;
user-friendly applications, services and equipment;
worldwide roaming capability; and,
enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and
applications (100 Mbit/s for high and 1 Gbit/s for low mobility were
established as targets for research)*.
70
 The Forth Generation
4G is mainly a marketing buzzword at the moment. Some
basic 4G research is being done, but no frequencies have
been allocated.
Smart antennas
Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output Systems
Space-Time Coding
Dynamic Packet Assignment
Wideband OFDM

71